������� ��� �� ��
�� ���� �� ����� ����
��� ����
��������� �����
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
������� ��� �� ��
�� ���� �� ����� ����
��� �����
���� �����
���� �� �� ����� ���� �� �� ���� ��� �� ���� ���
� ���� �� �����
���� �� �� ����� ���� �� ���� ��� ����� ����
��� ���� ���� !�"� �# ����$�%&� ��'!( �� !�� ��(!�$) �# ���*�(�+�) �( !� �'+��% !��
$��&�, "�$��!) ��% -.�*�!) �# !�'!( �� !�� ��(!�$) �# +��*�(�+�) /�� � �$� �"��*��*� ��
�&*�(�� ��� (�$��( �� *.%�( !�'!( �) #���*��$ ����( 0(. � �( ��( �$!�( ��% ���!1 ��%
�*(� �) *�(( /�**23��/� �.!��$(� 4��$�"�$ +�((��*�, !�'!( �$� +.�*�(��% �� ��+*�!� ��%
.���$�%&�% #�$�, ��% !$��(*�!���( �$� (+� ��**) ����((����% #�$ !�� (�$��(� � �
"�*.�� ��!���( � $�!� �* ��!$�%. !��� !�&�!��$ /�!� � &.�%� !� #.$!��$ $��%��& ��% ��)
�� �((�$) &*�((�$��( ��% !�'!.�* �++�$�!.(� ��� "�*.��( �$� %�(�&��% #�$ (!.%��! .(� �!
.�%�$&$�%.�!� ��% +�(!&$�%.�!� *�"�* ��% /�** �� �# ��!�$�(! ��! ��*) !� (!.%��!( �#
+��*�(�+�), �.! �*(� !� � /�%�$ �.%��� � �# $��%�$( �� !�� ��(!�$) �# ( ��� �, !�� ��(!�$)
�# !���*�&) ��% !�� ��(!�$) �# �%��(�
��� � �� � �� ���� ����� �� � �� �� � ��� � �� ����
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��� ����
��������� ����� ��������� �� ��� ��
��� ��� ��� !" ������ #$����
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
Printed in the United States of America by Sheridan Books Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
www.cambridge.org
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
© Cambridge University Press 2000
First published 2000
A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library
[Nicomachean ethics. English]
Nicomachean ethics/Aristotle: translated and edited by Roger Crisp.
Aristotle.
p. cm. - (Cambridge texts in the history of philosophy)
1. Ethics . 1. Crisp, Roger, 1961– . 11. Title. 111. Series.
Includes index.isbn 0 521 63221 8
b430.a5c7513 2000
171�.3-dc21 99-36947 cip
isbn 978-0-521-63546-2 paperback
978-0-521-63221-8 hardbackisbn
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521635462
20th printing
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLsfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
.Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in
this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press doesnot guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter.
11
University�Printing�House,�Cambridg nited�Kingdom�
Published�in�the�United�States�of�America�by�Cambridge�University�Press,�New�York�
Cambridge�University�Press�is�part�of�the�University�of�Cambridge.��
It�furthers�the�University’s�mission�by�disseminating�knowledge�in�the�pursuit�of��education,�learning�and�research�at�the�highest�international�levels�of�excellence.�
Uei i ,iCB BS2 8
8 4
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
���!��!(
!���%����� ��� "�&��������� "��
��������� '''"������� ����� '''"���
��� � �� �$� '*�
�� ��� ���� !�� ( 5
���3 � 6
���3 �� 76���3 ��� 68
���3 �9 :;���3 9 <5
���3 9� 5;6���3 9�� 55=
���3 9��� 5>6���3 �� 5:>���3 � 5<6
'�� ��� 7;?
&�$ 7;=
"
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
� 3��/*�%&����!(
�"�$�* #$���%( ��% �**��&.�( ��"� �##�$�% ��*+#.* �%"� � ��% ��2���!( �� +�$!( �# !��( !$��(*�!���� � /�(� ��$� !� !���3 !�� #�**�/��&@
*�A���!� �(�#�$%, ��(*�) �$�/�, �$��*( �&��$&2��%�$(��, �� ����$�, ��(�*��% �.$(!��.(�, ��$�(!�+��$ ��$/��, ��$�(!�+��$ ��&���,
������ �!!, ����$! 4�$%), ��% ��"�% 4�&&��(� $$�$( !��! $������$�, �# �.$(�, �) �/� $�(+��(���*�!), ��% � /�.*% �� &$�!�#.* !� ����#�$��% �# !���� � �� ��*�&�% �*(� !� 4�** �**�� #�$ ��*+ /�!� *�!�$�$)
$�#�$�� �(, ��% !� ��(���% �*�$3� #�$ ��( �� �.$�&����! ��% #�$ ��( �����!( �� !�� +��.*!���!� %$�#! �# !�� !$��(*�!���� ��$(! %$�#!( /�$�
��+*�!�% %.$��& � �$�!�(� � �%��) ��(!%� !�$�* ��(��$ � ��**�/(��+��*% �! B��"�$(�!) ��**�&�, �'#�$%, 5=<=C=5� � �� &$�!�#.* !� ��!�
��(!�!.!���( #�$ !���$ (.++�$!�
"�
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��!$�%. !���
D�** �.��� ����&(, �) !���$ ��!.$�, %�(�$� .�%�$(!��%��&�E ��� F$(!(��!�� � �# �$�(!�!*�E( (����� �� �( +�$�%�&��!� �**) !$.� �# �!( �.!��$�
�� (�.&�! !� .�%�$(!��%, ��% !� ��*+ �!��$( !� .�%�$(!��%, *�&� ,��!����!� (, !�� ��!.$� �# $��*�!), +�)(� (, 3��/*�%&�, !�� ���%,
*��&.�&�, ���*�&), +�)(��*�&), �(!$����), !���, !���*�&), *�!�$�!.$�,$��!�$� , !�� ��!.$� �# �.��� ��++���((, ��% �. � �*(�� � #.** !$��(*�2!��� �# ��( /�$3( C �# /�� � ��*) ��� F#!� ��( (.$"�"�% C $.�( !� �"�$
���2��%2�2��*# ��**��� /�$%(��$�(!�!*� /�( ��$� �� !�&�$�, �� �� �%���� 0��/ ��$!��$� $�� �1,
�� 6<> ��� ��( #�!��$ /�( � %� !�$, ��% !��( ��) +�$!*) �'+*��� ��(#��%��(( #�$ ��%� �* ���*�&��( �� !�� ����� 0(��, ��&�, 556<�1� �$�(!�!*�
�$$�"�% �� �!���( �� 6:8, ��% (+��! !�� ��'! !/��!) )��$( !��$� �( ������$ �# �*�!�E( � �%��)� �*�!� %��% �� 6>8, ��% �$�(!�!*� *�#! �!���(
#�$ !��$!��� )��$(, %.$��& (��� �# /�� � �� /�( !.!�$ !� �*�'��%�$� ��66> �� #�.�%�% !�� �) �.� �� �!���(, $�������& !��$� !�** (��$!*)
��#�$� ��( %��!� �� 677���� ��������� ����� 0��, �$ !�� D����� E1 �( �*��(! �$!���*) !��
+$�%. ! �# �$�(!�!*�E( %�"�*�+�% ��!�**� !, ��(�(!��& �� � $�"�(��� �#
�$�.�% 66; �# ��( ��$*��$ ������ ����� 0!��.&� (��� ( ��*�$( ��*��"�!�� ������ !� �� *�!�$, ��% ��%��% ��!!�$1� �� ��!���( !�� ���3(, �#
/�� � !�$�� C ���3( 9C9�� C �$� (��$�% /�!� !�� ������ ����� , ��%.(.�**) !��.&�! !� ��*��& !� !��! ��$*��$ /�$3� ���!��$ /�$3 �� �!�� (
!$�%�!����**) �( $���% !� �$�(!�!*� C !�� (��� (������ C �( ��/&���$�**) ��(�%�$�% ��! !� ��"� ���� /$�!!�� �) ���, �.! +�$��+( �) �
(!.%��! �# ��(� ��3� ��(! �# ��( /�$3(, !�� ����� /�( ��! /$�!!�� #�$
"��
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
+.�*� �!���, ��(�(!��& $�!��$ �� � #.** (�! �# *� !.$� ��!�(, �� /�� �
�$�(!�!*� /�.*% %�.�!*�(( ��"� �'+��%�%��� �( !�� �!�� �* /�$3 �# �$�(!�!*�E( /�� � %�����!�% *�!�$ %�( .(2
(���� �! ��% � &$��! ��G.�� � �� !�� ( ���*( �# !��.&�! !��! %�"�*�+�%(��� �#!�$ ��( %��!�, !�� �(� ��% +� .$����(� �� +�$!� .*�$� �! /�( !��
(.��� ! �# ( ��*�$*) �����!�$��( !�$�.&��.! !�� ��$*) ��%%*� �&�(,��% /�( /�%�*) $��% �� !�� 4�(! #$�� !�� !/�*#!� ��!.$)� �( H���!���
��$��( ��( +.! �!, D�� � �.�! �# �$�(!�!*�E( ��!�**� !.�* �#!�$*�#� /�.*%�� *�!!*� *�(( !��� � ��(!�$) �# .$�+��� !��.&�!�E� ��( ��G.�� � �� ��!��+�$�$) ��$�* +��*�(�+�) $�����( (�&��F ��!, ��% � (��** (�) �
*�!!*� ��$� ���.! !��( ��*�/���� �.%��� � #�$ �$�(!�!*�E( *� !.$�( /�.*% ��"� ��(�(!�% +$���$�*) �#
)�.�& ���, !��.&� ��! (� )�.�& !��! !���$ �!!��%�� � /�.*% ��"� ����#$.�!*�(( 0(��, ��&�, ��6, 5;=?�1� ��(! �# !��� /�.*% ��"� ���� �# *�(( !���
�.��*� �$�&��, ��% ��&�! ��"� ��+�% !� ��3� !���$ /�) �� � �$��$ ��+.�*� *�#�� ���) /�$� +��+*� /�� �.*% ��"� ��%� � %�##�$�� �, ��%
�$�(!�!*� �( ��(�(!��! !��! ��( *� !.$�( �$� +$� !� �* �� ��!��! 0��&�, ���7,55;6�1� �! �( (���!���( (��% !��! �$�(!�!*�E( �!�� �* "��/( �$� ��$��!������ ����� (��(� %$�((�% �� +��*�(�+�� �* &�$�� ��$!���*), (���
�# �$�(!�!*�E( "��/(, �( ��� /�.*% �'+� !, �$� .�$�G� !�"�*) �%�+!�% #$��!�� .*!.$� �� /�� � �� *�"�%, ��% �! !���(, �( �� ��( %�( .((��� �#
D&$��!��(( �# (�.*E �� �9�6, �� �� (��� !�� �.!(�%�$ �� �$��% !�%����(!$�!� !��! �� �( ��$� �(!��*�(����! !��� !�� �(!��*�(����!� �.!
�$�(!�!*�, *�3� � $�!�( ��% �*�!� ��#�$� ���, ��*��"�% !��! �$!����(+� !( �# !�� ��$�*�!) �# �!���( /�$� %��+*) ��(!�3��, ��% (�.&�! !�
+�$(.�%� ��( �.%��� � �# !��!, ��% !� *�"� !���$ *�"�( � �$%��&*)� � $�!�( ��% %��% �� 6==, /��� �*�!� /�( !/��!)2����� ��(! �# /��!
/� 3��/ �# � $�!�( ���( #$�� �*�!�E( %��*�&.�(� � ��!$�* � $�!� !���! /�( !��! ��$�* "�$!.� ��(�(!( �� 3��/*�%&�, (� !��! ��� /�� � !(/$��&*) �$ "� ��.(*) � !( #$�� �&��$�� �� ��� � $�!� �� �+!��� �#
��++���(( *��3�% �! *�(�*) /�!� "�$!.� ��% 3��/*�%&�� 4��� � $�!�( �( ��%����% !� %��!�, �� ���(�( !� $����� �� �!���(, !���3��& "�$!.� !�
�� D!�� ��(! "�*.��*� �.��� +�((�((���E�� �*�!� ��!��.�% !�� � $�!� !$�%�!���, �%��!�#)��& ��$�* "�$!.� /�!� �� �$%�$��& �# !�� (�.* �� /�� �
$��(�� &�"�$�( !�� ���!���( ��% �++�!�!�( !� !�� �%"��!�&� �# !��"�$!.�.( +�$(��� �$�(!�!*� �� �� (��� �( #�**�/��& !�� (��� �&��%�,
� �� ����� !�� ���� �� ����� � ���� ��������� ��� ����� �� ���� ����� ����� !"#�
&���������
"���
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�(3��& !�� (��� (�$!( �# �!�� �* -.�(!���( ��% .(��& !�� (��� �� �+!(,
!��.&� �� %��( �*(� ��+*�) +��*�(�+�� �* �++�$�!.( %�"�*�+�% �� �!��$�$��( �# ��( !��.&�! 0��&�, !�� � !�"�!)I+$� �(( %�(!�� !��� +.! !� .(� ��
��( ���*)(�( �# +*��(.$�1� �$&.��*) 0� /�$% �*/�)( !� �� �((.��% /����� ��!�$+$�!�!��� �# �$�(!�!*� �( �((�$!�%1, !/� �(+� !( �# �$�(!�!*�E(
�!�� ( (�! ��� �+�$! #$�� � $�!�( ��% �*�!�@ �� ��+��(�( �� "�$!.�.(� !�"�!) �( �++�(�%, �� !�� ��� ���%, !� ��$�*) +�((�((��& !�� "�$!.�,
��%, �� !�� �!��$, !� �!��$ ��%�%�!�( �( ��+����!( �# ��++���((, (. ��( +*��(.$�� ��$ �$�(!�!*�, ��++���(( ��(�(!( ��, ��% ��*) ��, "�$!.�.(� !�"�!)�
�$�(!�!*�E( ��!��% �*(� ��!$�(!( /�!� !��(� �# � $�!�( ��% �*�!����� � $�!� ��!��% ��(�(!�% �� !�� �(3��& �# -.�(!���( �# !�� D4��!
