How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

[Module 3]Key issues of urban sanitation

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics 2

Key elements of urban sanitation

Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific

requirements

Options in detail

Slum connectivity

Collection and discussion of cases from participants

Understand key issues of urban sanitation

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Leach Pit Land Application

decentralized on-site sanitation

User Interface /toilet

Key elements of urban sanitation

Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds

centralized off-site sanitation

Emptying Transportation

Leaching field

decentralized on-site / off-site sanitation

Septic Tank Soak Pit

3

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Key elements of urban sanitation – a schematic view

source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 17 4

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Options for urban sanitation and key factors determining specific requirements

Size Location

System

• soil• groundwater• topography

• < 1 lakh population• 1-10 lakh population• million plus• mega cities

• on-site / off-site• decentralized / centralized

Key questions:

• Can wastewater be disposed on site?

• When and where is sewerage required and viable?

• Which arrangements are required for the management of wastewater and fecal sludge?

• How does the demand for reuse influence the choice of technology?

Settlement

• density and space• source of water• existing structures

5

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Key factor settlement

Housing and population density

amount of wastewater is function of density

availibilty of space is function of density

Source of water

protection of water from wells or tubewells

6

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Key factor size and treatment optionsTown

categoryConditions Recommended

treatment technologiesUnsewered Class-III, IV and V towns and rural communities

Remote land available with suitable site and soil condition

Land application of septage

Adequate land available but close to neighbours

Land application after stabilization

Inadequate land area with suitable site and soil condition, WWTP available within 30km and adequate capacity

Disposal at WWTP

Partially sewered medium size (Class-II) towns

Adequate land available but close to settlements

Land application after stabilization

Inadequate land, WWTP capacity available Disposal at WWTP

Inadequate land, no WWTP capacity available Disposal at independent treatment facility or CSTF

Class-I and Metro-cities

Available WWTP capacity Disposal

No available WWTP capacity Independent septage treatment facility or CSTF

source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 22, adapted 7

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Key factor locationSoil type

operation of soakaways

rocky ground increases costs

High groundwater level

reduces scope for infiltration of wastewater

sewers to be laid below water table to ensure

self-cleansing

possible intrusion of groundwater into sewer

high pumping requirements / costs

Topography – high altitudes, steep

terrain

rocky ground increases costs for underground

facilities

space limitations

flushing water in latrines may freeze

frozen, impermeable ground during winter

limits soaking capacities

base of leach pits with enough distance from

groundwater

sewer can be gravity driven

8

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Key factor systemon-site

low density housing

off-site

reliable water supply

sufficient fall to avoid pumping in sewers

high maintenance costs in areas with insufficient

MSWM

requires sewer system

high density housing

availability of services to remove and transport

sludges and septage

ground conditions allow absorption of wastewater and

avoid contamination of groundwater

low water consumption

9

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Leach Pit Land Application

decentralized on-site sanitation

User Interface /toilet

Options in detail

Conveyance Sewage Treatment Plant Drying Beds

centralized systemEmptying Transportation

Leaching field

decentralized treatment

system

Septic Tank Soak Pit

Access to toilets

Septage Manageme

nt

10

Treatment & disposal

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Access to toilets

Common weaknesses and threats

Where to locate?What to

consider?

Actions identified in

CSPsTypes of toilets

11

Best practice example

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Access to toilets – where to locate, what to consider?

Location

Household

Group of HH

Community

Public

Institutional

School and pre-school

Consider special needs of women, children and disabled

O & M

All market areas and public places to have toilet and urinal facilities

Proper excreta disposal facility

Provision for

maintaining aesthetic

look

User

charges

12

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Access to toilets

13

Common weaknesses and threats

O & M

Regulation

CoverageConstructi

on(1)availability of land(2)gaps in coverage of

wards(3)lack in commercial

areas

Behaviour

(1)gender issues(2)barriers(3)no water supply(4)discharge to open drains / water

bodies

(1)limited opening times(2)cleaning(3)maintenance(4)monitoring

(1)hygienic unawareness(2)habit of open defecation

and urination widespread

willingness to pay for service

(1)unclear responsibilities(2)no dedicated units(3)family card system not realistic(4)complicated prosecution of violations

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Access to toilets

14

Actions identified by CSPs

O & M

Communities Technology,

planning and construction (1)awareness campaigns

(2)behaviour change(3)community involvement in O&M(4)community involvement in

financing

Regulations

(1)gender sensitivity(2)water supply(3)floating population(4)mobile facilities

(1)24/7 access(2)map of existing public toilets(3)map of toilets in public buildings(4)SOPs(5)inspection and monitoring protocol(6)BOT approaches

(1)target standards for seats / inhabitants

(2)target standards for access within distance

(3)guidance documents

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

User interface (User, behavior

& Toilets)

Operates without water Placed over a pit Can be built anywhere

with locally available material.

