o k e za:. . . . . . . . . . . . . . jxerd / ziad zkepge gafnd zkepg ,xrpd zkepg3

dyw dkld zpada b"nqd zrc ...mzwizya s` mipey`xd ixac milecb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . javxn oxd` axd / oikxr zekld m"anxa5. . . . . . . lwpxt mdxa` / 'xev fern' ly exeaig onfe `fiinxee zlvd lr xnfd9. . . . . . . . . . . . onle` dix` x"c / ?"il` 'dl in" edizzn xn` ok` m`d22

/ `"nxde r"eyd zeawra - epiniay zkzn ilka dhilte drila oiipra. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oli` xa le`y axd28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wpxt l`ixe` / ?epia` mdxa` ggeU dty efi`a43. . . . onhl` awri x"c / '`zexihp ikixv `l minkg icinlz' oica yi` oefg zhiy56. . cixt opgei axd / l"vf dcedi iav axd epae wew d"i`xd iign wxt ± oal a`d qgi64. . . . . . . odk l`inxk x"c axd / ziy`xa xtq seqa i"yxa gqep zexrd yely71

mikledl oexkif. . . . `wepi xfril` axd / l"vf sqei dicaer epax oxn xkfl mixac - 'ig sqei cer74. . . . . bxapixb ikcxn axd / l"vf onxwev mdxa` axd ipzeg ixenn dcixt ixac79

zexrde zeaebz/ ux`d ayezl jetdl ipy h"ei rvn`a hilgdy l"eg oa oiipra cer

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xbpifly edil` axd ;xzl` ikcxn axd83/ cala miwicvl `id i"` aeyi zevn m` dl`yd xaca

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oiilw l`kin axd ;ux`eey lit`w awri axd87/ ?epinia milka dhilte drila oiipra miieqiple zewical zernyn yi mpn`d

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oiwpd mzi` axd89

. . . . . . . . . . . . qlt ikcxn l`xyi axd / cecl libia` ixac oiipra cer94

. . . . . . . . . . . . . onhl` awri x"c / "oeilrd ip`d" daebn j"pz lr cer95

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xpa l`ixe` axd / "ehyt lr oae`x dyrn"96

mdixteqe mixtq lr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . cec mdxa` x"c / cxtqa micedid mixagnd zniyx99

ri axd / zeny xtql 'obyxt' lr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . uipiix lt`w aw102. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ohw l`ei axd / zkxrna elawzp104

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zilbp`a mixn`nd xivwzII

ialryialryialryialry zaiyizaiyizaiyizaiyi i"ryi"ryi"ryi"ry one`one`one`one` dnlydnlydnlydnly oeknoeknoeknoeknmmmmc"ryz zah ,c"qaÛa oeilb ,cp jxk[208]

ycwen "oirnd" ly df oeilib

daiyid cici ly exkfl

'xil`xyi dynl"fzn`e cqg ly mc` ,jxc xyie repv yi`

zecqen ly oeaygd d`exk yniy

mialry jepig zixwdpy mirax`n dlrnl jyna

zeclez zyxt w"yra shga r"alp

c"ryz oeygxn g"k

d"avpz

mialry zaiyione` dnly oekn

mialry zptle`mialry jepig zixw

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb3

ziad zkepge gafnd zkepg ,xrpd zkepg`edy zepne`l ilkd e` mc`d zqipk zlgzd oeyl `ed [jepig]

oke ,da cenrl cizrziad zkepge gafnd zkepg ,xrpl jepg.(ci ,ci ziy`xa i"yx)

ly elrete ekxc z` deediy lelqnl dqipk zex`zn i"yx `iady ze`nbecd zyelymixiaqne ,'mixerpd ipa ok xeaibd cia mivigk' .zeax mipy jyna 'jpgznd'dlecb diihql mexbz zywdn ez`ivia ugd ly dphw diihq lky enky miyxtndwgxzdl jpgznl mexbl dlelr dphw zikepig zerh lk jk ± dxhnd on ely ce`n- el ie`xd mewna weica iepa zeidl aiig gafnd mb xrpd enk .e"g jxcdn ce`ndxigad zia 'ld m"anx) 'mlerl enewnn eze` oipyn oi`e xzeia oeekn enewn gafnd''day dixend xdae cala milyexia `l`' eniwdl xyt` i` ycwnd zia mbe ,(` ,a

