Look at this example sentence:

The woman who lives next door is a doctor. '---- relative clause

A clause is a part of a sentence. A relative clause tells us which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

0 The woman who Lives next door . . . ('who lives next door' tells us which woman) 0 People who live in the country . . . ('who live in the country' tells us what kind of people)

We use who in a relative clause when we are talking about people (not things) :

the woman- she lives next door- is a doctor

' -~ The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

we know a lot of people - they live in the country

' -~ We know a lot of people who live in the country.

0 An architect is someone who designs buildings. C What was the name of the person who phoned? C Anyone who wants to apply for the job must do so by Friday.

You can also use that (instead of who), but you can 't use which for people: l] The woman that Lives next door is a doctor. (not the woman which)

Sometimes you must use who (not that) for people- see Unit 95 .

When we are talking about things, we use that or which (not who) in a relative clause:

where is the cheese? - it was in the fridge

' - .. Where is the cheese { ;~~c~ } was in the fridge?

C I don't like stories that have unhappy endings. (or stories which have ... ) C Grace works for a company that makes furniture. (or a company which makes furniture) 0 The machine that broke down is working again now. (or The machine which broke down)

That is more usual than which, but sometimes you must use which- see Unit 95.

Remember that in relative clauses we use who/that/which, not he/she/they/it. Compare:

C 'Who's that woman ?' 'She lives next door to me.' I've never spoken to the woman who lives next door. (not the woman she lives)

C Where is the cheese? lt was in the fridge. Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (not the cheese it was)

What= 'the thing(s) that'. Compare what and that: _I What happened was my fault. (=the thing that happened)

but 0 Everything that happened was my fault. (not Everything what happened) 0 The machine that broke down is now working again. (not The machine what broke down)

( Relat ive clauses 2- 5 -+ Units 93- 96 ) ..._ __________ __..

Exercises In this exercise you have to explain what some words mean. Choose the right meaning from the box and then write a sentence with who. Use a dictionary if necessary.

steals from a shop buys something from a shop l he/she designs Buildings he/she pays rent to live in a house or apartment I

doesn't believe in God breaks into a house to steal things

is not brave expects the worst to happen

1 (an architect) . A.n. w-Y.h~--- ~?. .... ?..9.rr..~ne N.tH!. .... 4&?..~n?. .... ~~Mm.9 ?.. , __ ..................................... ... ............ . 2 (a burglar) A burglar is someone ......................................................................... ................................................. .............................................. .

3 (a customer) ... . .. ................................... ......... . . . . ..... .... ········-··-- ------- -····----··· ..................................................... .

4 (a shoplifter) .......................... --· -- -- ··--------------------- ------ ....... . .................................................................. ------------·-------····· ........ .......................... ..

5 (a coward) .. -----··· ...................................... ·---·------···-·--··-·---····· ..... ·····--· -- ---------------------···---·--·······-·· --· ·-················-··-·-----------·-----------·- -··· ·· ·· .......................... __ _ 6 (an atheist) ..................... ......... ······· ·--· ·· ··· -··--·---··---- -·------· ··-···--- ·--···· ............................................................................................................. ....... ........................... .

7 (a pessimist) -·-·--· -· -···--···-·---·· .. ·· ·· ·······---· -··-·---··--···-···--·······--· ········· .. ·-·- .. ·· ··· ·----· ·· ·-- ----·--- ·-- ·· ····--·· --··-- ·· ·----- .. ·-· ···--···--··--···-- --··· ·--------··-- --· -····- -- --· ·-·------ -- --··-···--- --· --···--8 (a tenant) .......... ...................................................... ......................................................... ........... .......... .................................. .. ............... .............. ................ .

Make one sentence from two. Use who/that/which.

1 A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.

Th~ -9~-~ ... Nho N.!A-5 .i.rlJ~r~---~-- --tt.J.e .... ~-t -~? .... r.w.w_ .. 1-n .. JlD.?.P~- '-- -------·----·------- --------------··----·-- .................... .. 2 A waitress served us. She was impolite and impatient.

The .... ................... ............ .... .............................................. .. ................................................................... ................ ........ ......................................................... .