Operates without water Separates the solid

(feces) from the liquid (urine)

Separation reduces the smell

Water seal thus reducing the odor

Flushed by stored water Regular water supply is

a must

Modern version of pour flush toilet

Dry toilet

Urine diverting dry toilet

Pour flush toilet

Cistern-flush toilet

The elements of sanitation – types of toilets

to on-site dry system

to on- or off-site water reliant system

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

On-site–dry system

Feces & urine

Simplepit latrine

Ventilatedimprovedpit latrine,

VIP

Compostinglatrine

Composting

Relocation of latrine after the pit is full

or

agriculturaluse of

composted material

Wastewatertype

On-sitesystem

On-site treatment

Disposal / Off-site use

16

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

On-site water reliant systems

Black water

Leach pit

Individual septic tank

Overhung latrine

Composting &degradation of

wastewater constituents

Agricultural use ofcomposted material& water leakage into

groundwater

Wastewatertype

On-sitesystem

On-site treatment

Disposal / Off-site use

Anaerobic degradation

Effluent discharge into water body

Sludge disposal atenvironmentally acceptable areas

Agricultural useof effluent

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu

18source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Situationfrequent outbreaks of water

borne diseases

open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing

quarter

Set-up Process

Needs assessment in communities to identify interventions required renovation of toilets

community toilets were available (under MC) but not

well managed and maintained, no water supply and no

disposal, frequent open defecation

Lead agency: local NGO

WaterAid

Activities renovation and construction of

toilets (community and private) with financial support from Water Aid

land provided by MC including water and electricity supply

identification and capacitation of work force for daily O&M

establishinh sustainable business plan for O&M

before the project the town was one of India‘s least

hygienic cities

community based system for O&M

211 approved and 75 unapproved slums with

approx. 23% of the city‘s population

involvement of women‘s groups: established Women‘snSelf

Help Group formed Sanitation and Hygiene

Education Teams who implemented and monitored the whole programme at community level

Holistic development approach combined provision of toilets with empowerment of communities to improve theri health, environment and living standards

effective partnership between MC, communities and NGOs to manage and maitain toilets

sustainable financial management: pay & use system profits used for awareness

generation and necessary works

rotating responsibilty within SHGs

later men‘s and children‘s grouops were established to partticipate in sanitation activities

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Tiruchirapalli MC, Tamil Nadu

19source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability

environment and natural resources

Lessons learnt

The town is now ranked as 6th in sanitation ranking of Indian

cities

financial and economic issues

health, hygiene and nutrition

socio cultural and institutional aspects

technology and operation

Principal challenge was to generate interest in the communities including

willingness to pay for toilet utilization

Local poliiticans interfered with the project agitating against

user fees

NGO had to ensure continuous community work including HH

visits

Key success factors: supportive MC

understanding and sensitive to the issues and supportive to community action

community involvement and support

involvement of women inclusive community

management ownership

Land tenure and water and electrcity supply provided by

supportive MC

gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage management

Common weaknesses and threats

Definition of septage

Actions identified in

CSPsManageme

nt

20

Best practice example

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage – Definition and characteristics

• The physical and chemical characteristics vary on size and design of the storage facility, pumping frequency and climatic conditions.

21

What is septage?

Some characteristics

Can characteristics vary?

• Septage has offensive odour, • contains significant levels of grease, grit,

hair, debris and pathogenic micro organisms.

• “Septage” is septic tank sludge that is a combination of raw primary sludge and anearobically produced raw sludge.

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage – components

Components of Septage: Scum floats on the top and is

generally where the bacteria live that treat the waste

Effluent the semi-treated liquid that comprises the majority of the material in the septic tank

Sludge solids which collect at the bottom of the tank

22

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage management

23

Common weaknesses and threats

O & M

Regulation

Natural conditions

Construction

(1)high groundwater table

(1)unscientific construction(2)discharge to open water bodies /

drains(3)lack of land for treatment and

disposal facilities

(1)low knowledge on spatial distribution

(2)weak maintenance(3)lack of cleansing(4)manual desludging(5)lack of mechanization and

equipment(6)no treatment / uncontrolled

disposal(7)no monitoring and control

(1)overlapping functions and roles(2)lack or weak enforcement of

regulations and bye-laws

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage management

24

Actions identified by CSPs

O & M

Communities / households

Planning, construction, system upgrade

(1)awareness campaigns(2)behaviour change(3)community involvement(4)O&M and private / community