.(b ,` my)miyaekd miieba dligzdy ,dnbnd lr oegvipde dgnyd z` mi`han dkepgd iniz` xindl ,oeeikd z` epl zepyl ,jxcd z` epilr zeerl ,mipeeiiznd epig`a dkynpejt zxiny lr eiig z` xqen `ed xy`ky giked l`xyi mr .xf jepiga icedid jepigd¨hren `edyk wa`idl aiig `ed xy`k elit` ,exfra l`xyi iwel` xedhd onyddxfge' ,dwlced dxepnd ,dxdha utey ziad xac ly eteqa .miwfge miax cbp ylgemr mipeeid lr lecbd epegvp ixg` mb mle` .'dpy miiz`n lr xzi l`xyil zeklnlrte ,miieba mb dnkg yiy oin`dlne zti ly ezetitin betqln rpnp `l l`xyi.'ycgzi yecwde ycwzi ycgd' :epnfa l"vf wew d"i`xd ly ezkxcd it lr dyrnlmixyid 'd ikxc mi`vnp weica dti` ,wcevd aizpd edn ,oekpd leabd okid mle`,odizeawray zercd iwelige ,zeiehagzddy d`xp el` minia ?'ma ekli miwicv'yipa mipin`n ep` la` ,db`cl daiq yi .zeevnd zxney zecdid iwlg lka miyetelek l`xyi mr z` e`iaiy ,zereyze zexeab ,ze`ltpe miqipl mitvne ,mipin`n

.jyegd on daxd yxbn xe`d on hrne .mighan segl

ä ä ä

mdini lke mini ekix`dy milecb micedi ipy ea micitqn ep` :yecbe `ln 208 oeilib'`pnidn `"irx' lr ;l"vf onxwev mdxa` axde l"vf dicaer axd oxn ± jepiga ewqr

y`x ,`"hily `wepi axd dkea'iyiy mei llek'a xeriy cibne mi`penyg aeyia llek

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 4

z` rnca citqn ,dpaia mxk zaiyi y`x ,`"hily bxapixb ikcxn axde ,oeli` sepaueaiw ly eax ,javxn axd bivn zxaegd y`xa mcew cer .onxwev axd epzeg

,b"nqd xtq zxcdd onfa el xxerzdy wtq ,'one` dnly oekn'a wize xwege mialryikxc zehytzd z` epl x`zn lwpxt mdxa` heitd xweg ;epexzt jxc z` x`znezaleynd jxca exvepy ,'xev fern' mdipia ,miheitd z`e ,fpky`a zeicxtqd heitdmilind z` wrf `l edizzn d`xpk dnl epl xiaqn onle` x"ce ;zicxtqÎzifpky`d

xa le`y axd c"der jynda .zexg` milin `weec `l` - cxnd uexta 'il` 'dl in'milka dhilte drila ipiiprl xfeg ,mexc xtka llekd y`x yexibd cr ,oli`zkzn ilky `"nxd zrcl zexyt` zniiwy gikedl dqpne ,dfd onfa mzcicne

xika xweg ,oiwpd axd df oipra wqer zeaebzd xecna) mirlea mpi` minieqn miavnadyrnl j` - `"nxd zhiy itl zegtly gikene ,rax` zixwa miaeyi ipaxl oeknamilka dhilte drila oiipra miieqipde zewicad lkl zernyn oi` - mlek zrclmdxa` xaic weica ji` epl xiaqdl dqpn wpxt l`ixe` 'x i`peylde jpgnd .(!epinia

onhl` x"ce ,mipyd jyna el ykx dty efi`e ely 'm`d zty' dziid dn ,d"r epia`melyzd zaegn minkg icinlz xehta zewqerd zeibeqa yi` oefgd ly ekxca wqermipya d"ivx epal wew axd ly eqgi lr azek cixt opgei axd .xird ipa zpbd lrzeaeyg gqep zexrd dnk xirn odk l`inxk x"c axde ,milyexia dxez oad cnl oda

.miaezka enr ze`vnpd zeax jezn ,i"yxazaiyin xzl` axd ,minlyexi minkg icinlz ipy ici lr zipecip zeaebzd xecnaoa lr mcewd oeilibdn dl`yd ,dlib zpeky ly dax `"hily xbpifly axde ,'xin'oiilw axd wlg eiptly oeiliba ;ux`d ayezl jetdl ipy h"ei rvn`a hilgdy l"eg

axd o`ke ,cala miwicvl `id i"` aeyi zevny 'dyn l`eie' xtqa dxin`d lrmkg cinlz ,qlt axd ;aiyn oiilw axde ,eixac z` zegcl dqpn wxei eipn ux`eeyzeripvd xqeg oiipra 206 oeilibn dl`yl xfeg ,one` dnly oekn iyp`ne iwxa ipa

x"ce ,cizra dy`l dp`yiy yi` zy` dcera cecl libia` ly fnxa yiy dxe`klzeinihibld zehiya aey miwqer zexcyn xpa l`ixe` axde miizrabn onhl`qtcpy xtq xweq ine`ld mixtqd zian cec mdxa` x"c meiql .j"pzd cenillaxde ,yexibd cr da elrty (!micneynd llek) micedid mixagnd zniyx eae cxtqa

'obyxt' xtq ly ycgd jxkd lr azek uipiixmebxzl `ltp xe`ia - zeny lr.jxerd z`n mixtq zxiwqa miizqn oeilibd .qelwpe`

