m INVESTIGATION OP CERTAIN COMPONENTS OP EGO-3TRENGTH
TO DISTINGUISH VOCATIONALLY RKHABILITABLE
AMD NON-REHABILITABLE WORKERS
APPROVEDl
Graduate Committees
, n, JKii Major Professor-/
IoaI h flowaittee Member
A -* i > y'. *•- S . I > H. I-tToiBMitte© Mefeber
Dean of the School of Education
I Dean of the Graduate School
AH INVESTIGATION OP CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF EGO-STRENGTH
TO DISTINGUISH VOCATIONALLY REHABILITABLB
AND NON-REHABILITABLS WORKERS
DISSERTATION
Presented to the Graduate Council of the
North Texas State University in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree ©f
DOCTOR OF EDUCATION
By
Leo F. Solomos, M* A.
Denton, Teams
June, 1965
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES • . V
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION * 1
Background and Meed for this Study Statement of the Problem Basic Facts About Goodwill Industries of Dallas
Hypotheses Definition of Terns Basic Assumptions Limitations of the Study Method Description of Test Instruments Development of Progress Measurement Report Procedure for Treating Data Chapter Bibliography
II. RELATED LITERATURE. 36
Basic Literature on Ego-Strength Indicators of Ego-Strength Ego-Strength and Psychodiagnostic Instruments Chapter Bibliography
III. PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE DATA 52
Hypothesis One Hypothesis Two Hypothesis Three Hypothesis Four Hypothesis Five Hypothesis Six Hypothesis Seven Summary Chapter Bibliography
iii
iv
Pag«
Chapter
IV. SUMMART, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AMD RECOMMENDATIONS . 73
Findings Hecommendations and Conclusions Chapter Bibliography
APPENDIX A gO
APPENDIX B $2
APPENDIX C 33
APPENDIX D . » #7
BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . <t1
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I* Number aad Reasons for Dropping Out Certain Subjects fro© the Original Study Group • . . 17
II#' Th© Relationship Between Barron*s tgo-Strength Seals and VocatTOnil Hehabillt ac-tion Success 53
III. The Relationship Between Self and Vocational Rehabilitation success . . . . 55
IV. The Relationship Between Ideal Self and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. 56
V, The Relationship Between Other and Vocational Rehabilitation Success . 57
VI. The Relationship Between Maslow* s Security-Insecurity Inventory and Vocational Rehabilitation Success 59
VII. Th® Relationship Between Estimation of Performance and Vocational Rehabilitation Success• , 61
fill. The Relationship Between Acceptance of Disability and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. 63
IX. The Relationship Between Affective Tolerance and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. * . . 64
I. Th© Relationship Between inaciety Drive Level and Vocational Rehabilitation Success. . . . 66
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Although in recent years, there has been a rapid expan-
sion in th« number of sheltered workshops, the problem of
identifying early in the vocational rehabilitation process
those handicapped persons who are most likely to succeed and
those who are most likely to fail continues to pose a major
challenge (32). A survey of rehabilitation literature
reveals a paucity of research in this area and gives evidence
of a pressing need for suitable techniques of assessment to
predict eventual vocational rehabilitation success (30)•
Traditionally, most rehabilitation sheltered workshops
emphasized the restructure and acquisition of working skills
(7). They considered that attainment of working skills was
sufficient to insure vocational success snd ultimate gainful
employment. In reviewing, however, the vocational adjustment
problems of handicapped workers, it has become evident that a
significant proportion of vocational failures observed,
appear to be related to factors other than physical limita-
tions , types of disability and acquisition of working skills
(14, 43)• This observation revealed tfet the influence of
non-physical factors affected the vork adjustment process,
which appears to be a complex multi-dimensional network
involving psycho-social aspects (14, 27, 29). Furthermore,
rehabilitation specialists have implied that the psycho-
social aspects of work appear to be as important to vocational
success and, in many instances, aay handicap th« vocationally
disabled worker beyond the actual limitations resulting from
disability {10, 31). The relevancy of these implications is
not difficult to understand and accept when one recognizes
that the whole person becomes affected. Disability, whether
physical or psychic, may affect the individual at all levels
of personality integration (3, 6, 17). Since personality
factors nay affect ones* overall work adjustment process end
say act as possible deterrents to the vocational rehabilita-
tion program, some rehabilitation authorities have suggested
that training objectives ?-=© aimed primarily at the psycholog-
ical adjustment of the vocationally disabled. As stated by
Brent, "The aim of rehabilitation of the disabled is the
integration of re-integration of the personality," (6, p. 7$).
In reference to the constellation of emotional limita-
tions inhibiting the vocational adjustment process, the
Institute for Crippled and disabled in New York City,
reported that, "The Institute1s experience with some 40,000
physically handicapped persons has revealed that a great
majority of patients experience emotions.1 stress which is
serious enough to interfere v / i t h t r e a t m e n t and training.
This, in effect, becomes a part of the disability" (29, P» 23)
In a study conducted by Laird investigating the incidence of
emotional disturbance among the vocational clients at west
Virginia Rehabilitation Center, it was reported that 45 per
cent of the group interviewed and tested, with projective
techniques were considered emotionally disturbed (23).
Masterman substantiates the significance of the effect
of the incidence of emotional aspects upon the rehabilitation
process, commenting that, MThe importance of psychological
aspects of disability to rehabilitation cannot be over-
emphasized in m e w of the side spread of emotional character-
istics which can serve as deterrents to rehabilitation
success" (27, p» 73). Jacobs (20) indicated that the
vocationally disabled worker must possess a heelthy and
positive orientation toward his disability, his personal
assets and liabilities toward his job, community and environ-
ment before he could be certain that he is ready to assume
the status of a worker. Syracuse University studies (34),
dealing with this matter, concluded that what is needed is
an adjustable worker, not a specifically trained worker•
Similarly, conclusions advanced by Oellman (15)» Wren (42),
and Feintuch (10) generally indicated that in many instances
vocational failures appear to be related to personality
deficits of the vocationally disabled worker. From the
reported findings the iif luence of personality dynamics on
the vocational rehabilitation process become readily apparent,
Thus, there appears to be a noed for further exploratory
research of theoretical orientations vital for effective
vocational prognosis#
The concepts of ego-strength as a promising predictive
measurement for the disabled worker's subsequent vocational
performance in a sheltered workshop, has been referred to,
indirectly, by rehabilitation authorities (15, 2?, 31 )*
Neff, in his discussion of the determinants of vocational
adjustment commented that, "The condition of being voca-
tionally disabled can be looked at psycho-dynamicslly in
terms of the inability of the ©go to develop appropriate
strategies. . • • where the ego has adopted inappropriate
strategies one can expect to find low ego-strength, defects
in motivation to become productive, poor self-concept, among
ot er things as dominant features of the personality" (31,
p. 227)• Adding to this emphasis and evidence for the
importance for ego-strength in rehabilitation, Grayson stated
that, ^go-strength, the ability to relate to other people
and integration of personality all correlate highly with
success in rehabilitation" (17, p. 16) # Furthermore, Bellak
et al. (5) viewed the vocational rehabilitation process in
psychodynamic terms and stated, "The major task. . . . is the
reconstruction of the client's ego strengths so that he can
be made mentally fit and ready for work and. . . . able to
cope with the emotional and interpersonal factors involved
in starting on and continuing a job" (5, p. 291)•
Recently, Stotsky and Weinberg (33) made application of
the concept of ©go-strength with hospitalised psychiatric
patients to predict their feasibility for rehabilitation
success. They found ego-strength a useful index to predict
successfully the vocational rehabilitation of this population.
In another study, utilising this same theoretical orientation,
Connors et al. (8) found a significant relationship between
psychiatric patients1 level of ego-strength and the criteria
of success vs. failure in a work centered program and in the
degree of work adjustment attained in the community upon
release from the hospital environment.
Although these cited studies are concerned with the
concept of ego-strength, its components and their relation-
ship to the vocational adjustment process of vocationally
disabled workers, this is the exception, not the rule, in the
area of vocational rehabilitation, '•'•he implications of these
studies employing the ego-strength concept appear to be
consistent with the observations and contentions of some
recognized authorities in the area of psychoanalysis. For
example, Freud (13), Hendrick {18}, and Wenninger (2 8 ) state
that one's level of ego-strength is involved in the worker*s
efforts to adjust to the job situation.
Analysis of the literature reported herein imply that the
concept of ego-strength end its components appear to present
a promising avenue of research to the vital problem of
vocational prediction. The vocational implications appear
6
to be consistent with the processes and functions identified,
and associated with ego-strength and its components• It
becomes evident, therefore, that those determinants signifi-
cant to successful vocational adjustment appear to be
inherent in the notions of this concept. Thus, the possible
utilization of this theoretical orientation as a basis for
distinguishing the vocationally rehabilitable and non-
rehabilitable appears to offer a unique approach to the
problem of vocational prognosis•
Statement of the Problem
It was the intent of this study to investigate the
relationship of the concept of ego-strength to the success
in vocational rehabilitation. Specifically, the study was
designed to evaluate in detail certain components of ego-
strength which might be significant in distinguishing
between the successful and unsuccessful disabled workers
referred to Goodwill Industries of Dallas for vocational
diagnosis and training. It has been implied by some
authorities in the field that individual variations in the
ego-strength dimensions may discriminate the vocationally
rehabilitable groups from the non-rehabilitable.
Basic Facts About Goodwill Industries of Dallas
Goodwill Industries of Dallas is a voluntary, non-profit
social service agency incorporated to provide employment,
training, sheltered workshop experience and other related
rehabilitation services for handicapped persons. Its
primary concern is to provide the vocationally disabled
workers with the opportunities for training to attain the
fullest possible vocational development of which they are
capable.
Men and women with nearly every type of disability who
can tee benefited by Goodwill Industries procedures are
accepted up to the limit of service capacity. Typieal
handicaps are orthopedic, mental and emotional, speech and
hearing, social and organic (such as heart disease and
arrested tuberculosis, etc.).
Goodwill Industries provides work experience and
related services through four basic methods!
1. Evaluation, training and employment through the
collection, remaking and sale of contributed household
and industrial discards. Among the thirty trades and
skills taught at Goodwill are furniture repair and
refinishing, upholstering, spray painting, electrical
and metal goods repair, offset printing, dry cleaning,
laundry operations and pressing, sales, bookkeeping,
switchboard operation, cashiering and clerical work.
2. Sales of reconditioned materials. Merchandise is
sold in seven retail outlets in Dallas County and
proceeds are used to pay wages to handicapped clients.
3. Sub-contract work. The Commercial Service Division
provides work for commercial concerns in areas such as
$
light manufacturing, packaging, mailing, package
processing, swatching, parts inspection and others.
4. Placement of trained clients in industry.
The daily hours of work for a. worker in Goodwill are
8sDO a.m. to 4:45 p.m. Monday through Friday with forty
minutes for lunch and fifteen minutes for morning .. nd after-
noon coffee breaks• Thus, the work week is 40 hours. A
time clock is available for punching in and out, and a good
deal of emphasis is put on the customary working rules of
reporting on time and working a full day. The starting
hourly rate in the workshop varies with the type of job
placement. Workers are .paid for hours worked and are docked
for lateness and for time spent off the job because of
personal business.
Rather intensive efforts are made to obtain information
about a prospective applicant before he is accepted by
Goodwill. The following steps are undertaken in this partic-
ular process:
1. The Intake interview. All prospective applicants
are interviewed by the Goodwill Industries employment
interviewer permanently assigned to this function.
On the basis of the employment interview and related
materiel, the interviewer prepares a written esse
history which focuses upon the reasons for referral,
the medical, educational and work experience of the
applicant, his familial and personal relationships.
Tfe® employment interviewer attempts to summarize
his impressions as to the applicant*s work personality
picture end suggests tentative hypotheses on the
strengths and weaknesses of the applicant for voca-
tional rehabilitation.
2. Testing* Only those applicants who are referred
by employment interviewer are given a battery of
entrance tests. These tests include as a minimus
the Wecfaaler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. Sentence
Completion, Progressive Matrices, aptitude and Interest
tests. The purpose of testing is to appraise the
applicants assets for employment and training, to
search out possible areas in which placement may be
made, and to advise the workshop personnel as to the
kind of behavior problems thst may be encountered
during the period of training.
3. Workshop procedures. Accepted applicants are
inducted into the workshop on Mondays to start the
working week. After a brief orientation session, in
which the new worker is informed of the working rules
(the hours of work, provision for lunch, morning and
afternoon break periods, no smoking rule, etc.}, he
is Introduced to his workshop supervisor and put to
work. For the first day or two the supervisor
observes the worker on his assigned working tasks,
notes are kept with respect to his response to
to
training experiences, productivity rate, apparent
attitudes toward work, contacts with co-workers and
supervision.
The general plan for the work of the workshop super-
vision is as follows. Supervision is, of course,, close arid
continuousj but this is not always perceptible to the worker.
During the first two weeks of a worker's stay in Goodwill
Industries the workshop supervisor plays the role of a
generally supportive and accepting authority figure who
instructs the worker in the work tasks and helps him to
carry out the work assigned, but makes no undue demands
other than those required for ordinary application to work.
During the second two weeks, workers begin to be introduced
to certain minimally stressful situations. If output is
markedly below the average of the section, or is Inconsist-
ent, th© workshop supervisor begins to set output goals.
Similarly, if the general work behavior is defective
in one or another areas, e.g. resistance to supervision,
inappropriate reactions to co-workers, lack of energy or
motivation, frequent violations of the basic working rules,
excessive lateness or unexplained absenteeism, the super-
visor begins to work closely with the worker in an effort
to correct these lapses, -after the fourth week in Goodwill,
the worker is Increasingly prepared for further work adjust-
ment responsibilities. The workshop supervisor now attempts
to set production goals which are comparable to ordinary
11
i n d u s t r i a l minims • F i n n l i m i t s a r e s o t ana c l o s e n a s i s tance
i s ? ; i w n i n an e f f o r t t o c o r r e c t i r n s c t i s f a c t o r y work a t t i -
t u d e s , and the w o r k e r ' s ,vork t o l e r a n c e i s t e s t e d by e x p o s i n g
hi/a t o t number o f m o d e r n t o l y s t r e s s f u l s i t u a t i o n s . I t
s h o u l d be n o t e d t h a t t h i s o v e r a l l #o rk p l a n may be m o d i f i e d
t o f i b t he needs o f the i> . i *v i ru».X w o r k e r bu t i s t h e g e n e r a l
f ramework w i t h i n wh i ch M o d i f i c a t i o n s t- ke p l u c e .