level

Regulations

(1)rehabilitation of existing tanks

(2)upgradation of existing tanks

(3)avoid or treat sewage outflow into drains

(4)integrate tanks into off-site treatment system

(1)clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems

(2)mapping of all septic tanks(3)sustainable operator model(4)SOPs

(1)establish building codes for septic tanks

(2)establish bye-laws for on-site sanitation, and septage management

(3)establish on-site sanitation monitoring framework

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

1

2

7

5

3

6

4

1 Emptying of septic tanks

2 Transportation to the treatment facility in a specially designed vehicles

3 Emptying of septage at treatment facility

4 Scientific treatment

5 Dry compost – at drying beds (as a part of treatment facility

6 Compost application and use of treated water for agriculture purpose

7 Agriculture produce for human consumption

Septage management It is the process of managing

of septic tanks including desludging, transporting, treating, and disposal of its contents.

25

What is septage management?

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage management – practices

26

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Elements Regulatory provisionsDesigning and construction of a septic tank

• Regulation & provision for overseeing design, installation, use and inspection

• Mechanism for self reporting & record keeping Emptying of septic tanks • Regulation & provision for periodic emptying/ desluding

at 3-5 years frequency • Mechanism for self reporting and record keeping

Transportation to treatment facility in specially designed vehicle

• Regulation & provision for safe transport of septage to the treatment site

Emptying at scientific treatment facility including drying beds

• Regulation & provision for treatment facility and scientific treatment methods

Dry compost and treated water

• Provision, support & incentives to make use of dry compost & treated water for agriculture

• Provision for quality testing of treated water & compost

Septage management – elements and regulatory provisions

27

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Management of a Septic Tanks

28

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Correct Practice

Wrong Practices

Management of effluent

OR

29

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Improved Septic tank

Conventional Septic tank

30

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Liquid effluent disposal / reuse

Pre-treatment of septage

Land application

Treatment at CETP

Treatment at independend

facilities

Conventional septic tank

Improved septic tank / Anaerobic baffled reactor

Non- conventional

Management of septage

Septage Treatment Options

31

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Septage treatment facilities in Surabaya, Indonesia

32source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26

Situation

only 11 cities have WWTP

Government established 150 septage treatment plants in the country

Set-up

sludge collection and transportation provided by private hauler truck

service

Sanitation agency collects monthly tipping fees based on septage

volume

Framework

City government framework: nuisance permits tipping fees water quality

management water pollution

control

Service providers have licenses for collection, transport and disposal

STP opertaed by local agency

one such plant was established in Surabaya

(3 mil. inhabitants)

87% of the houses have access to improved sanitation facilities

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

capacity: 400m³/day

modified activated sludge process

drying beds manure

source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 26

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Centralized systems

Common weaknesses and threats

Actions identified in

CSPsProcess

34

Summary centralized –

de-centralized systems

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Centralized systems

35

Common weaknesses and threats

O & M

Regulation

Natural conditions

Construction

(1)topography(2)bedrock(3)high groundwater table

(1)sewer connection only for black water

(2)no connection of open drains(3)missing links in network(4)inadequate pumping capacities(5)inadequate treatment technology(6)inadequate capacity of the system

(1)leakages in network(2)choking(3)no monitoring of

functionality(4)no regular O&M(5)underutilization of the

system(6)no reuse of treated water

(1)high connection charges(2)high service costs(3)overlapping functions and roles(4)lack or weak enforcement of

regulations and bye-laws

Coverage

(1)low coverage(2)low connection(3)low availability of land for facilities

and disposal(4)narrow streets

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Centralized systems

36

Actions identified by CSPs

O & M

Planning, construction, system upgrade

Regulations

(1)training for plumber certification

(2)STP to receive and treat septage

(1)clear demarcation between on-site and off-site systems

(2)mapping of sewerage and connections

(3)address choking complaints(4)bulk metering at trunk lines and STP

inlet (5)O&M contracts ROT (rehabilitate,

operate, transfer) approach(6)SOPs

(1)waste water quality monitoring protocol

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Elements and options or centralized treatment systems

Sources of waste water

Conveyance system = sewer

Central treatment Disposal

Conventional sewer

Simplified sewer Solid free sewer

• High investment

• Specialized knowledge

• Maintenance

• Less stringent design standards

• Cheaper• Laid under sidewalks/in front of backyards

• Connected to the outflow of a septic tank or interceptor tanks

• Laid at shallow depth

• Follow the topography

Constructed wetlands

Waste stabilization ponds

• Suitable for pre-settled wastewater

• Require specialized knowledge

• High investment

• For high strength & centralized treatment facilities

• Require large area

• Anaerobic ponds, facultative and aerobic ponds

37

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

De-centralized systems

Features of de-centralized

systemsProcess O & M

38

Summary centralized –

de-centralized systems

Best practice example

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

• DEWATS allows treatment of organic waste water from domestic and industrial sources