�( �JE "�$��!)� ��F��!���( �# "�$!.�, �.(!� �, �.$�&�, �$ /��!�"�$, /�.*%!��� �� (.��� !�% !� $�!� �(� �) � $�!�(, ��%��& �� � (!�!� �# +.AA*�2
���!, /�� � �( �! *��(! ��� (!�+ #.$!��$ �� #$�� #�*(� ��*��#� � $�!�(E�/� "��/( �$� (!�!�% !�$�.&� ��%�$� !���, ����%%�% �� ��( -.�(!���(
��% ��( �#!�� �$��� $�(+��(�( !� +$�##�$�% ��(/�$(� �� ��( ��$*��$%��*�&.�(, �*�!� #�**�/( !�� (��� ��!��% "� �$��.(*), �� ��( +�$!$�)�*( �#!�� $�*��!*�((*) ��!�$$�&�!�"� � $�!�(� �� *�!�$ %�"�*�+�% (�+��(!� �!�%
��% $�%� �* ��!�+�)(� �* ��% ��$�* "��/(, �.! /� �$� (!�** %�(!�� �%#$�� !���$ �.!��$ !�$�.&� ��( ��!��.�% .(� �# !�� %��*�&.� #�$�� ���
%�#F .*! -.�(!��� ��) (!.%��! �# �� ���! +��*�(�+�) �.(! #� � �( !��! �#!�� $�*�!��� ��!/��� !�� $��* � $�!�(, � $�!�( !�� ��$� !�$ �� �*�!�E(
%��*�&.�(, ��% �*�!� ���(�*#��$�(!�!*�, ��/�"�$, (�)( (!$��&�!#�$/�$%*) /��! �� !���3(� �� (�/
���(�*# �( /�$3��& /�!��� � +��*�(�+�� �* !$�%�!���, !�� "��/( �# !���!��$ +�$!� �+��!( �� /�� � �$� !� �� !�3�� "�$) (�$��.(*)� �"�� !��
+$�+��(�!) �# �** �.��� ����&( !� (��3 .�%�$(!��%��&, !�� "��/( �# ����� (��(� �$� �*(� /�$!� ��(�%�$��&� �$�(!�!*� (.&&�(!( #�.$ (!�&�(�� %��*��& /�!� � +��*�(�+�� �* +$��*�� 09���5, 55>?�K #� ��<, 558=�1�
��$(!, %� �%� �� !�� �$�� �# ��-.�$) 0��&�, �� ��!���� �1� � ��%*), (�!�.! !�� "��/( �# !�� ���) ��% !�� /�(� 0��&�, !�� �$%���$) "��/ !��!
�� ��!���� � �( �����, ��% !�� � $�!� "��/ !��! �! �( ��+�((��*� #�$3��/*�%&� !� �� �"�$ ���1� ���$%*), ��!� ��) +.AA*�( !��! �$�(�, (. � �(
!�� ��G� ! ��!/��� !�� �$%���$) ��% !�� � $�!� "��/(� ����**), $�(�*"�!��(� �( ��(! ��� �� 0��&� !��$� �( (. � � !���& �( �� ��!���� �, �.! ��*)
+�$ �+!.�* 3��/*�%&�, ��! 3��/*�%&� �# ��) �!�� �* .��"�$(�*, �( �"�$2 ��� 09���6, 55>8�11�
�'
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�$�(!�!*� %��( ��! ���(�*# �*/�)( 3��+ !� !��( ��!��%� ���!���( ��
�.(! �##�$( �$&.���!, /�!��.! $�#�$�� � !� !�� "��/( �# !�� ���) �$ !��/�(�, ��% !��( �$&.���! ��) ��3� .(� �# !� ��� �* ��!���( �# ��( �/��
�.! �"�� ��$� ��( �� *.(���( �$� � �(����**) !�(!�% �! !�� ��$( �#+��*�(�+�) ��% �# ����� (��(�� �� ��8, 5;=<�, #�$ �'��+*�, �$�(!�!*�
�� *.%�(, .(��& !�� ��!��� �# � �.���E( D ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!)E �$$�"�%�! "�� �� �$&.���! �) �*�����!���, !��! ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� !�� �'�$ �(�
�# "�$!.�� ���( �� *.(��� �( !��� !�(!�% �� !�� #�**�/��& ��+!�$, /��$��� F�%( �! !� �� ��(�(!��! /�!� *��&2(!��%��& +��*�(�+�� �* "��/( ���.!��++���((, ��% !� �� *.%� �*����!( �# ����� �� �+!���( �# ��++�2
��((, (. � �( +*��(.$���! ��&�! �� !��.&�! !��! �$�(!�!*�E( ��!��% �( ��+*� �!*) ��(�$"�!�"�,
�� �.(� �! +.!( (� �. � /��&�! �� �*$��%) �'�(!��& "��/(� �.! �� �( ��#� ! -.�!� +$�+�$�% !� &� ��)��% !��(� "��/(� ��( +�(�!���( �� ��++�2
��((, #�$ �'��+*�, �$ �� %��� $� ) �$� -.�!� $�%� �*� �$�(!�!*�E( ��!��%�( ��! ��(�% �� ��$� �!!� ����! !� !�� /�) !���&( �$�, �.! �� �
!�*��*�&� �* �� �+!��� �# �.����!) �( #.� !����**) %�$� !�% !�/�$%(��-.�$) ��% !�� !$.!��
��++���((
��� F$(! ��+!�$ �# /��! �( ��/ (��� �( ��� �# !�� ��(! (�&��F ��!/�$3( �# ��$�* +��*�(�+�) �� !�� !/��!��!� ��!.$), 4� �� ��((E( )�*���� �� �� '���, �( �**�% D��� ������& �# !�� ��&�!E�� ��(( /�( �&$��! �$�(!�!�*��� ( ��*�$, �.! ��( +$���$) ��!�$�(! �� �!�� ( /�( $�&�!
� !���� ��� F$(! (��!�� � �# �$�(!�!*�E( ����� , ��/�"�$, �� �$�( !��&��%, ��% �! (��� �� ���( *��$ !��! ��( #� .( �( ���!��**) �� !�� ��!.$�
�# !�� �.��� &��%, �$ �.��� ��++���(( 0��������1����( �( ��%��% !)+� �* �# �� ���! $��3 �!�� (, ��% �! $��(�( !��
-.�(!��� /��!��$ (. � �!�� (, �) �� �$���& �!(�*# �! !�� (!�$! /�!� !��
�&��!E( �/� &��%, �( �&��(!� � �$�(!�!*�E( �!�� ( �( ��! �&��(!� �� !��(��(� �# �%"� �!��& ��(!��!, (�*#2 ��( ��.(, %�*���$�!� (�*#2(��3��&
����"��.$� � �$%��& !� �$�(!�!*�, )�. (��.*% �� �� �$��% ���.! )�.$#$���% ��� �� ��, ����, ��! #�$ )�.$(� �.! !��$� �( ��!���& �� �$�(!�!�*���
�!�� ( �� ��(�(!��! /�!� !�� �%�� !��! �** )�.$ $��(��( #�$ � !���, �$ #�$*�"��& � �$!��� 3��% �# *�#� �$ #�$ ����& � �$!��� 3��% �# +�$(��,
� $� %� &� )� *���� �� �� '��� �� ����� '�������� ��� ��!(��
&���������
'
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
.*!���!�*) $�(! �� !�� �%"�� ����! �# )�.$ �/� &��%� ��/��$� ��
�$�(!�!*� �( !��$� � $� �����%�!��� �# ��) 3��% �# &��.��� (�*#2(� $�F ��
���$� ��( ���� � !��%�� ) �� ��%�$� �!�� ( !� �� ��!$�!� ��� !���(� �� ���! /$�!�$( *��$*) !��.&�! ���.! $�&�! � !���, �.! /�$�
��$� $��%) !� %�( .(( *�"�( �( � /��*�� �� ��?, 5;=?�, �$�(!�!*� ��!$�%. �(� (!��%�$% !$� ��!��)@ !�� *�"�( �# &$�!�F �!���, +�*�!� (, ��% (!.%)� ��
$.*�( �.! !�� F$(! �( ��(!��* ��% .�/�$!�) �# � �.��� ����&� ��� *�#� �#+�*�!� ( �� !�3�( ��$� (�$��.(*), !��.&� �� �( �! +���( !� (!$�(( !��! �!(��� (��.*% ��! �� ����.$ �$ �"�� "�$!.� 0�� �.(� ��� �� �� "�$!.�.(
/�!��.! /��! $��**) ��!!�$(, "�A�, !�� %���& �# "�$!.�.( � !���(1��$�(!�!*� �*(� $.*�( �.! !�� *�#� �# �.(���((, (�� � ����) �( ��$�*)
��(!$.���!�* !� �!��$ &��%(� �$�(!�!*� ��*��"�% !��! !�� &��% (��.*% ���!!�����*� �� �$%���$) �.��� � !�"�!), ��% (+��%( � ��+!�$ 0��:1
%�(��((��& !�� �*�!��� �%�� �# !�� D��$�E �# !�� &��% �( (���!���&��%�+��%��! �# (. � � !�"�!)�
���$� �( � %�##�$�� � ��!/��� !�� ����� �# ��++���((, ��% "�$��.(������� �# �!� �# )�. ��% � �$� ��"��& � %�( .((��� ���.! /��! �.�����++���(( ��(�(!( ��, /� .(� !�� (��� �� �+! �# ��++���((� ���! �(, /�
�!!� � $�.&�*) !�� (��� (��(� !� !�� /�$% D��++���((E, ��% �! �( !��( !��!����*�( .( !� ��&�&� �� %�( .((���� �.! /� ��) /�** ��"� %�##�$��!