Jiii i m p o r t n t f e a t u r e o f workshop o p e r a t i o n s i s t h e
p e r i o d i c e v a l u a t i o n s e s s i o n s h e l d by t h e workshop s u p e r v i s o r
and .'©reman. I n t hese m e e t i n g s , the b e h a v i o r a l and p r o d u c -
t i o n p r o b l s ^ s o f the worke r a re r e v i e w e d , d e c i s i o n s a re made
t o remedy f a u l t y c o n d i t i o n s j/ i fch & v iew tow*rti minimizing
d i f f i c u l t i e s , rhe value- o f t h o s ^ /rr^t. ' i ?u i ? t h a t i t p e r m i t s
c o n t i n u o u s r e v i e w o f \<,oiic b e h a v i o r i n the shop and snakes f o r
great , f l e x i b i l i t y i n chang ing i.ha ^ e n e r u l p l a n f o r t h e work
t o aieat die i n a i v i d u a 1 ae -ds o f the p a r t i c u l a r w o r k e r .
« t t h e end o f the» t h r e e month p e r i o d , l>-,e workshop
s u p e r v i s o r makes oho f i r s t d e t a i l e d p r o g r e s s measurement
r e p o r t o f t h e wo rke r * s s e s y t b :.nc d e f i c i t s «. nd ;<mkes w«'-ge
recoa i i ' e i i . i a l i ons . I t i s a t t he end o f t h i s p e r i o d t h a t t h e
f i r s t >/.;£© r e v i e w o f ' ha w o r k e r i s conduc ted f o l l o w e d l y a
second rf.ge r e v i e y n i n e t y d^ys l a t e r .
hypo theses
C e r t a i n hypo theses were f o r m u l a t e d .-*nd were i n v e s t i g a t e d
by s t a t i s t i c a l • n a l y s i s o f t he -i.-1£ c o l l e c t - a d . These
hypothvjsss were :
12
1. Performance on Barron's ago Strength Scale Is
positively related to vocational rehabilitation success
as found in Vocationally rteh&bilitable and Non-
Eehabilitable workers.
2. There is a positive relationship between Self-
Concept and vocational rehabilitation success.
3. There is a positive relationship between sense of
Personal Security &nd vocational rehabilitation success.
4. There is a positive relationship between Level of
Aspiration and vocational rehabilitation success.
5. There is a positive relationship between Acceptance
of Disability and vocational rehabilitation success.
6. There is a positive relationship between Level of
Affective Tolerance and vocational rehabilitation success,
7. There is a positive relationship between Anxiety
Drive Level and vocational rehabilitation success.
Definition of Terms
Ego.--This term refers to the integrating core of the
personality which mediates between needs and reality.
&go-Strength .—This term refers to the dimensions of
self-concept, sense of personal security, level of aspiration,
acceptance of disability, affective tolerance, and anxiety
drive level. Some authorities have associated these dimen-
sions with the concept of ego-strength and have considered
them important to the individual1s efforts toward adjustment.
13
fjeneric Sheltered &orkshop»-»-Thls term refers to a
rehabilitative workshop program which closely simulates an
industrial atmosphere to facilitate the transition to gainful
employment of vocationally handicapped persons who have been
judged apparently unemployable in accordance with private
business employment standards.
Progress Measurement Report.—This term refers to the
assessment technique devised by the Personnel Services
Committee of Goodwill Industries to appraise periodically
the training and job performance progress of vocationally
disabled workers. This evaluation form is described in
detail in Appendix A*
Vocationally Disabled or Handicapped—This term refers
to individuals who are unable to find and keep employment in
regular industry because of physical, mental, emotional
disabilities or advanced age.
VoGStioflally N on-rie ha b i 1 it able Workers .«•-Operational!
this term refers to those disabled workers who are experienc-
ing difficulty in meeting satisfactorily the requirements
essential to successful vocational rehabilitation. This
particular group represented: (1) those workers who
completed the training program, but who, because of
unsatisfactory Progress Measurement Report ratings, were
found to be ineligible for a wage increment on the first two
14
wage review presentations, (2) those workers who entered the
training program, bat did not complete the training, dropping
out without promise or possibility of outside employment and
(3) those workers who, because of their inadequate and
unacceptable work behavior, were terminated on the recommenda-
tion of workshop supervisor.
Vocationally R«habilitabla workers.--Operationally. this
term was applied to those who were satisfactorily responding
to the anticipated training demands and expectations of the
sheltered workshop vocational program. This category
included: (1) those who successfully completed the training
phase, obtained satisfactory Progress Measurement Report
ratings, and were found to be eligible for a wage increment
on the first two wage review presentations, (2) those who
completed the tr&ining period, received wage increment on
the first two wage reviews and who, either on their own or
with the assistance of the Personnel Department obtained
employment in private industry, (3) those who successfully
completed the training program, were found to be eligible
for wage increment on the first two occasions and eventually
were promoted to more responsible positions within the
Goodwill Industries organisational structure, and (4) those
who moved out of Goodwill Industries before completion of
the program, but found employment outside the rehabilitation
workshop.
15
Basic Assumptions
It was assumed that when a vocationally handicapped
individual was tested for ego-strength in a test situation,
he brought to this setting approximately the same ego-
strength variables th^t he brings to bear upon his training
situation* It was further assumed that the subjects ar® a
representative sample of the working population at Goodwill
Industries of Dallas.
Limitations of the Study
This study was conducted at Goodwill Industries of
Dallas, a generic sheltered workshop for the vocationally
disabled. The vocational handicap of this population was
the factor which directed it to Goodwill Industries for
training. This study included only those individuals who
were able to read and understand at and beyond the seventh
grade level as measured by the reading test of the Wide Range
Achievement Test. This study also included only those
vocationally disabled individuals who in the last three
years, 1961-1964, entered the training program at Goodwill
Industries. The limitations mentioned further limit the
findings and conclusions of this investigation to the popula-
tion being studied or to similar populations found at other
Goodwill Industries.
16
Method
Population
The present study was based on a sample of 152 voca-
tionally handicapped individuals who entered the training,
program of Goodwill Industries in the laat three years,
1961-1964* The subjects were men (H~70) and women
who, because of their handicap were judged unemployable by
private industry end were unable to obtain gainful employment.
Their vocational handicap was the propelling factor which
directed them to the rehabilitation workshop training program.
This group can be considered representative of handicapped
individuals served by a Goodwill Industries* Included were
subjects with many different types of disabilities ranging
from orthopedic restrictions, psychiatric disorders, cardio-
vascular disease, arthritis, amputation, aged, cerebral
vascular accidents, paraplegia to tuberculosis inactive.
The subjects were divided into two major groups,
Rehabilitate and Non-Rehabilitable determined by the
criterion of wage increase or non-increase recommended at
trainee1 s first two wage review presentations. The saiaple
included 7# who were classified Rehabilitable and 74 who were
categorized as Non-Rehabilitable. The ages of the subjects
ranged fro® 17 to 76 years with a mean of 48,30 and standard
deviation of 13.74.
A total of 172 individuals were screened but it was
necessary to exclude 20 from the study because of
17
hospitalisation, refusal to complete test battery, unavail-
ability for testing, relocation to another city, death, and
termination froai workshop training program by supervisor
because of highly inadequate work performance and stability.
Examiner attempted to secure the cooperation of the terminated
workers to complete the test instruments but was unsuccessful
because of their bitterness towards management for administra-
tive discharge*
TABLE 1
1 UMBER AMD EM301S FOE DROPPING OPT CERTAIN SUBJECTS FROM THE ORIGINAL STUDY GROUP
Reason for Droo-Out Number
Hospitalization 1
Refusal to continue with study 5
Unavailability for testing 4
Termination from workshop by supervisor because of inadequate work performance 5
Relocation to another city 4
Desth 1
Determination of Reading Level
The reading test of the Wide Hangs Achievement Test
was administered to all subjects considered for this study.
Those individuals who achieved a seventh and above reading
grade level were considered eligible for this investigation.
10
This level was determined on the basis of information
received from the publishers, who judged the seventh grade
reading level as minimal for understanding the test instru-
ments employed.
Description of Test Instruments
I M S M M S . Achievement Teat.»-The Wide Bange Achievement
(21) was used to assess the subject'a reading grade
level* This instrument was selected because word pronouncia-
tion and deficiency in the mastery of reading mechanics have
been recognized basic, causative factors to reading disability
rather than reading comprehension (21). The reading test
used in this study consists of 120 words correctly pronounced
and examiner discontinues test with ten consecutive failures.
Correlation with the New Stanford Paragraph Reading Test and
the New Stanford Word Heading Test is .31 and .34 respectively,
ggP-Strength Scale {MB) .—Barron's Ego-Strength
3,.f,al.f (2) was used in this investigation to obtain a measure
of one's total ego-strength. It is a separate scale of the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (KMPI) and
consists of 68 items taken from the total pool of 550 items
fro® the MMPX. It was developed by Barron on the basis of
significant item correlations with improvement in psycho-
therapy, but Barron found later to be related to such
dimensions of ego-strength as personal adaptability,
resourcefulness, vitality, persistence, and emotional
19
outgolngness (2), This instrument was selected because it
hes an objective scoring system and since its original
publication in 1953 has received much experimental verifica-
tion (22, 35* 36, 37| 40) • The odd-even reliability of the
scale in a clinic population of 126 patients was ,?6.
Test-retest reliability after three months was .72. Also,
a correlation of ,91 between two skilled judges in their
independent ratings of subjects relative to degree of
improvement in psychotherapy was obtained. Further studies
with clinic and non-clinic population seem to indicate that
Barron1s Sgo-Stren£th Scale does effectively measure con-
structive forces in the personality (2).
Attitude Toward the Disabled Persons Scale (ATDP) .««•
The Attitude Toward The Disabled Persons Scale was developed
by Xuk«r (43) al. associated with Human Resources Founda-
tion, a research division of Abilities Incorporated in
Albertson, New York. This scale was used in this study
because it shows promise to be a useful instrument t© assess
one#s attitude toward disability. This instrument is a 20
item L ike rt-Type attitude scale whose items are worded so as
to refer to disabled persons in general and phrased so as to
be appropriate and suitable for the measurement of attitudes
of the physically normal toward the disabled, and attitudes
for disabled persons toward themselves. The reliability of
this scale has been investigated with a disabled population
20
and an internal consistency coefficient of .76 was obtained
and a test-retest coefficient of .6? was obtained over a
period of 18 months, Aith a group of 170 physically normal
college students the test had an internal consistency
coefficient of .73*
this instrument shows promise as a research instrument
and it measures the disabled person's attitude toward his
handicap which is related to his acceptance or rejection of
his disability, Onefs acceptance or non-acceptance of his
disability appears to be related to the notion of ego-strength
and attitude toward disability has been indicated to be
closely related to potential ©mployability (44)•
Security-Insecurity Inventory (SI) .—The Security-
Insecurity Inventory (26) was used in this study to Measure
a component of ego-strength which could probably be reflected
by the vocationally disabled person*s security-insecurity
pattern. It is expected that the Vocationally Behabilitabl*
subjects are more likely to reflect a higher degree of
security, acceptance, belongingness, optimism and perception
of others as friendly because of adequacy of ego functioning.
Conversely, the Vocationally Non-Rehabilitable subjects are
acre likely to be insecure and reflect low-ego-strength
through expressions of rejection, isolation, threat and
danger which »ay act as deterrents to their vocational
process.
21
M.eslow developed fcho d-ecurity-Insecurity Inventory as
an outgrowth of clinical vheoretical research 'with the
concept of emotional or j- yc.-jolo icsl security. Valid.-rtion
studies in terms of internal end theoretical -criterii;,
experiments and clinical tests of vali:lafcion proved to he
adeausts and satisfactory {2-.) • ''"bis test is comprised of
75 questions divided into three rroups of 25 each, with each
group of 25 on a single page. Measures of the reliability for
the whole test range from .64 to . 9 1 .
Self-Activity Inventory (Sal).--The Self-ftctivity
Inventory (41) »*as used in this study to measure the subject's
concept of self. This invontory v/as selected because con-
siderable light has been thrown on the nature of the
personality dyac-raics in the nteladjusted by .recent investiga-
tions of the solf-concept (19)• Also, if tho notion of ego-
stren^th c*n be Gsiunsd to be a measure of the potentiality
of the subject to adjust to % stress situation, the perception
of self, whether favorable or unfairorable, high or low
discrepancy between rati us; of self and ide: 1, end. high or low
discr jpi--ncy b^twe^n ratings of self and other could be
considered to be correlator of ego-strength. This inventory
was developed by *"orchel lk"!) and is composed of 54 statements
describing responses to th« arousal of hostility, achievement,
sex, and dependency needs• To measure the intensity of the
responses, the subject ic asked to indie-te on * 5-point
22
scale, from 1 indicating never to 5 indicating always, how
much of the time the activity described is like him (Self),
how he would like to b© (Ideal), ami how it is like other
people (Other). Thus, a low score represents the positive
self-attitude on the adjusted and of the continuum while a
high score represents the negative or maladjusted extreme.
Teat-retest reliability correlation coefficients of the
inventory scores relative to the self, ideal, and other
person were .79, .71 and .78 respectively. All three
coefficients were considered fairly high for this type of
test and were significantly different from zero at less than
the .001 level. These data show that the self, ideal, and
other person rating scores are reliable measures reflecting
consistent attitude responses by the subjects.
Wechslar-Bellevue Digit Symbol Test.--The Weehsler*
Digit Syabol Test (39) was used in this study to
measure one's level of aspiration. This test was selected
because in the notion of ego-strength one1'® ability to assess
reality, set up realistic individual goals are processes
generally associated with ego functioning. Studies by Lewin
(24) Indicate a relationship between adequacy of ego function-
ing and level of aspiration.
The literature on the use of the level of aspiration
technique reveals that a wide variety of tasks both verbal
and motor have been used. Tasks used, for example, include
card sorting, cancellation, addition, peg-boards, bowling
23
games, target tasks, etc. The Wechsler«»Bellevue Digit Symbol
Test- was principally employed because (1) it involves skills
similar to pe rf or ma nc e-t ype, hand-eye coordin^tive work
activities at Goodwill Industries of Dallas, (2) it is not a
game-type task which has been recently criticized by Bamett
et si, (2) as not being closely related to life situations
and as such would be less challenging to adults and (3) the
Digit Symbol Test presented as na test of coordination11
would, prove to be a Meaningful task to vocationally handi-
capped who may be entertaining doubts and uncertainties about
their vocational potential and future occupational goals.
Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale (MAS)« The Taylor Manifest
Anxiety Scale (38) was used in this study to assess the
subject*s anxiety drive level. Personality theorists (1, 11,
13) have indicated that anxiety is a significant factor in
the development of maladjustment. Great emphasis is placed
on anxiety as a motivating factor in life adjustment, however,
it has been demonstrated that anxiety beyond a moderate level
acts as a disruptive force and makes the individual less
capable of coping and withstanding stresses. Since anxiety
plays a c ucial role in one's life adjustment process, one
can expect the presence of excessive, undue anxiety to
interfere with the vocational process and reflect ego-strength
deficiency. Thus, the measurement of anxiety seemed appro-
priate for this study.
24
The faylor Manifest Anxiety Scale is a derivative of the
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the items being
selected by judges on the basis of Cameron* s description of
chronic Manifest anxiety. It is a self-report inventory
consisting of 50 manifest anxiety items with measures of
reliability ranging from .82, ,$9 and .81. Corrected
correlation between Ti-ylor Scale and the »»inne Scale of
Neuroticisa yielded .36.