.mdd miniak dfd onfa ze`ltpe miqip daxdl z"idfra eplek dkfpy

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb5

javxn oxd` axd

...mzwizya s` mipey`xd ixac milecboikxr zekld m"anxa dyw dkld zpada b"nqd zrc

b"nqde m"anxd oeyl z`eeyd

m"anxd zhiyl dnda zycwd oica hxt

b"nqd zhnyd zernyn

b"nqde m"anxd oeyl z`eeyd*

drya ezpeek wnerl zcxle zeqpl `ed b"nqd cenila mi`ltend mixacd cg`

hinyn j` ,dlina dlin xcqk m"anxd ly zekld dnk ekxck wizrn `edy

xaecn mizirl .zeccea milin s` e` mly htyn ,dpnn wlg e` dnly dkld rztl

yi dhnydl ce`n miax mixwna j` ,zizkld zernyn el oi`y mixac xeviw lr

.dlecb zernyn

ixacn htyn b"nqd hinyn da ,zcgein `nbec mi`xewd iptl biv` o`k

wiqdl lkep m`d .ezpada m"anxd iyxtn ewlgpy htyn weica ,m"anxd

?htyn eze`a m"anxd zpeek z` oiad `ed cvik b"nqd zhnydn

m"anxd zhiyl dnda zycwd oica hxt

(ai ,d oikxr) m"anxd azek ycwdd on micety drya 'dkxrde dcnrd' oica1:

*dxecdn zpkda mixweg zveaw dkiynn mialry zaiyi ici lry 'one` dnly oekn'a]

ci iazkn ze`eeyd mr oie`ld wlg ly mikxk ipy .mlyd b"nqd xtq ly zpwezne dycg

ly oey`x jxk ,xe`l xak e`vi 'eke zeiptde zexrde ci iazk it lr mipwezn miyexite

oiyrd wlg ly ipyd jxkd zxcdd zkynpe ,miaexwd miycega d"fra xe`l `vi oiyrd¥

,xtqd ixicdnn cg` ,javxn axd ribd b"nqd ixac xexia ick jez .b"nqd iwlg x`ye

lr wx `ly ,wizrdy m"anxd gqepn b"nqd hinydy dhnyd zpeeka znieqn dpadl

extq zpkda b"nqd xagn ivewn dyn iax ly ekxc llk lr `l` - cnll d`a dnvr

milina mieqn xe`ia oievn epzxecdna mda miax mixwnl `nbec ef .eizexewn zwzrdae

ze`eana cer oiire .siwne agxp ipeire izkld xexia xzzqn mdixeg`n xy`k ,zexetq

one` dnly oekn i"r xe`l e`viy ,oie`ld wlg mlyd b"nqd ly mipey`xd mikxkd ipyl

[.jxerd zxrd .milyexi oekn ilrtn zxbqna

1`l .a .(oiiprl mirbep `ly milw milcad milibxd miqetca) lwpxt m"anx t"r gqepd .`

.`xewd lr ciakdl `l ick c"a`xd zbyd z` oke dkldd jynd z` izwzrd

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 6

,dxedh oia d`nh oia ,diiga dnda yicwnd lkziad wca iycw oiaoia

men oda ltpy gafn iycw,x`aziy enk axwil die`xd dninz e`ef ixd

...oic ziaa dcnrd dkixv

mihtynd z` hinyn j` ,m"anxd ixac z` wizrn (hkw dyr) b"nqd

xvwl oevxl qgiil xyt` 'ziad wca iycw oia' zeaizd zhnyd z` .miybcend

dninz e`' htynd zhnyd j` ,zizkld zernyn xeviwl oi`y d`xpe mixacd z`

.ipyxec zxne` 'x`aziy enk axwil die`xd

htyna m"anxd oeeik dnl oiadl ziy`x jixv b"nqd zpeek wnerl zcxl ick

ixac zpadl gztnd .'axwil die`xd dninz' ly oeictl qgiiznd ,df mezq

zekldd jyndl mifnexd ,'x`aziy enk' htynd seqa milind izy `ed m"anxd

m"anxd ly cid iazkn miaxay oiivl yi ziy`x .m"anxa2enk' `ed gqepd

iyxtn .zencewd zekldd zg`a x`azd xacdy epiidc ,xar oeyla ,'x`azpy

epc m"anxdyexita zeixyt` yely zeler mdixac jezne ,htynd zernyna

m"anxd zpeek3:

:azk d 'ld d wxta .m"anxa df wxta lirl 'x`azpy enk' .`

ziad wcal dninz dxedh dnda yicwnddn - dyr lr xary t"r` ,

odkd dze` jixrne ,dninz `idyk zictpe dilr dyecw dlge ieyr dyry

zpn lr `l` dcet dze` dcetd oi`e ,ziad wcal elti mincde dinca

icin `vei epi` gafnl ie`xd xac lky ,die`x `idy dnl gafnl daixwdl

mlerl gafn4.

:g 'ld e wxt ± m"anxa `ad wxta onwl 'x`aziy enk' .a

ziad wcal gafn iycw yicwnddndad jxrze ,odilr lg ycwdd ixd

dligza dzidy dnl axwz dndade ziad wcal dinc eltie dctze5...