�� �+!���(, !��! �(, "��/( ���.! /��! ��++���(( � !.�**) ��(�(!( ��� ����( � �.�!, �$�(!�!*� ��"�( ��!/��� (+�**��& �.! !�� ��+*� �!���( �#
!�� �� �+!, /�� � �� ��*��"�( +.! ��(!$���!( �� ��) +*�.(��*� �� �+2!���, ��% �##�$��& �$&.���!( #�$ ��( �/� �� �+!��� �# ��++���(( �!(�*#�
�� �� ��+�$!��! ��+!�$, ��8, �$�(!�!*� !�**( .( !��! ��++���(( �(D ��+*�!�E� �� � !�� ��&�����& �# !�� ���3, �� ��( ���� ��(!$. !��&
���$�$ ���( �# � !�"�!��( ��% (+� ��*�(�(� �$�%*�2��3��&, �� �.(� �! �(��$�*) ��(!$.���!�* !� ��$(����(��+, �( *�(( ��+*�!� !��� ��$(����2(��+� �.! ��$(����(��+ �( ��(!$.���!�* !� !�� ��% �# ��*�!�$) ( ��� �,
��% (� (.��$%���!� �� !.$� !� �!� �� &���$�*, �$�(!�!*� (�)(, ��(!$.���!�*&��%( �$� ��#�$��$ !� &��%( /�� � �$� ��!� &��% �� !���(�*"�( ��%
��(!$.���!�* !� (��� �!��$ &��%� ��� ��(! ��+*�!� 0�$ ��(! F��*, �$��(! +�$#� !1 &��% �( !��! /�� � �( ��! ��(!$.���!�* !� ��) �!��$ &��%,
��% �( &��% �� �!(�*#� . � �( ��++���((���� (��� #�**�/( #$�� !�� ��!��� �# D(�*#2(.#F ��� )E� ���( ��!���
/�( +�+.*�$ �� +��*�(�+�� �* %�( .((���( �# �$�(!�!*�E( !���� � �$%��&!� �$�(!�!*�E( .(� �# �! ��$�, (���!���& �( (�*#2(.#F ���! D/�� � �� �!(
'�
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�/� ��3�( *�#� /�$!�) �# ��� � ��% *� 3��& �� ��!���&E� ��++���((
%��( !��(� �! �( �*(� .���+$�"��*�@ �! ����! �� ��%� ��$� D/�$!�) �# ��� �E� �! �( ��+�$!��! !� $� �&��A� ��$� !��! �$�(!�!*� �( ��! (.&&�(!��&
!��! � *�#� �� �� ��++) ��*) �# �! �( �!(�*# .���+$�"��*�� ���! /�.*% ����(.$%, (�� � ��) �.��� *�#� �( �*/�)( *� 3��& (���!���& !�� �%%�!��� �#
/�� � /�.*% ��+$�"� �!� ��!��$, �$�(!�!*�E( +���! �( � �������� ��(!$���! �� ��) ������� �# ��++���((, !��! �! ��! �� ��+$�"��*� �)
!�� �%%�!��� �# (��� &��% /�� � �! ��( ���!!�%� ���+�$� ��$� !���$&.���! �# �*�!�E( ���!����% �++$�"��&*) �) �$�(!�!*� �� ��7, 5587�@ �#)�. *��� !��! ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� +*��(.$�, �.! � �+! !��! � *�#�
��!�����& +*��(.$� �� /�(%�� �( ��!!�$ !��� � *�#� ��!�����& �.(! !��+*��(.$�, )�.$ �� �+!��� ��( ���� (��/� !� �� *� 3��&�
���( ��!�$+$�!�!��� �# �$�(!�!*� �� ��++���(( ��( ��� !� �� 3��/� �(D�� *.(�"�(!E, #�$ !�� ��"��.( $��(�� !��! �! .�%�$(!��%( �$�(!�!*� !� ��
*�����& !��! ��) �� �+!��� �# ��++���(( �.(! �� *.%� �** &��%(��&���(! !��(, !�� D%������!E ��!�$+$�!�!��� ��( ���� �##�$�%, � �$%��&
!� /�� � �$�(!�!*� (��( ��++���(( �( !�� +$���$) �$ %������! &��%����& (�"�$�* �!��$(� ��� #�$ � �����% !�� %������! "��/ *��( ����*)�� !�� #� ! !��! �� ��8, 5588�, �$�(!�!*� �++��$( !� *��� !��! ��++���(( �(
!� �� �%��!�F�% /�!� �.(! ��� &��%, !��! �# +��*�(�+�� �* ��!��+*�!������$�, �� �� *.(�"�(! ��) (.&&�(! !��! �$�(!�!*�, ��"��& �$&.�% �� ��8,
5;=<�, !��! ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� !�� �'�$ �(� �# !�� "�$!.�(, ��"�( �� �����3 � !� ��(�%�$ /�� � �# !��(� "�$!.�( �( !�� ��(! ��+�$!��!� �! !��(
+���!, /� ��) /�(� !� �(3 �$�(!�!*� /�� � *�#� ��� (��.*% &� #�$, ��%/��!��$ �! ��&�! �� � �+!��*� !� ����! "� ��.( � !( (� �( !� #.$!��$
���E( ��!��+*�!��� 0!� 3�** � $� � �.�!, #�$ �'��+*�, (� �( !� (+��%���E( ����$�!�� � �� (!.%)��& +��*�(�+�) �! ����$�%&�1� ��$� /�
(��.*% $������$ �$�(!�!*�E( #$�-.��! $� �����%�!��� !��! /� ��! (��3&$��!�$ +$� �(��� �� �!�� ( !��� !�� (.��� !2��!!�$ +�$��!( 0(��, ��&�, ��6,5;=>�1, ��% ��( $����%��& .( �� ��<, 558<�, !��! ��++���(( �� �� #�.�%
�� �'�$ �(��& !�� ��$�* "�$!.�(� ���$� �( ��!���& �� �$�(!�!*�E( !�'! !�(.&&�(! !��! �� /�.*% �%"� �!� ����$�*�!) �� !�� +.$(.�! �# +��*�(�+�)�
��"��& �.!*���% !��( �� �+!.�* ��(!$���!, �$�(!�!*� !��� ��"�( !� ��(�%�$ !�� ��� C !�� ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!) C �# �.��� ����&(, �� !��
��+� !��! (��� *�&�! ��) �� (��% �� !�� ��!.$� �# �.��� ��++���((��
4��! ��3�( � G�.!�(! � G�.!�(!J ��( ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!), "�A�, +*�)��&
� '�� ����� *������ ! ��)! *��
&���������
'��
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
!�� G.!�� ��� &��% C !�� D� !��& /�**E C �# � G�.!�(! �(, �# �.$(�, !�
+�$#�$� !��! ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!) /�**� ��/ ��(�%�$ � �.��� ����&���( ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!) �( !�� �'�$ �(� �# $��(��@ !��! �( /��!, �$�(!�!*�
!���3(, ��3�( �.��� ����&( /��! !��) �$�� ��� &��% �# � �.��� ����&,!���, /�** �� �'�$ �(��& !��! �+� �!) /�**� �.! /��! �( �! !� %� !��!J ���
&��% �( � !��& /�**, ��% � !��& /�** �( � !��& �� � �$%�� � /�!� !��"�$!.�(� � �'�$ �(��& $�!����*�!) /�** /�** ��(�(! �� �'�$ �(��& $�!���2
�*�!) �� � !��& "�$!.�.(*)����( #���.( �$&.���! �# �$�(!�!*�E( C .(.�**) �**�% !�� D#.� !���
�$&.���!E C ��( ���� (.��� !�% !� �. � $�!� �(�� �� �.��� ����&(
��"� � (��&*� ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!)J �( $�!����*�!) ��! ��)/�) ��$� !�$2�(!� �# �!��$ ����&(, ����, !�� &�%(J 4�) �((.�� !��! !�� &��% #�$ �
�.��� ����& �( !�� (��� �( +�$#�$���& /�** !�� ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!) �#�.��� ����&(J 0�� �!��$ /�$%(, +�$��+( !�� 0��$�**)1 &��% �.��� *�#�
�( ��! !�� *�#� !��! �( �� #� ! ��(! #�$ ��, �� !�$�( �# �) �/� /�**2����&�14�) (��.*% �'�$ �(��& $�!����*�!) /�** ��! �� !� .(� $��(�� !� (��3 �)
�/� +*��(.$�, �$ ����.$, �$ +�/�$@ �( �$�(!�!*� ��! �.(! (�.&&*��& ��(�/� �� �+!��� �# ��++���(( ��!� !�� �$&.���!J
��� �# !��(� ���� !���( +$����*) $�(! �� .� ��$�!��*� ��!�$+$�!�!���(
�# !�� �$&.���!� ��% �! *��(! (��� �# !��� �� �� �"��%�% �# /� (���$�(!�!*�E( �� �+!��� �# ��++���(( �( $�(!��& ��! ��*) �� !�� #.� !���
�$&.���! �!(�*#, �.! �� ��( � �.�!( �# !�� ��%�"�%.�* "�$!.�( �� ���3(��C9� �# �.$(�, �! �( !�� (/�#! �# ��� !� �'+� ! .( �.(! !� � �+! !��!
�'�$ �(��& $�!����*�!) /�** �( �'�$ �(��& �! �� � �$%�� � /�!� !�� "�$!.�(��.! !�� %�!��*�% +�$!$��! �$�(!�!*� +���!( �# !�� "�$!.�.( *�#� C ��%
"� ��.( *�"�( C �� !�� *�!�$ ���3( �� �� (��� �( +$�"�%��& !�� ����(.++�$! #�$ ��( � �.�! �# ��++���((, �.(! �( �*�!�E( %�( $�+!���( �� !��
*������ �# !�� ��%�!���( �# !�� (�.*( �#, ��% !�� *�"�( �#, "�$!.�.( ��%"� ��.( +��+*� ��) �*(� �� (��� �( �%"�$!�(����!( #�$ !�� �!!$� !���( �#"�$!.��
���3 � *�(�( /�!� �� ��+�$!��! (�$��( �# %�( .((���( �� �$���&��++���(( ��% *. 3� �! �( �# �.$(� � +��*�(�+��$E( %$��� !� �� ��*� !�
+$�"�%� � $� �+� #�$ ��++���(( /�� � ��3�( �! ���.�� !� *. 3, ��% �!/�( ��� �# !�� ���� ��!�"�!���( �# �. � �� ���! +��*�(�+�) !� ��3�
!��! %$��� � $��*�!)� �$�(!�!*�, ��/�"�$, $� �&��A�( !��! �! *��(! !�$��3��%( �# ��!��&�� ) �� �##� ! ���E( ��++���((@ !�� �$ .�(!�� �( �#
���E( ��$!�, �"��!( %.$��& ���E( *�#�, ��% �"��!( �#!�$ ���E( *�#�� ��$��+(��$%�(! #�$ � ��%�$� !� � �+! �( !�� *�(!� ��� (��.*% $������$ F$(!
'���
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
!��! D��++���((E �( ��!, #�$ �$�(!�!*�, � (!�!� �# ���%, �.! $�!��$ /��!�"�$
�! �( !��! ��(!�!.!�( !�� &��% #�$ � �.��� ����&� � ��%*), �� (!$�((�(!��! �� � ����� *. 3 ����! (/��& !�� ��*�� �, %�+$�"��& �# ��++���((,
#�$ �'��+*�, � *�#� !��! /�.*% �!��$/�(� ��"� ���� ��++)� ����**), �! �(/�$!� ��!��& !��!, �� $�G� !��& .+�� ��/ /�** !�� *�#� �# (������ ��/
%��% /��!, /� %� �#!�� ��(�%�$, #�$ ��(!�� �, /��!��$ +$��� !( !� /�� �!��) %�"�!�% !��� ��"� ��� !� #$.�!����
9�$!.� ��% !�� ����
�! �( ��+�$!��! ��! !� *�(� (�&�! �# !�� �� *.(��� �# !�� ��� �$&.���!@�.��� ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� !�� �'�$ �(� �# !�� "�$!.�(� ���( ��( !��
$�%� �* ��+*� �!��� !��! � "� ��.( �$ ����$�* +�$(�� *�!�$�**) ��( ��!���&!� *�"� #�$, ��% ��%��% !��! !��) ��&�! �� ��(! �%"�(�% !� ����! (.� �%�
0(�� � "� ��.(��(( ��(!�!.!�( .���++���((1� 4��!, !���, %�% �$�(!�!*����� �) D"�$!.�EJ
$��3 .*!.$� /�( ��� �# �' �**�� �, �� !�� (��(� !��! )�.�& ���/�$� �� �.$�&�% !� ��+�!� /�!� ��� ���!��$ �� ���) (+��$�( �# *�#�,�� *.%��& �!�*�!� , ��!�**� !.�*, ��% ��(!��!� � !�"�!)� �! �( /�$!� $����2
��$��& !��! �� $��3 � ��$(� !��! $�� #�(! �.*% �� (��% !� ��"� � D"�$!.�E�$ �' �**�� �, �� (� #�$ �( �! +�$#�$��% /�** �!( ��$� !�$�(!� � !�"�!)�
�$�(!�!*�, ��/�"�$, �( (+��3��& ��! (� �. � �# +�)(� �* �' �**�� �( �("�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$ ��% �# !��.&�!� ��$�, �! �( ��+�$!��! !��! /� ��"�
(��� .�%�$(!��%��& �# !�� (�.* 0��56, 55;7�C55;6�1���� (�.* �� �� (��� �( ��+�$!�!�, /�!� � $�!����* ��% � ���2$�!����*
+�$!� ��� $�!����* +�$! �( !�� (�.$ � �# !�� ��!�**� !.�* "�$!.�(, !�� ��(!��+�$!��! �# /�� � �� ���� !��� /�!� �!�� ( �( +$� !� �* /�(%��� 4�
��) (.�%�"�%� !�� ���2$�!����* +�$!, ��� �# �!( (.�2+�$!( ����& �� �$��%��$�*) /�!� �.!$�!��� ��% (� ��� ��� �!��$ +�$! ��( ��$� �� �����/�!� $��(��, ��% �( �+��*� ��!� �# �++�(��& �! 0�� !�� �(� �# � /��32
/�**�% +�$(��, #�$ ��(!�� �1 ��% �# ���)��& �!� ��� "�$!.�( �# !��( (� ��%(.�2+�$! �$� !�� "�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$@ �.$�&�, &���$�(�!), ��% (� ���
��!�**� !.�* "�$!.� �( � -.�$�% +$���$�*) !�$�.&� !�� ���&, /��*� !��"�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$ �$�(� !�$�.&� ����!� ������ ��&�! +�((�(( �.!2
