© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 1

Database evaluation:

Part 2

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 2

Two case studies

• 1. How many pamphlets (WO-A) did WIPO publish in 2000?– Fundamental question of database content– Quantitative?

• 2. How many patents/applications from 2002 refer to uses of elemental gold or its compounds?– Database searchability– Qualitative?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 3

Sources for question 1

• WIPO data– Press release, paper PCT Gazette – IPDL PCT Gazette

• esp@cenet

• ESPACE-ACCESS CD-ROM

• Questel-Orbit– WOPATENT, PCTFULL, PlusPat

• STN– PCTFULL

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 4

“The PCT in 2000”

Publication Language No. of documents Proportion (%)English 56,084 70.2German 12,010 15.0Japanese 7,057 8.8French 3,654 4.6Russian 496 0.6Spanish 422 0.5Chinese 224 0.3Total 79,947 100.0

Source: “The Patent Cooperation Treaty in 2000” Geneva: WIPO, 2001

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 5

Basic test no.1 - Definition

• What does this figure represent?– Quote: “The number of international

applications published in 2000 in each of the languages of publication was as follows:...”

– Quote: “In 2000, the Gazette included entries relating to the 79,947 international applications which were published in 2000 in the form of PCT pamphlets…”

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 6

Variations on a theme

• No explicit mention of – reprinted or correction documents, – delayed search reports,– cases withdrawn after allocation of

publication number.

• The use of the term “PCT pamphlets” may mean that only complete specifications are being counted, not WO-A3 or similar.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 7

Paper PCT Gazette

• Lowest entry = 00/00001

• Highest entry = 00/79858– Implication: 79,858 cases were published.– WIPO says: 79,947 cases were published.– Where are the missing 89 ?– NOTE: if the difference is due to withdrawal,

we would expect the highest Gazette entry to be higher than actual publications - but it’s lower.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 8

IPDL PCT Gazette

• Difficult to locate year truncation feature:– DP/*/*/2000

• Help refers to (*) specifically as RIGHT-hand truncation operator

• Result = 98,644 records (deviation = 18,697)– this includes WO-A3 and other correction documents

– DP/*/*/2000 AND ( KI/A1 OR KI/A2 )• Result = 85,873 records (deviation = 5,926)

• No way of expanding the KI field to locate other possibilities.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 9

Other comments on IPDL

Relevance score = 0 ?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 10

esp@cenet ® / ESPACE-ACCESS

• Worldwide file:– Publication no. = WO and Publication date =

2000 (no truncation)• Result = 79,858 (exactly the same as the paper

Gazette range, deviation from WIPO = - 89)

• ESPACE-ACCESS– Publication no. = WO2000*

• Result = 79,850

– Publication no. = WO2000* & (KI=A1, A2)• Result = 68,635 !

Does this imply that KD codes are not accurately applied to all records?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 11

STN/MicroPatent file PCTFULL

Publication Language WIPO MicroPatent VariationEnglish 56,084German 12,010Japanese 7,057French 3,654Russian 496Spanish 422Chinese 224Total 79,947 79,856 91

Strategy: 2000/PY

Comment: Very close to the 79,858 suggested by the paper Gazette

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 12

STN/MicroPatent file PCTFULL

Publication Language WIPO MicroPatent VariationEnglish 56,084 56,019 65German 12,010 11,990 20Japanese 7,057 5,807 1,250French 3,654 3,651 3Russian 496 413 83Spanish 422 422 0Chinese 224 190 34Total 79,947 78,492 1,455

Strategy: 2000/PY & CC/LA

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 13

STN/MicroPatent file PCTFULL

Publication Language

MicroPatent - Bibliographic data available

MicroPatent - Full text available Variation

English 56,019 56,018 1German 11,990 11,985 5Japanese 5,807 0 5,807French 3,651 3,651 0Russian 413 0 413Spanish 422 422 0Chinese 190 0 190Total 78,492 72,076 6,416