• DEWATS is featured through modular design of all components

• Hence it is flexible and allows efficient treatment for organic wastewater flows from 1-1,000 m3 per day

• DEWATS systems are tolerant towards inflow fluctuation• Design and construction are long lasting and reliable• DEWTAS do not require sophisticated or costly maintenance• DEWATS can complement conventional treatment systems

for more sustainable and effective service

De-centralised Waste Water Treatment Systems - DEWATS

39

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

DEWATS :Horizontal flow System

DEWATS :Vertical flow System

40

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

The most critical items in which operator intervention is necessary are:

O&M of DEWATS System

41

• Adjustment of water levels• Maintenance of flow uniformity (inlet and outlet

structures)• Management of vegetation• Odor control• Maintenance of berms (walls)

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Centralized Decentralized

Size of the city Suitable for large cities Suitable for any locality Capital costs Large capital cost Large capital cost O&M costs High O & M cost Low O & M cost

O&M requirements Highly technical O & M requirements

Not very technical O & M requirements

Managerial capacity Difficult to manage Easy to manage Electricity supply Required high electricity Very low or no electricity required Modular system No modular implementation

possible Modular implementation possible

Size of population Smaller population not possible and not cost effective

Units as required may be constructed depending on city and population growth

Summary: centralized VS decentralized treatment

42

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Options for collection and drainage of wastewater – decision tree

source: MoUD, WSP: Technology Options for Urban Sanitation in India – A Guide for Decision Making, September 2008, page 48 43

back to discussion of centralized systems

back to discussion of de-centralized systems

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra

44source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Situationcentral, high density, low

income quarter

open drains with wastewater, feces and HH waste crossing

quarter

Set-up ProcessProject implementation:(1) Pre construction(2) Construction(3) Post construction – O&M

through community

Installation of fully functional 5 chamber DEWAT system

approx. 450 HH, 2350 inhab., 85% open defecation

Lead agency: Centre for Urban and Rural Excellence (CURE)

Agra MC, USAID and Cities Alliance

Pre construction: planning, system design site visits community consultation identification of land approvals contracting of local work force

Community involvement decision making implementation and monitoring monetary support for toilet

construction sanitation committees –

including SW collection empowering youth and women

for income generation

no waste collection or disposal system

adjacent to quarter large open drain with waste water from

upstream settlements

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Decentralized wastewater treatment, Agra

45source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability

environment and natural resources

Lessons learnt

Main challenge was to get te approval for construction of the

DEWAT facility

Awareness raising regarding sanitation is a must for

reduction of open defecation

financial and economic issues

health, hygiene and nutrition

socio cultural and institutional aspects

technology and operation

O&M could be settled through intense community

involvement

DEWAT requires continuous flow of water, daily supervision and cleansing is executed by

the local community

Involvment of the community from the very begiining creates ownership and supports later O&M and proper functioning

Infrastructure development has to be combined with

community development and engagDay-to-day involvement of the community is importasnt

for long-term sustainability

Holistic approach including sanitation, environment ans livelihood ensured general upgrading of quality of life

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Treatment & disposal

Treatment process in centralized

systems

Treatment process in

decentralized systems

Septage treatment

46

Reuse of residuals

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Process Flow Diagram for a typical large-scale two step treatment plant47

Pre-treatment : removes the heavy solids to

prevent blockages in the following treatments processes

aeriation to allow removal of scum Primary treatment :

removes organic and inorganic solids by the physical process of sedimentation and floatation.

Pre- and primary treatment are summarized as physical treatment.

Secondary treatment : removes the dissolved and colloidal

organic substances from waste water through microorganisms.

Secondary treatment is known as biological treatment.

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

What is meant by tertiary treatment?

What is meant?