Inventory of Affective Tolerance.—The Inventory of
Affective Tolerance (12) was used in this investigation to
measure one's capacity to deal with affective tensions or
emotional excitements. It is commonly assumed that a
disability, whether physical, emotional or vocational,
augment® frustration which tends to result in an Increased
tension state (9). It is also assumed that with disability
limitation of normal mobility ind activity a frustrating
situation develops, which tends to block normal outlets for
tension, thus, expecting an increase in tensions, ^ince the
adequacy of the ego determines to a large extent one* s
ability to absorb or give appropriate discharge to affective
tensions, this inventory was considered appropriate for this
investigation.
This inventory was developed by Fisher and Watson {12).
It consists of 61 statements each of which may be measured by
one of six possible choices such as "never," "rarely,"
25
"occasionally," etc. The weights of the items were figured
by the t-ratio method. Reliability coefficients determined
by the Spearman-Brown formula were reported as .93» #94, and
-.93.
Development of Progress Measurement Report
The evaluation procedure in a rehabilitation workshop
training program is perhaps on© of the most significant phases
upon which many developmental steps are dep®r.dent. This
procedure helps guide the vocationally handicapped to
vocational independence* £valuation is a continuous process
and as such, must be formalised to be most effective.
During the Spring of 1962 Goodwill Industries of Dallas
reviewed its evaluation program. This review was conducted
by the Personnel Services Committee, which consisted of
members of administration, personnel, operations, and train-
ing. The purpose of this study was to develop and strengthen
the important phase of evaluation. Findings indicated that
the general format of the performance appraisal program of
the vocationally handicapped needed to be formalized and the
evaluation judgments exercised by supervisors standardized.
The Personnel Services Committee recognized the need for a
progress measurement instrument so that the vocational adjust-
ment process of vocational trainees be measured in a more
precise, formalized manner to increase the objectivity of
supervisory judgments relative to performance appraisal and
development.
26
la the Initial study and development of the proposed
performance measurement scale, the Personnel Services
Committee requested the participation and assistance of a
group of eight individuals. This group consisted of repre-
sentatives fro® the Division of Vocational Rehabilitation of
Dalles, Texas Employment Commission, private industry, and
Goodwill Industries of Dallas. An orientation period was
conducted for this group where a thorough explanation of the
suggested project, training program of Goodwill Industries,
its objectives and the need for a standardised job performance
appraisal program was presented and given• Also, this group
was given the opportunity to review performance appraisal
programs of other companies and rehabilitation workshops,
giving special attention to work characteristics measured,
to training of appraisers, to provisions for appraisal review
and to programs for appraisal coaching.
Following this period of orientation, this group of
eight individuals was requested to make a collective list of
basic performance categories for the proposed progress
measurement scale from which the vocationally handicapped
could be rated for performance development and progress.
It was recommended that this list be predicated upon those
categories commonly used in merit rating literature and
acceptable by industry to determines one's employability and
job efficiency, when this list of job performance categories
was completed, it was then given to a five-man group for
27
further refinement on the basis of numerical rating in terms
of how pertinent these job categories were to employability.
This group was requested to assign numerical weight values of
5» 4, 3, 2, and 1 to the prepared list of job categories.
Five represented the highest positive point value in terms of
importance for job success and efficiency and One represented
the lowest point value in this continuum. Each member of
this five-man group was requested to assign independently one
weighted value from 5 to 1 to each category and only those
categories which averaged a point value of 3 and above were
retained. The five-man group consisted of two workshop
supervisors, personnel manager of a private industry,
personnel director of Goodwill Industries, and a workshop
foreman•
Once again, this particular group was asked to indepead-
ently rate the remaining job categories of twenty-five. This
tine the members were requested to assign point values on a
3 point scale. Only those factors given a score value of 2
and 3 were retained. The selection and rating of major job
categories were based upon those factors which were pertinent
to adequate work performance, provided adequate data to
measure employee * s progress, and gave concrete and specific
information for performance and management review. Thus, the
eleven major performance categories of the progress measure-
ment instrument were selected. Each major appraisal category
had six descriptive statements on a 6 point numerical scale
2$
value ranging fro® a minimum of 0 to a fflaxia.ua of 5 which was
the highest positive scoring weight# Both the descriptive
statements nd point values were developed and based upon
recommended practices and procedures of current mtrit rating
literature, Studies in this field hare indicated that the
above procedure tends to minimize halo effect, provides little
more flexibility for rating, gives specific meaningful data
relative to job efficiency,, couches the descriptive state-
ments in language understandable to raters, and avoids the
use of ambiguous, broad traits which tend to result in
inadequate generalisations and snap judgments. In this
particular progress measurement instrument, the total rating
of each performance category was used as an indicator of
one* s level of vocational success and adjustment. The
maximum point values a ratee could receive was 55.
Subsequent to the development of this appraisal
instrument a pilot study was conducted to obtain ratings
between independent rater assessments of vocationally disabled
in training. The production organizational unit was selected
for this purpose because more vocationally disabled were in
training in this area and independent raters could be found
who had daily contact and observation of the employees to
complete the instrument and measure the adjustment process
of the vocationally disabled. Independent raters selected
were production supervisor and department head. Sixty
vocationally disabled workers were selected from the
29
production area. Thirty \;&ra a. weg;orisr.ed as fehcbilitj.fcle
and thirty were classified as Kcn-tlehfcbilitable• The
criterion of classification of these oilot study cubjscts was
determined by concensus involving tho personnel director,
operations director, and supervisor, ?h@se staff individuals
wore selected bectiuso they possessed definite, general
knowledge o.f work perf or&c*nce, work habits, &ud specific
incidents of job performance Tor classification required.
Although the independent raters had sufficient ««nd
reliable knowledge of the vocationally disabled for perform-
urtca rating, these raters had no knowledge as to the
classification of these vocationally disabled ana why this
particular population was selected for the pilot study*
The independent raters were told that this pilot study was
designed to £-ive tnein training with the new appraisal
instrument -.'nd get /heir re&ction to the instrument before
it was j.'oi'iEally introduced* analysis of independent ratings
was conducted and inter-supervisor reliabilities were found
to he ,02 {H=t>G), This inter-supervisor statistic of r
could •- Iso be an indication of the v&lidity of the instrument,
in that it involved two independent rs. ti"-gs of job efficiency,
bpon completion of fhr-> pilot study tr: ining sessions
wor2 conducted for all levels of supervision, 'he purpose
of the a-.; sessions was to explain in detail the ot jec uivos
and importance of :,hc newly -developed inntrumnnt, arive
training in -h;; tur\> of the &*ppr&i8&l pro rair?, sharpen
30
the supervisor1s judgment to job performance categories,
point out the advantages „nd disadvantages of an appraisal
instrument, and provide supervisors with a prepared written
progress measurement manual, these training sessions also
provided the supervisory personnel the opportunity to
participate and practice in job performance rating.
Individual consultation was also made available to answer
questions and provide assistance in filling out properly the
new progress measurement for®.
Eventually# the question of how often the Progress
Measurement Heport was to be administered arose« It was
recommended, based upon standard merit rating procedures,
to rate each new employee first three months of training,
second three months, and every six months thereafter. It
was also recommended that each individual appraisal be filled
out by the immediate supervisor and then the completed rating
of the vocationally disabled be reviewed by workshop foresaan
and personnel director. This approach was introduced to
serve as a check, contribute to standardized appraisals and
conform to the acceptable practices of merit rating*
Since the formal introduction of the Progress Measure-
ment Report, four separate ratin s have been conducted with
the two major groups of this study. The t test, to test the
significance of difference between neafisf was eaployed* la
each of the four separate ratings .01 level of significance
was obtained.
31
Additional studies with the Progress Measurement Report
should be seriously considered by the management of Goodwill
Industries to statistically refine this Instrument to meet
the expansion needs and services of this rehabilitation work-
shop. Research studies could include independent studies of
the major performance categories, total score of the instru-
ment , part score, and validity computations.
Procedure for Treating Data
The tenability of the seven hypotheses of the study was
determined by analyzing the data utilizing chi square• Data
were organized in 2 by 3 tables. The population consisted of
two major groups designated as Vocationally Rehabilitable and
Vocationally Non-Hehabilitable. Sach group was divided into
three levels with Level I representing the upper group,
Level II, the middle group, and Level III, the lower group.
These three levels were determined by the standard deviation
obtained from each test instrument1s normative data.
Specifically, .44 of each instrument1s Sigma, pertinent to
the seven hypotheses of this investigation, was calculated
and this sum was added to and subtracted from each instru-
ment * s mean to establish levels of equal thirds.
32
CHAPTER BIBLIOGRAPHY
1» Allport, Gordon >#, "The Trend in Motivational Theory," ^ SrtiwpBvcMatry. XJIIII
2. Barrett, G„ Handelsman, L,, Stewart, L. H., a,nd super, i*» t?The Occupational Level Scale as a f w S T 10 °riVC'n P s y c h o l o g i c a l Monofcr&pht * LXVI
3# Barron, Frank, ,?An F,go-Strength Seal® which Predicts Simponm to Psycho-therapy/' Imm&l of Consulting Psychology. IVII (1953), 327-333.
4. Bartlett, Harriet M., "Emotional Elements in Illness: Sesponsibilities of the Medical Social Worker" S M Family, III {1940}, 39*47.
5. Beli^»uL»i,^lack, B. J., Lurie, A., and Miller. J, 3,
6. Brent, Sidney, Z., "Personality Integration A Concept
7* Chouinard, bdward L», "Current Trends and development *V£LYork?hSpi.* in Workshops for the Disabled 4 .S.iteMliMtioia flt'&Olirce t Ra'haMl i t.«<M an , . - „ ,,, — — •» idward L# Chouinard and James F. Garrett, Washington, fl» C#t Superin-tendent of Document8, 1958.
Connors, J# 1,, Walkson, G, H., Haefner, 0. P., and utotsky, B. A,t "Outside of Post-Hospital Rehabilita-tive Treatf&ent of Mental Patients as a Function
VII ?1960naI?S-2 PgycbologT.
9. Dollard, J, L,, Boob, *», Miller, N. B., Nowrer, 0# H.,
10# Feintuch, Alfred, "Improving the Employability and Attitudes of DXf iTicult *»to-»Plac# Persons *n PsychoXost-leal Monographs. UIX (1955), Ho. 392. ~ 1 ***
33
11 Fenichel, Otto, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. lew fork, W» *. Morton ana Company, 19X5*
12. Fisher, V, E., and Watson, Robert I«, "An Inventory of Affective Tolerance," Journal of Psychology,. XII (1941), 149-157*
13. Freud, sigmund, The Problem of Anxiety. New York, ¥. W, Norton and Company"if367"
14. Gellnan, W., "Components of Vocational ^djustasent," Personnel and Guidance Joumalf XXXI (1935)» 536-539.
15. Gellman, 'a'., Adjusting People to Work, Chicago, Monograph!.o. 1, Jewish Vocational Service, 1957#
16. Gough, H,, "A lot® on the Security-Insecurity Test," Journal jgf Social Psychology* XXVIII (1948), 257-261,
17. Grayson, Morris, Power, Ann, and Levi, Joseph, "Psychiatric Aspects of Rehabilitation," New York, Rehabilitation Monograph 2, Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1952.
16. Hendricks, I., "Work and Pleasure Principle," P>ychoanalvtic Quarterly. Ill (1943)» 311-329.
19. Hillson, J. S.# and worehel, Philip, "Self Concept and Defensive Behavior in the Maladjusted," Journal of ^ — - - ' ig Psychology> XII {1957)# 83-88#
20. Jacobs, Abraham, "Conseling for Job Readiness," Journal of Rehabilitation. XXIV {195^), 6-11.
21. J~stak, Joseph, Manual, yide timm A.ohiey®roe.at Teat. Wilmington, Charles L. Story Coapany, 1$46.
22. Ionian, Maurice, "Ego-Strength and Conflict Discrimina-tion* An Experimental Validation of the figo-Strensth 294X2^a ~ ggafMl.lai Psychology. XXI? (19
23. Laird, James T., "5motional Disturbances Among the Physically Handicapped," Personnel and Guidance Journal. XXVI C19571# 190-191. '
24. Levjin, Kurt, "Psychology of Success and Failure," OccupationB. XIV (1936), 926-930.
25. Lindquist, S, F., A First Course in Statistics, Boston. Houghton-Mifflin, 1942. ~~
34
26. Maslow, A, H., Manual for the Security-Insecurity Inventory, Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press, Incorporated,, 1952.
2?. Kssterm&n, Louis Psychological Aspects of Rehabilitation - ^ofaow^U'ia Stadj®!? Kansas City, Community Studies, Incorporated, 1961.
28# Wenninger, Karl, "Work as oublimation," Bulletin of the Menaiager Clinic. ¥3 (1942), 170*192.
29* McCoy, Georgia P., and ausk, Howard A.. An Evaluation of [email protected]. New fork, The Institute for Physical Medicine and lehabilitation, 1953.
30. Neff, « . -o.t "The Use of the Rorschach in Distinguishing
31« . "The Rehabilitation Workshop as a Therapeutic Medium,* Journal of Jewish Coraaunal Service. XXVI (1959), 225-^31.
32. Novis, F, W., Ma::ra, J. L., Roose, A. A., end Tooles, W.B., "A Comparative Study oi Methods Used in Evaluating Vocational Rehabilitation Potential," Personnel and Guidance Journal.. XL (1961), 236-28e.
33. Stotsky, B. a, and .vsinberg, N., "The Prediction of the Psychiatric Patient*s Work Adjustment," Journal Counseling Psychology. Ill (1956), 3-7.
34. Syracuse University, in T&e Mentally rtetarded and Th«lr Vocational Rehabilitation - A Hosource Handbook. editea by William a. ^raenkeT, tfew tork, National association for Retarded Children, Incorporated, 1961.
35. Taft, E. A., "The Validity of the Barron Bgo-Strength Scale and the Islsti AspcjftT todex," SL Consulting Psychology. XII (1957)* 247-249.
36. Tamkin, A. S.# "An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of Barron's ^go-Strength Scale," Jonraa.l of Clinical Psychology. XXTl (1957), T55=T5S»
37. Tamkin. A* S.. and Klett, C. J.4.ffBarron»s lgo#fefti^
Sclle: I replication of an evaluation Of Its Construct Validity," Journal of Consulting; Psychology. XXI (1957), 412.
35
3$. Taylor, J-net, "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale," Journal 8£ VStmxX*lng Psychology. Zltll h^L), L%^TW7
39• Wechslei*, i)avid, fht faeasureaent of Adult Intelligence. Third Edition, Baltimoref Williams anTT3TTHasTT^U*
40. »virt, S. D», "Further Validation of the Ego»Strangth Scale," Journal of Consulting Parchology. XIX ( i w ) , 444*
41* Worchel, P., "Development of a Self-Concept Inventory for Predicting Maladjustment," School of Aviation Medicine. USAF, Randolph AFfi, Texas, Report No. 56-62. 1957.