(!��%��& ��!����!� �* ���*�!) #$�� � "�$) )�.�& �&�, �.! %�"�*�+��&"�$!.� �# ��$� !�$ �( ��$� *�3� *��$���& � (3�**, (. � �( �$+��!$)�
��$#�$���& �.(! � !���(, &���$�.( � !���(, ��% (� ��, /�** *��% ��� !�%�"�*�+ !�� �$$�(+��%��& ��$� !�$� ��$�, (������ ��&�! �(3@ D .$�*),
&���������
'�"
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
(������ /�� �( +�$#�$���& �.(! � !���( �( ������ �.(!JE �$�(!�!*�
$�(�*"�( !��( +.AA*� �) +���!��& �.! !��! �# �� �&��! �( "�$!.�.( �� /�**+�$#�$� "�$!.�.( � !���( �� !�� �$$� ! /�)@ 3��/��& /��! �� �( %���&,
���(��& !��� #�$ !���$ �/� (�3�, ��% %���& !��� #$�� � /�**2&$�.�%�%%�(+�(�!��� 0���>, 55;?�1�
��� (� ��% ��%�!��� +$�"�%�( � *��3 ��!/��� �$�(!�!*�E( "��/ ��%!��! �# !�� �$��� +��*�(�+��$ �����.�* ���! 0587>C5<;>1� � 2
�$%��& !� ���!, �� ��( '����%��� �� �� (����� �� �� (���� , ��$�*/�$!� �!!� ��( !� �� � !��� ��*) !� !�� �'!��! !��! �! �( ��!�"�!�% �)$�(+� ! #�$ !�� ��$�* *�/� ��� ��"� !�3�� �' �+!��� !� !��( *���,
(.&&�(!��& ��! ��*) !��! ��$�* /�$!� �� *�� �� �!��$ ��!�"�!���(, (. ��( *�"�, �.! !��! +.$� $�(+� ! #�$ %.!) �( �!(�*# (���!���( �.! �# +*� ��
�$�(!�!*� ��$� !�**( .( !��! � "�$!.�.( +�$(�� /�** ���(� "�$!.�.( � !���(#�$ !���$ �/� (�3�� *(�/��$�, �� (�)( !��! �� /�** ���(� !��� #�$ !��
(�3� �# D!�� ���*�E, ��% /� �� +*�.(��*) (�� ���(��& �� � !��� #�$ �!(�/� (�3� �( �-.�"�*��! !� ���(��& �! #�$ !�� (�3� �# !�� ���*�� �&���, �(
/�!� ���!, !��$� �( �� $�#�$�� � !� *�"� �# �!��$(� �.! /� (��.*% ��!#�$&�! �$�(!�!*�E( � �.�! �# #$���%(��+, /�� � %��( �**�/ #�$ !�� �� �$� ��� +�$(�� ��) ��"� #�$ ���!��$ 0(�� ��*�/1�
9�$!.�(, !���, �$� %�(+�(�!���( ��&��%�$�% �� .( !�$�.&� +$� !� � �$����!.�!���� ��� ��!���( �# �' �(( ��% %�F ��� ), /�� � +*�) (. � ��
��+�$!��! +�$! �� �$�(!�!*�E( � �.�! �# !�� "�$!.�(, �$� F$(! ��!$�%. �%�� ���� !��� /�!� !�� ��!��� �# ����!.�!��� 0���7, 55;>�1� �� !�� �(� �#
���*!�) ��!��&, #�$ �'��+*�, &�!!��& ��!� !�� ����! �# ��!��& !�� �. � �$�# ��!��& !�� *�!!*� /�** $.�� ���E( ���*!�� �$�(!�!*� ��+�$�( (������
/�� �( �#$��% �# �"�$)!���& !� (������ /�� �( �#$��% �# ��!���&, ��% !��(3��% �# ��+�$�(�� ��( *�% (��� �����!�!�$( !� !���3 �� �( �##�$��&
.( � -.��!�!�!�"� � �.�!, � �$%��& !� /�� � "�$!.� �( !� �� �+!.$�% ��,#�$ �'��+*�, ����& �#$��% �# � ��%%*��& �.���$ �# !���&(� �.! �$�(!�!*�E(!���3��& �( *��$*) +$�( $�+!�"� �$ ��$��!�"�@ !�� �$�"� +�$(�� �( !�� ���
/�� (!��%( F$� �&���(! !�$$�#)��& (�!.�!���(, /��� �� (��.*%, #�$ !��$�&�! $��(��(, ��% (� ���
4� (��.*% ���$ !��( �� ���% �*(� /��� (��3��& !� .�%�$(!��% !����!��� !��!, �� !�� �(� �# "�$!.�, !�� $�*�"��! ���� �( $�*�!�"� !� .(�
��� ��"� ���� !��+!�% !� !���3 !��! �$�(!�!*� �( ��$� �**�/��& !�� ��$� !�$ /� �*$��%) ��"� !� ��G.�� � /��! "�$!.� $�-.�$�( �# .(� �# � ��
� ��&�*) �$�( ��*� +�$(��, #�$ ��(!�� �, !�� ���� $�*�!�"� !� ��, /���)�. �$� (*�&�!*) *�!� #�$ �� .���+�$!��! ���!��& /�!� ��, ��&�! ��
'"
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��$�*) !� �.$* � ���3 �� )�.$ %�$� !���, �� � !��� �� ��!/��� &*�/�$��&
�! )�. ��% +�)(� �**) �((�.*!��& )�., ��!� �# /�� � � ��"� ���� 3��/�!� %� �� (���*�$ (�!.�!���(� �.! !��( ����! �� !�� �$$� ! ��!�$+$�!�!���
�# �$�(!�!*�, (�� � !�� $�&�! � !��� �� ��) (�!.�!��� �( !��! /�� � !��"�$!.�.( +�$(�� /�.*% %�� 4��! �$�(!�!*� ����( �( !��! /��! �( ��$�**)
$�-.�$�% �( /��! !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(�� /�.*% %� �� �.$ �$ .�(!�� �( C �#��, #�$ �'��+*�, /�( �( $� � �( /� /�$�, (�� � /��! �( &���$�.( �� ��)
�(� %�+��%( �� !�� $�(�.$ �( ��� +�((�((�( 0�9�5, 557;�1�4��!, !���, �( !�� D%� !$��� �# !�� ����EJ �� ���:, 55;:�, �$�(!�!*� (�)(
!��! /� �� #��* #��$, #�$ �'��+*�, ��!��$ !�� �. � �$ !�� *�!!*�, �.! !��!
��"��& #��$ �! !�� $�&�! !���, �# !�� $�&�! !���&(, ��% (� �� �( D!�� ������% ��(!E� �.! ��/ �$� /� !� .�%�$(!��% #��*��& #��$ �! !�� $�&�! !��� �(
�� � ����J �&��� /� ��"� !� $������$ !�� ��$��!�"� ��!.$� �# !��%� !$���� �� ��� (��.*% �� #��$*�((, (�� � !��$� �$� (��� !���&( ���
(��.*% #��$� ��3�/�(�, !��$� �$� !���&( ��� (��.*% ��! #��$� ���$� �$�,!���, !/� %�$� !���( �� /�� � /� ��) &� /$��&@ #��*��& #��$ �! !�� $�&�!
!��� �( �� ��!/��� ��! #��*��& #��$ �! !�� $�&�! !���, ��% #��*��& #��$ �!!�� /$��& !����
���( ���*)(�( ��*+( .( !� (�� ��/ !�� %� !$��� �# !�� ���� /�$3( /�!�
� !���(� ���$�(�!), #�$ �'��+*�, ��"�*"�( &�"��& �/�) ����) �! !��$�&�! !���, ��% !� !�� $�&�! +��+*�, ��% ��� ��) #��* !� *�"� .+ !� �!(
$�-.�$����!( ��!� �) #��*��& !� &�"� �/�) ����) /��� ��� (��.*%0/�� � �( (!��&���((1 ��% &�"��& �/�) ����) /��� ��� (��.*% ��!
0/�� � �( /�(!�#.*��((1� 4� �� �*(� (�� ��/ ���E( ��$� !�$ ��) ��(�(!+�$!*) �� !/� D�++�(�!�E "� �(, ��% �$�(!�!*� �'+*� �!*) (�)( 0�9�5,
5575�C�1 !��! (��� �# !�� ��$� !�$�(!� ( �# /�(!�#.*��(( 0(. � �((+��%��& ����) /��� ��� (��.*% ��!1 �$� �����*) #�.�% /�!�
�$!��� ��$� !�$�(!� ( �# (!��&���(( 0(. � �( !�3��& ����) #$�� !��/$��& (�.$ �(1� �$�(!�!*�E( %� !$��� �( !��$�#�$� ��! ��� �# ��%�$�!���� ���!���(, #�$ �'��+*�, ��� /�** �� $�-.�$�% !� �� "�$) ��&$), ��%
(���!���( !� &�"� �/�) ��*) � !��) ���.�! �# ����)� �! %�+��%( �� !�� �$ .�(!�� �(, ��% ��%�$�!��� ��( ��!���& �� �!(�*# !� �� (��% #�$ �!�
��� %� !$��� �# !�� ���� /�$3( /��� /� ��"� � (��&*� ��$�**)��.!$�* � !��� �$ #��*��& !��! �! �( +�((��*� !� %� �$ #��* �! !�� $�&�! !���,
#��* !� %� �$ #��* �! !�� $�&�! !���, ��% %� �$ #��* �! !�� /$��& !���� �! �(��! (.$+$�(��&, !��$�#�$�, !��! �$�(!�!*� $.�( ��!� !$�.�*� /�!� �.$�&�
�) �� *.%��& ��!� #��*��& #��$ ��% �((�((��& +$�����*�!��( /�!��� �!($���!� ��3�/�(�, �++$�+$��!� ��%�&��!��� ����! �� � ���� ��!/���
&���������
'"�
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��!� ��") ��% (+�!�, (�� � !��(� !/� "� �( �� �$� %�##�$��! !���&(, "�A�,
+��� �! �!��$(E %���& /�** ��% +*��(.$� �! !���$ %���& ��%*)� ��% !��$��$� �$!���*) +$��*��( /�!� �.(!� �, /�� � /� (��** ��(�%�$ ��*�/� �.!
!�� %� !$��� $�(!( �� �� ��+�$!��! ��(�&�!@ !��$� �$� (+��$�( �# �.���� !��� ��% #��*��&, ��% "�$!.� ��(�(!( �� (. �(( /�!��� !��(� (+��$�(�
�! ��( ���� *����% �) (��� !��! !�� %� !$��� �( ��+!), ��% �$�(!�!*����(�*# �++��$( !� ��"� �� !�� %�$� !��� �# (�)��& !��( �� 9��5, 556<�@
�) !�**��& )�. !� +�$#�$� !�� ���� � !��� �( *�3� �) !�**��& )�., /���)�. �$� �**, !� !�3� !�� ��%� ���( !�� %� !�$ /�.*% +$�( $���� �.!�$�(!�!*� %��( .(� !�� %� !$��� !� �##�$ �%"� � �� ���=, 55;=�C�@ )�.
(��.*%, #�$ ��(!�� �, !�3� �$� !� �"��% !�� �'!$��� !� /�� � )�. �$���(! !��+!�% 0�# )�. �$� � ��! (!��&), %� /��! (���( !� )�. (���/��!
�'!$�"�&��!, ��% )�. /�** ��% .+ *�(�$ !� &�!!��& �! $�&�!1� ��3�� �� �!(�/�, !�� %� !$��� /�.*% �� +$�!!) .(�*�((� �.! ������% /�!� DF$(!
+$�� �+*�(E 0��8, 5;=<�1, ����, ��(� �!�� �* ��*��#(, �! �� ��*+ ��� !� �((�((���E( �/� ��$� !�$ ��% %�$� ! �!( #�$��!����
�� $� ��! )��$(, !��$� ��( ���� � $�"�"�* �# ��!�$�(! �� !�� "�$!.�(, ��%�� !�� �!�� ( �# "�$!.�� ���( $�"�"�* ��&�� /�!� �� �$!� *� �# � � ����( ����E(, �� /�� � (�� $� �����%�% %$�++��& !�� ��%�$� *��&.�&�
�# D��*�&�!���E, /�!� �!( ����!�!���( �# � %�"��� *�/&�"�$ /��(� �'2�(!�� � �( �� *��&�$ /�%�*) � �+!�%, ��% (��3��& �� .�%�$(!��%��& �#
�.��� +() ��*�&) �( � +�((��*� &$�.�%��& �# �� �!�� ( �# "�$!.���
��� !/� ���� ��%�$� ��+�!�!�$( !� "�$!.� �!�� ( �$� .!�*�!�$����(�
��% ���!����(�� �! �( ��+�$!��! !� $� �&��A� !��! !��(� !�$�� !���$��(��) *�$&�*) ��"�$&� �� !���$ +$� !� �* �� *.(���(� ���) ��) �**, #�$
��(!�� �, $� �����% !��! ��� �� &���$�.(, �$ �.(!� �.! !�� $��(��( !��!!�� !���$��( �##�$ %�##�$ &$��!*)� � �$%��& !� .!�*�!�$����(�, /��! ��3�(
� !���( $�&�! �( !���$ +$�%. ��& !�� *�$&�(! ���.�! �# /�**2����& �"�$�**�� �$%��& !� ���!����(�, /��! ��3�( � !���( $�&�! �( !���$ ����& ��� �$%�� � /�!� !�� *�/ �# $��(��� 4� ��&�! .�%�$(!��% �$�(!�!*�, ��%
� +.$� "�$!.� �!�� (, �( *�����& !��! /��! ��3�( � !���( $�&�! �( !���$����& "�$!.�.(�
���$� �$� %�##�$�� �( ��!/��� �$�(!�!*� ��% ��%�$� /$�!�$( �� !��"�$!.�(� ��� "�$!.� �# 3��%��(( �$ ����F �� �, #�$ �'��+*�, �( �*��(!
��!�$�*) ��(��! #$�� �$�(!�!*�E( � �.�!, !��.&� �� %��( �**�/ !��!�.��� ����&( %� #��* (��� ����� ���%( /�!� ��� ���!��$ �� !��
� +� ,� -� .�"�/0� 1-����� -���� �2�����2�3 ����� ���� !! ��� ��4 ����� �� &� '��� ���-� 5���� ����� +���� ����� �� ����� � ���� ��������� ��� ���#��
'"��
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��(�( �# !���$ (��$�% �.����!) 09����5, 55??�1� ��% !�� $�/� �# !��
"�$!.�( #�$ �$�(!�!*� �( � %�(!�� !*) .���%�$� ��% +$�2��$�(!��� %�(+�(�2!���, &$��!��(( �# (�.* 0�9�61, /�� � ��(�(!( �� !���3��& ���(�*# /�$!�)
�# &$��! !���&( ��% ����& �� �$��% �*��(! ��!�$�*) /�!� ����.$� ���&$��!2(�.*�% +�$(�� �( .�*�3�*) !� (!�$ ���(�*# !� ��*+ !�� ".*��$��*��
�$�(!�!*�E( %�( .((���( ��) �� !��.*�!�% �( #�**�/(@
+���� ���� �� �� �� � ����.$�&� ���$ ��% ��F%�� � ����:C=���+�$�� � ��%�*) +*��(.$� ��% +��� ����5;C57
���$�(�!) �"��& ��% $�!�����& ����) �9�5��&��F �� � �"��& ��% $�!�����& ����) �� �9�7
� *�$&� ( �*�$��!��(( �# (�.* ����.$ �� � *�$&� ( �*� �9�6
L����*�((M ����.$ �� � (��** ( �*� �9�>"�� !��+�$ ��&�$ �9�?