:eh-ci 'ld ,m"anxa df wxta onwl 'x`aziy enk' .b

dnda yicwnddninzdnda inc xne`d ,cvik .dteb ycwzp ef ixd dincl

.axwz dnvr `id gafnl ycwd efeincl dixai`n cg` yicwdinc xn`e

`l e` dleka dyecw dhyt m` wtq ef ixd gafnl ycwd ef dxt ly dlbx

inl dlek dze` oixken ,oiyer cvike .dctz `le axwz jkitle ,dhyt

2.lwpxt zxecdna q"epya 'ir

3.(mwlg z` xz` lr oiiv`) lwpxt m"anxa gztnd xtqa d`x

4.(eteqa ,mpn` d"c a ze` c"d e"t gafn ixeqi` m"anx lr) lf`d oa`e jlnd xry

5.dpynd zakxn

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb7

dnypdy xa` did m`e .xa` eze` incn ueg oileg dince ,dze` aixwiy

dleka dyecw dhyt ea dielz6.

b"nqd zhnyd zernyn

on zg` lk itl ,dixeg`n cner dne b"nqd zhnyd z` wecal dqpp ,dzr

.m"anxd zpada l"pd zeiexyt`d

yicwn oica (d"d d"t) df wxta lirl 'x`azpy enk'l m"anxd zpeek m` .`

dlin hrnk b"nqd wizrd `idd dkldd z` - ziad wcal dninz dxedh dnda

z` hinyi b"nqdy daiq mey dxe`kl oi`e ,lirl df dyra m"anxd oeyln dlina

zpad itl m"anxd oeeik df oicl ok` m`e .ef dkldl qgiizn `ed m` htynd

.`nlra mixac xeviw `id b"nqd zhnydy l"v ,b"nqd

yicwnd oica (g"d e"t) `ad wxta onwl 'x`aziy enk'l m"anxd zpeek m` .a

,al dxenza dpynd oeyla 'ielir ycwd' iexwy dn) ziad wca iycwl gafn iycw

,dxenza zyxetn dpyn `edy df oic lr welgi b"nqdy daiq oi` dxe`kl - (`

b"nqd zhnydy l"v o`k mb b"nqd zpad t"r m"anxd oeeik df oicl ok` m`e

.`nlra mixac xeviw `id

yicwnd oica (eh-ci 'ld) df wxta onwl 'x`aziy enk'l m"anxd zpeek m` .b

ef dkld - dincl (ea dielz dnypd oi`y xa`) dninz dnda ixai`n cg`

zyecw dil zegizc edn eincl xa` yicwd' a ,`i dxenza `ax ziira lr zqqean

`id `ax ziira `eld ,m"anxd iyxtn eywzp xake .'ewiz'a 'nbd dx`ype ,'sebd

d'y xaeqd my iqei iaxc `ail` wxitke ,'dler dlek dler ef ly dlbx xne`

dcedi iaxe xi`n iax zrcl j` ,zvaewn dhiya `aend 'qeza oke ,my i"yxity

yecw oi`e dleka dhyt `l sebd zyecw lbxd yicwdy b"dka elit`y mixaeqd

lbxd z` yicwd xy`k e"w ,(mzenk wqtpe) ea dielz dnypd oi`y xa` eze` `l`

xnele wegcl jixvy azk dpyn sqkae .dleka dyecw dhyt `ly dincl wx

.y"iir ,dcedi iaxe xi`n iaxc `ail` s` zniiw `ax ziiray xaeq m"anxdy

'qeze i"yx yexitk xaeqe ,m"anxd lr wleg `ed ?df oiipra b"nqd zrc dn

m"anxd z` wizrd oda ,ely zexg` zehnyd izy jezn xexa xacd .dibeqa

.df oica wqerd rhwd z` hinyde

dkldd zligz z` wizrd 'dnda ikxr' meiqa (hkw dyr) eply devna ± zg`d

m"anxd ea mewna xvre ,dteb ycwzpy 'dincl dninz dnda yicwn'a m"anxa

`l b"nqd ± dleka dyecw dhyt m` wtqy 'eincl xa` yicwd' oica jiynd

.dil `xiaq `ly iptn dkldd jynd z` wizrd

6e sirq hl 'iq cizrd oglyd jexre ,(ezpeeka l"vk) ipy yexita bl sc dxenz lr ozp wg

.(gztnd xtqa oiiev `l)