42, Wren, C. G,, "Counseling Methods,n Annual Review of Psychology, edited by C. P. Stone, Stanford, Annual a©views, incorporated, 1954*
**%• Yuker, H. £»•, Block, J# K., snd Csinpbell, w. J«| "A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Disabled Persona." Hwan Resources Study No. 5« Hew York, Division of Abilities, Incorporated, 1960*
44« Iuker, H. Block, J. B,,f and Campbell, W, J,, "disability Types and Behavior, Human Resources 3tudy No. 6, lew York, Human Resources fountation, division of Abilities, Incorporated, 1962.
CHAFra II
REUT&i) LITSSAfllES
Historically# ^o-strsngth Is a psychoanalytic concept.
The question now arises, particularly from the critics of
psychoanalytic theory, wh«th«r such & concept is capable of
exp«riraental application and faeasureraent • It has b«#e stated
by Kri» (41) and others, that constructs like ego-strength,
which basically are psychoanalytic concepts, art incapable of
such application. Thus, to attempt to do so would seem
rather difficult• Although the me.surement of any concept
is difficult, its usefulness or adequacy in the explanation
or understanding of diverse phenomena can be determined. For
example, it is on this basis that the lobal concept of
intelligence hea been accepted and vechsler haa effectively
appr&iaed intelligence t© provide 'ae«nlngfttl neaaurwMnts and
data (59)« this kind of consideration m f also be extended
t<# t'rns concept of ©^©-strength and to it® problem of atasar#-
mm%0 Intelligence, being a concept, is not «»®nable to
direct »#<saur®»®iit» However, it has been operationally defined
end its manifestations have been sjeasurod quite successfully.
Similarly, objective measurement of psychoanalytic concepts*
such a® repression (60), displacement (43), regression (49)
and fixation (47) have been repo ted by Lundin ( 4 5 ) #
36
37
In 193e> .wellc-1 k ana t>sjith (o) eonJucted cn Interesting study
on the '/cilidation of the psycho&nelytic process to determine
the degree with which theoretical formulation fits empirical
data. The quantitative results of thic. study showed a high
defroe of agreement among fcho judges who participated end
also among the predictors.
These studies demonstrate that the concept of ego-
strength which is basically psychoanalytic in origin can be
conceived of as something flolx-I and an op«rati on--; 1 approach
a,:a be employed to measure its components and effectiveness•
basic Literature on £go-Strength
In the course of the uevelop&tcmt of psychoanalysis &s a
theory and therapeutic technique, various aspects of the
personality structure have been in the foreground of interest
and investis tiom First the id, then the superego, and in
racent years the entire field of ego-psychology (2, 17, iH,
21, 31, 52, 55). In fact, with modern dynamic psychology,
assessment of the ego, ego-strength arse defenses, assets t<nd
liabilities of the person-J ifcy have assumed increasing
recognition an;,: concern (?, 12, 13, 16, 19, 25, 42}. Bolger
suggests, "fhet the propor field of* projective psychology, its
character, its xorwetion ;.ni itf manifestations, and that the
theoretical em-hasi;-, iasofar as it is psychoanalytic, should
be the psychology ef thw .;"o iri not the psychology of the
id*' {11, p. 4)» oonsoiic-.nt v.'i u v.his emphasis and with
33
modern theoretical -developments in ago psychology -nd psycho-
analysis Hartmann (37) dchoier ($6)and Ksdern {20) :>lso have
indicated the significonco or B-Q processes and u^o-strength*
Perusal of early psycho-a^Iytic lioer&ture indicates the
tbaencej y£ reference to the* concept of ego-strength before
1926. the very first wention that the ego can he strong as
well as we.sk was «i«de v:l di the publication of Tho ii.go and
•The Id by Freud (27) • In another* p;.per by Freud, (2B) he
hypothesized that as long us there is a fairly close and
workable relationship between ego •• nu id, ego and superego,
the ego is strong.
Numberg (51) in 1 S31 »;mph«? siis«*i i*.ha synthetic function
of tlv- ego sad suggested that the ego9 s capacity to construct
&ad create tends to ia&ke bhv actual operation of the e-fo more
adequate and effective. The author further indicated how in
psychosis the iiitegxrtf-e function at* the epo weakens
considerably due to the destruction of personality patterns#
duhoequent to this erophasis, pc. pars by Fenichel (22},
Alexander (1}, French (22, 24), t-nd dalint (5) brought out
clearly for the first time th&t psycho&naltyic&lly oriented
therapists wer-; becoirdn,'; const: intly concerned with the
adequacy of tho e;:;o .„-nd began to see ego building „„nd
strengthening as one of the i'unds-.-.entv 1 tber&peutic aims®
This shift towards ego emphasis t.-e;;;an to give more prominence
to tho concept of sr.o-strangth in the psychosnc.lytic structural
therae uhich previ w„yly w«.s priiuarily concerned with
39
instinctual forces and their derivatives. Studies by Beres
(9), Hart.uann (37), and Novey (50) highlight and focus this
emphasis upon ego psychology.
Ego-strength again received attention in 1936 Symposium
on the Theory of Therapeutical 'Results (10). Bibring (10)
delivered a paper and pointed out the need for strengthening
that part of the ego which had some strength left. Anna Frrud
in one of her publications (26) crystallized many aspects of
ego-strength. She traced the development of the ego and the
wsakness of the infantile ego was emphasized. Further, this
author indicated the inconsistency of the ego*8 ability to
deny reality and its ability to evaluate and test reality.
The International Psychoanalytic Congress in Paris in
193# had a symposium on the strength and weaknesses of the
ego and stimulated the development of two important lines of
thought. The first was crystallized in Nunberg's classic
paper ($1) which stressed the synthetic functions of the ego
and concluded that ego-strength is related to the relative
strength of the drives toward life and death. The other
approach, suggested by Hartmann (3$) considered the adaptive
aspects of the ego. This author introduced the important
concept of the "conflict - free ego - sphere" and pointed
out how in psychoanalytic theorizing the tendency was to
consider the ego only in terms of conflicts either in avoid-
ing dangers or in gratifying drives. Hartmann added that
there was a need in the development of the ego to accept the
40
tenet that t.ere were areas which were free of conflict and
which would produce oome insight into ego-strength and weak-
nesses in terms other than conflict.
Finally, a recent comprehensive review of the psychology
of tli® ego, including sections of ego-strength and weaknesses,
has indicated additional literature developing and discussing
the concept of ego psychology and ©go-strength in the areas
of learning (3), psychotherapy (31), personality disorders
(4), psychodiagnostic testing (36), social case work (33),
occupational choice (57), work activity (44), and rehabili-
tation (29) •
Indicators of %o-Strength
ligo-strength as a separate concept was first postulated
by Freud in 1926 (27). Since that time it has been consider-
ably extended and has undergone modification. Correlates of
ego-strength and the jaajor indicators of this concept will
be discussed in this section.
One indication of ego-strength is the ego1s ability to
repress material (30). Regarding this, the infant*s and
child1s ego are considered weak. The ego must first develop
the functions of judgment and intelligence (21) and this is a
gradual process. Once the ego has passed the primitive,
archaic stages and has reached a certain level of maturation,
it must manifest a certain amount of control. Ego-strength
is indicated by the extent to which impulses and excitement
41
are controlled (22) • In this article Fenichel characterized
ego-strength in terms of control over varying amounts of
excitement. He outlined the developmental process of the
ego <nd how, in neurosis, the normal ego was superseded by
archaic form images. In the normal developmental process,
maturation provided for an ever increasing strength of the
ego so that the effects were mastered. Fenichel concluded that
the mature and strong ego was able to defend itself against
noxious stimuli, absorb the impact, and integrate towards a
better concept of reality. Cattell <15) indicated that this
particular function of the ego can be carried to an extreme
and the balance between ego-strength and weakness could be
destroyed when the ego attempts to repress drives which are
too strong.
Another indicator of ego-strength was the extent to which
an individual feels himself adequate to deal with nor el
situations. Harms (35) dealt with this quite effectively in
contrasting ego inflation and ego deflation. He suggested
that ego deflation could be brought about by the overpowering
strength of id drives earlier in development which could
result in reduction of original ego-strength.
A further indicator of ego-strength was suggested by
oymonds (5^). He contrasted the degree of rigidity with
the extent of elasticity in the personality structure. He
stressed that optimal ego-strength wee shown somewhere
between the two extremes. Control over impulses should
42
therefore not be so complete as to shut out all tendencies t©
act impulsively occasionally, Cattell (14) defined his
factor of rigidity as a relative inability to modify old
habits and develop new ones# He proposed that a high
rigidity factor was symptomatic of defective ego development
resulting either from an environmental history of trauma or
conflict or froa a constitutional origin.
The last indicator to be considered, and perhaps the
most Important one, was concerned with the synthesizing
ability of the ego. This function was recognised by Nunberg
(53) who asserted that ego synthesis simplifies and econoalzes
the ego,s operations and related this synthesizing function
to the individual's efforts toward self-preservation.
Leowald (43) traced the synthetic function of the ego from
the point where the ego set up boundaries between itself and
the external world in infancy. He maintained that the ego
Integrates, unifies, compromises, modifies and mediates
because there is constant temptation to escape reality and
regress. The better able the ego was to integrate and escape
from the pleasure principle towards the reality principle,
the stronger was the ego.
Some of the major indicators of ego-strength have been
discussed. These included the ability to repress, the degree
to which an individual feels adequate in a given situation,
the extent of rigidity versus the extent of plasticity, and,
finally, the degree to which the ego is capable of synthesis.
43
3go-Strength end Psychodiagnostic Instruments
One of the crucial questions surrounding ego-strength
is whether the dimensions of this concept may be expressed
and assessed by psychological instruments in a readily
discernible and quantifiable manner* Certain representative
clinic instruments will be considered and the manner ego-
strength is measured by each.
Kgo-strength in the Rorschach Test (6, 361 40, 56) is
considered to be most closely associated with the factors of
F+, perception of human movement (m), color reactions# animal
movement responses, inanimate movement responses, and shading
reactions. These responses may indicate an individual's
imaginative capacities, his manner of dealing with reality,
the control of impulses, his synthesizing ability end
organization of the blot material which present a clear
insight into the ego resources of the individual. Thus, the
Rorschach Test appears to represent an important measuring
instrument for ego-strength.
The notion of e^o-strength has also been explored by
Pascall and Suttell {54) in their work with the Bender-
Gestalt Teat. To them the degree of reproductive accuracy
of the nine designs reflects the level of ego-strength and
a satisfactory life adjustment. Observations made by these
authors have indicated an age-accuracy correlation continuum
between children1s reproductions and those of mature individ-
uals . Also, these writers have indicated a significant
44
decrease in reproductive accuracy with the organic ally
involved ami psychologically disturbed individuals. Such
observations tend to reflect the degree of ego-strength one
possesses and which one usually identifies with the develop-
mental aspects and adequacy or inadequacy of the ego*
Recently Butt and Briskin (39) in their clinical use of the
Revised Benaer-Gestslt Test support the manifestations of
ego-strength expressed in this clinical scale.
Implications of ego-strength are also indicated in
Machover* s Draw»A-Person Test (46), According to Machover
the head is generally accepted as the center for the self.
As such, it is considered that important area for intellectual
achievement, control and communication. It is suggested
that the ego lacks strength to the extent that the head is
drawn out of proportion and deviates significantly from the
rest of the body (34). Machover has observed that young
children will occasionally give a drawing of the head as the
complete figure. Likewise, individuals affected by organic
brain disease will tend to exaggerate the size of the head.
Machover suggests this is an indication of low ©go-strength.
The three psychodiagnostic instruments considered to
measure ego-strength were the Rorschach Test, Sender-Gestalt
Test, and Machover's Jraw-A-Person Test. Seemingly, these
clinical instruments offer tangible evidence that it is
possible to translate, measure end quantify the notion of
ego-strength into a working concept.
45
Summary
A review of the p3ychoan"lytic literature indicated that
before 1926 there was no reference to the concept of ego-
strength* This notion was first postulated by Freud in 1926
and since that time it has bean considerably extended and
developed. £go~strength appears to be manifested in the
efficiency shown in handling external and internal stimuli,
in accepting the reality principle and the willingness to
delay ima^diate gratification of impulses for later
gratification.
The major indicators of ego-strength were shown to be:
1* Ability to repress.
2. The degree to which an individual feels adequate
in a given and novel situation.
3» The extent rigidity versus the extent of plasticity
of the personality structure,
4» The extent to which the ego is capable of synthesiz-
ing and integrating environmental stimuli both internally
and externally.
The question of measurement and axperimental ap plication
of ego-strength was discussed. It was concluded that this
notion could be measured operationally.
Finally, the question of whether the notion of ego-
strength could be measured by representative psychodiagnostic
instruments was mentioned. It was pointed out that the
accuracy of perceiving form relationships in the Rorschach
46
Test (F+$)t perception of human movement, reaction to color
were soae of th® indices of ego-strength. The Bender-Geatalt
Test was discussed and considered ego-strength in terms of
satisfactory life adjustment reflected by the qualitative
reproductions of the designs. The more accurate the repro-
duction the higher level of ego-strength manifested.
Finally, Machover1s Dr&w-A-Person Test was considered and
generally the size of the head in proportion to the rest of
the body gave indications of ego-strength efficiency.
hi
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26. f r a u d , Anna, The j£g£ M .the Mechanisms of Defeq ae f hew I o r k , i n t e r n a t i o n a l U n i v e r s i t i e s r r e s s , "1946.
2 7 . F r e u d ^ S . # The figo and t h e I d , London, Hogar th P r e s s ,
,,,.» tb® -Problem of -anx ie ty . Sew York, W,W, Morton and Company, 1936.'
49
29. Gellman, 'tf., "Components of Vocational adjustment." Personnel and Guidance Journal . 1X1 (1953)» 536-539.
30# Gero, G., "The Concept of Defense," Psychoanalytic Quarterly, XI (1951), 62-71.
31. G i l l , M, /•!., "Ego Psychology and Psychotherapy," hsvchoanalvtic Quarterly. XI (1951)$ 62-71•
32. Goldberger, £#, "The Id and the £go: A Developmental I n t e r p r e t a t i o n , " Psychoanalytic Review. XLIV {1957)> 139-145.
33. Hamilton, G», in £.go Psychology and flynaaie Casework. edi ted by Howard J •'"Farad, "Hew Tor i , Family' Service Association of America, 195$.
34. Hammer, P.» in The Cl in ica l Aral lcat loa of Project ive Drawings, edi ted by Emanuel F , Hammer, S p r i n g f i e l d , /harles C. Thomas, 195$.
35* Harms, t r u e s t , "Ego-Inflat ion and a go-Deflation,??
The Hervoug Child. ¥1 (1947), No. 3» 234-300.