Strategy: 2000/PY & CC/LA & FT/FA

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 14

STN/Univentio file PCTFULL

Publication Language WIPO Univentio VariationEnglish 56,084German 12,010Japanese 7,057French 3,654Russian 496Spanish 422Chinese 224Total 79,947 79,858 -89

Strategy: 2000/PY

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 15

STN/Univentio file PCTFULL

Publication Language WIPO Univentio VariationEnglish 56,084 55,822 -262German 12,010 12,052 42Japanese 7,057 7,056 -1French 3,654 3,733 79Russian 496 491 -5Spanish 422 422 0Chinese 224 224 0Total 79,947 79,800 -147

Strategy: 2000/PY & CC/LA

Note: In both MicroPatent and Univentio, the sum of languages yields a different total to the publication year:

Could imply either that the /LA field is not being accurately filled, or that documents are missing, or both.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 16

STN/Univentio file PCTFULL

Publication Language

Univentio - bibliographic data available

Univentio - full text available Variation

English 55,822 55,234 -588German 12,052 11,646 -406Japanese 7,056 0 -7,056French 3,733 3,579 -154Russian 491 0 -491Spanish 422 409 -13Chinese 224 0 -224Total 79,800 70,868 -8,932

Strategy: 2000/PY & CC/LA & DETD/FA

Note: In both MicroPatent and Univentio, the availability of bibliographic data in the appropriate language is still no guarantee of availability of full text.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 17

Questel WOTEXT file

• EPO file, now withdrawn - replaced by PCTFULL file from Univentio

• Drawn up on a different selection criteria– up to mid-2000, preference given to an

English-language representative document, e.g.

• fast-publishing US-B replaced an equivalent WO-A

– after mid-2000, WIPO XML full-text for all English, French and German cases

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 18

Questel/WOTEXT

Publication Language WIPO WOTEXT VariationEnglish 56,084 46,985 9,099German 12,010 10,573 1,437Japanese 7,057 0 7,057French 3,654 3,252 402Russian 496 0 496Spanish 422 0 422Chinese 224 0 224Total 79,947 60,810 19,137

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 19

Questel WOPATENT

• Bibliographic file only, data supplied by WIPO– Publication date and kind can be searched in

PN field:• /PN 2000 AND (A1/PN OR A2/PN)

• Result = 79,857 (1 different from the Gazette total)

– of which 68,024 were WO-A1 + 11,833 were WO-A2

– Total = 79,857 !

– Not possible to analyse by publication language? - PNL field not on summary sheet

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 20

Questel WOPATENT

?..IND /APL ABeginning of the index. 1 5114 CN 2 14 CRO 3 34 CS 4 13 CZE 5 2686 DA 6 133141 DE 7 1 DK 8 624721 EN 9 5493 FI 10 43696 FR 11 41 HR 12 79 HU 13 21 HUN 14 1594 IT 15 368 ITA ……. 1 26 TR 2 2 TUR 3 1 US End of the index.

The APL field is the only obvious field for language, and does not correspond to the language of PUBLICATION

INID codes 25 (filing language) and 26 (publication language) exist for this purpose - why are they not being used?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 21

Questel PCTFULL

• Full text file, data supplied by Univentio (same as STN version)– Publication date and kind can be searched as

for WOPATENT• /PN 2000 AND (A1/PN OR A2/PN)

• Result = 79,857 (1 different from the Gazette total and identical to WOPATENT)

• Analysis by Kind Code also the same as WOPATENT

– Full text available = 76,750

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 22

Questel PCTFULL

Publication Language WIPOPCTFULL/STN Full text available

PCTFULL/Questel Full text available

English 56,084 55,234 61,198German 12,010 11,646 11,816Japanese 7,057 0 0French 3,654 3,579 3,551Russian 496 0 0Spanish 422 409 195Chinese 224 0 0Total 79,947 70,868 76,760

Strategy: 2000/PN & CC/LA & DESC=YES

Notes:

Same data supplier, different numbers of texts available.

