+

Leisure Activities

Chapters 10- 18

Alison Gensmer

+Chapters 10-12

+Key Terms

The Age of the Common Man - the period that American writers and painters found the national themes that allowed them to produce the first distinctly American art and literature

Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society - founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743 this society would nurture American art and literature

Boston Athenaeum (1807) - the Boston Athenaeum was a gentlemen’s reading room that contained “the works of learning and science in all languages.”

Leatherstocking Novels - James Fenimore Cooper published these novels including The Last of the Mohicans in 1826

The Sketch Book- In 1819 Washington Irving published this book that brought us Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman

+Leisure Activities

Mark Twain drew inspiration from the Mississippi River in “Old Times on the Mississippi”

The age of the Common Man would be the period that American writers and painters found the national themes that allowed them to produce the first distinctly American art and literature

The transportation revolution improved communication

This would cause the number of newspapers, magazines, and books increase greatly

This increase helped to broaden people’s horizons past their own community

In 1826 a press revolution occurred when the first steam-powered press was installed in the country

bible production increased to 300,000

religious tracts and pamphlets increased to 6 million

newspaper numbers went from 376 (in 1810) to 1,200 (in 1835)

most newspapers were published by political parties

Literature

+Leisure Activities

newspapers were packed with articles that would now be called libelous and scandalous but were very entertaining and popular to read

Western readers enjoyed the tall tales of Davey Crockett in the Crockett almanacs

religious readings were most common across the country

sentimental novels and magazines were very popular with women

Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society was founded by Benjamin Franklin in 1743

This society would nurture American art and literature

Boston was second after Philadelphia as it founded the Massachusetts General Hospital (1811) and the Boston Athenaeum (1807)

the Boston Athenaeum was a gentlemen’s reading room which contained “the works of learning and science in all languages.”

The North American Review was published in Boston and emerged as America’s important and long-lasting intellectual magazine

The Review was devoted to keeping its readers in touch with European intellectual developments

Literature (continued)

+Leisure Activities

Charleston founded a Literary and Philosophical Society in 1814 but because the south was so spread out it was very difficult to sustain

the south willingly ceded cultural leadership to the north

In 1819 Washington Irving published The Sketch Book that brought us Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman

James Fenimore Cooper published his Leatherstocking Novels including The Last of the Mohicans in 1826

Literature (continued)

+Leisure Activities

Thomas Cole, who came from England 1818, was inspired by the American landscape

he painted landscapes of New York States Catskill and the Adirondack mountains

his paintings reflect the British romantic school of landscape painting

he founded the Hudson River school of American painting

the school had a nationalistic style and subject matter

Western painters drew on the dramatic western landscape and ts people

George Catlin was one of these western painters

he spent eight years with the Indians so that he could portray them in his paintings before they disappeared

John James Audubon was famous for his striking and sometimes grotesque etching of birds

sometimes he couldn’t even find a publisher they were so grotesque

Art

+Leisure Activities

There was a famous song about the Erie Canal which was built in New York and caused merchants of America want to stay in New York instead of in Europe

In 1844 Samuel F. B. Morse sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore via the telegraph

Everyone’s horizon and sense of community was widened because of the telegraph

in rural areas, money rarely exchanged hands as people would pay for a hand crafted item with a certain task

Apprenticeships were common

Men and women would learn to do certain tasks but a formal apprenticeship was only for men

There was no clear separation between work and leisure

preindustrial work had a freedom that factory work did not

the workers didn’t need t get used to the long hours because they were already accustomed to it

however before, workers were sometimes allowed to take a few hours of to go pick berries or something like that, but now they were expected to have a straight 12 hour work day

+Notable People

James Fenimore Cooper - writer especially famous for his Leatherstocking Novels including The Last of the Mohicans in 1826

Samuel F. B. Morse -invented the telegraph; sent his first message from Washington to Baltimore via the telegraph in 1844

Thomas Cole - famous for paintings of landscapes which reflected the British romantic school of landscape painting; he founded the Hudson River school of American painting which had a nationalistic style and subject matter

+

Q. & A.

+

 

1. Who wrote “Old Time on the Mississippi”?

a) Mark Twainb) James Fenimore Cooper c) Rip Van Winkle

+AMark Twain wrote “Old Time on the Mississippi.”