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 8

mewnd `a ,`nlra mixac xeviw `id ef dhnyd mby xn`ie orehd orhi `ny

:mixacd z` wfgne ipyd

mbe ± dlirn ipic ly xywda ef dkld `ian a"d c"t dlirn zeklda m"anxd

diptl) zekenqd zekldd z`y s` ,dze` hinyn (ix dyra) b"nqd epiax my

:m"anxd oeyln wizrd (dixg`le

b-` ,c dlirn m"anxix dyr b"nq

`

eny`le ezlerl ez`hgl zern yixtndeny`le ezlerle ez`hgl zern yixtnd

dryn oda oilren dpei ipae oixezledryn oda oilren dpei ipae mixezl

,yixtdy,oyixtdy

.mda oilren oi` minlyl yixtd,oda oilren oi` minlyl oyixtd

a

,gafnl eincl cg` xa` yicwd

olka dyecw dhyt m` wtq df ixd

,dcti `le axwz jkitl dhyt `l e`

.epeicta oilren oi` dctp m`e

b

zepdil xeq` ezexifpl zern yixtndzepdil xeq` ezexifpl zern yixtd

lrn `l dpdp m`e odalrn `l dpdp m`e oda

minly mlek `eal oiie`x ody iptnminly mlek `eal oie`xy iptn

odixeni`a `l` dlirn minlya oi`eoixeni`a `l` dlirn minlya oi`e

minc zwixf xg`minc zwixf xg`l

m"anxd zpeeky b"nqd oiad hkw dyra o`k mby gipdl xiaq ,epixac mipk m`

jkitle ,xen`k wleg `ed dilr ziyilyd zexyt`k `id 'x`aziy enk' milina

.l"pd zenewnd ipya dyry itk df htyn hinyd

z` oiad `ed ji` ivewn awri iax epl fnx m"anxa cg` htyn zhnyda

dkldl ezrc z` df oiipra lawn `ed oi`ye ,m"anxd7.

7epiax zhnydy x`al rivd xbpifly miwil` axl '`nw in' yexit mr b"nqay oiivl yie

jixv exwirn men lraa s`y eixacn rnzydl lelry ,m"anxd oeyla zerhn `ivedl d`a

mixacd mi`xp j` .dpyn mgle dpyn sqkae c"a`xd zbyda y"iir ,dkxrde dcnrd

`l ik df htyn hinyd jkitle ,ziyilyd zexyt`k m"anxd ixac oiad epiaxy ,xen`k

.dfa m"anxk dil `xiaq

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb9

lwpxt mdxa`

'xev fern' ly exeaig onfe `fiinxee zlvd lr xnfd

c"id ineldi l`pzp ly exkfl1

`

,a"id d`nd seqa `fiinxee inkgn cg` did dnly x"a awri x"a mgpn iax

gwexd dcedi x"a xfrl` iax mr cgi oica ayie2caln .dxet ohiitk reci `ed .

cr .zepiwe zezlef ,zead` ,mipte` ,zexvei ,aixrn iheit xaig `ed zeax zegilq

miheit dnka .ehr ixtn 'miny ipern' dpiwd z` a`a dryza mixne` ep` meid

'mgpn' dixhniba recik `edy - 'gnv' iepika mzeg `ed3miaezk eiheitn dnk .

d`nd ly milecbd fpky` iphiit bdpnk ,miicxtqd milwynde zexevd zrtyda

.(1203) b"qwzz 'c zpya `fiinxeea xhtp mgpn 'x .a"id

dzlvd zeawra azkpy xnf xiy `ed eini aexra mgpn 'x azky miheitd cg`

uxt 1197Îa iyiyd jixpiid xqiwd ly ezen xg`l .xevnn `fiinxee xird ly

.dia`eeyn tilit oial (slee zian) iriaxd ehe` oia ipnxbd xzkd lr wa`n

deewza .ehwpp zepey zei`av zelert mb j` ,ihneltic exwira did wa`nd

xg`l .xird lr xevn 1201 zpya iriaxd ehe` cinrd `fiinxee lr hlzydl

xg`l .dlvip xirde ,xevnd z` mixvd zegekd ewiqtd mini drax` e` dyely

xqiwl xzked `ed 1209 zpyae ,iriaxd ehe` ly ezekln dxked 1208Îa tilit zen

dipnxb4.

1ly exkfl ycwen ,mxir lr obdl ick englpy micedi x`znd heita wqerd ,df xn`nixyza 'da mixvn leaba axwa ltp xy` ,oelii` sep oa ,l"f ineldi ryedi l`pzp liigd

.d"avpz .ux`d lre mrd lr epibda b"ryz2zetqezd ilra ,jaxe` '`2.406 'nr ,n"yz milyexi ,3zlidw .gqt ly iriay lill mgpn 'x azky 'aixrn'd z` uni` iaxrnd fpky` bdpn

iheit hwl'a eqtcp eizegilqn ryz .daey zayl ely xveid z` xnel dbdp `fiinxeelr .b"pyz milyexi ,lwpxt '`e hcinycleb 'c 'cdn ,'ztxve fpky` iphiit z`n zegilq

.813 'nr ,gtqpa my oiir 'gnv' minezgd miheitd4dixqiwe ,'dyecwd zinexd zexqiwd' did miipiad inia dipnxb zexqiw ly inyxd dny

inex zexqiw ly dzkiynn z` da e`x micedid mb .`nex ly xeitit`d ici lr exzked.zixehqidd (mec` zekln=)