Questel total with language code = 10 more than strategy without language code

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 23

Questel PlusPat

• Bibliographic - file producer = Questel– Publication date and kind can be searched as

for WOPATENT : two (apparently) equivalent command strings -

• /PN 2000 AND WO = 83,229– presumably including WOA3 documents

• /PN WO AND PD=2000 = 79,858– of which WOA1 = 68,022, WOA2 = 11,836

– Language analysis available using 3-letter codes

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 24

Questel PlusPat

Publication Language WIPO PlusPat VariationEnglish 56,084 56,007 -77German 12,010 11,991 -19Japanese 7,057 7,056 -1French 3,654 3,651 -3Russian 496 494 -2Spanish 422 422 0Chinese 224 224 0Total 79,947 79,845 -102

Strategy: (WOA1/PN OR WOA2/PN) & PD=2000 & CCC/LA

Notes:

Closest match yet to the official WIPO totals - but language code is still apparently causing data loss

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 25

Summary

• A simple search on publication year and kind code yields substantial variation– but the exact explanation requires more

research

• It appears that the language code is not being applied correctly – same possibly applies to the Kind Codes

• In a real search situation, missing full-texts would cause significant data loss

“The truth is rarely pure - and never simple”

Oscar Wilde

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 26

How many English WO’s in 2000?

FileNumber of publications

Number in English

Number of English full texts

WIPO statistics 79,947 56,084 56,084Paper Gazette 79,858 ? ?IPDL 85,873 ? ?esp@cenet 79,858 ? ?ESPACE-ACCESS 79,850 ? ?STN MicroPatent PCTFULL 79,856 56,019 56,018STN Univentio PCTFULL 79,858 55,822 55,234Questel WOTEXT 60,810 n/a 46,985Questel WOPATENT 79,857 ? n/aQuestel Univentio PCTFULL 79,857 61,198 61,192Questel PlusPat 79,858 56,007 n/a

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 27

Case study 2

• How many patents/applications from 2002 refer to uses of elemental gold or its compounds?– Sub-question ; what proportion are US

publications?

• Evaluation factors:– Database searchability– Qualitative?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 28

Sources for question 2

• USPTO.gov

• WIPO IPDL

• Chemical Abstracts

• World Patent Index

• IFI Claims ®

• (esp@cenet ®)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 29

Sample search: USPTO.gov

• USPTO granted patents:– ‘Quick Search’ option:

• Term 1 = 1/1/2002->12/31/2002 (Issue Date) AND Term 2 = gold (All Fields) = 8,854 patents

– Range from US 6334244-B granted Jan 1, 2002 to US 6502221-B granted Dec 31, 2002

– Initial impression - large number of electronics cases (films, connectors etc.)

– High recall, low precision

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 30

Second search

• USPTO published applications:– ‘Quick Search’ option:

• PD/1/1/2002->12/31/2002 AND gold (all fields) = 0 applications (?!)

– Re-run in ‘Advanced Search’• PD/1/1/2002->12/31/2002 and SPEC/gold =

11,140 applications– highest number = US 2002/0199221-A (unable to

browse to other hit-lists)

– Maybe it was having an ‘off-day’?

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 31

Refine the search

• False drops :– US 6499593-B (Golf Bag)

• Refs. cited: “Article, New Gold Accessories for 2000, Golf Illustrated--by: Laurie Lee Dovey, Equipment Editor (No date).”

– US PP 13443-P2 (Nectarine tree named `Burnectfive`)

• Specification: “Floral nectaries.-- Color. -- A dull orange-gold (RHS Greyed Red Group 178 B).”

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 32

Refine the search

• False drops :– US 6404519-B (Method of advertising on a

motor vehicle)• Inventor City: Gold Hill, NC

– US 6465189-B (Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: blended selex)

• Inventor: Larry Gold

– US D464586-S (Sock sculpture)• Attorney: Gold & Rizvi, P.A.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 33

“Experience is what you get when you don’t get what you want”

Dan Stanford (1850-94)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 34

Initial conclusion

• Many of the false drops are due to the definition of “all fields”– literally includes all text fields, plus all front

page bibliographic data fields as well.