36. Harr i s , a . E t > in geymfr MgpjgJf 1& gMffMl . lS Psychological Test ing, edited by Molly Harrower, Charles C, Thomas, 1950.
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38. Hartaarm, H., "Technical Implications of Ego Psychology," Psychoanalytic Quarterly* XIX (1951)» 31-43.
39. Hutt , Max L . , and Briskin , G. G,, The CjyMqiJ, j the tevlaed Joender-Gestalt Teat . New York, Grune and S t r a t t on , 1960.
40. Klopfer, B. , a l . , DeyXowasnta og the Rorschach Technique. Vol. I , Kew f o r k , W l I T o o k s , 1 $54*
41. Kris , £ . , "Nature of Psychoanalytic Proposition and Their Validat ion," in fpMfa f . and » J Presented to Horace Jf. Kallen. I t h a c a , Cornell Universi ty Press , 19X7.
42. » "Ego Psychology and In t e rp re t a t ion in Psycho-analyt ic Therapy," Psychoanalvtic Quarterly. I I (1951), 15-30.
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43. Leowald, H, W,, "SJgo and Reality," International Journal of Psychoanalysis, XXXII {1951 ) 7 i w l .
44* Lewis, II. B,, "An Experimental Study of the Role of the Ego in ft'ork* X. The Role of the .Ego in Cooperative Work.* Journal of Experimental Psychology, 111? (1944), 113-1267" * * * '
45. iundin, R« tf»« Personality on Experimental Approach. lew York, The Macmillan (Jompany, 1961.
46. Machover, D., Personality Projection in £h& Praying si th® Human f jgure. Springfield .Charles C» f nomas,
47. Maier, N. it. F., Glaser, N• K., and Klee, J. B,, "Studies of Abnormal Behavior in the Rut, III. The Develop-ment of Behavior fixations through Frustration."
~ Si Experimental Psychology. XXVI (1940},
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with Incidental Observations on "Reaction-Formation," isi Social Paycholpfiy» XII?
(1940), 55-87,
50. Novey, S,, "A Re-evaluation of Certain Aspects of the XI - " ' - " • - " • heory of Instinctual Drives in the Light of Modern
51. Kunberg, H,, "The Synthetic Function of the Ego," International Journal of Psychoanalysis. XII (1931)* 123-140,
52. , "Ego Strength and fig© Weakness," African Imago. Ill (1942), 25-40,
53 , . "The Synthetic Function of the Ego," in Fractic« Kervoue
* w j r 4 4 W J . i ^ V i V A U I 1 V V 4 . V U W4- VAU9 * A U
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55• Rapaport, D. , "The Autonomy of the Sgo," B u l l e t i n Ueaninmr C l i n i c . X? 0951 ), 113-123*
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CHAPTER III
PRESENTATION AID ANALYSIS OF THE OiTA
This study was an investigation of the relationship of
the concept of ego-strength relative to the vocational
rehabilitation success of vocationally handicapped persona
referred to Goodwill Industries for training. More
specifically, this investigation was designed to emluate in
detail certain components of ego-strength which might be
significant in distinguishing between Vocationally Rehabili-
table and Non-fteh&bilitable subjects.
Since the advent of modern psychology it has become
increasingly recognized that the emotional imps ct of dis-
ability upon the individual may pose one of the serious
hindrances to satisfactory vocational adjustment (3» 7)•
Some specialists in this field of endeavor have indirectly
referred to the significance of personality dynamics as a
possible crucial determining factor to oners vocational
rehabilitation success (2, 16}• Despite these few
indirect references directed toward the interplay of voca-
tional success and personality factors, there have been only
scattered organized scientific efforts made to explore the
validity of the implications reported (2)# To investigate
the major concern of this study an assortment of test
52
53
instruments were utilized to measure some of the basic
dimensions of ego-strength relative to this investigation.
Hypothesis One
It was stated in Hypothesis One that perforna nee on
Barron*s Ego-Strength Scale is positively related to voca-
tional rehabilitation success as found in Vocationally
Rehabilitable and Non-Rehabilitable workers• The present
data support this hypothesis. Data presented in Table II
show the results of the chi square test of independence which
was used to test this hypothesis. The chi square which was
obtained {chi square ** 9.55 with two degrees of freedom)
makes it necessary to reject the null hypothesis because a
value of this magnitude could be obtained only one time out
of a hundred on the basis of chance#
TABLE II
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BARRON'S SGO-STRCNOTH SCALE AID VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
Level 1 Level II Level III Total
Vocationally Rehabilitable
12 (10.26)
60 <53.38)
6 (18.85)
7$
Vocationally Non-Rehabiiitable
8 ( 9.73)
45 (51.11)
21 (13.14)
74
Total 20 Iffi. 152
Chi Sauare *» 9.55 P « .01
54
The ibsjor groups shown in Table II were categorized into
three levels determined by the standard deviation of Barron**
Ego-Strength Scale. Level I formed the upper third, Level II,
the middle third and Level III, the lower third.
The chi square which wag beyond the #01 level of
significance, indicated that the scores of the two groups
were distributed differently in this area. Barron's Ss
Scale is described as an assessment device neasuring various
aspects of effective personal functioning which are usually
subsumed under the term "Ego-Strength." Characteristics such
as personal adaptability, resourcefulness, emotional out-
goingness, spontaneity, feelings of personal adequacy and
vitality are correlates associated with this concept• Thus,
the Vocationally Rehabilitable, according to the scale,
appear to have greater strengths and constructive forces in
their personality, either manifest or latent» This group
could be described as being spontaneous, emotionally outgoing,
vital, and adaptable. On the other hand, the Vocationally
Non-ftehabilitable as & group could be described as less
adequate, less adaptable- and resourceful, and lacking Much la
the way of spontaneity and vitality.
Hypothesis Two
It was stated in Hypoteesis Two that there is a positive
relationship between Self-Concept and vocational rehabilita-
tion success. This test instrument of self-concept measures
55
three dimensions of Self which consist of Self, ideal Self,
and Other# the data confirm this Hypothesis for the measure®
of Self and Ideal Self, The relationship, however, for the
measure of Other was not significant. The Self-Activity
Inventory (SAI) is a self-rating seel© consisting of 54
statements describing responses to arousal of hostility,
achievement, sex, and dependency needs. The subjects are
instructed to rate themselves, their ileal, and others on a
five-point frequency scale. The data in Table III show that
the relationship for the measure of Self was significant.
The chi square which was obtained for Self (chl square »
11.94 with two degrees of freedom) was sufficient to be
statistically significant.
TABLE; H I
THE RELATIONSHIP BBTWOT SELF AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
Groups Level I Level II Level III Total
Vocationally Rehabilitable
4 {10.26)
14 (17.96)
60 (49.77) 7d
Vocationally 1on-&ehabilitable
16 ( 9.73)
21 (17.03)
37 (47.22) 74
Total 20 87. m _
Chi 3ouare P - .01
11.94
56
Data presented in Table If show the results of the ©hi
square test of independence for th© dissension of I d e a l Self#
The computed c h i square for this relationship (chi square •
with two degree# of freedom) was statistically aigaifi*
c a n t at greater than *05 l e v e l of significance.
TAiUS I?
?iS RELATIONSHIP BSWiEI IBBAL SBLF ESHABILB' ATI0K SVCGBS3
IP TGCATCONAL
Groups level I ; *evel 11 Level I I I : Total
Vocationally Eefaabilit«bl@
7 (13.*5)
9 110.77)
62 153.3^1 ?#
focationally Hom-Sehabilit able
ofi 0 3 . 1 4 )
12 (10.22)
42 (50.63) 74
t m L ™ 21 m • lilt,,
Chi Square ** $,$6 f » *05
Analysis of the c h i square v a l u e s in fable V i n d i c a t e d
t h a t t h e obtained relationship® f o r the measure of Other
( c h i square "* «#|1 with two degree# o f freedom) was no t
statistically significant#
TABLE ¥
til RELATIONSHIP BETWr« OTHER AND VOCATIORAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
57
©roups Level I Level II Level III Total
Vocationally Eeh&Mlit&bie
24 (25.14)
23 (20,52)
31 (32.32) n
Vocationally Mon-Hehabiiit able
25 (23.$5)
1? (19*47)
32 (30.67) 74
Xsssi . 49 40 .,u „ Ofcl Square » *131 F » lot significant at .05 level
Review of the data of Tables III and If revealed that
the two major groups under investigation appear to be
significantly different as t© how the scores on the Self
and Ideal Self scores are distributed* This difference
between the RehaMlitafele and Non-ftehabi litable suggest®
important differentiating characteristics« A more positive
self-attitude, acceptance of self and adequacy in coping
with hostility, achievement, sexual and dependency relations
see* to obtain in the lives of the Eeh&bilitable subjects.
More of the Son-Sehabilit&ble individual® appear to express
greater depreciation of self and ideal self and a general
feeling of inadequacy to meet their need# and expectancy
levels* Self theorists have held, in one form or another,
that effectiveness of behavior la directly related to self
5ft
acceptance and iaal&d just sent related to an inadequate picture
of self {1, 14, 171# Thus, it would be expected that those
individuals with a negative self and ideal self would reflect
adjustment difficulties and would tend to be predisposed to
maladjustment in the vocational process.
Examination of the data in fable V revealed that the
measure of Other was not significantly related t© the
performance rating. This colas®, according to the Self
Activity Inventory, is an evaluation of "other people" and
provides an index of self-"appreciation or depreciation when
it is compared t© the evaluation of one * s self. Th3s find-
ing of no difference in score distribution between the two
groups supports other research and is is keeping with the
general results on the relationship between self-acceptance
and acceptance of others (5, 14, 20}• Perhaps these reeulti
in the evaluation of "other people" by both groups may, in
part, be a denial of differences with the non-disabled
population and stay be an attempt to adjust to one* a own
"lot* in life as Shelito (1$) has pointed out. Further, it
may be that the two groups were referring to their wn kind,
that is, other handicapped with whoa they are associated and
were not comparing themselves with the socalled non-disabled
population*
Hypothesis Three
It was stated in Hypothesis Three that t'-ere is a
positive relationship between sense of Personal Security
59
and vocational rehabilitation success. The data eerfira this
hypothesis. This obtained relationship la shown in Table ¥1#
The chi square results (chi square » 18.30 with two degrees
of freedom) make it possible to reject the anil hypothesis
at greater than the *001 level of slgutifleasee•
TABLE n
Til RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MASL0W*S SECUHITT-IM8ECURITY imrssTosr AID VOCATIOHAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
Groups Level I Level II Level III Total
Vocationally leh&bilitafele
8 (17.44)
, 25 (27*71)
, 45 , (32.84) 78
Vocationally Non-Eehabilitable
26 (16,55)
29 (26,28)
19 (31.15) 74
JMfc™,, 64 I IH,
Chi Square P » ,001
18,30
This inventory is described as a measure of wmplty*
insecurity with subsyndromes of feelings of acceptance,
belongingness, safety, perception of the world and life as
pleasant, war® and benevolent at the security continual and
feelings of rejection, isolation, mistrust, general pessimism,
guilt, perception of the world and life as dangerous and
threatening at the insecurity continuum* Thus, more of the
Hehsbilitable subjects, according to the inventory, reflected
feelings of acceptance, belongingness, optimise, perception
60
of others as friendly and supportive, and emotional stability.
Conversely, more of the Ion-ft©habilitabl® group appeared to
be insecure and reflected sufficient feelings of rejection,
isolation, threat ami danger from the external world,
pessimism and feelings of self-condemnation.
Hypothesis Four
It was stated In Hypothesis Four that there is a positive
relationship between Level of Aspiration sad vocational
rehabilitation success.
The Weehsler-Bellevue Digit Symbol subtest was selected
to assess the two major groups* level of aspiration based
upon estimation of performance to complete as many squares
possible within the prescribed time Halt# To arrive at a
measure of level of aspiration the subjects feM aa initial
practice performance to see for themselves how Many of the
divided bom& or squares they could complete* Subsequent
to this trial performance, estimation of performance was
requested and verbalized by each subject before actual
performance. The subject*s estimated performance of square®
completed was the established criterion to measure level of
aspiration* The data of the cDisputed chi square values
found In Table VII indicate the absence of a statlstt cal
significance and oak® it possible to accept the hypothesis
of no relationships between estivation of performance and
rehabilitation Success.
61
TABLE H I
THE BBLATZOKSHXP BETWEEN ESTIMATION OF PSRPOBMAHCB AIB VOCATIONAL RSHABILITAH 08 SUCCESS
0roups Level I Level II Level III Total
Vocationally Sehafeilitable
22 (16,42)
25 (2^.22)
31 (3345) 7#
Vocationally Ion-Rehabilitable
10 (15-5?)
30 f26*77)
34 (31.^4) 74
ItteL,,, ,M M,,,,,,,,, ,,JM Chi Square m k M F * Hot significant at *05 lev©I
The data of the computed chi square values fouid in
Table ¥11 indicate the absence of a statistical significance
and Bs&k«« it possible to accept the hypothesis of a©
relationship between estimation of perform nee and «®habili»
tatiom#
Analysis of chi square findings show ths absence of a
positive relationship between level of aspiration and
vocational rehabilitation success. The respitef therefore,
of estimation ©f performance subsequent to initial trial
performance did not lend support to the concepts ©f ego-
strength and level of aspiration in terms of reality*
testing and relationship between aspiration©.! level and
underlying personality dynamics which have been recognized
in theory by Lewin (11), Qardner (6), and supported by the
62
research findings of Singer et al. (19) and those of Gruen
110) and Whit© (23)# It was interesting t however, to note
that a positive relationship was obtained (chi sqxmr® m 6.29
with two degrees of freedom) when subjects were permitted to
estimate performance on second practice trial following
estimation of performance* These results apparently
indicate that Eehabilitabl® subjects with time and mm
trials tend to possess more of a capacity t® become reality
oriented with respect to aspiration needs than the Non-
EehaMli table.
Hypothesis Five
It was stated in Hypothesis five that there is a
positive relationship between Acceptance of Sis&Mlifcy and
vocational rehabilitation success* the data did not confix*
this hypothesis. This is shown in Table fill which presents
the results of the chi square test of independence. The
chi square which was obtained (ehi square - 3.24 with two
degrees of freedoa) makes it possible to retain the null
hypothesis of no relationship.
One of the characteristics recognised m basic to the
general adjustment and potential eaployability of the
disabled person is his underlying attitude toward himself
and his disability. The importance of this factor Is
indicated both in the research literature dealing with the
disabled and his vocational rehabilitation process ( 2 , 2$)•
T h« Toward disabled Persons icale was primarily
63
developed to ae&sure the attitudes of disabled persons toward
themselves (self-acceptance vs. self-rejection) relative to
their potential eaployability.
TABLE fill
TUB R&LATIOKSHX? BEffKIl ACCKFFAHCE OF DISABILITY M O VOCATIONAL IMABXLXf ATXOi SUCCESS
Group# Level X ! m m l II Level XIX Total
Vocationally Sehabilitable
24 (20*01)
29 [28*22)
25 <29.76) 7a
Vocationally Non-Sehabilitable
15 (tS.9®)
26 [26*7?)