+

 

2. The transportation revolution improved which of the following?

a) Transportation b) Communication c) Both a and b

+CThe transportation revolution improved both transportation and communication.

+3. Who founded Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society?

a) James Madison b) Benjamin Franklinc) Thomas Jefferson

+BBenjamin Franklin founded Philadelphia’s American Philosophical Society.

+

4. What was founded in Boston in 1811?

a) The Boston Athenaeum b) Massachusetts General

Hospital c) both a and b

+BThe Massachusetts General Hospital was founded in Boston in 1811.

+

5. What magazine was published in Boston and emerged as America’s most important and long-lasting intellectual magazine?

a) The North American Reviewb) The New York Timesc) The Bostonian Tribune

+AThe North American Review was published in Boston and emerged as America’s most important and long-lasting intellectual magazine.

+

6. What southern City founded a Literary and Philosophical Society in 1814?

a) Savannahb) Richmond c) Charleston

+CCharleston founded a Literary and Philosophical Society in 1814.

+

7. Rip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman were featured in what book?

a) The Sketch Bookb) TheLeatherstocking Novels c) The Last of the Mohicans

+ARip Van Winkle and the Headless Horseman were featured in The Sketch Book.

+8. Who wrote The Sketch Book ?

a) Washington Irving b) James Fenimore Cooper c) Thomas Paine

+AWashington Irving wrote The Sketch Book.

+9. Who spent eight years with Indians so that he could properly portray them in his paintings?

a) John James Audubon b) George Catlin c) Thomas Cole

+BGeorge Catlin spent eight years with Indians so that he could properly portray them in his paintings.

+10. What did Samuel F. B. Morse invent ?

a) The telephoneb) The television c) The telegraph

+Cdid Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph.

+Chapters 13-15

+Key Terms

Callithumpian band – gangs of young workers from the lower class who took over the New Year’s Eve “frolic” tradition in New York City

Blackface Minstrel Show – a show in which white men blackened their faces and entertain their audiences with songs, dances, theatrical skits, and anti-black political jokes

Bowery – a New York City street known to display the new working class culture

“Penny Papers” – the papers that were very popular because they only cost penny and they focused on scandal

Tejanos – Spanish-speaking residents of Texas

+Leisure Activities

New pressures in the workforce caused a change in working-class amusements

Leisure time now became rougher and rowdier

Taverns were used as neighborhood centers of drinking and socializing

Often times taverns also became centers for brawls and riots

Community groups (such as fire engine groups) had changed to become very similar to gangs who had to defend their territory from any other gangs

The butcher among other trades was often known to start fights in taverns

New York City had had a long a tradition of a New Year’s Eve “frolic” where laborers, apprentices, and other members of the lower class would parade through the streets with drums, trumpets, whistles, and other noisemakers

Changing Amusement

+Leisure Activities

By the 1820’s this tradition had been taken over by gangs of young workers from the lower class

They called themselves the Callithumpian band

In 1828 the band, which contained 4000, marched through the city overturning carts, breaking windows, and obstructing traffic

The watchmen who were supposed to disperse the gathering decided not to

The following year the New Year’s Eve parade was not allowed by the city government

Changing Amusement (continued)

+Leisure Activities

Theaters even became a seen of violence

They were attended by all social classes

The only women that attended these theaters were prostitutes

There was a long-standing tradition of poorer patrons starting a small riot about an unpopular actor which could then grow to become very violent

The Astor Place Riot of 1849 was one of these riots

It started out as a theater riot against a British actor and ended up being a battle between the mob and the militia which ended in the death of 22 people