• Lesson– always be clear about what is included in the

‘basic index’ of your database

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 35

Limiting field of search

• Granted patents file:– ISD/20020101->20021231 and ACLM/gold

= 1,321 patents

• By using the ‘claims’ field, we achieve two improvements:– substantial increase in precision– substantially eliminates Design Patents.

• smaller ACLM field : typically only one claim in the form “The ornamental design for […], as shown and described”

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 36

Alternative document types

• Re-issue Patents:– ISD/20020101->20021231 and gold (all

fields) and APT/2 = 26 patents• Not linked to their original issue patent in this file

• Unconventional topics:– US 6422036 (Jewelry clasp)

• unlikely to be covered by Chemical Abstracts?

• Lesson:– don’t assume that your database includes all

candidate answers of all types

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 37

WIPO IPDL full-text

• Lesson: clarify timeliness criteria of file before starting to evaluate:– File ‘help’ notes some delay in release of text

(typically 2-3 weeks)

• Lesson: clarify multilingual search capability in a multilingual file...– DP/20020101->20021231 and (ET/gold or

ABE/gold or DEE/gold or CLE/gold)• German and Spanish field labels not available

• 319 hits, including reprinted documents (A3)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 38

Abbreviation searching

• DP/20020101->20021231 and (ET/gold or ABE/gold or DEE/gold or CLE/gold or DEE/Au)– 121,584 hits

• Field DEE includes front page data, and retrieves every designation of Australia!

• Lesson:– consider ambiguity of search terms,

especially in light of field contents.

Question: How many other chemical element symbols correspond to ST.3 country codes?

Answer coming up at the end of this session...

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 39

Further search terms

• Up to now, based on a very crude strategy– basic words, abbreviations, synonyms

• Database evaluation with respect to subject-based searching should always include strategies optimised for each file:– CAS - RN’s– IFI - Uniterms, linking and role indicators– WPI - Manual Codes, subscriber abstracts

• etc.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 40

Chemical Abstracts

• Registry file:– Au/ELS = 39,006 records (L1)– HELP RNYEAR shows 2002 registrations =

380148-72-1 to 477930-11-3• S L1 RAN=(380148-72-1,477930-11-3) = 1,964

compounds registered during 2002 (L2)

• N.B. not the same as ‘compounds registered from documents published in 2002’

– safer to use L1 RAN=(380148-72-1,) = 2,420 (L3)

– Answers will include isotopes, compounds and alloys

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 41

Chemical Abstracts

• CAPlus file– Cross L3 from Registry (L4); & P/DT &

2002/PY.B : • 132 documents, each citing one or more Au

compounds registered >=2002

– Compare P/DT & 2002/PY.B & (GOLD/TI OR GOLD/AB) = 519

– Compare L1 & P/DT & 2002/PY.B NOT (GOLD/TI OR GOLD/AB) = 2,735

• both include new uses of older compounds

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 42

Example hits

• PL 182430-B1, pub. 20020131– “Method of making ohmic contacts in III-V

semiconductor radiation sources.”– 496877-84-0 : 95% Au, 4.5% Zn alloy

• JP 2002-161327-A2, pub. 20020604– “Sintered electric contact material, its

manufacture, and circuit breaker.”– 433295-32-0 : 70% W, 30% Au, 0.1% Sb

alloy.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 43

Example hits

• RU 2188430-C2, pub. 20020827– “Method for predicting arterial hypertension

development during anti-inflammatory therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients.”