3 A building was destroyed in the fire. lt has now been rebuilt .

The ------- --- -- -- --------- --- ----- ·---- .. -·--·-- ···--······ ····--·-- ---- -- -- ----- --------------- ···-- ·- ··· ·---·--·· -· --------·------- -- -------- --- --- ·----------------·--·--· --------------------·---------- -- ---.......... ............................... . 4 Some people were arrested. They have now been released.

The ___ ______ ______ ____ ........... --------------·--------- ------------------· ...... ------ ................................................ --········-····· ............... ........................................ .. 5 A bus goes to the airport. lt runs every half hour.

The ----------------- ---· ............................................................................................................................................................................. ................. ........... ..

Complete the sentences. Choose from the box and make a relative clause.

invented the telephone runs away from home stole my wallet were hanging on the wall

makes furniture gives you the meaning of words can support Life cannot be explained

1 Helen works for a company ...... th.~---rr..~-~? .. fu.n:#¥r..~-- -------------------------··· ............................................................ ..................... . 2 The book is about a girl .................................................................................................................................................................................. .................. . 3 What happened to the pictures .... ................ .............. .. ............................................................ .................................................................................... ?

4 A mystery is something ...................................................................... .. ........ ............. .. .. ................. .. ................... ............................... .. ......... ...... .. ............... . 5 The police have arrested the man ___ ___ ________ ___ .... ... ................................................................................. ......................... ....................................... .

6 A dictionary is a book .................... ·------- ----------- -----------· ..... ................................. ............... .......................................................................................... . 7 Alexander Bell was the man .................... ____ ............. ···--·--·--·----·--·--·---- -------------------· .......... . ................................................................................ . 8 lt seems that Earth is the only planet ................................................................................................................................................. .

,.._ • ., Are these sentences right or wrong? Correct them where necessary.

1 I don 't like stories who have unhappy endings. .. ... ?.tP.r.~?. . JheJ.-.... b.~Y~ ....................... ........ ..................... .. _______________ ........_.._,..

2 What was the name of the person who phoned? .... .. OK .................................... .. .... .................. .......................... .. ......... .. 3 Where's the nearest shop who sells bread? ............................................................. .................................... __________ .. 4 The driver which caused the accident was fined £500. . ........................................................................................................... .. 5 Do you know the person that took these pictures? 6 We live in a world what is changing all the t ime.

7 Dan sa id some things about me that were not t rue. 8 What was the name of the horse it won the race?

185

Look at these example sentences from Unit 92:

0 The woman who lives next door is a doctor. (or The woman that lives .. . ) I

The woman lives next door. who(= the woman) is the subject

0 Where is the cheese that was in the fridge? (or the cheese which was ... )

The cheese was in the fridge. that(= the cheese) is the subject

You must use who/that/which when it is the subject of the relative clause. So you cannot say 'The woman lives next door is a doctor' or 'Where is the cheese was in the fridge?'.

Sometimes who/that/which is the object of the verb. For example:

0 The woman who I wanted to see was away on holiday.

I wanted to see the woman who(= the woman) is the object I is the subject

U Have you found the keys that you Lost?

You lost the keys. that ( = the keys) is the object you is the subject.

When who/that/which is the object, you can leave it out. So you can say: G The woman I wanted to see was away. or The woman who I wanted to see ... 0 Have you found the keys you Lost? or ... the keys that you lost? 0 The dress Lisa bought doesn't fit her very well. or The dress that Lisa bought ... 0 Is there anything I can do? or ... anything that I can do?

Note that we say: the keys you Lost (not the keys you lost them) the dress Lisa bought (not the dress Lisa bought it)

Note the position of prepositions (in/to/for etc.) in relative clauses:

Tom is talking to a woman- do you know her?

-----. Do you know the woman (who/that) Tom is talking to ?

I slept in a bed last night - it wasn't very comfortable

__.. The bed (that/which) I slept in last night wasn't very comfortable.

C Are these the books you were Looking for? or ... the books that/which you were .. . 0 The woman he fell in Love with left him after a month. or The woman who/that he ... 0 The man I was sitting next to on the plane talked all the time. or

The man who/that I was sitting next to ... Note that we say:

the books you were Looking for (not the books you were looking for them)

You cannot use what in sentences like these (see also Unit 92D): 0 Everything {that) they said was true. (not Everything what they said) 0 I gave her all the money (that) I had. (not all the money what I had)

What = the thing(s) that: 0 Did you hear what they said? (= the things that they said)

Relative clauses 1 _. Unit 92 Relative clauses 3- 5 _. Units 94- 96 Whom _. Unit 94B

Exercises - In some of these sentences you need who or that. Correct the sentences where necessary .