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 10

zexinf ixiy oia meyx `ede ,cg` ci azk jezn reci `fiinxee zlvd lr heitd

zay i`venl micreind5:`id cid azka heitd y`xa dneyxd zxzekd .

mgpn epiax cqi df xnf

mec` zekln dwlgzpyk

xird lr xv jlnd inia

ycgl drax`a `yinxee

myn erqp ea 'fae zayd meia xc`

ekd .zerxe`nd xg`l ax `l onf dxagzpy d`xpe ,mihxta zwiicn zxzekd,az

cgeind rwxd z` `xewl xiaqdl jxev d`ex xak ,mxey`l mihxtd z` rceid

`fiinxeen awri x"a mgpn iax `ed 'mgpn epiax' .heitd zaizkl6iehiad .

,dnvr zeklnd lr zwelgn dziid xy`k :exe`ia 'mec` zekln dwlgzpyk'

my o`k xqgy xyt` - 'jlnd inia' .liawna mikln ipy eyniy dxvw dtewzle

ezekln dxked xak xy`k ,iriaxd ehe` jlnl dpeekdy xyt`e ,jlnd7lr xv' .

drax`a' .`fiinxee xird lr xevn my (iriaxd ehe` `ed) xkfpd jlnd - 'xird

,mini drax` e` dyely jx` (1201) `"qwzz zpya rxi`y xevnd - 'eke 'ycgl

'f oial (dwqtd zay dziidy ,dnexz zyxt zaya dpy dze`a lgy) xc` 'c oia

.(reaya 'b mei) xc`

zelerd zepwqnae epepbqa oecp jk xg`e ,xe`ia sexiva xnfd z` dligz `iap

epnn8.

wfg mgpn :oniq

ndkFap `id xirde / xird dz`A xFv ¨¨¨¨¦§¨¦¦¨¨

dkixAd zlrY l` / xirU ipa ipEaaq§¨¦§¥¥¦¤§¨©©§¥¨

:xe`ia:dkeap `id xirde 12 .eh ,b 'q` it lr:xiry ipacwepn cid azka) mec` zekln.('xirU':dkxad zlrz l`.b ,f 'ryi it lr oeylde ,xird aiaqy xitgl dpeekdy d`xp ¨¦

5dhiqxaipe`d zixtq ,bivtiil i"kB.H. duod. 43xnfdy d`xp .(74936 hxq) a"r f"i sc ,xc` yceg zezayn zg`l d`xpk ,dlcad xnf yniy 'dz`a xevn'.

6mi`xn ('`finxeen' e` 'awri xa' oebk) sqep xe`ia `la 'mgpn' myd oeive 'epiax' iepikd mbzrcl xen` `xewdy gipd azekd ik ,`fiinxee xef`l dzaxw lre zxzekd zencw lr

.xaecn mgpn 'x dfi`a7.1218-1208 mipyd oia dyrp zxzekd geqip ixd ,`ed jk m`8ici lr dpey`xl qtcp xiydH. Fischer, Die verfassungsrechtliche Stellung der Juden

in den deutschen Staedten waerend des dreizehnten Jahrhunderts, Breslau 1931aeye ,.207 'nr ,f"kyz milyexi ,'mippx zxzr' ,onxad ici lr (hrn zyaeyn dxeva)

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb11

dMOl miCwn ixv / dkxa` xEv mFi lkA§¨£¨§¨¢¦©§¦©©¨

dkYp W` iixvA / dYrWFde / dzFPB©¨§©§¨§¨©¥¦¨¨

5pEpExYiM oWa ipA / EpEtt` iM mik ¥¦¦£¨§¥¨¨¦§

EpEkixcd dgEpn / EpEnCw zen iWwFn§¥¨¤¦§§¨¦§¦

EpNM bBl zFlr / Epcnr xnWn lr©¦§¨¨©§£©¨ª¨

EpzaW `l zAWA / zCk `le / zCxgl zFid¡§¤§¨§Ÿ©¨§©¨Ÿ¨©§

gmixaXd cr Etcx / xcB wFgC aix EwG ¦§¦§¤¤¨§©©§¨¦

10mixrXA mgl f` / xcrd uFtp iM¦¨¨¥¤¨¨¤©§¨¦

mixrUp mbe miqp / mixv mr z` zF`xM¦§¤©¨¦¨¦§©¦§¨¦

mixBp mpir ipA / miWAeWn / miWpe sh©§¨¦§ª¨¦§¥¥¨¦¨¦

nFCaln cFr oi` zn` / zFAx zFWrl `ilt ©§¦©£©¡¤¥¦§©

FCar mdxa` z`e / zFa` iCqg xkf̈©©§¥¨§¤©§¨¨©§

3:'eke mei lka.'jkxa` mei lka' :a ,dnw 'dz it lr:dknl micwn ixvd`etx micwn ¢d`xpk dpeekde .('dknl d`etx micwn d"awdy') ` ,b zeny f"qt it lr oeylde ,dknldxey ,oldl) dreyz meik ,dyn zcled lr dgny mei `edy ,xc`a 'f mei z` oikd d"awdy