Theaters

+Leisure Activities

By the 1830’s upper- and middle-class men were no longer drawn to these theaters and began attending a much more respectable theater

They could bring their wives and daughters to this theater

There was new amusement in theaters like the Lafayette Circus that had dancing girls, horseback riders, and theatrical acts

A show similar to this was the Blackface Minstrel Show

In this show white actors, who were often Irish, would blacken their faces and entertain their audiences with songs, dances, theatrical skits, and anti-black political jokes

Zip Coon and Jim Crow, two slaves that were known for being irresponsible and slow-witted respectively, were both featured in some cruel stereotypical jokes to entertain the white audiences

Theaters (continued)

+Leisure Activities

Bowery was a New York City street known to display the new working class culture

It was filled with artisanal workshops, small factories, shops with cheap goods, dance halls, theaters, ice cream parlors, and oyster bars

On Bowery the working-class youth found Saturday night amusement as well as providing it for themselves with outrageous clothing and behavior

They deliberately dressed more provocatively was there way of thumbing their noses at more respectable classes

Even a long-running series of melodramas by the Bowery Theater included costumes that imitated this style

Mose, the hero of the series, dressed more like a pirate and Lise, the leading lady, wore clothing which was body-hugging and brightly colored

Bowery

+Leisure Activities

The “penny papers” such as the New York Morning Post and the New York Sun became very popular

they got their name because they only costed a penny

they focused on scandals with titles like “Double Suicide,” “Secret Tryst,” and “Bloody Murder,”

A magazine called the Police Gazette had the same types of subjects

Franklin Evans and The Inebriate were two dime novels written in 1842 by Walter Whitman

In 1855 he wrote Leaves of Grass which was a book of free verse poetry that included frank language making it just as scandalous as his novels

Literature

+Leisure Activities

Edgar Alan Poe was also famous for writing scandalous literature, but his was done in a much more sinister way

Two of his gothic horror stories are “The Murders in the Rue Morge” (1841) and “The Mystery of Marie Roget” (1842)

A decade after the “penny papers” began, the “penny press” had a lot of experience reporting urban crime and scandals

It realized that Americans were so interested in reading about scandal that this type of reading became more popular than the opinions of politicians

for the first time it was the things written by American journalists that shaped the way people felt about war, not the politicians voice

Literature (continued)

+Leisure Activities

The Tejano residents of Texas had their own customs

These included multiday celebrations that mixed religious ceremonies, feasting, horse racing, and elaborate fandangos (dances)

After the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista, New York City celebrated with fireworks, illuminations, and a “grand Procession” which included around 400,000 people

+Notable People

Walter Whitman –writer especially famous for writing about scandal trough novels and even poetry books

Edgar Alan Poe – author famous for writing scandalous literature done in a much more sinister way than Whitman

+

Q. & A.

+

1. What caused a change in working-class amusements?

a) A change in the workforceb) A drop in the economy c) The introduction of new ideas by immigrants

+AA change in the workforce caused a change in working-class amusements.

+2. What common neighborhood location often became the site of brawls and riots?

a) Tavernsb) librariesc) both a and b

+ATaverns often became the site of brawls and riots.

+3. During what decade was the New Year’s Eve “frolic” of NYC taken over by gangs?

a) 1840’sb) 1830’sc) 1820’s

+CDuring the 1820’s the New Year’s Eve “frolic” of NYC was taken over by gangs.

+

4. The Lafayette Circus had what kinds of entertainment in it?

a) dancing girlsb) horseback ridersc) both a and b

+CThe Lafayette Circus entertainment included dancing girls and horseback riders.

+

5. Why did the working-class youth dress more provocatively than normal on Bowery ?

a) To make a fashion statement b) As a way of thumbing their noses at more respectable classes

c) To attract more attention

+

BThe working-class youth dressed more provocatively than normal on Bowery as a way of thumbing their noses at more respectable classes.

