Date post: | 18-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | vincent-lee |
View: | 218 times |
Download: | 0 times |
“Moving from Upstream to Midstream: Response Tools for
Genocide and Atrocity Crimes Prevention”
Dr. James Waller, KSC/AIPR and Ms. Samantha Capicotto, AIPR
November 2015
Continuum of Genocide Prevention Strategies
• Primary Prevention– Upstream Prevention– “Before” Analysis of
Structural Risk Factors• Secondary PreventionSecondary Prevention
– Midstream PreventionMidstream Prevention– Immediate, Real-Time Immediate, Real-Time
Relief Efforts During CrisisRelief Efforts During Crisis• Tertiary Prevention
– Downstream Prevention– “After” Efforts to Foster
Resiliency in Post-Genocide Society
Learning Objectives
• Understand the…– (1) political, economic, legal, and military
preventive response tools available to help halt and reverse escalating threats of genocide and mass atrocities;
– (2) clear benefits of early preventive action over more costly remedial efforts;
– (3) importance of strategic planning, contingency preparations, realistic exercising, and learning from the past.
Spectrum of Influence for Response Tools
Target Groups for Response Tools
What are the political, economic, legal, and military preventive
response tools available to help halt and reverse escalating
threats of genocide and mass atrocities?
Midstream Tools for Genocide Prevention
Political Response Tools
Cooperative• Diplomatic Legitimization
and Recognition Benefits• Resources for Enabling
Dialogue• Political and Field
Missions• Support for Human
Rights Promotion, Monitoring, and Documentation
Political Response Tools
Cooperative• Diplomatic Legitimization
and Recognition Benefits• Resources for Enabling
Dialogue• Political and Field
Missions• Support for Human
Rights Promotion, Monitoring, and Documentation
Coercive• Threat or Application of
Political or Diplomatic Sanctions
• Condemnation (Unilateral or Multilateral)
• Sporting or Cultural Boycotts
• Proscription of Individuals and Organizations
Midstream Tools for Genocide Prevention
Economic Response Tools
Cooperative• Lifting of Existing
Sanctions or Embargoes• Debt Relief or Increased
Aid• New Funding or Investment• Trade Incentives (Tariff
Reductions, Direct Purchases, Favored Status, Subsidies, Import/Export Licenses, etc.)
Economic Response Tools
Cooperative• Lifting of Existing Sanctions
or Embargoes• Debt Relief or Increased Aid• New Funding or Investment• Trade Incentives (Tariff
Reductions, Direct Purchases, Favored Status, Subsidies, Import/Export Licenses, etc.)
Coercive• Targeted or “Smart”
Financial Sanctions• Trade Embargoes• Freezing or Seizing of
Monetary Assets of Elites Responsible for Atrocities
• Divestment or Aid Conditionality
Midstream Tools for Genocide Prevention
Legal Response Tools
Cooperative• Monitors to Observe
Compliance with Human Rights Standards and Law
• Offers of Amnesty or Immunity
• Domestic Support of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
• References to Existing International Law and Norms
Legal Response Tools
Cooperative• Monitors to Observe
Compliance with Human Rights Standards and Law
• Offers of Amnesty or Immunity
• Domestic Support of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms
• References to Existing International Law and Norms
Coercive• Action by UN Organs• Human Rights
Investigations• Threats of Referral or
Actual Referral for Criminal Prosecution (Domestic or International)
• Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction
Midstream Tools for Genocide Prevention
Military Response Tools
Cooperative• Military Aid or Training• Confidence and Security-
Building Measures• Security Guarantees for the
Protection of Civilians (Safe Havens or Evacuation)
• Consensual Preventive Deployment
Military Response Tools
Cooperative• Military Aid or Training• Confidence and Security-
Building Measures• Security Guarantees for the
Protection of Civilians (Safe Havens or Evacuation)
• Consensual Preventive Deployment
Coercive• Restricted Arms,
Movements, and Communications
• Heightened Military Presence in the Region
• Credible Threat of Military Force
• Use of Military Force for Nonconsensual Coercive Intervention
Lessons Learned
• Clear benefits of early preventive action (upstream and midsteram) over more costly remedial efforts (downstream).
• Importance of strategic planning, contingency preparations, realistic exercising, and learning from the past.