33 „ (20.23) 74
Total 46 52 52 152
Chi Square • 3 #24 f «* iot significant at .05 level
Kxaai&fttlon of the data in Table VIII does not suggest
Important additudinal differences between the tetabilitable
and Uon-tehabilitable groups under investigation. Greater
acceptance of disability does not seea to obtain in the
lives of the Rehabilitate in this population. This finding
does not support the original research population (25) as to
acceptance of self and disability among vocationally handi-
capped relative to satisfactory work adjustment# The find-
ing# of this study, however, do support the research
project conducted by Arnholter (1) at Goodwill Industries of
Indianapolis which employed the Attitude Toward disabled Scale.
64
It would appear that the popula tion of disabled worters at
Goodwill Industries is In some way unlike the disabled
population in the original study* Probably, the vocationally
disabled people who seek vooational services fro® Goodwill
Industries appear to be more marginal relative to vocational
potential.
Hypothesis Six
It was stated in Hypothesis Six that there is a
positive relationship between level of Affective Tola ranee
and vocational rehabilitation success. This hypothesis was
supported by data obtained in this study. Data presented
in Table H show chl square results obtained wire signifi-
cant beyond the ,05 level.
TABLE IX
THE HEIATIOHSHIP BETWEEN AFFECTIVE T01ERA8CE AMD VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
SHMM Groups Level I Level II Level III Total
Vocationally iiehabilitable , 3 9 * (20.01 J
27 (33.35)
12 (24.63) n
Vocationally i@a»!@habilitable
26 (16.98)
11 (31.64)
2? (23.36) 74
* « * • ! 65 .all,,,, li,,,,,,,, , 1*2
Chi Square « 9.02 f m
65
This Inventory is described as as assesssient of one*s
capacity to deal with affective tensions or «®©tio»al excite-
ments, Thus, the lehabilit&ble subjects as a group, accord-
to this inventory* appear to reflect to a greater degree the
capacity to deal with emotionally lades situations and could
be described as possessing a higher level of toleram e to
cope with situations of conflict and t ensions* On tins other
hand, the Nos-Eehabilitable a® a group appear to reflect less
tolerance for affective tensions and frustrations.
Hypothesis Seven
It was stated in Hypothesis Sevan that there is a
positive relationship between Anxiety Drive level and voca-
tional rehabilitation success# The data confirm this
hypothesis* This is shown in Table X» Th® results of th®
chi square which were obtained (chi square •» 11.30 with two
degrees of freedom) aake it possible to reject the null
hypothesis at greater than the *01 level of significance,
According to Tsylor (22) the main purpose of this
instrument is to determine the presence or absence of maiti*.
fest anxiety* The scale is based on the assumptions that
variation in drive level is related to the level of internal
anxiety and that the intensity of this anxiety can be
ascertained by a test consisting of items describing overt
or manifest symptoms of anxiety.
66
TABLE X
THE EEUTIOHSHIP BEWSIi ANXIETY DRIVE LEVEL AND VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SUCCESS
Groups Level I Laval II Level III Total
Vocationally Rehabilitable
20 (26,73)
22 (22.06)
36 (27.19) 7a
Vocationally Son-Rehabilitafele
36 (27.26)
; 21 (20.93)
17 (25.60) 74
» L . _ M ; : » 1?*
C M Square P » .01
- 11.30
Data presented in Table X revealed that more of the
Vocationally Rehabilitable appear to b« less anxious than the
Non-Rehabilitable and conversely more of this latter group
are anxious. This finding supports other research {1, 13) *•
to the degree of anxiety manifested among such groups and
gives evidence to the debilitating effects excessive anxiety
could have ©a one's life adjustment process. Thus, the
RehaM11table, according to Taylor's Anxiety Scalep appear
t© reflect low anxiety drive levels, whereas, the Ion*
Rehabilitable indicate a high anxiety drive level which
apparently tends to act as a disruptive force in the voca-
tional rehabilitation process and tends to reflect low ego-
strength*
67
Summary
The purpose of this Investigation was to test the
tenability of hypothesized relationships of certain
components of ego-strength between Vocationally Rehabilltable
and Non-Rehabllitable workers undergoing vocational training
at a rehabilitation workshop* In view of the apparent wide-
spread prevalence of eaotional characteristics which can
serve as deterrents to vocational success| the importance
of the interplay between personality dynamics and eventual
vocational adjustwent cannot be overemphasized.
The performance on Barron*s %o-Str©ngth Scale between
the Rehabi.litable and Hon-Rehabilitable was positively
related to vocational rehabilitation success# According to
this scale, sore of the Rehabilitate!® group tend to reflect
to a significant degree characteristics such at personal
adaptability, resourcefulness, spontaneity, feelings of
personal adequacy and vitality and generally, appear to
have greater strengths and constructive forces la the
personality picture•
the hypothesis that there is a positive relationship
between the three measures of Self-Concept—Self, Ideal S«1t,
and other*-was confirmed by the chi square test of independ-
ence only for Self and Ideal Self, the results add
statistical strength to previous studies relative to Self,
Ideal Self, and Other* The Rehabilitable subjects as a group
reflected aore positive self-attitudet aedeptanc® of self
6*
and adequacy in coping with hostility, achievement, sexual
and dependency relations, whereas, the Hon-Rehabilitable
group demonstrated a greater depreciation of Self and Ideal
Self and a general feeling of inadequacy to meet their needs
and expectancy levels.
In this population, the hypothesis of a relationship
between security-insecurity and vocational rehabilitation
success was confirmed by the chi square test of Independence*
Thus, more of the lehabilit&bl® subjects, according to the
Inventory, reflected feelings of acceptance, belongingness,
optimism, and emotional stability. Conversely, more of the
Non-Rehabilitable group reflected sufficient feelings of
insecurity-rejection, isolation, and threat from the ©rfcern&l
world* The computed chi square did not indicate an obtained
relationship between level of aspiration and vocational
rehabilitation success. On the basis of these findings no
relationship was indicated between aspirational needs and
personality dynamic® and goal and accomplish*! t between
the two major groups of this investigation.
A positive relationship between acceptance of disability
and vocational rehabilitation success was not obtained by the
chi square test of independence. These results were not
consistent with findings of original study that acceptance
of disability indicated potential employability of the
disabled population. Findings of this investigation, however,
do support the conclusions of a study conducted at a
69
midwestern Goodwill Industries, It would appear that
vocationally disabled populations at Goodwill Industrie*
are unlike in some w&y from the original disabled population.
Another hypothesis supported by the study was the
positive relationship between level of affective tolerance
and vocational rehabilitation success. These findings tend
to reflect the greater capacity the Rehabilitable subjects
possess to cope with situations of frustration, conflict,
and emotionally 3aden situations in their lives.
The hypothesis that anxiety drive level is positively
related to vocational rehabilitation success was confirmed
by the ehi squar® test of independence. The most probable
explanation of the data analysed suggests that the
Rehabilitable group tend to reflect low anxiety drive level,
wisere&s, the Non-Rehabilitable group tend to indicate a high
anxiety drive level. The results ere consistent with
previous studies and tend to indicate the debilitating and
disruptive effects excessive anxiety way have in one's
adjustment efforts and strivings.
Data releiant to an investigation of hypothesized
relationships between certain components of ego-strength
and vocational rehabilitation success among Eehabilltabit
and Jfon-I©habllltabl@ subjects were analysed# Generally,
the following differentiating characteristics were indicated.
The Rehabilitable subjects, as a group, reflected acre
personal adaptability, resourcefulness, personal adequacy,
70
positive self-attitude, feelings of acceptance, belongingness,
optimism, emotional and affective tolerance, and less anxiety
than til© Non-Rehabilitable group» Conversely, the Son-
Hehabilitable subjects, m a group could be described as
less adaptable and resourceful, less adequate In »®ting
self meeds and expectancy levels, les® optimistic and
secure, less able t© absorb affective tension® adequately,
and mere anxious. Characteristica which obtained a©
relationships were acceptance ©f disability and level of
a®pirati@n»
71
CHAPTER BXBLXOG&APKT
1, Arnholter. B. 0#» "Attitudes Toward the Disabled.* Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin, VI (1936},
2, Barker, Soger, 6,, Ad.lustaent to PfrYjtaftA ISS^ illness. law York, Social M&mm leseareh ™9». "
3. Bellack, L.. Psychology M ^ISlS|l lilMIi* N a w Y o r k» Social Science aesearch Council, 1953#
4. Bill®, a, £». "Rorschach Characteristics of Persons Scoring High and Low in Acceptance of Self,n
Journal Consulting ZmiElSLSX* m i (1951) #
5# Fey. «'. F., "Acseeptajiee of Self and Others and its Relation to Therapy Readiness," Jowaftl o£ Clinical Psychology. X (1954), 269-271.
6* Gardner, «John W., "The Us® of the Tern ievel of Aapjyatl on r* Tfre P gychological ^I*TO (1940), 59-6$•
7. Garrett, J, F#, Psychological Aapeetg M Ptir lcaj Disability. Washin ton. u. G», wxrice of Vocational
nation Service 5erle s Ho, 210, 1952,
8« Gelb, Lester, A,, "Personality Disorganization Camouflaged by Physical Handicaps," read at the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, 1959.
9* Gottesman, Irving X •, "More Construct Validation of the &go«6trench cal®«" | J C
10. Gruen, laily Ǥ.. "Level of Aspiration in Relation to Personality Factors in Adolescents," Child gent. XVI 11945), iai-lM.
11. Lewin, Kurt, "Psychology in Success and Failure," Occupations. XXV (1936), 926-930.
12. Lindquist, B. F., ± Fir ft Coarse is Statistic*. Boston, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1942.
72
13 • Neff, W. S», "The Use of the Rorschach in Distinguishing
14# Oawake, K« f # l "The Relation Between Acceptance of Self and Acceptance of Other® Shown toy Three Personal i ty Inventor ies « Journal gf C.onwiltiiig Psychology. XVIII (19541» 443-446.
15. Rogers, C» ft,, Cli<at«C»»fc»r«d Therapy, Houghton Mifflin Company, 195V. '
16. Husteh, J , , M f ^ a © ^£ |XS&^SClSf i J i I f i i M I i a # Berkeley ,Univers i ty of Ca l i forn ia Freas, 1951.
17. Sheerer, B. Tt| w^a Analysis of the t«3a tlonship Between
Acceptance of and ftespect for Self and Acceptance of and Respect for Others In Tea Counselor Cases,5t
f , W M ® g » %1 1 1 (1949),
1$. Sheisio, S . i«f ''Problems la Helping Parents of Mentally Defective and Handicapped Children," American 4mrml of jfantaX deficiency, Lfl [1951)742-4?.
19. Singer, J. L., Wilensky, I#f and McCraven, Vivian S», delaying Capacity, Fantasy, and Planning Ability! A Factorial Study of Some Basic Ego Functions," ...IsmaA Consulting Psychology. IS 0956), 375-3*3.
20. Stock, D., "An Investigation into the Interrelations Between the Self-Concept and Feelings Directed Toward Other Persons and Groups.* Journal of Consulting Psychology. XIII (1949), - I ^ t
21. Tamkin, A. S.. "An Evaluation of the Construct Validity of Barron's Ego-Strangth Scale," |nro»l at Clinical P»Tcholo«rr. XIII (1957), 156-158.
22. Taylor, Janet, "Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale," Journal of Consulting Psychology. XVIII (19 54), 433-436.
23. whit^a. a m is Smcais. «•*
24* Wirt, R. 0., "Further Validation of the £go*Strength Scale,* Journal $£ Consulting; Psychology. XIX (1955)» kkk,
25. Yuker, H. I., Block, J• ft., and Campbell, W. J•, "A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons,"
Tork, Human Resources Incorporated, 1960.
CHAPTER I?
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RBCOMMEHDATIQN3
Summary
This study was an. investigation of the relationship of
certain components of ego-strength which might be significant
in distinguishing between Vocationally Rehabilitable and Hon-
Rehabilitable workers# The population included vocationally
handicapped individuals who, in the last three years (1961-
1964), entered the training program of a large, metropolitan
Southwestern rehabilitation workshop. The vocational handi-
cap of this population was the propelling factor which
directed it to the generic sheltered workshop for vocational
diagnosis and training* Included were vocationally disabled
with m m j different types of disabilities ranging fro* ortho-
pedic restrictions, eardio-vascular disease, arthritis,
psychiatric disorder®, amputation, aged, paraplegia# cerebral
vascular accident to tuberculosis inactive.
A total of 172 vocationally handicapped were screened
for this study. Of this original number, 152 completed the
investigation. It was necessary to exclude 20 from the
original population because of illness, relocation to
another city, termination, unavailability for psychometric
testing, refusal to continue, and death. Eligibility into -
73
n
the study was based upon performance on a reading teat of a
standardised achievement instrument. The seventh grade
reading level was considered to be Minimal re quireroent for
acceptance. The population was divided into two major groups,
Vocationally Rehabilitate and Noa««Rehabilitable. Of this
population, ?$ were designated as Rehabllitabl® and 74 w#re
classified as Hon-Reh&bilitable. Each major group was
divided Into three levels of equal third® determined' by .44
of the standard deviation of test instruments used* Th®
sigma used was obtained from the instruments* aoraati v©
data, These levels were designated as Level I which represented
the upper third, Level II, the middle third, and Level III,
the lower third#
the significance of personality dynaitics as a possible
crucial determining factor to vocational rehabilitation
success and the interplay of vocational success and
personality factors, especially those of the vocationally
handicapped population, provided the theoretical framework
from which the hypothesis of this investigation was formulated.
Seven hypotheses were tested through the use of chi square
to determine relationship between certain components of ego*
streagth# self concept, eecurity^iasecurity, level of
aspiration, attitude toward disability, affective tolerance,
and anxiety drive level• It was hypothesized that the scores
of the Rehabilitable as compared to the Mon-Rehabi1it able
would be distributed significantly and reflect a positive
75
relationship between the components of ego-strength of this
study and vocational rehabilitation sucoess.
Findings
The chi square analysis of Hypothesis On# conflriaed
that perforstanee m Barron1s Ego-Strength wag positively
related to vocational rehabilitation success. Chi square
values were beyond the .01 level of significance.
It was stated in Hypothesis Two that there was a
positive relationship between Self-Concept and vocational
rehabilitation success. The chi square confirmed this
hypothesis for the oeasures of Self and Ideal Self* The
chi square analysis for the ae&sure of Other, however, was
not significant• , An analysis of the data indicated that
soro of the Rehabilitable groups reflected a positive Sell
and Ideal Self, whereas more of the Hon~Rehabilitable
expressed a depreciation of Self and Ideal Self and a
general feeling of inadequacy to cope with themes of
hostility, achievement, sexual and dependency in their lives#
It was stated in Hypothesis three that there would be
a positive relationship between sense of Personal Security
and vocational rehabilitation success. The computed chi
square results did not confirm this hypothesis with
estimation of performance. On the basis ©f these findings
no obtained relationship was found relative to reallBtic
contact between goal and accomplishment.