4 .oeyl lr ltep oeyl - iixva - ixv - xev - xevn .(jli`e 17:dzryede dzepb,zryede zpbd ¢lr izepbe' :dl ,fl 'ryi it lrlr aixgpq xevn zra xn`p weqtde ,'driyedl z`fd xird

.milyexi:dkzp y`ezng' :e ,` megp it lre) mitiwzna xird iayez englp jky d`xp5 .('y`k dkzp:epett` ik mikp.'mikp ilr etq`p' :eh ,dl 'ldz it lr ,epeaaq miaie`ipa

:epexzk oya6 .'ipexzk oya ixia`' :bi ,ak 'dz it lr:epencw zen iywen,gi 'dz it lr.e:epekixcd dgepnmye) 'edekixcd dgepn' :bn ,k 'tey it lre ,zayd meia epze` ecixhd

7 .(my i"z ,ezgepnn edecxh zernyna:epcnr xnyn lr'ag it lr ,epzxnyn lr epxnydcenr` izxnyn lr' :` ,a:bbl zelr .'xevn lr daviz`elry mizad bbl e` ,dnegd bbl

8 .dnegd ci:zcxgl zeid`"y it lr ,midl` zcxgl xird zeid llba yxtl yi d`xpk.'midl` zcxgl idze ux`d fbxze' :eh ,cizck `le,oick `ly ,zaya epzay `l okl :'eke

9 .('zAXA' cwepn cid azka) 'zck `l xy`' :fh ,c xzq` 'l:aix ewfgdnglnd z` exiabd ©©¨−.('Ewfg' cid azka):xcb wegc.dnegd z` uextl:mixayd cr etcxyxtl yi d`xpk ¨§

cr xryd iptl metcxie' :d ,f 'edi it lre ,dnegd iwevn cr (etiwzd) etcx miaie`dy10 .(o`k mb jk yxtl yi ile`e ,exaypy cr :my i"ze) 'mixayd:xcrd uetp ikit lr ile`

.evetp xcrk eidy mitiwzndy ,(dl ,i 'cna) 'jiaie` evtie':mixrya mgl f`on e`vi f` ª11 .g ,d 'tey it lre ,mda englpe xird:mixryp ...ze`xkz` e`x xird iayez xy`k

12 .mildap='mixryp' ile`e .dxrqa mi`a mb j` miqp mdyk mitiwznd:miyaeyn.mikeap:mixbp mpir ipayexit .('mixbp' cid azka) hn ,b dki` it lr ,ikaa mivxet eid¦§¦

,mixrqpe miqp mrd z` (xird lr exvy miaie`d) mixvd e`xy drya :11-12 zexeyl xg`zinley 'text zrvd) d"awd icia dlvdd rbx rztl `a f`e ,ikaa egzt miypde shd f`

13 .(xevil`:zeyrl `iltn.'xvi xy`' zkxa oeyl:ecaln cer oi`14 .dl ,c 'acxkf:zea` icqg.an ,dw 'dz :ecar mdxa` z`e .'zea` icqg xkef' dlitzd oeyl it lr

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 12

15FcAknd mr zwdl /Fci lv opFBie©§¥¥¨©£©©©§©§

FCqg z` `iltd xW` / l`FB xvA / l` KExÄ¥§©¥£¤¦§¦¤©§

gon`p xiv zcil mFi / Fa draWA xc` WcF¤£¨§¦§¨¥©¦¤¡¨

fKFzA xW` oFcwongxd l` Ktd / FAx ¨£¤§¦§¨©¥¨©£¨

onFwOn oriQd / oOe` zixAd xnFW¥©§¦ª¨¦¦©¦§¨

20ond lFtpA f`nM / Eca`ie / EcxRzi¦§¨§§Ÿ¥§¥¨¦§¨¨

15:ecaknd mr zwdl16 .l`xyi ldw:ecqg z` `iltd xy`jexa' :ak `l 'dz it lr

il ecqg z` `iltd ik 'dxevn xira17 .'ea draya:'eke,bi dlibn) xc`a 'fa clep dyn

.(a"r:on`p xiv18 .(f ,ai 'cna) '`ed on`p izia lka' it lr ,dynoecf:'ekedrxd ezaygn

.('oFcf' cid azka) aie`d ly:jtd19 .daehl:one` zixad xneyl`d' :h ,f 'ac it lr §

.(on`p=one`) 'zixad xney on`pd:onewnn oriqd.xc`a 'fa xevnd on erqpecxtzi 20

:eca`ie.'oe` ilret lk ecxtzi eca`i jiaie`...' :i ,av 'ldz it lr:ond letpa`ed s` didy

.eyr rxfn

a

xevnd on xird zlvd lr dgnye dcez xiy `ed 'xird dz`a xevn' xnfd9.