�$���%*���(( � ��* $�*�!���( �9�:�$.!�#.*��(( ����(!) ���.! ���(�*# �9�84�! ���"�$(�!��� �9�<
H.(!� � ��(!$��.!��� 9
�$���%(��+ ��$(���* $�*�!���( 9���C��
�$�(!�!*� �*(� �$��G) %�( .((�( (����, /�� � �� (�)( �( ��! $��**) �
"�$!.�, ��% �++$�+$��!� ��%�&��!�������!��$ %�##�$�� � ��!/��� �$�(!�!*� ��% ��%�$� !���$�(!( �# !��
"�$!.�( �( ��( ���� !�"� ��!��� �# ��++���((� ��� �%�� !��! !��$� �( (���.��"�$(�* � �.�! �# /�**2����&, �(+� ��**) ��� &$�.�%�% �� �.���
��!.$�, �( %����% �) ��(! ��+�$!��! ��%�$� /$�!�$( /�� �!��$/�(� (��!���(�*"�( �( $�!.$���& !� �$�(!�!*�� ��3�/�(�, ���� �# !��� &��( �( #�$�( !� �%��!�#) ��++���(( /�!� !�� �'�$ �(� �# !�� "�$!.�(�
�! �( �*(� ��+�$!��! !� $������$ !�� ��!�'! �� /�� � �$�(!�!*� ��+�(�% ��( *� !.$�(� �� /�( /$�!��& !/� ��% � ��*# ��**����� �&�, #�$
���*���� �� � �!)2(!�!� �# !��( �# !��.(��%(� �� ��*��"�% (. � � �!) !��� !�� ��(! #�$� �# �.��� (� ��!), ��% ��&�! /�** ��"� !��.&�! �!
��(.$% �"�� !� �!!��+! �$$)��& � $�(( ��( �� *.(���( ���.! ��++���((�� (. � � +�*�!) !� /��! �� /�.*% ��"� (��� �( ��&�*) %�&���$�!� ��!���2
(!�!�(� �! �( ��!, �� �!��$ /�$%(, � &��% �%�� !� *��� �$�(!�!*� �( �� �**)�� � ��%�$� %���!� !�� "�$) �((.�+!���( �# /�� � �� ��&�! ��"�
&���������
'"���
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
-.�(!����%� ��!��$, �� (��.*% �� $��%, �$�#.**) ��% (��(�!�"�*), /�!� ��
.�%�$(!��%��& �# ��(!�$� �*, (� ��*, ��% +�*�!� �* ��!�'!, �( ��� �# !����(! (�.$ �( �# ��(�&�! ��!� !�� �.��� �!�� �* ��%�!��� �"��*��*� !� .(�
9�*.�!�$���(( ��% $�(+��(���*�!)
���.&� !�� ����� #�$�( (�+�$�!� ���3(, !�� !����( �# !�� ���3( �$�
*�(�*) ���� !�%� 4� ��"� �*$��%) (��� !��! �$�(!�!*� �%��!�F�( ��++�2��(( /�!� "�$!.�.( � !�"�!)� �� $� �&��A�( ��'! !��! "�$!.�.( � !���( �$�+$��(�%, ��% "� ��.( � !���( �*���%, ��*) /��� !��) �$� "�*.�!�$)� �
!�� %�( .((��� �# "�*.�!�$���(( �� ����5C? (��.*% ��! �� (��� �( � &���$�*%�(-.�(�!��� �� #$�� /�**� 4� (��.*% �*(� $������$ �$�(!�!*�E( �.%��� �,
���) �# /��� ��&�! ��"� ��+�% #�$ �$��$( �� *�&�(*�!���� ��$ !���,�$�(!�!*� !��.&�!, �! /�( ��+�$!��! !� .�%�$(!��% /��! �(, ��% /��! �(
��!, !� �� $�/�$%�% ��% +.��(��%��$�(!�!*� ��&��( �) �%��!�#)��& !/� �' .(��& ��%�!���(, �&��$�� �
��% #�$ �, /�� � ��"� $������% ��!$�* �� +��*�(�+�� �* ��% *�&�*� �.�!( �# $�(+��(���*�!) 0����5, 555;�C�1� ��$� �� /�( ���(�*# ��G.2�� �% �) !�� �!������ *�&�* ()(!�� �*$��%) �� �+�$�!���� �� � �(� �#
#�$ �, !�� DF$(! +$�� �+*�E �$ (�.$ � �# !�� � !��� �( �'!�$��* !� !�� �&��!���.(, � ��&�! (�) !��! � �� &���& !� &)+!, �"�� /��� ����& �$$��%
!��$� �&���(! �) /�** �) !�� /��%� �� ��"��.( -.�(!��� ��$� �( /��!��$!��( � �.�! �# #�$ � �( !�� ��$$�/, ��% /��!��$ !��$� ��) ��! �� �(�(
�# ����$ ��+.*(���� �! �( +�$!*) $�G� !��& .+�� !��( -.�(!��� !��! *��%(�$�(!�!*� ��!� � %�( .((��� �# /��! �� �**( D��'�% � !���(E� �� �'��+*�
�( � �+!���E( !�$�/��& �$&� �"�$���$% !� (!�+ ��( (��+ &���& %�/�@ ����&�! /�** *���, �� ��!�&�!���, !��! �� ��% �� ��� �� �$�(!�!*� ��$�
(!� 3( !� ��( &.�(� ��� (�.$ � �# !�� � !��� �( ��!�$��*, ��% (� �! �("�*.�!�$)� �.! �� %��( �**�/ !��! �� � (��(� (. � � !���( �$�, .�%�$(!��%D/�!��.! -.�*�F �!���E, ��"�*.�!�$)@ !��) �$� !�� (�$!( �# !���& �� ���
/�.*% ���(� "�*.�!�$�*) �� !���(�*"�(� ���( �( $��**) � ��/ (��(� �#��"�*.�!�$���((, �.! �� ��#.(��� ���% �$�(� �# /� !�3� �$�(!�!*� !� ��
(�)��& ��$�*) !��! !�$�/��& �$&� �"�$���$% �( ��! !�� (�$! �# !���& !��!(������ ���(�( �� �!(�*#� �� %��(, ��/�"�$, &� �� !� (�#!�� !�� #�$ �
$�!�$��� � *�!!*�@ !��$� �$� (��� !���&( !��! �$� !�� �. � #�$ � �.�������&, (. � �( (�"�$� !�$!.$�, /��$� +�$%�� $�!��$ !��� �*��� �( �**�%
#�$���(�%�( "�*.�!�$���(( ��% ��"�*.�!�$���((, �$�(!�!*� (.&&�(!( � !��$%
'�'
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�!�&�$)@ !�� ���2"�*.�!�$)� ���&��� !��! � F��(� /�!� !�� �$.(� � ��
.(��& !� +���! �� .+(!��$( /��%�/ #$���, ��% %$�+ �! !� !�� &$�.�%��*�/� B���3��/�(! !� ��, �) ���&���.$ �( +�((��& �! !�� !���, ��%
!�� �$.(� *��%( (-.�$�*) �� ��$ ���%� ��$�, /� ��&�! ��"� �'+� !�% �)�&��$�� � !� �.(� �) � !��� !� �� ��"�*.�!�$), �.! �$�(!�!*� *���( !��!,
�# � %� ��! $�&$�! �) � !���, !��� �! �( ���2"�*.�!�$), ��! ��"�*.�!�$)����( %�(!�� !��� ��) +�$��+( �$�(� �.! �# �$�(!�!*�E( �� �$� /�!� +$��(�
��% �*���, #�$ �# � �� ��! (�$$) #�$ /��! � %�%, !��$� ��) �� (��% !� �� � �(� #�$ �*����& �� 0�"�� �# �! �( !$.� !��! � /�.*% ��! ��"� %��� /��! �%�% ��% � 3��/� �# �) ���&���.$E( +$�(�� �1�
�.$!��$ $�G� !��� �� �&��$�� � ��% $�(+��(���*�!) *��%( �$�(!�!*� !�#.$!��$ $�F�����!� ���$� �( � %�(!�� !��� ��!/��� � !��& �� �&��$�� �
��% � !��& !�$�.&� �&��$�� �� � %$.�3 � !( ��$�*) �� �&��$�� �, ��% ���( $�(+��(��*� ��! ��*) #�$ &�!!��& ���(�*# ��!� !��! (!�!� �.! #�$ /��! ��
%��( /��*� �� �!� �.$!��$, �! �( ��*) �&��$�� � �# +�$!� .*�$ �$ .�(!�� �(��% ��! �# ��$�* +$�� �+*�( !���(�*"�( /�� � �� �' .(��
�$�(!�!*�E( ��!$�* ��!�$�(! �� "�$!.� �*(� %$�"�( ��( �$&.���! �� *�!�$ ��+!�$( �# ���3 ���� ��!����* ��� � ��% %�*���$�!��� �$� %�( .((�% ������7C6 �� �.(� !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(�� �( !�� ��� /�� %�*���$�!�( ��%
$�!����**) ���(�( �$$� !*)� �( �#!��, �$�(!�!*� ��&��( �) !�**��& .( /��!!�� ���� ! �# ��( ��-.�$) �( ��!@ $�!����* ��� � �( ��! �++�!�!�, (+�$�!,
/�(�, �$ ��*��#� �! ��"�*"�( %�*���$�!���, !�� (+��$� �# /�� � �( /��! �(D.+ !� .(E, ��% /� $�!����**) ���(� !� %� /��! /� ��"� �.%&�% !� ��
$�&�! �( !�� $�(.*! �# %�*���$�!���� � $�!����* ��� � �( %�*���$�!�"�%�(�$�, ��% �( !�� +���! �! /�� � !�� !��.&�! �# !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(��
���$&�( �� !�� /�$*% �� ��( � !���(��� ����?, �� ��+�$!��! ��+!�$, �$�(!�!*� ��&��( �) $�+��!��& !��!
"�$!.�.( ��% "� ��.( � !���( �$� .+ !� .(, ��% (.&&�(!��& !��! !��$�#�$�!�� � $�!� "��/ !��! �� ��� �( /�**��&*) ��% �.(! �� $��� !�%��$�(!�!*� ���&���( (������E( ���� !��& !��! � "� ��.( +�$(��E( ��$2
� !�$ ��� ��� � ! /$��&*), (� !��! �� ����! �� ��*% $�(+��(��*���$�(!�!*� $�(+��%( !��! (. � � +�$(�� �( ���(�*# $�(+��(��*� #�$ ��"��&
!��! ��$� !�$� �# (������ �( .��.(!, �� ��( �� ��� .��.(! !�$�.&�+�$#�$���& .��.(! � !���(, /�� � �! !�� !��� �� �.(! ��"� 3��/�
/�.*% *��% !� ��( %�"�*�+��& �� .��.(! ��$� !�$� �� .��.(! +�$(�� �(*�3� (������ /�� ��( �� ��� �** �) �&��$��& ��( �$ ��$ %� !�$E(
�%"� ���$�(!�!*� �.$�&��.(*) ��!��.�( !� #� � .+ !� !�� ���� !�$, /�� ��
&���������
''
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��/ ���&���( *�����& !��! !�� ��% /� ��� �! �� �.$ � !���( �( ��!.$�*,
��% (� ��"�$ (���!���& #�$ /�� � ��) "� ��.( +�$(�� �.*% �� ��*%$�(+��(��*� �! ��) !���� ����& �$�(!�!*�E( $�(+��(�( �( !�� (.&&�(!���
!��! /��! � +�$(�� +.$(.�( �� !���$ � !���( �( �! *��(! +�$!*) .+ !� !�������( $�(+��(� (!$�3�( ���) +��+*� �( +*�.(��*�� �*!��.&� �$�(!�!*� %��(
��! �'+*� �!*) �**�/ #�$ .�.(.�* �(�(, (. � �( �$���/�(���& �$ #.**)%�!�$����(!� &���!� +$�+��(�!��(, ��( � �.�! ��3�( &��% (��(� �# !��
�"�$)%�) �((.�+!���( !��! .�%�$*�� �.$ �( $�+!���( �# $�(+��(���*�!) ��!�� �.$!( ��% �� �$%���$) *�#��
�� ��3�( �� $��� #�$ ��$�* *. 3� ��� "�$!.�.( +�$(�� %�(�$"�(
+$��(�, �"�� �#, �( �! ��++���%, �! /�( ��() #�$ ��� !� �� ��� "�$!.�.(,(�� �, +�$��+(, �� /�( �$�.&�! .+ �� � +$�(+�$�.( ��.(���*%, &�"�� �
(�*�% �%. �!���, ��% (.$$�.�%�% �) �!!$� !�"� $�*�2��%�*(� ��3�/�(�,!�� "� ��.( +�$(�� �( !� �� �*���% �"�� �# �! /�.*% �� #� ! ��"� ����
-.�!� ��$% #�$ ��� !� �� "�$!.�.(� �$�(!�!*�E( �� �$� �( ��! !�� ��%�$�,���!2��(+�$�%, ��� �# �/�$%��& ��$�* $�(+��(���*�!) (�*�*) �� +$�+�$!���
!� /��! !�� �&��! �( (�*�*) ��% .*!���!�*) $�(+��(��*� #�$ 0�# ��%��% !��$��( (. � � !���&1, �.! �# +$��(��& ��% �*����& +��+*� #�$ /��! !��)"�*.�!�$�*) %��
H.(!� �
��� (.��� ! �# �*�!�E( *������ �( /��! �� $��3 �( �**�% ������ �,����( /�$% �( .(.�**) !$��(*�!�% D�.(!� �E, �.! �� � $� ��! !$��(*�!��� !��/�$% D��$�*�!)E �( .(�%�� ���( ��� � $�G� !( �� ����&.�!) �� !�� $��3,
�!(�*# ��+*� �! �� �$�(!�!*�E( %�(!�� !��� ��!/��� &���$�* ��% +�$!� .*�$�.(!� � �� !�� F$(! !/� ��+!�$( �# ���3 9�
�$�(!�!*� .(�( !�� ��!��� �# &���$�* �.(!� � !� !�3� �� ��&*�, �$ $�!��$(�"�$�* ��&*�(, �� "�$!.� �( � /��*�� �� F$(! %�(!��&.�(��( "�$!.� �(�'�$ �(�% �� $�*�!��� !� ���(�*# C !��+�$�� �, #�$ �'��+*� C #$�� "�$!.�
�'�$ �(�% �� $�*�!��� !� �!��$(� ��� +�$(�� /�!� &���$�* �.(!� � ��( ��!���� �*(� �'�$ �(�( ��!�, ��% (� &���$�* �.(!� � /�** �� � -.�*�!) #�.�%
��*) /�!��� � ���.��!) �� /�� � !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(�� �� F�% +��+*�!� (�$"� �( ���� !( �# ��( "�$!.�.( � !���(� �! �( ��+*�!��
�$�(!�!*� !��( !��( �� �+!��� �# ��+*�!� "�$!.� !� !�� *�/, ��(!��.&�! ����& !��! !�� *�/ 0�%��**) (+��3��&1 ���( .*!���!�*) �! !��
� ����� *������ ����� &� $����6��� �� ����� � ���� ��������� ��� ������
''�
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��(!��!��!��� �# �** !�� "�$!.�( �� !�� �!�A��( �! &�"�$�(� � /��! �(
&���$�**) �.(! �( /��! �( *�/#.*� �� �.(� �$�(!�!*� �( !���3��& �# !�� *�/�� �� �%��* (��(� 0!��.&� �! ��( !� �� �%��!!�% !��! �� %��( ��! (�) !��(
�'+*� �!*)1, �� ����! �� � .(�% +*�.(��*) �# ��*%��& !��! /��!�"�$ !��*�/ +$�( $���( /�!��� ��) �.$�(%� !��� �( /��! �( "�$!.�.( !��$�� �$�(!�!*�
�(, �( /� ��"� (���, �� �!�� �* ���� !�"�(!, ��% �� /�( +�$#� !*) �/�$� �#!�� +�((���*�!) �# ��% *�/(� ��"�$!��*�((, �� %��( �'!��% !�� ��.�%�$��(
�# *�&�* �� �$� !�� /�%�*)� ��� *�/ ����! +*�.(��*) �� (��% !� �������& �! �� .* �!��& "�$!.�( (. � �( &���$�(�!) �$ /�! �� �!( �!�A��(,�!��$ !��� ��&�*) ��%�$� !*)� ��$�, ��/�"�$, /� �.(! #� � .+ !� !��
+�((���*�!) !��! �$�(!�!*� ��) ��"� !��.&�! !��! !�� *�/ (��.*% �� �$��!(�*# /�!� (. � �((.�(, � +�((���*�!) !��! (���( ��! .�*�3�*) �� !�� *�&�!