1 The woman lives next door is a doctor. 2 Have you found the keys you lost? 3 The people we met last night were very nice. 4 The people work in the office are very nice. 5 The people I work with are very nice. 6 What have you done with the money I gave you? 7 What happened to the money was on the table? 8 What's the worst film you've ever seen? 9 What's the best thing it has ever happened to you?

. ... Th~ .. ~.9..rr.m ... ~b C?. .... ~Y..~?. .... n~xt .... M.P.r .. ............ ..

. ..... 0.~ ................................................ ............. ... .... .. .. ..................... ....... .

G What do you say in these situations? Complete each sentence with a relative clause.

1 Your friend lost some keys. You want to know if he has found them. You say: Have you found tt.!e k~.?. ... H9..0. .... t.9~t..... ... .... . ...... .... ................................ ....... . .............................. .. ....................... ........... ?

2 A friend is wearing a dress. You like it. You tell her: I like the dress .... .. .................. .. .. ...................................... .

3 A friend is going to see a film. You want to know the name of t he fi lm. You say: What's the name of the film ............. ... ....... . ................... . ...... ....................................... ?

4 You wanted to visit a museum. lt was shut when you got there. You tell a friend: The museum ... ... . ... .. .. .... .............. .. .... . .. .................... ................... .. was shut when we got there.

5 You invited some people to your party. Some of them couldn't come. You tell someone: Some of the people .. . .. .... .................. .. .. ........ .................. .. .................................... ... .. .... .... .. .. ........ ............ ... couldn't come.

6 Your friend had to do some work. You want to know if she has fin ished. You say: Have you finished the work . ...... . ...... .... . ..... . .. ........ .. ......... ......... ......... 7

7 You rented a car. lt broke down after a few miles. You tell a friend: The car . ........ ....... .......... . ...... . .. ...... ..... . . .. ......................... broke down after a few miles.

These sentences all have a relative clause with a preposition. Put the words in the correct order.

1 Did you find (looking I for I you I the books I were)? Did you find .. tt.! .~ P.9.9.~ ?. ... yo~ .... ~-~.~ ... LQ9.k~.g .fqr ...................... .............. .......................... ......................... .............. ........ ............ ... ?

2 We couldn't go to (we I invited I to I were I the wedding) . We couldn't go to .. ..... ....................... . .. . .......... ............ ..................................... ....................................................................... .

3 What's the name of (the hotel I about I me I told I you)? What's the name of ................. ....... ....................... ....... .... .. . ........ ................................. ............. 7

4 Unfortunately I didn't get (applied I I I the job I for) . Unfortunately I didn't get .. ....... ..... .......... ..................... ............ .. ................................................................ .

5 Did you enjoy (you I the concert I to I went)? Did you enjoy ..................... .. .............. ........ .......................... ......... .............. .. ... .... ............. .. ...... ....................................................... .. ... ?

6 Gary is a good person to know. He's (on I rely I can I somebody I you). Gary is a good person to know. He's .. .... .. ................. ................................ ............... ....... ......................................... .

7 Who was (the man I were I with I you) in the restaurant last night? Who was ........ ..... .. . ........ .......................................... .......... . . ........ in the restaurant last night?

Put in that or what where necessary. If the sentence is already complete, leave the space empty.

1 I gave her all t he money ... :- ..... I had. (all the money that I had is also correct) 2 D.d h wltloJ:. h 'd7 1 you ear . ..... t ey sa1 . 3 They give their children everything . ....... ...... .. they want. 4 Tell me ....... ................................. you want and n l try to get it for you. 5 Why do you blame me for everything ........ .. .. ...................... goes wrong? 6 I won't be able to do much, but I' ll do .. ....... .. ............... I can. 7 I won't be able to do much, but I'll do the best .... . ................................ I can. 8 I don't agree with . . ... .. .................... you've just said. 9 I don't trust him. I don't believe anyth ing ..... ............ he says.

187

Whose

We use whose in relative clauses instead of his/her/their:

we helped some people- their car had broken down

--. We helped some people whose car had broken down.