+6. What slave was featured in some cruel stereotypical jokes to entertain the white audiences of the Blackfaced Minstrel Show?

a) Jim Crow b) Zip Coon c) Both a and b

+CJim Crow and Zip Coon were both featured in some cruel stereotypical jokes to entertain the white audiences of the Blackfaced Minstrel Show.

+7. Franklin Evans and The Inebriate were two dime novels written in 1842 by who?

a) Walter Whitmanb) Henry Fordc) Edgar Allen Poe

+AFranklin Evans and The Inebriate were two dime novels written in by Walter Whitman 1842.

+8. After the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista, what did New York City celebrate with?

a) Fireworks b) A Grand Procession c) Both a and b

+

CAfter the twin victories at Veracruz and Buena Vista, New York City celebrated with both Fireworks and a Grand Procession.

+9. What are fandangos?

a) Dances done by the British

b) Dances done by the Tejanosc) Dances done by the Indians

+BFandangos were dances done by the Tejanos.

+

10. Who were Mose and Lise?a) A famous couple of bank

robbers b) Two characters in a series of melodramas by the Bowery Theater c) both a and b

+BMose and Lise were two characters in a series of melodramas by the Bowery Theater.

+Chapters 16-18

+Key Terms

Nature Reserves tracts of land that were set aside by the federal government

Lynching – killing often by hanging for some occurrence without a trial

Relief organizations – system of relief often organized by a community to send supplies and to keep in touch with the men they sent to war

Patriotism – vigorously supporting one’s country; this caused many men to join the army although they had no idea what they were getting into

Bull Run – the battle which the north thought would be the only battle of the war; many northerners went to watch this battle

+Leisure Activities

when the civil war began, so many men joined because of what they thought war would be

the soldiers had entered war with unrealistic, even romantic ideas about warfare

when these men were sent off there were ceremonies with bands, bonfires, and belligerent oratory

the war inspired strong feelings of patriotism

In Chester Penn. A patriotic rally was held at which the first company of volunteers was mustered into the ninth regiment of Penn. Volunteers amid cheers and band music

the women of Chester organized countywide systems of war relief

Patriotism

+Leisure Activities

these relief organizations didn’t just give supplies, but also gave the human, local link that the soldiers depended on

in this sense every American community accompanied its men to war

At the battle of Bull Run the Washington community was so lighthearted that politicians and sightseers accompanied the troops to battle to watch

After Lincoln’s death, he had a very elaborate funeral, and then his body was held in Washington for a week of observances and then slowly taken back to Springfield

people everywhere gathered to see his train pass and to pay their respects to him.

this brought the Washington and union communities together as one

Patriotism (continued)

+Leisure Activities

After the war, African American family reunions were very common

thousands of African Americans streamed to be legally married

women generally wanted to devote more time than they had under slavery to caring for their children and to do tasks like cooking, sewing, gardening, and laundering

Churches became the center of not only religious life, but also for many other activities that defined the African community (ie: schools, picnics, festivals, and political meetings)

the church was the first social institution to be completely under the control of the African Americans

while segregation in schools was accepted by the blacks, segregation in public places like steamboats, trains, and theaters was not something they were interested in

African Americans

+Leisure Activities

the combination of prostitution, gambling, and drinking discouraged the formation of stable communities

death by legal hanging or illegal lynching was the usual sentence

one historian wrote that in the west violence was “not a mere sideshow” but “an intrinsic part of western society”

the federal government began to set aside huge tracts of land as nature reserves

by the end of the century many Americans believed the west was a land of promise, opportunity, and excitement and adventure

The West

+Leisure Activities

Roosevelt wrote three books recounting his adventures in the west

the first “westerns” and “dime novels” to sell reflected the myths

these stories competed against stories of pirates, wars, crime, and sea adventures, but the westerns outsold the others

Edward Zane Carroll Judson wrote Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Men (1869) spawned hundreds of other stories, magazines, etc. devoted to Buffalo Bill

these heroic ad romantic images were promoted by the railroad owners and the herd owners