�# ��( ��!�.(��(� �! !�� ��% �# !�� ������� #�$ %�!��*�% *�&�(*�!��� �� �$���& !�� +*�)��& �# G.!�(�
��$!� .*�$ �.(!� � �( ���!��$ ��%�"�%.�* "�$!.�, !� �� (�! �*��&(�%� �"��!��+�$, &���$�(�!), �.$�&�, ��% (� ��, �( +�$! �# &���$�* �.(!� �� ���
%� !$��� �# !�� ���� $�-.�$�( �$�(!�!*� !� F�% � (+� ��* #��*��& �$ � !���!� ��$� !�$�A� �!, ��% �� ���(�( &$��% 09�7, 556;�1� ��( *��� �# !��.&�!�( *��$ ���.&�@ !�� .��.(! +�$(�� /�** &�"� ���(�*# ��$� !��� ��( #��$
(��$�, /�� � �( /��! !�� &$��%) +�$(�� %��(� �.! /��! �( !�� #��*��& �#/�� � &$��% �( !�� �' �((J ��� $�&�! �� �$� #�$ ���E( �/� $�&�!( �$
+$�+�$!)J �.! !��� /��! �( !�� %�F ��� )J �� .�/�**��&��(( !� �'�$!���E( $�&�!( �( ��! ��) 3��% �# ���.(!� �� �$�(!�!*�E( +$��*�� �( !��! !��$�
(���( !� �� �� ��!$�* #��*��& �$ � !��� �� !�� �(� �# �.(!� �� �! �( �-.�*�!) �++*��% +$���$�*) !� �.! ���( �$ (!�!�( �# �##��$(, ��% � !���(
��% ��$� !�$( �$� !��� ��$� !�$�A�% �( �.(! �$ .��.(! �� !�� ��(�( �#/��!��$ !��) �$��& ���.!, �$ %����(!$�!� � +$�+�$ �� �$� #�$, (. �
�.! ���(� �$�(!�!*� (��( !��(@ ��( ��G.��!��* %�( .((��� �# �.(!� � �� ���39 �( *�$&�*) � %�( .((��� �# (. � �.! ���( ��% (!�!�( �# �##��$(, ��% ��!D!�� �.(! +�$(��E� �! �( ��*) /��� �$�(!�!*� (��3( !� #�$ � �.(!� � ��!� !��
��.*% �# !�� %� !$��� �# !�� ���� !��! �� &��( /$��&��� ��( ���!��$ �!!��+! �� ��( %�( .((��� �# %�(!$��.!�"� �.(!� � 09�6,
5565�1, (!$�! ���& !�� %� !$��� �# !�� ���� �) �$��&��& �� !�� ��!��� �#/��! �( �-.�* �( !�� ����� �&���, !��( �( ��! /��! /� ��"� �� !�� �(� �#
!�� �!��$ "�$!.�(@ � ��$� !�$�(!� #��*��& �$ � !���� �� 9�8, 556>�, ��#� .(�( �� !�� %�(!�� !��� ��!/��� D!�� �. �E ��% D!�� *�!!*�E, ��!��&
!��! D��"��& !�� �. �E ��) ��(!�!.!� %���& ���.(!� �, ��% D��"��& !��*�!!*�E ��) ��(!�!.!� (.##�$��& �!� H.(!� � �( !��� (��% !� �� � ����
&���������
''��
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��!/��� %���& ���.(!� � ��% (.##�$��& �!� �.! �( �$�(!�!*� ���(�*#
�%��!(, (.##�$��& ���.(!� � ����! �� (��% !� �� � "� �, ��% ��%��% ���)�.(! +��+*� �'��+*�#) !���$ �.(!� � �� !���$ ����& !$��!�% .��.(!*) �)
�!��$(��$�(!�!*� (��.*%, !���, ��"� ���� $��%��$ !� � �+! !��! !�� %� !$��� �#
!�� ���� ��% �!( *���!(� �.! ��( %�( .((��� �# �.(!� � �!(�*# ��( ������&�*) ��G.��!��*� ���(�%�$, #�$ �'��+*�, ��( ���*)(�( �# %�(!$��.!�"�
�.(!� � �� 9�6, /�� � *�((�F�( !���$��( �# %�(!$��.!�"� �.(!� � � �$%��& !�!�� $�!�$��� !��! !��) �%"� �!� �( !�� ��(�( �# %�(!$��.!���( 0� �$%��&!� � %��� $�!� !���$), #�$ �'��+*�, �** �!�A��( #�** /�!��� !�� ( �+� �#
�.(!� �1� ���!��$ ��+!�$, 9�?, ��!���( �$�(!�!*�E( (�����* � �.�! �#����), �( %�(�&��% !� � ���"� +$�+�$!����!� $� �+$� �!) �� �' ���&��
���(�%�$ �*(� ��( %�(!�� !��� ��!/��� ��!.$�* ��% *�&�* �.(!� � 09�8,556>�1� �� !��( ��+!�$, �$�(!�!*� *���( !��! !��$� �(, �( $�&�$%( �$!���
�(+� !( �# ��) (� ��!), � D��!.$�**) ��(!E /�) #�$ !��� !� ��, /��*� �!��$�(+� !( ��) �� &$�.�%�% ��*) �� !�� !$�%�!���( ��% .(!��( �# !��!
+�$!� .*�$ (� ��!)� ��$� /� (�� !�� $��! �# !�� ��!.$�* *�/ !$�%�!���,� �$%��& !� /�� � �$!��� *���( ���.! $�&�! ��% /$��& �� �� ��(�%.+�� � &���$�* � �.�! �# �.��� &��% ��% �"�*, �$$�"�% �! �) $�!����*
$�G� !���� ���( !$�%�!��� /�( ��!��.�% �) �-.���(, ��% !�%�) �� ��#�.�% �� !�� /$�!��&( �# H��� �����( ��% �!��$(��
�$�(!�!*�E( %�( .((��� �# D�-.�!)E �� 9�5; ��&��( !� ��"� .( �� !��%�$� !��� �# %�( .((��& +$� !� �* /�(%��, !�� 3�) ��!�**� !.�* "�$!.� ��
�!�� (� -.�!) �( !�� "�$!.� �# � �.%&� /�� � �**�/( ��� !� DF** �� !��&�+(E *�#! �) !�� *�/� �.��� *�#� �( �# (. � .�+$�%� !���*�!) ��%
��+*�'�!) !��! ��) *�/, ��/�"�$ (3�*#.**) %$�#!�%, /�** *��"� $��� #�$D��$% �(�(E, /�� � �** #�$ *�&�* %�( $�!���� � *�((� �(� �( !��
(3�!����$%�$ �� !�� +�$3, �� !�� $��*��&( �# /�� � ���&( � (�&� #�$��%2%��& !�� .(� �# "��� *�( �� !�� +�$3� �( � (3�!����$% � "��� *�J � �.%&���) ��"� !� %� �%�, ��% �� /�** ��3� ��( %� �(��� �) �$�#.* �!!��!��� !�
!�� (�*���! #��!.$�( �# !�� (�!.�!��� �� -.�(!���, �� *.%��& !�� *�/ ��%!�� ��!��!���( �# !��(� /�� �$�&���**) #$���% �!� ���( -.�(�2+�$ �+!.�*,
���2$.*�2&�"�$��% �+� �!) ��( �. � �� ����� /�!� +$� !� �*/�(%��, �( /� (��** ��/ (���
� 5�� ��7� �� 8���� ������� -�% �� ������� *���� �� ����� '�������� ��� ���(��
''���
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�$� !� �* /�(%��
��"��& $��% �$�(!�!*�E( %�!��*�% %�( .((���( �# !�� "�$��.( ��%�"�%.�*
"�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$ �� ���3( ��C9, ��� ��&�! �� #�$&�"�� #�$ !���3��&!��! �� ��% ��+*�!�% ��( � �.�! �# !�� ��!.$� �# "�$!.�.( � !���� �.!
!��$� $�����( �� ��+�$!��! &�+, !� �� F**�% �) +$� !� �* /�(%��� 9�$!.�,�( /� ��"� (���, �( � ��!!�$ �# &�!!��& �! $�&�! /�!��� +�$!� .*�$ (+��$�(
�# �.��� *�#�� 9�$!.� �# ��$� !�$ $�(!( +�$!*) �� !�� %�"�*�+���! �#%�(+�(�!���( !�/�$%( "�$!.�.( � !��� !�$�.&� ����!.�!���� ���( ����!.�2!��� /�** �� &.�%�% �), #�$ �'��+*�, ���E( +�$��!( �$ !�� ��$(� �.! !��
"�$!.�.( +�$(�� �( ��*� !� &�! �! $�&�! �� �� � (+��$� /�!��.! &.�%�� �#$�� �!��$(, ��% ��( �+� �!) !� %� !��! �( /��! ��!$�**) ��(!�!.!�(
+$� !� �* /�(%������ ���� �( /��! ��� (��.*% �� �����& �! �� �.(� �! �( D%�!�$����%
�) !�� $��(�� �) $�#�$�� � !� /�� � !�� +$� !� �**) /�(� +�$(�� /�.*%%�!�$���� �!E 0���:, 55;8�1� ��� ��"� $��% ���3 9� �� !�� ��+� !��!