We use whose mostly for people: 8 A widow is a woman whose husband is dead. (her husband is dead) 0 What's the name of the man whose car you borrowed? (you borrowed his car) 0 I met someone whose brother I went to school with. (I went to school with his/her brother)

Compare who and whose: 0 I met a man who knows you. (he knows you) 0 I met a man whose sister knows you. (his sister knows you)

Whom

Whom is possible instead of who when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause (like the sentences in Unit 938):

::J George is a person whom I admire very much. (I admire him)

You can also use whom with a preposition (to whom I from whom I with whom etc.): 0 I like the people with whom I work. (I work with them)

Whom is a formal word and we do not often use it in this way. We usually prefer who or that, or nothing (see Unit 93). So we usually say:

0 ... a person who/that I admire a lot or . .. a person I admire a lot 0 ... the people who/that I work with or ... the people I work with

Where

You can use where in a relative clause to talk about a place:

the restaurant- we had lunch there -it was near the airport

I

-. The restaurant where we had Lunch was near the airport.

0 I recently went back to the town where I grew up. (or ... the town I grew up in or .. . the town that I grew up in)

0 I would like to live in a place where there is plenty of sunshine.

We say: . { something happens or

the day I the year I the tame etc. h h' h t at somet mg appens

0 I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day (that) I'm going away. 0 The Last time (that) I saw Anna, she looked great. 0 I haven't seen Jack and Helen since the year (that) they got married.

We say:

h { something happens or

t e reason . that/why somethmg happens

0 The reason I'm phoning is to ask your advice. (or The reason that I'm phoning I The reason why I'm phoning)

Relative clauses 1- 2 ~ Units 92- 93 Relative clauses 4-5 ~ Units 95- 96 Whom ~ Unit 96

Exercises You met these people at a party:

My mother writes detective stories.

My wife is an English teacher. .

,------7

My ambition is to climb Everest

W We've just got married . My parents used to work in a circus.

The next day you tell a friend about these people. Complete the sentences using who or whose.

1 I met somebody ..... Nb.9.?.~ ... rr.9.tl1.~ ... w.r~s .... 4~te.Y.4.Y~ .. ?..W.r.~?. .. .. .......... .. .. ...................................... ..... .... .. .... ... .. ....... . 2 I met a man .... ....... ........... .... .. .. ..... .. ....... .. .... .. ............. ............. ........ ............... ................. .. ............ ............. .. .. ................. .. ...... .. .. .... .. .. ........................ .

3 I met a woman ................ .. .................... ............................. .. ........................................................................................................................ ...... .. ... .......... .

4 I met somebody ... .. .. ................... .. .................... . .. .. ......... ..... . .. .. .. .. ......... ..... ........... ........................ ............ ..... . .. ... .. ... . ...................... .

5 I met a couple ................................ .. ................... ...... .. .. .. . .... . . .. .............................................. ........................................ .

6 I met somebody ........ .. ................................. .... .. .... .... ... ... .............................................. .......... ....... .. .......... .

Read the situations and complete the sentences using where.

1 You grew up in a small town. You went back there recently. You tell someone this.

I recently went back to ...... th.~ ... ~rr.0-.4. to.~ YI w~~~ .... L g.r.~ ... YP................... . ..... ... 2 You're thirsty and you want a drink. You ask a friend where you can get some water.

Is there a shop near here .... ................. .......... . ... ... .. .. ... ... ........... ....... . ..... . ... .. ?

3 You work in a factory. The factory is going to close down next month. You tell a friend .

The .... ........ ................. ........ .. .. ... .. .................. .. .. .. .. ... .................................................... ..... is going to close down next month.

4 Sue is staying at a hotel. You want to know the name of the hotel. You ask a friend.

Do you know the name of .............. .. .. ... ...... . . ......... ... ..... . .. ....... .. .. ............. ...................... ..... ............................................ ?

5 You play football in a park on Sundays. You show a friend the park. You say:

This is the ... ............................ ........................ .. ......... ....... . ..... . . .. .. .. ......... ...... .... ....... .. ......................................... ...... on Sundays.

••~ Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.

1 What's the name of the man .... N.h9..s.e. .... car you borrowed?

2 A cemetery is a place ........................................ people are buried. 3 A pacifist is a person ......................................... believes that all wars are wrong.