The West (continued)

+Leisure Activities

Texas cowboys entertained prospective buyers by roping calves and breaking horses

Annie Oakley was a star performer in the Buffalo Bill show run by William F. Cody

she had such great aim hat she would shoot dimes in mid air and cigarettes from her husbands mouth

this show entertained crowds including Britain’s Queen Victoria

Owen Wister’s novel The Virginian (1902) fixed the public’s idea of the west

The West (continued)

+Leisure Activities

photography had become a huge thing during the civil war

this new medium conveyed the horror of the war with a gruesome reality to the American public

landscape painters piqued the public’s interest in the west

their art would appear in museums and as reproductions in magazines which could be found in America and in Europe

new technologies of graphic reproduction encouraged photographers and painters to provide new images of the west

Charles Schreyvogel depicted us cavalry fighting against Indian warriors,

Art

+Leisure Activities

Charles Russell, a real life cowboy, painted the life he knew and some imagined scenarios of buffalo hunts and first encounters between the Indians and white explorers

Frederic Remington captured vivid scenes of battle in his sketches and paintings

the paintings and photography of the west led the way for scholarly research on the various indian societies

Lewis Henry Morgan published the League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee, or Iroquois (1851) considered the first scientific account of an indian tribe

In 1877 he published Ancient Society which posted a universal process of social evolution

Alice Cunnigham Fletcher became known as an expert on Omaha music

Art (continued)

+Leisure Activities

on one odd account, the northern and southern troops stopped fighting and agreed not to shoot at one another, but instead picked blackberries in a field as they talked to one another. This was to celebrated the fourth of July

during that time they also traded tobacco, coffee, and newspapers

It became common that worker joined unions during the civil war

Lincoln and his wife had gone to a theater, so it must have still been quite popular

+Notable People

Annie Oakley – a star performer in the Buffalo Bill show run by William F. Cody

Frederic Remington – the most famous western painter; captured vivid scenes of battle in his sketches and paintings

+

Q. & A.

+1.What did patriotism do in regards to the war?

a) Weakened the union b) Weakened the confederacy c) Made more men join the army

+CPatriotism made joining the army more more appealing to men.

+2. What did the women of Chester Pennsylvania do?

a) They started relief organizationsb) They mournedc) They stated a quilting club

+AThe women of Chester Pennsylvania started relief organizations

+3. Lincoln’s funeral could be described as?

a) Elaborate b) Short c) Overlooked

+ALincoln’s funeral was very elaborate.

+

4. After the war, what was common among African Americans ?

a) Family reunionsb) Legal marriagesc) Both a and b

+

CAfter the war, African Americans commonly participated in both family reunions and legal marriages.

+

5. What buildings became the center of African American society ?

a) The capital buildingb) churchesc) both a and b

+BChurches became the center of African American society.

+

6. Which president wrote 3 books about their adventures in the west?

a) Rooseveltb) Lincoln c) Jackson

+ARoosevelt wrote 3 books about their adventures in the west.

+7. What didEdward Zane Carroll Judson write?

a) Ancient Societyb) Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Menc) The Virginian

+BEdward Zane Carroll Judson wrote Buffalo Bill, the King of the Border Men.

+8. Who wrote The Virginian?a) Frederic Remington

b) Lewis Henry Morganc) Owen Wister

+CLewis Henry Morgan wrote The Virginian.

+9. Who of the following was a famous painter?

a) Annie Oakley b) Charles Russell c) William F. Cody

+BCharles Russell was a famous painter.

+10. Which artist was actually a cowboy?

a) Charles Schreyvogelb) Charles Russell c) both a and b

+BCharles Russell was actually a cowboy who decided to become a painter.

+Citation

John Mack Faragher, Mari Jo Buhle, Daniel Czitrom, & Susan H. Armitage (2002). Out of Many: A History of the American People. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.