Outbreak of War

XII: The Coming of War

Lincoln sets tone with inaugural address Union is indivisible Places burden of conflict on South

South controls all US forts except Ft Pickens and Ft Sumter

April 12, 1861 – South opens fire on Ft. Sumter No casualties, Union surrenders VA, NC, TN, AR secede

XII: The Coming of War

Border States – MD, KY, MO are critical. Why?

XII: The Coming of War

Advantages & Disadvantages

South North

Fighting defensive war Industrial capacity

Superior moral cause Transportation

More talented officers Finance

Frontier background Superior Political leadership

Stable government

Naval power

population

XIiI: The Civil War

Northern Strategy Anaconda Plan

(Winfield Scott) Sea power blockade

Southern Strategy Withheld cotton to

gain foreign support = fails

Should have traded for military weapons

No taxes requested from states…

XIII: The Civil War

Armies North 1.5 million served, 1 in 7 desert,

93,000 KIA, 210,000 died from disease South 0.9 million served, 1 in 9 desert,

90,000 KIA, 180,000 died from disease 600,000 total deaths (US pop 31 mil) Poor medical treatment

XIII: The Civil War

Many believe the war will end quickly Winfield Scott wants 300,000 men

and 3 years William Seward wants 90 days George McLellan believes 10 days

will do. North takes action before it is ready

to do so. Two major theatres: East and West

XIII: The Civil War-Important Figures

SOUTH NORTHJefferson Davis, President CSA

Robert E Lee, General Army of Virginia

Stonewall Jackson, Maj Gen Army of Va

XIII: The Civil War-Important Figures

NORTH NORTHAbraham Lincoln, President USA

George McLellan, General Army of Potomac

Ulysses S Grant, General Army of Potomac (later part of war)

XIII: The Civil War

1st Bull Run July 1861 (Confederate Victory)

XIII: The Civil War

McDowell removed from command, McClellan takes over in east

Grant becomes general in West

XIII: The Civil War

Western battles Ft Henry, Ft Donaldson Feb 1862: major

access to rivers neccesary for Southern supplies

Shiloh: April 6, 1862 (Union victory)

XIII: The Civil War

Peninsular Campaign – May-June 1862 McClellan removed from command John Pope in command; failure

2nd Bull Run (decisive Confederate Victory)

McClellan back in command

XIII: The Civil War

Antietam Sept 1862 (technical draw, Union benefits most)

XIII: The Civil War

Why is Antietam so significant? Stops Lee’s attempt at Northern invasion Highest casualties of any American

single day of battle Emancipation Proclamation First battle Union can consider positive McClellan removed from command for

not pursuing Lee after retreat.

XIII: The Civil War

Fredericksburg Dec 1862 Decisive Confederate victory “It is well that war is so terrible, lest we

grow to fond of it” –Lee Chancellorsville May 1863

Despite being outnumbered, Confederates again rout Union troops

Jackson is killed by friendly fire; major loss for CSA

Fredericksburg

Chancellorsville

XIII: The Civil War

1861-1862 On the battledfield, South is winning On the homefront, North is winning

1863-1865 War will turn in favor of North with new

leadership

XIII: The Civil War

Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 Lee invades North on strength of victories

at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville Gen. Meade in charge of Army of Potomac First two days leave South in good

position, though not victorious Pickett’s Charge – frontal assault by South

fails and Lee is forced to retreat Meade ordered to pursue but delays and is

replaced

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dSraOEtrhWY

XIII: The Civil War-Gettysburg

XIII: The Civil War

Vicksburg June-July 1863 Controls access to

Mississippi R. Grant lays siege, starves

city. South surrenders 30,000

man army Grant appointed to

command Army of Potomac

Likely more important militarily than Gettysburg

Gettysburg Address Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation,

conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Abraham LincolnNovember 19, 1863

XIII: The Civil War

Wilderness Campaign 1864 Grant uses superior number to win war,

regardless of cost Wilderness, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor

see heavy casualties for Union but wear down South

Siege of Petersburg – 9 month battle, key to taking Richmond

XIII: The Civil War

Western Theatre Strategy: Advance to

Atlanta and split Confederacy

1864 Atlanta abandoned Sherman’s March to

the Sea Total war, destroy

South’s ability to wage war

Break the will of Southern people

Savannah falls in Dec 1864

XIII: The Civil War

End of the War Lee gives up Petersburg April 3

1865 Retreat is cut off, surrounded at

Appomattox Courthouse, VA Surrenders April 12, 1865 Bennett Place, Durham, NC

April 261865▪ CSA surrenders Army of Tenn to

Sherman. Other armies surrender as

news of Lee’s & Johnston’s surrenders reaches deep south.

XIV: War on the Home Front

Naval Power Blockade weakens South South created new weapons▪ Torpedo, ironclads, submarine

South attacked Northern commercial shipping

Trent Affair 1861

XIV: War on the Home Front

Finances Taxes 21% of Northern effort, 1% of

Southern effort Northerners bought war bonds,

Southerners didn’t National Banking Act creates Union

currency▪ Little inflation in North▪ Southern goods cost 92x pre-war cost

XIV: War on the Home Front

Conscription South – 18-35 yr olds, later 17-50▪ 20 negro law – “rich mans was but a poor

man’s fight” Union – 20-35 yr olds▪ $300 or substitute exemption▪ 30% of army▪ NY draft riots

XIV: War on the Home Front

Political Dissention South▪ No party system ▪ 1864 peace movements, most hinged on

Southern indepdence North▪ Copperheads (Peace Democrats)▪ Republicans divided over how to punish South▪ Suspension of habeas corpus

XIV: War on the Home Front

Women and the war North▪ Low paying jobs in factories▪ Served as nurses (Blackwell, Dix, Barton)

South▪ Managed plantations, less gentile manner▪ Poor women in field service

XIV: War on the Home Front Northern African-Americans

Not accepted in large #s Union until 1863 Segregated units w/ white commanders, less

pay 186,000 serve, 38,000 killed Plays understated role in winning war for North

Southern African Americans Slaves served armies as servants Industrial service Late in war pushed into combat roles (never

would work)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz3sZiVAO0k

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fz3sZiVAO0k

XIV: War on the Home Front

Southern Economy Increased crop diversity Increased industrialization

XV: Results of the War

“Before the war, the United States were. After the war, the United States is. Federal govt is supreme over states Executive increases powers

Slavery abolished (13th Amendment) Industrial dominance of north Political domination by North North controls economic development of South Westward Expansion

Morrill Act Distrust between North and South

Beginning of serious racial divide