�$�(!�!*� /�.*% +$�"�%� .( /�!� �� �'+*� �! $.*� �$ +$�� �+*� !��! /���&�! �++*) !� %�!�$���� !�� ���� �� +�$!� .*�$ (�!.�!���(� ����$ ��+���( ���� %�(�++���!�%, (�� � �� (. � $.*� �( #�$!� ����&� ��$ (��.*%
/� �'+� ! ���� �$�(!�!*� #$�-.��!*) (�)( !��! �!�� ( �( ��! �+!.$��*� �� �(�! �# �'+*� �! +$�� �+*�( 0��&�, ��6, 5;=>�1, ��% 9��<, 55>7�, ��3�( �! *��$
!��! +$� !� �* /�(%�� �( *�(( � �+� �!) !� �++*) $.*�( !��� �� ���*�!) !�(�� (�!.�!���( �$$� !*)� ���( +�$ �+!��� �( $�!����*K ��� � �$�(!�!*�E( .(�
�# !�� /�$% D$��(��E �� ��( � �.�! �# !�� %�!�$����!��� �# !�� ������( /� ��"� (���, "�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$ �$$�(+��% !� ��� +�$!� .*�$
+�$! �# !�� (�.* C !��! +�$! /�� � �( ��! (!$� !*) $�!����*, �.! �( ���%���!!� $��(��� �� ���3 9�, �$�(!�!*� %�"�%�( !�� $�!����* +�$! �# !�� (�.* ��!�
!/�, ��% +�(!.*�!�( !/� *�((�( �# ��!�**� !.�* "�$!.� �$$�(+��%��&,$�(+� !�"�*), !� �� � +�$!� �� %��( !��( �� �.(� �� ��*��"�( ��!� !��!���� !( �# $��(����& �� !���(�*"�( �� %�"�%�% ��!� !/� C !�� ��"�$���*�
0��&�, ��!����!� (1 ��% !�� "�$���*� 0��&�, �.��� � !���1 C ��% !��! +�$!(�# !�� (�.* ��"� 3��(��+ /�!� !���$ ���� !(� ���3 9� �� �$�( +$���$�*)
!�� +$� !� �* (�%� �# $��(��, �.! !�� *�(! (��!�� � �# 9��5 ��3�( �! *��$!��! �� �( �*(� ��!�$�(!�% �� !�� ( ���!�F +�$! �# !�� (�.* !��! �$$�2
(+��%( !� !�� ��"�$���*�� ���( ��3�( (��(�, �( ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� !���'�$ �(� �# ��) "�$!.� �# !�� (�.*, ��% !��( +�$! �# !�� (�.* ��( �!( �/�
"�$!.�(, �( �� ���( *��$ �� ��8��$�(!�!*� *���( !��! !��$� �$� F"� (!�!�( �# !�� (�.* !��! &$�(+ !��
&���������
''�"
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
!$.!� D�) �#F$��!��� �$ %����*E 09��6, 556=�1� ��� �( +$� !� �* /�(%��,
/��*� !�� �!��$( �$�@
0�1 ( ��� �, �$ ( ���!�F 3��/*�%&�@ &$�(+( /��! �( �� �((�$) ��%�!�$��*, (. � �( ��!����!� (K
0��1 (3�**@ �� �$��% /�!� !�� "�$���*�, ��% /�!� +$�%. !��� $�!��$
!��� � !��� 0����, /�!� ��(!$.���!�* � !�"�!��( $�!��$ !�����%(2��2!���(�*"�(1K
0���1 ��!�**� !@ �� �$��% /�!� ���2%����(!$��*� F$(! +$�� �+*�(, �!&$�(+( !�� ����$ +$���(� �� +$� !� �* ()**�&�(�( 0(�� ��*�/1,
(� �( $�*�!�% !� +$� !� �* /�(%��K0�"1 /�(%��@ ��! $��**) � (�+�$�!� "�$!.�, (�� � �! ��(�(!( �� 0�1 ��%
0���1 /��� !��) �� �$� /��! �( D��(! ����.$��*�E, ����,+��*�(�+�)�
4� 3��/ #$�� ����7C6 !��! ����& "�$!.�.( ��"�*"�( %�*���$�!��& /�**,��% �$�(!�!*� �'+��%( .+�� !��( �� 9��?� ��$� /� F�% !��! !�� +�$(�� �#
+$� !� �* /�(%�� �� %�*���$�!� ���.! /��! �%"�� �( *�"��& /�**, !��! �(,���.! /��! �( "�$!.�.(� ��% %�*���$�!���, *�3� "�$!.� �� �!(�*#, ��"�*"�(&�!!��& �! $�&�! 09��=, 55>7�1, !��! �(, � ���"��& (���!���& &��% �) .(��&
!�� $�&�! (!�+( �� ���E( $��(����&� ��*���$�!���, !���, �( �!(�*# � +�$! �#����& +$� !� �**) /�(��
�&���, /� (�� �$�(!�!*�E( ���� !�"�(� ���$&��&� �$� !� �* /�(%�� �( �&$�(+ �# D+$� !� �* !$.!�E, ��%�+��%��! �# /��! /� !���3 09��7, 556=�1�
�.!, �( /� ��"� (���, �! �( ��! (���!���& !� �� *��$��% �$ �$!� .*�!�% ���'+*� �! +$�� �+*�(� �.��� � !��� �( "�$���*� ��% ��+*�', ��% (�
+$� !� �* /�(%�� �� �$�( ��!!�$( !��! �$� ���'� !� �!( � -.�(�!���$�-.�$�( �'+�$��� �, ��% ��(�(!( �� ���E( �� ����& ��*� !� (�� /��!
��!!�$( �� �$!��� �$ .�(!�� �(, ��% /�)� �! �( *�(�*) $�*�!�% !� ����� (��(�, �' �+! !��! �!( (+��$� �( !��! �# !�� "�$!.�( �( � /��*�� �!�( ��+�$!��! �*(� !� $������$ !��! �! ��(�(!( ��! ��$�*) �� !�� ���*�!)
!� (�� �$ !� .�%�$(!��%, �.! �� � �+� �!) !� &�"� �$%�$( 09��5;, 55>6�1�B�*�3� �.%&����!, +$� !� �* /�(%�� ��"�*"�( !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(��E(
�����%��& ���(�*# !� +�$#�$� /��! �( �**�% #�$ �� !�� �$ .�(!�� �(� � /� �� �*$��%) (�� ��/ ��!� +$� !� �* /�(%�� ��% !�� ����!.�!�%
%�(+�(�!���( �# !�� "�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$ /�$3 !�&�!��$� ��/�$%( !�� ��%�# ���3 9�, �$�(!�!*� $�!.$�( !� !��( -.�(!���, ��% *���( !��! "�$!.�
��3�( !�� ��� $�&�!, ��% +$� !� �* /�(%�� !�� D!���&( !�/�$%( �!E 09��57,55>>�1� ��� ��&�! .�%�$(!��% !��( !� ���� !��! "�$!.� �( +$���$) �� !��
''"
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
"�$!.�.( +�$(��E( � !��&, !�� $�*� �# +$� !� �* /�(%�� ����& ��$�*) !�
/�$3 �.! !�� ����( !� ��%( (�! ��%�+��%��!*) �# �!� "�� �# �! �( � �+� �!) !� (�� /��! ��(!�!.!�( "�$��.( ��%(, !�� (�!!��& �# !��(� ��%(
�� �!(�*# ��) (��� ��! !� �� �$� �!� �.! � ��!!�$ /�) !� .�%�$(!��% !��$�*�!��� ��$� �( �( #�**�/(� �$� !� �* /�(%�� $�-.�$�( "�$!.� �# ��$� !�$,
�� !�� (��(� !��! �! ����! %�"�*�+ �$ �+�$�!� .�*�(( ��� ��( �����$�.&�! .+ �� !�� �$$� ! ����!(� �$� !� �* /�(%�� �( �� #� ! /��! D&�!(
!�� &��* $�&�!E �� � !���, /��*� "�$!.� �( /��! ����*�( ��� !� &�! �! $�&�!0����, �! D��3�( !�� &��* $�&�!E1� ���&��� !��! )�. (�� (������ �� ���% �#����)� �( � "�$!.�.( +�$(��, )�. ��&�! !���3 �( #�**�/(@ D �� � !��
��&��(! &��% �( "�$!.�.( � !�"�!) L��% )�. /�.*% ��! �� !���3��& !��(.�*�(( )�. ��% ���� �$�.&�! .+ +$�+�$*) !� !�� +���! !��! )�.
%�"�*�+�% !�� +$� !� �* /�(%�� !� !���3 �! /�!�M, ��% (�� � !��( �( � �(�/��$� &���$�(�!) �( �**�% #�$, ��% (�� � &���$�(�!) ��$� /�** �** #�$
&�"��& $�.&�*) !/� ���, !��� � ��% ��!!�$ %�*���$�!� ���.! ��/ ��(! !�&�! ��*% �# !�� ����) � � �E�
�� 9��56, 55>>�C55>?�, /� �*(� F�% !��! +$� !� �* /�(%�� ���( ��*)�� � +� 3�&� �*��& /�!� �** !�� "�$!.�( �# ��$� !�$� ��� ����! ��, (�), �.$�&��.( �.! (!��&), �$ �"��2!��+�$�% �.! .��.(!� ��� $��(�� #�$ !��(
�( !��! +$� !� �* /�(%�� �( !�� �+� �!) !� (. ��% �� � !��� !�$�.&�&�"��& ���(�*# !�� �$$� ! �$%�$(� �# )�. ��"� � "� �, !��( /�** %���&�
)�.$ �+� �!) !� (�� (�!.�!���( �$$� !*), ��% )�. /�** ��! �� D&��%/�!��.! -.�*�F �!���E 0�$�(!�!*� �( �# �.$(� �/�$� !��! ���) /�** #�**
(��$! �# !��( �%��* !� � &$��!�$ �$ *�((�$ %�&$��1�4� (��.*% $������$ !��!, %�(+�!� !�� +�$ �+!.�* ��!.$� �# +$� !� �*
/�(%��, ��$�* $.*�( �� +*�) � +�$! �� �!�� (� . � $.*�( /�** �# �.$(��� ���'� !, (. � �(, D��. (��.*% $�!.$� #�"�.$( $�!��$ !��� %� #�"�.$(
#�$ )�.$ ��+�����(K �.! �# )�.$ #�!��$ ���%( $��(����& #$�� +�$�!�(,)�. (��.*% ��! +�) �� 3 !�� +�$(�� /�� $��(���% )�.E 0(�� ���7,55:>�C55:?�1� ���( �( ���'� !, �� �.(� �! /�.*% ��! %� �%�, #�$
�'��+*�, !�� #�**�/��& �(�@ ��� &$�.+ �# +�$�!�( ��( )�.$ "�**����.(#�!��$ �� !���$ (��+, /��*� ���!��$ &$�.+ ��( )�.$ ��!��$ ��% "�$!.�.(
!/�� �$�!��$K )�. ��"� ���.&� ��*) !� (�!�(#) ��� &$�.+� ��$�* $.*�(�*/�)( $.� �.!, �( /� (�/ ��++�� /�!� *�&�* $.*�( �� �.$ %�( .((��� �#
�-.�!)� ��% ��$� �.%&����! D*��( �� +�$ �+!���E 0���=, 55;=�1�
&���������
''"�
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�� ��!���� �
�$�� !�� ��&�����& �# !�� ����� , /� (�� !��! �$�(!�!*� .�%�$(!��%(
�.��� *�"�( �� !�$�( �# ��(!�% &��*(� � � �# .( ���( �! �.$ �/���++���((, ��% /� �� � ��"� �.$ �/� �� �+!��� �# /��! !��! �(� �# �
!���3 !��! ��++���(( ��(�(!( �� ����.$, !��� � (��** +.$(.� ��++���((�) +.$(.��& ����.$� ��% �# � !���3 ����.$ �( ��(! � ���"�% �� +�*�!� (, �
(��** +.$(.� ����.$ �) (��3��& � +�*�!� �* �$��$� ��% (� ����.! ��� �++�$��!*) ����� �.��� +��������� (���( !� !�$�/
%�.�! �� �$�(!�!*�E( +�(�!���@ �� ��!���� �, �$ /��3��((� �� ��!����!
+��+*� (��� !� ��"� � +�$!� .*�$ �� �+!��� �# /��! !���$ �/� ��++���((/�** ��(�(! ��, �.!, /��� ����& �� ��!����!, !��) (��� ��! !� +.$(.� �!
�! �**� �� �'��+*�� ��$$) �( �"�$/��&�!, ��% (!$��&*) /�(��( !� *�(�/��&�! (� !��! �� �� $�!.$� !� ��( #�"�.$�!� � !�"�!), /�!�$(3���&� �.!
��$$) �*(� *�3�( �� �*�!�, ��% �� $�$�*) $�(�(! ��!��& � +�� � /��� ��&�!( !�� ��� �� �� (�)( !��! �� 3��/( �� $��**) (��.*% ��! �� ��!��& !��
�� �*�!�, �.! &��( ����% ��% %��( �! ��)/�)��$�(!�!*� �( +�$!� .*�$*) �� �$��% /�!� !�� -.�(!��� �# /��! 3��% �#
3��/*�%&� !�� �� ��!����! +�$(�� ��(� ���( �( +�$!*) �� �.(� �# !�� $�*�
�# !��! �((.� �� !�� � $�!� +��*�(�+�� �* !$�%�!��� �� /�( ��!��.��&��( �$�(!�!*� +���!( �.!, � $�!�( ��% %����% !��! �� ��!���� � /�(
+�((��*�, ��% �'+*����% �++�$��! �� ��!���� � �( ��$� �&��$�� � �#/��! �( ��(!� � $�!�( %����% !��! 3��/*�%&� �.*% �� �"�$ ��� �)
%�(�$�, ��% �$�(!�!*� ��!�( !��! !��( �( �� ��(�(!��! /�!� /��! +��+*��$%���$�*) !���3� �$�(!�!*� ��( �*(� ��( �/� $��(�� !� �� �� �$��% ���.!