Possible utilization

Technology

• “Tertiary treatment” is used to improve the quality of treated wastewater so that it can be further utilized (re-use)

Mechanical• sand filter• disk filter• active coal filter• micro filter

• cleansing water for the treatment plant, • re-use in industrial cleaning processes• gardening• flushing of toilets• cooling water

Chemical• precipitation• flocculation• UV-desinfection,

ozonation, Hypochloridation

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

DEWATS – treatment process

scheme taken from DEWATS Guidebook, p.35 / 36

49

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Septage treatment and disposal

source: Centre for Science and Development: Policy Paper on Septage Management in India, May 2011, page 18

To stabilze septage: decreasing odours, reducing levels of

pathogens and further decay

raising pH

• reduction of organic compounds,

• production of methane, • requires sludge for co-

treatment

aeration to biologically reduce organic compounds and odour

• mix with bulking agent,• aerte and turn• process heat destroys

pathogens• possibility of odours

• surface application• sub-surface application• burial

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Reuse of residuals 51

Agricultural reuse• Organic waste can be used as fertilizer or soil conditioners • Treated wastewater can be used for irrigation with appropriate precautions

Reuse in aquaculture• In the production of micro algae, aquatic macrophytes and fish that are

used as animal feed or as compost fertilizer • For fish culture

Biogas production(anaerobic sludge digestion)• Fuel for cooking heating and lighting • Fuel for boilers and combustion engines

51

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Slum connectivity

Common weaknesses and threats

Options for improvement

52

Best practice example

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Connectivity of slums

53

Common weaknesses and threats

Coverage

Construction

(1)availability of land(2)difficult physical

conditionsCommuni

ty

(1)waste water disposal through open drains

(2)septic tanks discharge in open drains

(3)stagnation of water in drains

(1)hygienic unawareness(2)habit of open defecation

and urination(3)low capacities to

contribute widespread

willingness to pay for service

Decision making

(1)low political will to invest

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Possible options

• Delink Land tenure issues with provision of sanitation facilities

• Provide situation specific facilities such as group toilet, community toilet and public toilet where individual toilets are not possible

• Encourage and empower local political leadership to participate and advocate

• Build community capacities to use and maintain the facilities • Build community capacities on importance of contributing

user fee in O & M• Community engagements and participation• Financing options: Grant, subsidies, microcredit , credit

linkage

54

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC

55source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Situation5 lakh slum dwellers without

toilet facilities or water supply

open defecation and urination as major problem

Set-up

MC: 80% later 90% of costsHH: 20% in cash or kindHH income less Rs 10,000/year

Process

Process of work: simple application by HH site inspection availability of space

without obstruction of roads

sanction construction through

applicant

AMC provides funds to private HH for toilet construction

1089 slum pockets1383 chawls

Lead agency: AMC

NGOs: mobilization of communities, encourage their

partnership

participating HHs ensured not to be evicted for at least 10 years (written contract)

AMC zonal slum improvement cells provide technical support

continuous community involvement

AMC sought wider support in civil society to generate additional funding

triggered broad improvement of living conditions: formation of residents‘

associations women and youth groups health and day care centres informal education

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Extras

Good Examples: Ahmedabad Slum Networking Programme, Ahmedabad MC

56source: http://www.awasla.org/Docs/ACCESS_ahmedabad_case_study.pdf

Sustainability

environment and natural resources

Lessons learnt

involvement of community, formal partnership and creatoin

of slum level associations created ownership and promoted and ensured

maintenence

Individual facilities improved status of HHs and motivated

them to take care for the facilities

financial and economic issues

health, hygiene and nutrition

socio cultural and institutional aspects

technology and operation

Private sector was ready to provide significant financing

Investment in basic services and provision of land tenure triggers shelter upgrading

through the dwellers

Proper mobilization motivates dwellers to contribute and take

ownership

Infrastructure development has to be combined with

community development and engagement to achieve and

ensure substantial improvement of living

conditions

Market value of houses in the slums increased through the

project

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Activities 57

Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants

Analyse and discuss cases / best practices contributed by participants.

The cases shall deal either with best practices in urban sanitation in the home towns of the participants or with problems in urban sanitation encountered by the participants during their work. The cases shall be related to one of the steps of the key elements of urban sanitation.

1. Identify and select the case bringers

2. Select a facilitator and time-keeper for each working group

3. The case bringer describes the case brieflythe facilitator documents the core issues of the case;please ensure common understanding of the case.

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Activities

Activity: Collection of case studies and best practices from participants4. Discussion of the case

along the following headlines:• Brief description• Activities undertaken• Obstacles encountered / key reasons of the problem• Key factors for success / options to tackle the problem

Key factors for success shall consider the following factors: Vision, strategy for implementation Institutional structure, cooperation, support from key actors Management Capacity development Availability and provision of resources (staff, financing, land,

infrastructure) Specific drivers

5. PresentationConclusions and recommendations will be discussed in plenary

How to use a CSP as a tool for urban development? –M3: Understand key issues of urban sanitation

Module 3: Basics

Indo-German Environment Programme (IGEP)Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 

Sustainable Urban HabitatB-5/2, First Floor, Safdurjung Encalve, New Delhi-110029, Tel: +91-11-49495300/01/02

Thank you very much