4 An orphan is a child ...... . .... ..... ...... parent s are dead.

5 What was the name of the person t o . ...... . .. .... you spoke on the phone?

6 The place ....... ................................... we spent our holidays was rea lly beautiful.

7 This school is only for children .............. ......... .......... ... . fi rst language is not English. 8 The woman with ... ................ ...................... he fell in love left h im after a month.

Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. They are like the examples in Sections D and E.

1 I can't meet you on Friday. That's the day I ,.m .... gPirlg .... ~.~.... .. .... .. ........ ...... . .. ... . ...... .. .................................. . 2 The reason ..... ...... .... ... ...................................... ............... .. . .. .............................. ......... ........... .. . was that t he salary was too low. 3 I'll never forget the time ......... .............................. .. ... ......... .......... ..... .... ...... . . ...................... ........... . . .. ............... .

4 Do you remember the day ............................ ........ .. . ... . .. ..... . ........ ............. .......... ......... ..... . . ..... ?

5 The reason . . . .............................. .... ..... .. ..... . ............................................. .. is that they don't need one.

6 . .. ........ ..... . ....... was the year ............................ .... .... . ...... ......................................................... ......... .. . .......... .

189

There are two types of relative clause. In these examples, the relative clauses are underlined. Compare:

Type 1

L The woman who lives next door is a doctor.

0 Grace works for a company that makes furniture.

0 We stayed at the hotel {that) you recommended.

In these examples, the relative clauses tell you which person or thing (or what kind of person or thing) the speaker means:

'The woman who lives next door' tells us which woman. 'A company that makes furniture ' tells us what kind of company. 'The hotel (that) you recommended' tells us which hotel.

We do not use commas (,) with these clauses: ~.___..~ We know a lot of people who live in

London.

Type2

0 My brother Ben, who lives in Hong Kong, is an arch itect.

G Anna t old me about her new job, which she's enjoying a lot.

C We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a friend of ours recommended.

In these examples, the relative clauses do not tell you which person or thing the speaker means. We already know which thing or person is meant: 'My brother Ben', 'Anna's new job' and 'the Park Hotel'. The re lative clauses in these sentences give us extra information about the person or th ing.

We use commas (,) with these clauses: '---' My brother Ben, who lives in Hong

Kong, is an arch itect.

In both types of relative clause we use who for people and which for things. But:

Type 1

You can use that: 0 Do you know anyone who/that speaks

French and Italian? 0 Grace works for a company which/that

makes furniture.

You can leave out who/which/that when it is the object (see Unit 93):

1._) We stayed at the hotel (that/which) you recommended .

0 This morning I met somebody (who/ that) I hadn't seen for ages.

We do not often use whom in this type of clause (see Unit 94B).

Type2 You cannot use that:

C John, who (not that) speaks French and Italian, works as a tour guide.

C Anna to ld me about her new job, which (not that) she's enjoying a lot.

You cannot leave out who or which: C::: We stayed at the Park Hotel, which a

friend of ours recommended. 0 This morning I met Chris, who I hadn't

seen for ages.

You can use whom for people (when it is the object):

U This morning I met Chris, whom I hadn't seen for ages.

In both types of relative clause you can use whose and where:

0 We met some people whose car had broken down.

0 What's the name of the place where you went on holiday?

C Lisa, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood.

C Kate has just been t o Sweden, where her daughter lives.

Relative clauses (Type 1) -+ Units 92- 94 Relat ive clauses (Type 2) -+ Unit 96

Exercises Make one sentence from two. Use the sentence in brackets to make a relative clause (Type 2). You will need to use who(m)/whose/which/where.

1 Catherine is very friendly. (She lives next door.) ..... C:~ er.l1.1~, .. ~h9. .... 1J.,v:~?. n~xt- .. 4-Pg.r_,_ .. ~?. .... vet:"y fr~Y1441 ~ ... . .. . ......................................... ............................................. .

2 We stayed at the Park Hotel. (A friend of ours recommended it.) ... We. ... ~~~- --~ ... th.~ ... P..cv.k ... .HP.~L .... ~hi&b .~ .. fr~n4. ... 9.f. . .9..0..t?. ... .r.w..~m.~n~ .................... .. .............. .. ............. ..

3 We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge. (lt is not far from London.) We often go to visit our friends in Cambridge .......... .. ...................... ........................ ........................................................................ ..