76
It was stated i& Hypothesis Five that there would be a
positive relationship between Acceptance of Disability and
vocational rehabilitation success. The chi square analyses
indicated that the obtained relationship was not statistically
significant. Although greater acceptance of self and
disability seemed to be characteristic of the Rehabilitate,
as reported in original study, this finding was not confirmed
in this investigation with the population at Goodwill
Industries.
The computed chi square values for Hypothesis Six,
which hypothesised that there would be a positive relation-
ship between level of Affective Tolerance and vocational
rehabilitation success, were sufficient to be statistically
significant. An mmimttm of the data suggested that the
BehebllitabXe group indicated a relatively greater capacity
to deal with emotionally laden situations and ©vents#
It was stated in Hypothesis Seven that there would b®
a positive relationship between Anxiety Drive level and
vocational rehabilitation success» The computed chi square
data confined this hypothesis. Analysis of the data
revealed that the Vocationally Behabllitable tended to
reflect a low anxiety drive level.
77
Becomendations and Conclusions
Hecommendations for further study relative to the
significance of ego-strength variables involved in the
vocational process of the handicapped as indicated by this
investigation include the following*
1. Attempts to be made to develop a single Instrument
to oeasure vocational adjustment and predict eventual
vocational success. Items of this test instrument
should consist of the discriainating response# of
seven teat instruments employed la this study. Such
a seal© could be store functional and adaptable in
terms of time and workshop situations.
2» Additional research is needed to determine the
effects the social and emotional milieu of th® work-
shop has upon the personality strengths and weaknesses
of the vocationally disabled referred for vocational
training* Periodic test administration of the basic
personality variables would indicate test and behavioral
changes during workshop training.
3. The relevance of Increased understanding of
individual reaction to new learning, unlearning and
relearning involved in the training process for the
vocationally disabled may have far reaching implica-
tions relative to the introduction of new techniques
and approaches which aa&y lead to vocational adjust»ent«
7ft
4* Experimental attempt® should be conducted to assess
and/or change negative self attitudes and values which
may act as deterrents to the vocational rehabilitation
process#
5* Development of an attitude scale to assess the
tmau'lying attitudes dad refections of supervisory
personnel toward the vocationally disabled, and their
disability should be considered. Research findings
have strongly indicated the importance of supervisory
attitudes in the development and training of sub-
ordinates »
6» Isolation of personality factors and workshop
.elevate which a«gat*r$ly influence training aad
ultimate vocational adjustment be investigated
extensively*
7, Further research is needed to develop a meaningful
body of knowledge encompassing the "psychological man**
at work# la such an investigation relevant topics for
exploration and attention sight Include <t) relation
of security (economic and esotional) to motivation for
rehabilitation, (2) social alienation and it® effect
upon the vocationally disabled, (3) relationship of
self-concept to vocational success in life and,
(4) effect® of vocational failures in vocational
rehabilitation process•
79
8. An attempt should b® made to f ormu3a te a theory
©f rehabilitation training emphasizing the psyehodyaamie
and psychosocial elements significant to th® vocational
process#
9. the test battery of this study could tot used
effectively in both individual and group counseling
sessions by a counselor to relAt* and work aore
productively with the sore difficult eases in voca-
tional rehabilitation*
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Mark each statement in the left margin according to how much you agree or d isagree with it. P l e a s e mark every one. Write + 1, *2, +3; or -1 , -2 , -3; depending on how you fee l in each case .
+3; I agree very much +2". I agree pretty much + 1: I agree a l itt le
# # #
-1°. I d isagree a l itt le -2: I d i sagree pretty much -3: I d i sagree very much
1. Parents of disabled children should be l e s s s tr ic t than other parents .
2. Physical ly disabled persons are just as intell igent as non-disabled ones .
3. Disabled people are usually eas i er to get along with than other people.
4. Most disabled people fee l sorry for themse lves .
5. Disabled people are the same as anyone e l s e .
6. There shouldn't be special schools for disabled children.
7. It would be best for disabled persons to l ive and work in specia l communities .
8. It is up to the government to take care of disabled persons .
9. Most disabled people worry a great deal.
10. Disabled people should not be expected to meet the same standards as non-disabled people.
11. Disabled people are as happy as non-disabled ones .
12. Severe ly disabled people are no harder to get along with than those with minor disabi l i t ies .
13. It is a lmost imposs ib le for a disabled person to lead a normal l i fe .
14. You should not expect too much from disabled people .
15. Disabled people tend to keep to themselves much of the t ime.
16. Disabled people are more eas i ly upset than non-disabled people.
17. Disabled people cannot have a normal soc ia l l i fe .
18. Most disabled people fee l that they are not as good as other people.
19. You have to be careful of what you say when you are with disabled people.
"FIt <3 o "K1 t>r\ TT\ rvml o a r A rs ft e* a r A ntt Pn nr r Anr h-vr
A P P I 1 D X X C
SELF-ACTIV ITY INVENTORY
IN THIS INVENTORY YOU ARE ASKED TO: ( A ) DESCRIBE YOURSELF, (B ) DESCRIBE WHAT
YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE, AND (c) DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS LIKE.
F I R S T , YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE THE TYPE OF PERSON YOU THINK YOU ARE. IN THE SAMPLE ITEM A BELOW YOU WILL FIND THE STATEMENT TO THE LEFT, " IT HARD TO KEEP H IS MFND ON A TASK OR J O B . "
FOR EXAMPLE,
FINDS
1. NEVER 2 . SELDOM
3 . SOMETIMES K» OFTEN 5« VERY OFTEN
SAMPLE A
MIND ON A TASK OR JOBI
1 1 AM A PERSON
WHO:
I I 1 WOULD L IKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:
THE AVERAGE PERSON
IS ONE WHO:
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1
I 2 $ I | 5 1 2 3LT 5 1 2 5 I» 5
IF THE WORD, "OFTEN" , BEST DESCRIBES YOU, YOU WOULD C I R C L E ^ IN COLUMN I . NOW, FIND THE WORD IN COLUMN I THAT 8EST DESCRIBES YOU. CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER UNDER COLUMN I , REMEMBERING THAT ( L ) MEANS NEVER ( 2 ) SELDOM ( 3 ) SOMETIMES (I4) OFTEN AND ( 5 ) VERY OFTEN. DO THIS NOWI
SECOND, IN COLUMN M , YOU ART TO DESCRIBE THE KIND OF PERSON YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE. THE PROCEDURE IS EXACTLY THE SAME AS T^AT FOR COLUMN I , EXCEPT NOW YOU ARE TO PICK OUT THE WORD WHFCH BEST DESCRIBES WHAT YOU WOULD L|I<E TO BE. IF THE STATEMENT, " 1 WOULD L IKE TO BE A PERSON VL|HO SELDOM F'INDS IT HARD TO KEEP HIS MIND ON A TASK OR J O B , " BEST DESCRIBES HOW YOU WOULO LIKE TO BEF YOU WOULD CIRCLETS) IN THAT COLUMN.
NOW FIND THE WORD IN COLUMN I I FN THE SAMPLE THAT BEST DESCRIBES WHAT YOU WOULD LIKE TO BE. CIROLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER IN COLUMN I I .
THIRDC IN COLUMN LLLJ YOU AIRE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . AGAIN THE SAME PROCEDURE (S USECU FOR EXAMPLE^ IF "THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE W H 0 S O M E T 1 M E S P I N D S | T H A r d t o ^EGP HIS MIND ON A TASK OR JOB#" 6EST DESCRIBES THE
AVERAGE PERSON YOU WOULD C I R C L E ^ ) LOOK AT SAMPLE hi F IND FHE WORD THAT BEST
DESCRIBES WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . CIRCLE THE APPROPRIATE NUMBER UNDER COLUMN I I I .
Go THROUGH THE REST OF THE STATEMENTS IN THIS MANNER. REMEMBER, YOU ARE TO DO THREE THINGS. FLRST, IN COLUMN 1 YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU ARE L I K E . IN COLUMN I ! YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU WOULD L IKE TO BE. AND IN COLUMN I I I YOU ARE TO DESCRIBE WHAT YOU THINK THE AVERAGE PERSON IS L I K E . BE SURE TO COMPLETE ALL THREE COLUMNS BEFORE PROCEEDING TO THE NEXT STATEMENT. ANSWER ALL ITEMS EVEN IF YOU ARE NOT SURE.
m
$ 4
1. NEVER
2 . SELDOM
3 . SQVETIft/ES
k . OFTEN
5 . VERY OFTEN
1 AM
WHO:
1 A PERSON
1
1 WOULD
TO BE A
PERSON
1 L IKE
WHO:
11! THE AVERAGE
PERSON IS
ONE WHO:
I FEELS HE MUST WIN AN ARGUMENT, 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3 l j 5 I 2 3 k 5
2 ._ ___PLAYS UP TO OTHERS IN ORDER TO ADVANCE H I S POSIT ION, I 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5
3 v __REFUSES TO DO THINGS BECAUSE HE JS NOT GOOD AT THEM# 1 2 3k 5 i 2 3k 5 i 2 3k5
i [ . AVOIDS TELLING THE TRUTH TO PREVENT UNPLEASANT CONSEQUENCES. 1 2 3k 5 123k 5 1 2 3k5
5 , TRIES HARD TO IMPRESS PEOPLE WITH HIS A B I L I T Y . i 2 3k 5 I 2 3 k 5 1 2 3k 3
__DOES DANGEROUS THINGS FOR THE T H R I L L
OF I T . 1 2 3k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5
7 . . __RELIES ON HIS PARENTS TO HELP MAKE DECIS IONS. I 2 3k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 k 5
8 - . _ H A S PERIOD OF GREAT RESTLESSNESS AND
MUST BE ON THE GO. 1 2 3k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 k 5
9 . . __SEEKS OUT OTHERS SO THEY CAN LISTEN
TO H I S TROUBLES. 1 2 3k 5 i 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 5 1 0 . . __GETS ANGRY WHEN C R I T I C I Z E D BY H IS
FRIENDS. 1 2 3 ^ 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1* 5
1 k ___FEELS INFERIOR TO H I S FRIENDS. 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 K 5
I2._ __ IS AFRAID TO TRY SOMETHING NEW. 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5
13. GETS CONFUSED WHEN WORKING UNDER PRESSURE. I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 U 5 1 2 3k 5
I * K __WORR!ES ABOUT HIS HEALTH. I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 i | 5 1 2 3k 5
15. HAS DIFFICULTY IN STARTING TO GET
DOWN TO WORK. 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3k 5 1 2 3k 3 |6„_ IS D ISSATISFIED WITH H I S SEX L I F E . 1 2 3k 5 I 2 3 14 5 I 2 3 k 5
I 7 - . BLUFFS TO GET AHEAD. 1 2 3 k 5 i 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5 18. . FEELS UNCOMFORTABLE IN THE PRESENCE
OF OLD WOMEN. I 2 3 k 5 ! 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 k 5 19-. GOES OUT OF H I S WAY TO AVOID AN
ARGUMENT. I 2 3k 5 \ 23k 5 ! 2 3 k 5
2 0 __MAKES QUICK JUDGMENTS ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE.
I 2 3 5 1 2 3k 5 1 2 3 h 5
35
1. NEVER 2. SELDOM 3„ SOMETIMES 4 . OFTEN 5. VERY OFTEN
1 1 AM A PERSON WHO:
11 I WOULD LJKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:
111 THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE WHO:
21._ J/I/ONDERS WHETHER PARENTS WILL. APPROVFE OF HIS ACTIONS. i 23k 5 1 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
22._ __1S BOTHERED BY THOUGHTS ABOUT SEX 1 2 3 k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 4 5
23«_ _JS AFRAID TO DISAGREE WITH ANOTHER PERSON. \ *3k 5 123k 5 I 2 3 1+ 5
2i|._ __IGN0RES THE FEELINGS OF OTHERS. 1 2 3 4 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 * 5
25 - . __FEELS ANGRY WHEN H I S PARENTS TRY TO
TELL HIM WHAT TO DO. \23h 5 123k 5 I 2 3 k 5
1 MD CM
_J.IKES TO GOSSIP ABOUT THE MISFORTUNES AND EMBARRASSMENTS OF HIS FRIENDS.
!
1 2 3h 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1+ 5
27.. __!S AWKWARD IN HIS RELATIONSHIPS WITH MEMBERS OF THE OPPOSITE SEX. 123 k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
PA
CD
O __IS ANNOYED WHEN ASKED TO DO A FAVOR BY A FRIEND. 1 23k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
2 9 . . _TAKES DISAPPOINTMENT SO KEENLY THAT HE CAN'T PUT IT OUT OF HIS MIND, 123k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
30._ ___RESENTS THE WAY HE HAS BEEN TREATED BY HIS PARENTS, I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
3 k FEELS GUILTY ABOUT HIS PAST SEX LIFE. 123k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 1+ 5
32.. SUPPRESSES OR "BOTTLES UP" HIS FEELINGS WHEN ANGRY WITH SOMEONE. I 23k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
33.. WORRIES ABOUT SAY TNG THINGS THAT WILL HURT OTHER PEOPLE'S FEELINGS, I 23k 5 I 23k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
3 k __HOLDS GRUDGES AGAINST THOSE WHO HAVE "HURT" HIM, 123k 5 123 k 5 1 2 3 4 5
35.. FEELS RESENTFUL WHEN BOSSED*, 123k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 4 5
36.. FEELS SEXUALLY STIMULATED WHEN READING OR TALKING ABOUT SEX. 12 3k 5 123k 5 1 2 3 4 5
37.. NEEDS SOMEBODY TO PUSH HIM IN ORDER TO GET THINGS DONE. I 23k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 1+5
3 8 . . FEELS HURT WH^N IGNORED BY SUPERIORS. 123k 5 12 3k 5 1 2 3 I + 5
39.. FAILS TO TAKE THE INIATIVE |N MEETINC PEOPLES ARRANGING DATES, ETC. '123k 5 I 2 3k 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1. NEVER 2 . SELDOM 3 . SOIVETIMES K . OFTEN 5 . VERY OFTEN
_TAKES EXTREME L IKES OR DISLIKES TO
OTHER PEOPLE.
66-
MAN IN A GROUP OF 6 IRLS*
MOST OF HIS FRIENDS.
I+O
1 + 1 . ,
1+2._
1+3. DISLIKES LENDING THINGS TO HIS FRIE
1|1+. UPSET WHEN HE FEELS HE IS NOT TREAT FAIRLY.
1+5® IS NERVOUS WHEN HE HAS TO WAIT,
1+6. WOULD RATHER SEEK HELP FROM OTHERS ON DIFFICULT THINGS THAN TO DO IT HIMSELF.
V ? „ WORRIES ABOUT WHETHER OTHER PEOPLE
LIKE HIM.