• cites 12244-57-4, Tauredon

• JP 2002274841-A2, pub. 20020925– “Superconductor materials”

• cites 461667-30-1, Gold magnesium boride ((Au,Mg)B2)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 44

Derwent WPI

• Available fields:• Text fields

– Basic index, Titles, Extension Abstracts

• Manual Codes– CPI subscriber only, EPI open to everyone

• Fragment Codes– subscriber only

• Lesson: – WPI includes a range of search options - not

all open to all users• evaluate with the customer’s access in mind

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 45

Extension Abstracts

=> S (GOLD OR AU) AND 2002/PY.BL1 4313 (GOLD OR AU) AND 2002/PY.B

=> S (GOLD OR AU)/BI,ABEX AND 2002/PY.BL2 4530 (GOLD OR AU)/BI,ABEX AND 2002/PY.B

=> S L2 NOT L1L3 217 L2 NOT L1

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 46

No record in Basic Abstract

AN 2003-271291 [27] WPIX TI Catalyst for carboxylate-ester synthesis contains metal ultrafine particle having preset average particle diameter supported on inorganic oxide support.PI JP2002361086 A 20021217 (200327)* 11p B01J-023-52 AB JP2002361086 A UPAB: 20030429 NOVELTY - A catalyst for carboxylate-ester synthesis….. DETAILED DESCRIPTION - An INDEPENDENT CLAIM is included for manufacture... USE - For synthesis of carboxylate ester… ADVANTAGE - The catalyst has excellent catalytic activity…. TECHNOLOGY FOCUS - INORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Preferred Support: The inorganic oxide support...

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 47

Extension Abstract

ABEX JP 2002361086 AUPTX: 20030429 EXAMPLE - 10 mmol/L chloroauric-acid aqueous solution (500 ml) was maintained at 65-70degreesC and pH was adjusted to 7 using 0.5N sodium hydroxide aqueous solution. gamma-alumina AC-12R (40 g) was added to the aqueous solution with stirring…... The metal fixation material obtained by filtration was dried at 100degreesC for 10 hours, then bake-processed at 300degreesC in air for 3 hours and a metal support (gold/gamma-alumina) having metal supported on the alumina support, was obtained. The amount of metal on the support was 4.6 weight% with respect to the support…….

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 48

Effective use of Manual Codes

• Many of the CPI Manual Codes are too wide in scope to give precise retrieval for this search

• However, they can be used in combination with other search terms (e.g. text, IPC) to set a context for retrieval– e.g. N02-E04/MC AND GOLD/TI, AB limits

retrieval specifically to gold in the context of catalysis.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 49

Fragment Codes

• Applied only to certain chemical patents, primarily to aid retrieval of compounds disclosed only in generic form.

• A679 is the code for gold

=> S A679/M0,M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M6 AND 2002/PY.B

L6 531 A679/M0,M1,M2,M3,M4,M5,M6 AND 2002/PY.B

=> S L6 NOT (L1 OR L2)L7 81 L6 NOT (L1 OR L2)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 50

Example answer

AN 2003-209212 [20] WPIX TI Emulsions useful as solid dosage forms comprises a mixture of a drug-containing emulsion and a solid particle adsorbent.PI US2002160049 A1 20021031 (200320)* 15p A61K-009-00AB US2002160049 A UPAB: 20030324 NOVELTY - An emulsion composition (I) in…. M2 *02* A679 A960 A970 B415 B720 B743 B770 B815 B831 C710 H4 H401 H481 H8 J0 J014 J2 J273 J4 J471 J490 J9 K0 L8 L814 L821 L831 M210 M211 M212 M250 M262 M283 M315 M321 M332 M344 M349 M381 M391 M411 M431 M510 M520 M530 M540 M620 M782 M904 M905 N103 DCN: R09330-K; R09330-M; R11043-K; R11043-M

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 51

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 52

IFI CLAIMS ®

• US Patents only, from 1950

• Uniterm Chemical Indexing– UN=55769 (UT=GOLD) – UN=34216 (UT=GOLD, INORGANIC) – UN=34217 (UT=GOLD, ORGANIC)

• Can be linked to specific ‘Roles’ in CDB only– Present

– Reactant

– Product

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 53

IFI CLAIMS ®

• Compound Terms– Specific registered compounds– UN=71665 (UT=Gold Chloride, AuClH2)– UN=98063 (UT=Gold Chloride, AuCl3)

• etc. (at least 37 others)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 54

IFI CLAIMS ®

• General Term vocabulary– Descriptive names for classes of chemicals– UN=20582 Gold compounds and salts /STO/

• replaced by alternate indexing; only appropriate for a full retrospective search.