4 I went to see the doctor. (She told me I needed to change my diet.) I went to see .................... ........ ... . .......................... ...... ... ... ........ ........... .... ... .. ........... ..................... .... .. .. ............................................ .

5 Steven is one of my closest friends. (I have known him for a very long time.) Steven .. ....... ........ .. ...................... .. .......... .......................... .. .. ..... ..... ............................................................. .. ............... ... ...... ........................................ .. .. ..

6 Lisa is away from home a lot. (Her job involves a lot of travelling.) Lisa ........... .. ....... ........... ........ ... ...... . ........................................................................ .. ....................................................................................................... .

7 The new stadium will be finished next month. (lt can hold 90,000 people.)

8 Alaska is the largest state in the USA. (My brother lives there.)

9 Our teacher was very kind. (I have forgotten her name.)

Read the information and complete each sentence. Use a relative clause of Type 1 or Type 2. Use commas where necessary.

1 There's a woman living next door to me. She's a doctor. The woman ..... NYJQ. J~y_~s . D~~t.. .. 4P9.r.. .. W. .... r.n e:. ~~ - .. -~ ... 49f-t9r ........... ................................................... ....................... .............. .. ....... .

2 I've got a brother called Ben. He lives in Hong Kong. He's an architect. My brother .... ~.~D.., .... ~hQ . ~ye~ .... ~ .... H.Png .... k.l?DB > . ~?. .... ~ .... <¥.~-~-'-.................... ...... .. .............................. .. ........................... ..

3 There was a strike at the factory. lt began ten days ago. lt is now over. The strike at the factory ......... .. .. ... .......................................................... ............ .. .. ........................................................... .. ............. .. ............... ............... .

4 I was looking for a book this morning. I've found it now. I've found ............................... .......................................... ... . . .. ................................................................................... ........................................................ .

5 I've had my car for 15 years. lt has never broken down. My car ....... .... .. ............ .... . ......................................................... .. ....................... .. ............................................................. .................................. ..

6 A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications. Few of ...... ............... ........................ ............................................. ... .. .. .. ........ ....................................................... .. ....................... ........ ............. .. ..... ............ ............... ..

7 Amy has a son . She showed me a picture of him. He's a police officer. Amy showed me ........... ....... . ...... ............. ......... .. .............................................................................................................................................. .

Some of these sentences are wrong. Correct them and put in commas where necessary. If the sentence is correct, write 'OK'.

1 Anna told me about her~ she's enjoying very much . ...... Ann~ ... to~ .. --~-~ ... @P.If.t: ... h~ .... n~ .. J.9..~. ,. ... ~h~ .... ?..n~~?. .... ~JP~~9 ... Y.~H ... mY.-.Q1 .. ~ ................. ................ .. ....................... .

2 My office that is on the second floor is very small.

3 The office I'm using at the moment is very small.

4 Mark's father that used to be in the army now works for a TV company.

5 The doctor that examined me couldn't find anything wrong.

6 The sun that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.

Unit

95

191

Prepositions + whom/which

You can use a preposition before whom (for people) and which (for things). So you can say: to whom I with whom I about which I without which etc. :

=:::; Mr Lee, to whom I spoke at the meeting, is very interested in our proposal. C Fortunately we had a good map, without which we would have got lost.

In informal English we often keep the preposition after the verb in the relative clause. When we do this, we normally use who (not whom) for people:

C) This is my friend from Canada, who I was telling you about. 0 Yesterday we visited the City Museum, which I'd never been to before.

All of I most of etc.+ whom/which

Study these examples:

Helen has three brothers. All of them are married. (2 sentences)

______. Helen has three brothers, all of whom are married. (7 sentence)

They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them . (2 sentences) r- _]

______. They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer. (1 sentence)

In the same way you can say:

some of I many of I much of I (a) few of + wh~mh ph~op e none of I neither of I any of I either of } h ( l )

+ w 1c (t 1ngs) both of I half of I each of I one of I two of etc.

0 Martin tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him. C Two men, neither of whom I had seen before, came into the office. 2 They have three cars, two of which they rarely use. 0 Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.

You can also say the cause of which I the name of which etc. : 0 The building was destroyed in a fire, the cause of which was never established. 0 We stayed at a beautiful hotel, the name of which I can't remember now.