1+8. GIVES IN IF ANYONE INSISTS ON A POINT
L+9„ IS CRITICAL OF THE BEHAVIOR OF MOST
OF HIS ASSOCIATES!®
5 0 . LOOKS FOR WEAKNESSES IN OTHERS.
5 1 . MAKES EXCUSES FOR HIS BEHAVIOR.
5 2 . WORRIES ABOUT THE OPINIONS OTHERS HAVE OF HIM.
53 . FEELS JEALOUS WHEN OTHERS GET AHEAD OF HIM.
5U. PLACES HIS FAITH IN GOO WHEN IN TROUBLE.
1 1 AM A PERSON WHO;
11 1 WOULD LIKE TO BE A PERSON WHO:
I I I " THE AVERAGE PERSON IS ONE WHO:
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+ 5
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1 2 3 I + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
SL 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
> J 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5
i 2 3 U 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
r 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5 1 2 3 1+5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
I 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1+ 5
1 2 3 1+ 5 1 2 3 1 + 5 1 2 3 1 + 5
APPENDIX D
INVENTORY OF AFFECTIVE TOLERANCE By ROBERT I. WATSON and V. E. FISHER
Name Sex.. Date-
Score Norm Centile.. Local Centile..
INSTRUCTIONS: Below you will find a number of incomplete statements which have to do with a person's ability to deal with his feelings and emotions. Each statement is followed by a series of let-tered descriptive terms. Complete each statement by drawing a circle around the letter preceding the term which best describes you.
Consider your feelings and emotions during only the last year or two unless otherwise directed by the form of the statement. There is no time limit, but work as [rapidly as care and sincerity will permit.
If at first two or more terms in a series seem equally descriptive to you, reread the series; then encircle the letter preceding the term which you feel is most descriptive of you.
Be sure to answer every item (statement with its series of six descriptive terms), and complete each item before going on to the next one. Remember to encircle one, but only one, letter in each series. Encircle the letter, not the descriptive term.
1. I do things in spite of myself and against my better judgment
a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
6. I have conflicting feelings of love and hate for members of my family
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
2. I possess self-confidence in my associations with members of the opposite sex
a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always
7. I am embarrassed by the blunders of mem-bers of my family
a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all
3. I feel at ease in most social situations
a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always
8. I have feelings that things are not real
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
I keep in the background at social gatherings
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
9. I have spells of the blues
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
I had nightmares as a child
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
10. I have periods of anxiety
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
(Publisher: Sheridan Supply Co., Beverly Hills, Calif.) (Copyright 1942, by Robert I. Watson and V. E. Fisher)
87
B8
11. I forget humiliating experiences
a. Never d. Quickly b. Very slowly e. Very quickly c. Slowly f. Immediately
12. I am composed when before a group
a. Never d. Frequently b. Rarely e. Very frequently c. Occasionally f. Always
13. When I have been frightened in a given situation, I return to it
a. Never b. Very difficultly c. Difficultly
d. Easily e. Very easily f. Most easily
14. I have unpleasant dreams
a. Continuously d. Occasionally
b. Very frequently e. Rarely
c. Frequently f. Never
15. Useless thoughts run through my mind
a. Continuously d. Occasionally
b. Very frequently e. Rarely
c. Frequently f. Never
16. Strongly disliking a person in my class or place of work interferes with my thinking and concentrating
a. Tremendously d. A little
b. A great deal e. Very little
c. Some f. Not at all
17. When a member of the opposite sex shows a strong liking for me, I avoid him, or her a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
18. I am in fear of violating my own standard of morals
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
19. I experience feelings of hate
a. Continuously d. Occasionally
b. Very frequently e. Rarely
c. Frequently f. Never
20. I forget unpleasant experiences
a. Never d. Quickly
b. Very slowly e. Very quickly c. Slowly f. Immediately
21. I worry about the present and immediate future
a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
22. I control my feelings of sympathy
a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
23. In general I make decisions
a. Never d. Quickly
b. Very slowly e. Very quickly
c. Slowly f. Immediately
24. I feel impelled to perform certain acts with-out really wanting to do so
a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
25. I feel lonesome even when with other persons
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
26. I can endure seeing an accident a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
- 2 -
$9
27. I am jealous a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
36. I can stand the sight of injured or mutilated
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
28. I worry over possible future misfortunes
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
29. I can endure emotional situations in general
a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
30. I feel just miserable without apparent cause
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
31. I have feelings of remorse a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
32. I have spontaneous or random thoughts of a member of my family's dying
a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
33. I suffer from feelings of inferiority a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all
34. I feel grouchy or irritable a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
35. I can keep at a given task a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
human bodies
a. Never
b. Very difficultly
c. Difficultly
d. Easily
e. Very easily
f. Most easily
37. I worry about past failures or mistakes
a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
38. I have periods of irritability for little or no reason at all
a. Continuously
b. Very frequently
c. Frequently
d. Occasionally
e. Rarely
f. Never
39. Examinations upset me
a. Tremendously d. A little
b. A great deal e. Very little
c. Some f. Not at all
40. I am shocked or disturbed by dirty jokes
a. Most intensely d. Mildly
b. Very strongly e. Very mildly
c. Strongly f. Not at all
41. I have nervous mannerisms, such as, nail bit-ing, or playing with pencil or watch chain, etc.
42.
a. Continuously
b. Very frequently
c. Frequently
I am stubborn
a. Continuously
b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally
e. Rarely f. Never
d. Occasionally
e. Rarely f. Never
43. I have buzzing or roaring sounds in my ears a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely
c. Frequently f. Never
- 3 -
90
44.
45.
When my plans miscarry I become dis- 53. concerted a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all
I control my feelings of anger a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
I envy other persons their happiness a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
54. My effort and efficiency are impaired by un-favorable criticism a. Tremendously b. A great deal c. Some
d. A little e. Very little f. Not at all
46. I am shocked or disturbed by immodesty a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all
55. I day dream a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
47. When others expect a great deal of me, I be-come disturbed a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all
48. I am embarrassed at my blunders a. Most intensely b. Very strongly c. Strongly
d. Mildly e. Very mildly f. Not at all
56. As a child I had temper tantrums a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
57. I have ideas or feelings that people are watch-ing me a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
49. I fear death as such a. Most intensely b. Very strongly c. Strongly
d. Mildly e. Very mildly f. Not at all
50. I have spells of dizziness a. Continuously d. Occasionally b. Very frequently e. Rarely c. Frequently f. Never
51. I feel self-conscious in the presence of su-periors a. Most intensely d. Mildly b. Very strongly e. Very mildly c. Strongly f. Not at all
52. I experience conflict between my moral stand-ards and sexual interests a. Continuously b. Very frequently c. Frequently
d. Occasionally e. Rarely f. Never
58. Having a lot of work to do decreases my efficiency in the tasks concerned a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all
59. Becoming extremely angry leaves me upset afterwards a. Tremendously d. A little b. A great deal e. Very little c. Some f. Not at all
60. I control my feelings of grief or sorrow a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
61. I can stand the sight of blood a. Never d. Easily b. Very difficultly e. Very easily c. Difficultly f. Most easily
- 4 -
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Alexaader, F#, Fwdaspatals Psychoanalysis. Sew York, W, W, Norton and Company, t r ' ~
13rune ana S t ra t ton , 1
Barker, Roger, G. t M M t m M k M lew Tork, Social Science mi ouac .•sear®
.IJiiteSiiift i
Bellack, L . , fttafftaal ^ i g M , lew fo rk , Grim® aad Stratton Incorporated, 1952#
ioXg&r, H*, in |y©i f feUyf f ech f i i gm • O m t o f t » edited by AXbert I . labia and M. a . H&worth, New York, Orune And St ra t ton , 1960.
Bychowaki, G., In f M Psychotherapy, edited fey Gustav Bychowski and J, Loois® Oeepert, Hew Tork, Groye Press, Iae», 1952*
Cattel l , E, B., P f r g ^ i t y a r t % t i f a f i f f l | ^ | | r # ay^
Chouinard, Edward L. , "Current Trends and CereXopoteab i s the Workshop Fie ld ," i a Workshops f o r the Disabled - A Vocational l e t e b l l i t a t l e a lesoi i rcel l e t e b i l i i a t i o a Senrice 3 M e s I f e d l t S i ^ y Idward L. Chouin* Chouinard and James F» Garrett, fashiagtea',. D. 0«, Superintendent of Jtacuneste, 19$$*
Dollard, J, L., W« Boob, H. E, Miller, 0* H. Howrer, and E. E. Sears, f a a § Hayea, I&le Ufdverajui.)- Press, 1950*
Federa, P , , g ^ P w h h o l o g r aad ZSZSMSS* *wk , Basic
Feaichel, Otto, T^e P s y c ^ ^ a l ^ i f i U l S I I M, JltSEfflJU Sew fork, M . Norton and Company, 1945,
FreM, Anna, » £ J m &M 1M %g|a||£f«!ff MJe^ense, lew fork, In ternat ioaal Universi t ies Frees, t!
91
92
Freud, S., Tifce a d Th& Id, London, Hogarth Press, 192?.
The Problem .of Anxiety. New York, W, W. Norton and Company,
Garrett, J. F., FavghologicsX Agpecta si. Washington, D. C. , Off ice of Vocational Rehabi l i tat ion, Rehabilitation Service Series 1®. 21®, 1952.
Gellaan, We, MJteMgg P e s i M M l M i c ^ e ® ° » Monograph I®, 1, Jewish Vocational s e r r i e e , 1957.
Grayson, Morris, Ann Power, and Joseph Levi, Psychiatric . M K«w Toark- Rehabilitation
Monograpii2, I n s t i t u t e of Phyaical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1f52»
Hamilton, 0., in Em Psychology a d Dynamo Cqamrft, edited by Howard 4• Pared, Sew fork, Family Service Association of America, 195$*
Haamer, E* F», in SSSlliSSi «dite
arlos C, Thomas, 195S#
Harris, I. B», in leeent Advance® ijt Qjagnosti. Testing.' edited by Molly narrower, Spring: C, Thomas, 1950.
Eartjaann, H., Egg PpypMftfflr and igtlMStaU lew Tor*, International universitias Press, 1951*
Hutt, Max L., and Briakin, G. Q., T&e l£g, M the layiaed Seader«4lestalt Teat* lew York* urune md Stratton, 1960. '
K1°PfVoi B|' fL^o^'^lrlFioI'k^l^l -Slg§'^lf-
Kris, E«t "Mature of Psychoanalytic Propositions and Their Valid;
fof?
4 2 S t e t l 8 t l C 5 ' E ° S t 0 a -
Lundin. R. W.f P^pallty itMSmk* s « * The Macmillan Company ,~9o1 •
93
Machover, K., Persorality Projection In theJ3?aw|§g & J M Human Fjgure, Springfield, Charles C. Thomas, 1949.
Masterman Follow Incorporat
McCoy, Georgia F#, and Howard A, Rusk, Aj| Evaluation of Rehabilitation« Hew York, The Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1953«
Pascall, G. R., and B, J. Suttell, The Bender-Qestalt Teatt New York, Grune and Stratton, 1951.
Sogers, C, R., Clientsentered Therapy. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951.
Ruesch, J., Chronic disease and Psychological• Invalidism. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1951•
Schafer, Eoy, Psychoanalytic Interpretation Jm Rorschach Testing, heory and Application, Sewxork, Grune and Stratton, 1954*
Symonds, P. M., The - Sep and The Self. Hew York, Appleton-Century-Crafts, 1951 *
Syracuse University, in The Mentally Retarded and Their Vocational Rehabilitation A Resource Handbook. edited by A. Praenkel, Sew Tork, Htfiem 1 Association for Retarded Children, Incorporated, 1961 *
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Arnholter, E. G., 11 Attitudes Toward the Disabled," tation Counseling Bulletin. VI {i936), 26*30#
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Balint, M#, "Changing Therapeutic Aims and Techniques in Psychoanalysis#
w International Journal of XXIX (19501# 117-m.
Barrett, G. J., L. Handelsnan. L. H. Stewart, and D« E. Super, "The Occupational Level Scale as a Measur® of Drive,tt
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Barron, Prank, "An lgo-Str@ngth Seal® Which Predict® Response 3^?®Tc5®^erapX» I!J«lfi M SAMillllg ftygljgg* XVII (1953), 327-331.
Bartlett, Harriet M«, "Emotional Elements in Illness: Eesponsitsilitls® of the Medical Social tfork@r»w
<19M)» 39»«•
Beck, S. J., "Rorschach P Plus and the Ego la Treats*at," .yfMMlr. M. v m < 194d> 395-400.
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Bellack, L., B, J. Black, A, Lurie. and JRA. Miller, "Rehabilitation of the Mentally 111 through Controlled Transitional Employment," Th« American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. XXVI (195^17 ^91-292. '
BellaGk, L., and M« B, Smith, Experimental Exploration of the Psychoanalytic Proctss," Psychoanalytic Quarterly. Ill (1956), 3*5-415.
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Blbring, Edward, "Symposium on the Theory of the Therapeutic Results of Psychoanalysis.M International Journal of Psychoanalysis. I7IIX (1957), i W - W .
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95
Brent, Sidney, A,, "Personality Integrat ion - A Concept of Rehabil i tat ion f o r the Disab led / American Journal <g£ Physical Medicine. XXIVII (1956), 7-171
Bychowski. G., "Therapy of the Weak Ego," American Journal jj£ PsTcAothgrapv. IV (1950). 407-411.
C a t t e l l , R. B. , "The Riddle of Rigidity: Solutions in Terms of Personali ty St ructure ," Journal Of Personal i ty . XIV (1946), 239-267*
Christenson, J . A., J r . , "Clinical Assessment of Ego-Strength," In ternat ional Record Medicine. CLXIV (1951), 6$7-6#6.
Clark, L. P . , "A Contribution to the Early Development of the Ego," American Journal of Psychiatry. XI (1932), 1160-11 do.
Connors, J . E . , 0 , H. Wolksoa, 0# P. H&efner, and B. A. St?/:?^", "Outside of Post-Hospital Rehabil i tat ive Treatment of Mental Pat ients as a Function of Ego-S t r ® g | t h . ^ J o | r n a l Counseling I s s M t S X * V I *
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Ends, E. J . , and C. W« Page. "A Study of Functional Relation-ship® among Measures or Anxiety. Ego-Strength and Adjustment," Journal ^f Cl in ica l Psychology. XIII (1957), 148—150»
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^ Con8ultln* PBTChoXaiT'
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Tamkin, A, S., and C. J . Xlett, "Barron*s £go-Strength Scale: A Replication of an Evaluation of its Construct Validity," Journal of Consulting Psychology, XII (1957), 412*
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Test Manuals
Jastak. Joseph, -Manual, Widel«ge A^|ifK^r Wilmington, Charles L, Story Company, 1<
Maslow, A, H., Manual for the Se Pal© Alto, Consulting^ 1952.
Unpublished Materials
Qelb, Lester Lester, A,, "Personality Disorganization Camouflaged by Physical Handicaps," read at the 115th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Philadelphia, 1959#