– General Term Thesaurus also suggests• UN=07328 Compounds, Group 1B

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 55

Basic strategy

18845 UN=55769 (UT=GOLD) 741 UN=34216 (UT=GOLD, INORGANIC) 940 UN=34217 (UT=GOLD, ORGANIC)

S1 722 PY=2002 AND UN=(55769 OR 34216 OR 34217)

S2 317 S1 NOT GOLD

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 56

Sample result

• US 2002/0081459-A1, pub. 20020627– “Magneto-optical recording medium and

method of reproducing the same”– no text term present (title, abstract, claim)– Claim 3: “A magneto-optical recording

medium...wherein the nonmagnetic layer is ...selected from the group consisting of SiN, SiO2, AlN, ….Pt, Au, Si and Ge.”

• Indexed UN 55769, role 10 (present as starting material)

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 57

Sample result

• US 2002/0081397-A1, pub. 20020627– “Fabrication of conductive/non-conductive

nanocomposites by laser evaporation”– no text term present (title, abstract, claim)– Claim 7 : “The structure of claim 1 wherein

the particles of electrically conducting material are metallic nano-particles.”

• Indexed UN 55769, role 10 (present as starting material); the only definition of ‘metallic’ (which includes gold) is found in the body of the specification - NOT in the claims.

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 58

Misleading text

• US 2002/0081397 uses the word ‘gold’ in two contexts:– as part of the invention

• “The electrically conducting particles are preferably made of carbonaceous material ...or metallic material (such as, for example, gold)…”

– as part of the equipment• “For demonstration purposes, a glass substrate

was prepared with 2 gold contact pads….”

If we saw this first, we might be tempted to discard this record as irrelevant

Lesson : Learn to trust your indexing - until proven otherwise

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 59

False drops we avoided...

• US 2002/0045493-A1 “Golf ball, and golf ball printing ink.”– Claim 1 : “A golf ball comprising a ball

body, and a gold-colored mark printed on a surface of the ball body…”

• US 2002/0024168-A1 “Decorative candle”– Claim 12 : “The glitter candle composition of

claim 1, wherein the glitter material comprises … Timiron Super Gold ™…”

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 60

Summary lessons

• Understand field contents– especially what is included in the Basic Index

• Don’t assume database coverage– check at the KD level as well as the country

• Understand timeliness– may be an important criterion for evaluation

• Understand multi-lingual aspects– are they present? / how are they handled?

• Try to anticipate ambiguity in sample searches

• Optimise each strategy to each database

• Evaluate with the customer’s access limitations in mind

• Get to know and trust the indexing

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 61

Final summary: Strategy = US/PC & 2002/PY & GOLD/TI,AB

File Hits Comment

USPTO.gov 525 2 searches, notdeduplicated

esp@cenet 451 abstract may be fromanother familymember

CAS 281 no US-S or US-P ;new titles andabstracts

WPI 743 EQABS, ABEX mayimprove recall ; newtitles

IFI 548 national families ; newtitles and abstracts

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 62

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 63

Quiz answer

• How many elements have chemical symbols corresponding to ST.3 country codes?

Symbol Element CountryAG Silver Antigua & BarbudaAL Aluminium AlbaniaAM Americium ArmeniaAR Argon ArgentinaAT Astatine AustriaAU Gold Australia

and that’s only the A’s……

My estimate = 56 if you include EU (Europium) for the Community Patent

© Magister Ltd 2004, 2005 64

Conclusion

• Thank you very much for listening.

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