!�� +�/�$ �# 3��/*�%&�� �� ��( (!$�((�% !�� +$� !� �*�!) �# �!�� (, �.! �#+��+*� �� 3��/ /��! !�� $�&�! !���& !� %� �(, �.! #��* !� %� �!, �! /�** ��
��$%�$ !� ��3� �!�� ( +$� !� �*� � /��! �( �$�(!�!*�E( �'+*���!��� �# �� ��!���� �J �� �##�$( �! �� ��
��+�$!��! ��+!�$@ 9���6� �� ��!�( F$(! !��! ��� �� %�(!��&.�(� ��!/���
!/� /�)( �# 3��/��& (���!���&� ���&��� !��! � 3��/ !��! ��!��& �$��%���# �( %��&�$�.(, ��% )�. �! � �� ��!��& � �$��% ���# (��%/� �� �
��) �.(! ��"� #��*�% !� ��3� .(� �# �) 3��/*�%&�, ��% (!�+ ��!��& !��(��%/� � �� � )�. $����% ��� � /� �� 3��/ /�!��.! .(��& �.$
3��/*�%&�, ��%, �( �$�(!�!*� (�)(, !��$� �( ��!���& +�$!� .*�$*) (!$��&����.! !��!� 4��! /�.*% �� (!$��&� /�.*% �� �) ��!��& !�� (��%/� �
/��*� �!!��%��& !�, �$ D.(��&E, !�� 3��/*�%&���� !�� ���2+.AA*��& �(�, )�. �� � !.�*�A� �) %�(+�(�!����* 3��/*2
''"��
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
�%&� ���.! �$��% ���# ��$�*) �) +���!��& �.! !� �� /��! � �� ��!��&�
�.! !��$� �( � (� ��% /�) �� /�� � 3��/*�%&� �� �� %�(+�(�!����*, "�A�,�# � �� �(*��+, ��%, �$ %$.�3� ��$�*) !�**��& �� /��! � ��!��& �# � �� ��
��� �# !��(� (!�!�( /�** �� ��(.#F ���! !� � !.�*�A� �) 3��/*�%&����!��$, )�. /�** ��"� F$(! !� /�3� ��, ��3� �� (���, �$ (���$ �� .+�
���( 3��% �# %�(+�(�!����* 3��/*�%&� �( /��! �� ��!����! +��+*� ��"�,�$�(!�!*� (.&&�(!(, ��% !��( &�"�( ��� �� ��(/�$ !� � -.�(!��� � $�!�(
#��*�% !� �%%$�((@ �# �� �� ��!����! +�$(�� �( �&��$��! �# /��! �( ��(!,��/ �( �! !��! �� �#!�� (�)(, �! !�� "�$) !��� �� �( ����& �� ��!����!, !��!�� 3��/(J �$�(!�!*� (��( !�� /�$%( �# !�� �� ��!����! �( *�3� !�� /�$%(
�# � %$.�3@ �� � (��(�, !��) %� ��! 3��/ /��! !��) �$� (�)��&��$�(!�!*� �'+��%( ��( �'+*���!��� .(��& ��( ��!��� �# !�� +$� !� �*
()**�&�(�� ��� +$� !� �* ()**�&�(� �( �$�(!�!*�E( �!!��+! !� +$�"�%� �#$���/�$3 #�$ �'+*�����&, #.**) ��% /�!��.! $�����%�$, �** �.���
� !���� �� � !���$�!� �* ()**�&�(�, !�� �� *.(��� #�**�/( �# �� �((�!)@
�** ��� �$� ��$!�*�
� $�!�( �( � ����
���$�#�$�, � $�!�( �( ��$!�*�
�$�(!�!*� /�(��( !� �'+*��� ��/ �� � !��� #�**�/( /�!� � (���*�$ %�&$���# �� �((�!) /��� !/� +$� !� �* +$���(�( ��� !�&�!��$� ��$ �'��+*�@
/��! !���&( �$� !� �� !�(!�%�
���( �( � (/��! !���&�
���$�#�$�, !��( �.(! �� !�(!�%� L ���!���(, !�� �� *.(��� �( �!(�*#
.�%�$(!��% �( !�� � !��� �# !�(!��&�M
�� �� �$%���$) �(� �# ��!��& (���!���& (/��!, !�� ���"� ()**�&�(���&�! �� �** !��! �( $�-.�$�% !� �'+*��� /��! �( &���& ��� �.! �� !�� �(�
�# �� ��!���� �, !��$� �( ���!��$ ()**�&�(� /�� � %�!�$( !�� �&��! #$��!�(!��&� 4��! �( !��( ()**�&�(�J ��� �����!�!�$( ��"� !��.&�! !��!
�!( F$(!, �$ ����$, +$���(� �(@
/��! !���&( �$� ��! !� �� !�(!�%�
�.! !��( �( ��+�((��*�, (�� � /� 3��/ !��! /� ��"� !�� ����$ +$���(�@
���( �( � (/��! !���&�
4�!� !��(� !/� +$���(�( �� +*� �, � ���2!�(!��& �.(! #�**�/ �)
�� �((�!), ��% �# �.$(� �! %��( ��! �� !�� �(� �# �� ��!���� �� ��!��$,!�� ����$ +$���(� ��$� �.(! �� (���!���& *�3�@
&���������
''"���
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
��!!����& !���&( (��.*% ��! �� !�(!�%�
�� $�!.$� !� !�� �(� �# ��$$), /��! !��� ��++��( �( !��! ��( %�(�$���!�$#�$�( /�!� ��( +$� !� �* $��(����& ��% *��(��( ��( &$�+ �� !��
$�*�"��! ����$ +$���(�@
���( �( � #�!!����& !���&�
�� ��) /�** (�) !��! �� 3��/( !��! !��( �� �*�!� �( #�!!����& 0��% �# �.$(� !��! �� (��.*% ��! ��! �!1, �.! %�(�$�, *�3� �* ���*, ��( *�% ��� !�
(+��3 /�!��.! #.**) .�%�$(!��%��& !�� ��+�$! �# /��! �� (�)(��! �( �� !��( /�) !��! �$�(!�!*� (��3( !� $�!��� ��!� !�� � $�!� "��/
!��! 3��/*�%&� ����! �� �"�$$�%%��, �*��&(�%� !�� "��/ �# �����(��(� !��! �! ��� ��$ ��$$)E( .�%�$(!��%��& !��! #�!!����& !���&( (��.*%
��! �� ��!�� �( *�#! .�!�. ��%, /��*� ��( �/�$���(( �# !�� (�*���! #��!.$��# !�� +�$!� .*�$ �(� �! ���% �( %����% �) %�(�$��
�$�(!�!*�E( � �.�! ��( (!$. 3 ���) �( .�� �+!��*�, �� !��! !��
3��/*�%&� /� ��"� /��� �� ��!����! �#!�� �++��$( !� ��, �� �!(�*#,.��##� !�% �) �.$ %�(�$�� �!( ��*) %�#� ! �( �!( #��*.$� !� �((.� �� !��
�++$�+$��!� � !���� �.! /� (��.*% !�3� �$� !� %�(!��&.�(� ��!/��� ��$�+$�+�(�!����* 3��/*�%&�, ��% !�� 3��% �# �"�*.�!�"� �$ +$� !� �* .�%�$2
(!��%��& �$�(!�!*� �++��$( !� ��"� �� ���% ��$�� ���( 3��% �# .�%�$2(!��%��&, �# )�. ��"� �!, /�** �((.� �� � !���, ��% *� 3 �# � !��� �( � *��$
(�&� �# *� 3 �# 3��/*�%&�� �.! ��$� �! ��) ��&�� !� (��� �( �# �$�(!�!*�/��( ��*) �) ���&��& !�� !�$�( �# !�� %���!�, (�� � ���) /�** ��!��.�!� !���3 !��! !�� 3��/*�%&� �# !�� �� ��!����! �( !�� (��� �( !��! �# !��
��!����! ��% �# !�� "�$!.�.(� �! �( ��$�*) !��! !�� �� ��!����!E( 3��/*2�%&� %��( ��! �((.� �� � !����
�$���%(��+
��� ��"� !��.&�! !��! �$�(!�!*�E( %�( .((��� �# #$���%(��+ �� ���3( 9���
��% ��, /�� � %� ��%��% �++��$ !� ��"� ���� ��+�(�% �( � (�+�$�!���!�!), /�( ��(!�3��*) !� 3�% �� !� !�� ����� �) � *�!�$ �%�!�$� �.! !��$�
(���( �� $��(�� !� !���3 !��! �$�(!�!*� ���(�*# %�% ��! �� *.%� �! �� ��(�/� ��+�(�!��� �# !�� ����� , (�� � �! F!( +�$#� !*) /�** ��!� ��( �"�$�**
+$��� !��$�(!�!*�E( �� �+!��� �# #$���%(��+ �( �$��%� �! �� *.%�( +�$��!(E
$�*�!��� !� !���$ ��*%$�� 0�� *.%��& �����*(E $�*�!���( !� !���$ �##2(+$��&1, !�� ��!.$�* 3��(��+ #�*! �) ��� �.��� ����& /�!� ���!��$, ��%
''�'
&���������
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information
!�� ��� ��*� $�*�!���( �# �.(���(( +�$!��$(� �� 9����7, 55??�, �$�(!�!*�
!�**( .( !��! #$���%(��+ ��"�*"�( &��%/�** C !�� /�(���& �# &��%( #�$ !��(�3� �# !�� �!��$ C /�� � �( $� �+$� �!�%, ��% �# /�� � �� � +�$!) �(
�/�$�� 4� !��� F�% !��! &��%/�** �( $��**) #�.�% ��*) �� #$���%(��+(��!/��� "�$!.�.( +��+*� 09����6, 55?:�1� �� !�� �(� �# #$���%(��+( #�$
.!�*�!) ��% #�$ +*��(.$�, �$�(!�!*� (.&&�(!(, !�� +��+*� (��� !� ��"�&��%/�** !�/�$%( !���(�*"�(, $�!��$ !��� ��� ���!��$ 0���?, 55:8�1� �! �(
/�$!� ��!��& !��!, �# !�� "�$!.� ���!����% �� �9�:, 557:�, �( $�.&�*) !��(��� �( !��! %�( .((�% �� ���3( 9���C��, !��� �$�(!�!�*��� #$���%(��+%��( ��"�*"� +��+*�E( � !.�**) *�3��& ��� ���!��$�
�( #$���%(��+ � "�$!.�J ��� F$(! (��!�� � �# 9����5 ��&�! �� !�3�� !�(.&&�(! !��! �$�(!�!*� �( ��! (.$�@ D�! �( � "�$!.� �$ ��"�*"�( "�$!.�E�
�$�(!�!*� /�.*% ��! ��"� ��(�!�!�% �"�$ (. � �� ��+�$!��! ��!!�$,��/�"�$, ��% /� �.(! !�3� !�� (��!�� � !� ���� !��! #$���%(��+ ��!� �(
� "�$!.�, ��% ��"�*"�( !�� �'�$ �(� �# "�$!.�(� �"�� !��! �! �( � "�$!.�,/��! �( �!( $�*�!��� !� ��++���((J �( � "�$!.�, �! /�** ��"�*"� #��*��&
&��%/�** !� !�� $�&�! +��+*�, �� !�� $�&�! /�), ��% (� ��, ��% �'�$ �(��&!��( "�$!.� /�** �� � ��(!�!.��! �# ��++���((� �.! #$���%(��+ �( �*(� ��D��(!$.���!�* &��%E 0(�� ��<, 5;==�C�1, (�� � #$���%( ��) (�$"�, #�$
�'��+*�, �( ����F ��$��( �# ���E( "�$!.�.( � !���� �.$!��$, "�$!.�.(� !�"�!) �!(�*# ��"�*"�( !�� +*��(.$� �# ��!��+*�!��& ���E( �/� "�$!.�.(
� !���(� ��� "�$!.�.( � !���( �# � "�$!.�.( #$���% �$�, �� � (��(�, ���E(�/�, (� ��� �� ����) ��!��+*�!��& !��� 0���=, 55:=�1� ��*�!�%*), �.(!
�( !�� "�$!.�.( +�$(��E( �/� ����& �$ *�#� �( /�$!� ���(��&, (� �( !��! �#!�� #$���%, #�$ !�� #$���% �( D���!��$ (�*# E 0���=, 558;�1�
4� (�/ ��/ �! !�� ��&�����& �# ���3 9� �$�(!�!*� �++��$�% !� %�.�!��( �/� %� !$��� �# !�� ����� �! ��&�! (��� �( �#, �! !�� ��&�����& �#
���3 9���, �� �( ��(�!�!��& ���.! !�� (!$�(( �� ��( +*� �% �� �.(!� � ��$*��$�� !�� /�$3� �� (�)( !��! #$���%(��+ �(, �� � (��(�, ��$� ��+�$!��! !����.(!� �@ *�&�(*�!�$( ��� �! �� �$%, ��% �# +��+*� �$� #$���%(, !��) %� ��!
���% �.(!� �� �$�(!�!*�E( +���! ��$� �( !��! �.(!� � +$�"�%�( �'!�$��*�$��!$�!��� �� ��!!�$( /�� � �$� +�!��!��**) %�(+.!��*�� �# +��+*� �$�
#$���%(, (. � %�(+.!�( /�** ��! �$�(�, (�� � #$���%( /�(� &��% !� ������!��$� �.! /� (��.*% ��! !�3� �$�(!�!*� !� �� $��� !��& �.(!� � ��!�$�*),
(�� � !��$� �$� ��.�% �� ��) �!) !� �� (��� �$��( �# (� ��* *�#� /�� �$�-.�$� !�� &�"�$��� � �# �.(!� �� ��%��%, �� 9����=, 55?=�, �$�(!�!*�
(���( !� (.&&�(! !��! !�� ��.�%�$��( �# #$���%(��+ �$� �*(� !�� ��.�%2�$��( �# �.(!� �� � +�$��!(, #�$ �'��+*�, /�� �$� #$���%( !� !���$
&���������
'''
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-63221-8 - Aristotle: Nicomachean EthicTranslated and Edited by Roger CrispFrontmatterMore information