Which (not what)

Study this example:

l joe got the job. This surprised everybody. (2 sentences)

joe got the job, which surprised everybody. (7 sentence) I relative clause _j

In this example, which = 'the fact that he got the job'. You must use which (not what) in sentences like these:

::J Sarah couldn't meet us, which was a shame. (not what was a shame) 0 The weather was good, which we hadn't expected. (not what we hadn't expected)

For what, see Units 920 and 930.

ALL of I most of etc. _. Unit 88 Both of etc. _. Unit 89 Relative clauses 1- 4 _. Units 92-95

Exercises - Write the relative clauses in a more formal way using a preposition +whom/which.

1 Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ which 11d never been to before.

Yesterday we visited the City Museum/ . .Jo ~hi&.h ... ..I..,4 .... Y.l~Y.~ .... ~-~----~-~fc?r..~ .............................................. ..... . 2 My brother showed us his new earl which hels very proud of.

My brother showed us his new earl ........... . ......................... ....... ............................ ..... . .................................................... . 3 This is a picture of our friends Chris and Sa m, who we went on holiday with .

This is a picture of our friends Chris and Saml ..................... ...... ............................... .... ...................... . .................. . 4 The wedding/ which only members of the family were invited t01 took place on Friday.

The wedding~ ... .. .. ...................... ........................... ................. . ....................... .. .. ................................................. ................................. ........ .. ... , took place on Friday.

Use the information in the first sentence to complete the second sentence. Use all of I most of etc. or the ... of+ whom/which.

1 All of Helen 1S brothers are married.

Helen has three brothers~ @ P.f. .. ~h.9~. 0-.r.~ ... r.-0.9.-::t:':t:'~ .... . .......................................................................................... . 2 Most of the information we were given was useless.

We were given a lot of information/ . .... .. . . . ........... ................ .. .. . . .......................................................................................... . 3 None of the ten people who applied for the job was suitable.

Ten people applied for the job I ... ........ . ... .. ................ ....... . ........... . ..... . ............ . ...... ....... .. ......... .. ............... . . ... .. .. ..... .. ... .. ...... . . .... . ... .... ........ .. .

4 Kate hardly ever uses one of her computers. Kate has got two computers, . ................ . .. .. ....... .. ........ . . ..... ................ .. ...... ..................................... . ................ .

5 Mike won £1001000. He gave half of it to his parents. Mike won £10010001 ............ .................................................................. ............................ ......... ............................................................ .. .............. .

6 Both of julia 1S sisters are lawyers.

julia has two sisters~ ...................................................................... ............. ...................... ................................................................................... . 7 jane replied to neither of the emails I sent her.

I sent jane two emailsl ..... ..... .............................. ............................ ................................. .... . ........... .. ......................................... . 8 I went to a party- I knew only a few of the people there.

There were a lot of people at the party~ .................................................................................................... ... ... ............... .............................. . 9 The sides of the road we drove along were lined with trees.

We drove along the road, the ... ............. ....... ....... . .. ... . ... . ........................... ................................. ................ . 10 The aim of the compan/s new business plan is to save money.

The company has a new business plan/ .............................. .. .. ......................................... ............. ........ .. ......................... .............. .. ....... ....... .

- Join sentences from the boxes to make new sentences. Use which.

1 Laura couldn 1t come to the party.

2 jane doesnlt have a phone. 3 Alex has passed his exams. 4 Our flight was delayed. 5 Kate offered to let me stay at her house. 6 The street I live in is very noisy at night. 7 Our car has broken down.

---

This was very kind of her. This means we canlt go away tomorrow. This makes it difficult to contact her. This makes it difficult to sleep sometimes. This was a shame. This is good news. This meant we had to wait three hours at the airport.

1 Laura could nit come to the party I ...... w.hi&h .. w~·-· .~ ... ?.h.9.-!0~ ..... ........................... .............................................. . .................. . 2 jane . . .......... ...... ....... ................................ . ........................................................................................................................................................................ . 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................ ..... ..................... ............................. ......... . 4 .............................................................. ..... ............................................................................. ........................................................................................................................... . 5 6 .......... .. ..................................................... ................................................. .. ................................... .... ..... ............................................................ .. ....................... .. ........ . 7 .................... .......................................................................................... ..

Unit ,,· 96

193