`eal cizrl mb miaie`d zlitp lr dywa d`a eteqa10eid ohiitd ly eztewza .

iyrn ote`a xird zpbdl mwlg z` mexzl miaiegn xird iayez micedid11zpeky .

xird znegl daexw d`xpk dziid micedid12zebb mpid mixkfend zebbdy xyt`e ,

zeytp zpkq ly avn dtwiy dtwzddy zrcd lr lawzn .mnvr micedid iza ly

dnglnd ihxt xe`iz .zay lelig dxizdy ,hxta micedile llka xird iayezl

wx xen`k jynp xy` xevnd zra zexfeg zetwzd eidy d`xpe ,ixnbl xexa epi`

meik xc`a 'f mei z` onife ,dknl dtexz micwd d"awd .mini drax` e` dyely

.myn rqp xird lr xvd gekd xy`k ,dlvdd

inia xaeg xiydy zrcd lr lawznmipt lk lr .dlvdd xg`ly mipey`xd m

`l miiehia oky ,mixetle xekf zayl miaexwd minia cner ohiitdy xiya xkip

'dkeap `id xirde' :mixetd bg ipipr x`yn e` xzq` zlibnn migewl xiya mihrn

d"awd `xay xg`' :a"r ,bi dlibn it lr ,3 dxey) 'dknl micwn ixv' ;(1 dxey)¢¦

9xe`iaa oiir :xevn oiipra mxewna mi`a xy` miweqt dylyn ze`aena xfrp ohiitd.16 ,7 ,4 zexeyl

10ibexd lr .eiheita azk odn dnk lre ,eiig inia zeieprxet hrn `l d`x awri xa mgpn 'xill`' dpiwa opewn `ed (1190) wxeie (1189) oecpel ibexd lre oiixd xdp lry (117) cx`tea©

.(fnw 'nr ,'ztxve fpky` zexfb xtq' ,onxad) 'lekye oenl` rbx e`a ik il11.dpbdd ciwtzn xeht xear melyza micedid eaieg xzei zexge`n zetewza12dpbdk mb dnegd dyniy zepey mixra .`fiinxeea meid mi`xpd micixyd itl `ed jk

.zinipt diipy dneg mdl dziid mizirle ,micedid lr zetwzn iptn

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb13

sh' ;(8) 'zck `le' ;(ond zxfbl mcwy yxze ozba dyrn lr ,'eke 'dknl d`etx

oeirxd .(20) 'ond letpa f`nk ;('`ed jetdpe' oeyl ,18) 'ongxd l` jtd' ;(12) 'miype

livdy enk xc` ycega xiry ipa cin `fiinxee xird z` livd d"awdy `ed illkd

eyr ipan `ed s` ,ond cin l`xyi z`13.

b

zefexgnn iepa 'dz`a xevn' xnfd14lk .zg` lk (zexey) mixeh drax` zepa

zeirlv izyn iepa xeh15wynd .on cg` edf .zirlv lka zerepz yy ly `ed l

d`nd jyna mifpky`d iheitl excg xy` ,micxtqd iheita mivetpd milwynd

.'oenft'd beqn zegilqd iheita minrt daxd df lwyn `a micxtqd iheita .a"id

oenftk zynynd dxey yi eay - 'ixef` oirn' dpana aexl miiepa dl` mipenft

xfegd oenftd fexgl ddf zfexgn lkay oexg`d fexgde ,xfeg16ipenftn dnk .

ef dxeva md mb miiepa fpky`a mibedpd zegilqd17`weec cgein epiptly heitd .

zpigan ,jci`n .zefexgnd oia szeyn fexg lk ea oi`e ,xfeg oenft lk el oi`y jka

ly dgizt zefexgnl dneca ,xiyl zxzek oirk dpey`xd zfexgnd zynyn okezd

miifpky`e miicxtq oenft iheit18.

iheita ce`n libxy enk ,zefexgnd iy`xa `a 'mgpn' oekihqexw`d

micxtqd19miheit znbeck ,dpexg`d zfexgna dlek zaleyn 'wfg' dkxad zlin .

minecw miifpky`e miiwlhi`20.

od zefexgn lkay zepey`xd zexeyd izy .dlibx dpi` heitd ly dfixgd zxev

13gxia xet il ltp xn`' :xc` yceg lr xetd ltpyk gny ond a ,bi dlibna `xnbd itlohiitd cnl o`kn .'clep xc`a drayae zn xc`a drayay rcei did `le ,dyn ea znyxc` yceg zxigal `id mb oitiwra dxeyw ond zltnye ,dgny mei `ed xc`a drayy

.df dgny mei lg eay14mixiyl wx heitd xwgna xeny 'zia' gpend .zxaecnd dtya 'miza' od zefexgn

.('il`yz `ld oeiv' znbeck) fexg ieey miicxtq15ic df xiya icxtqd zerepzd lwyn .oldl oiir zfexgn lkay dpexg`d dxeyd dpan lr

mixg` mifpky` miphiity it lr s` z`f) mgpn 'x ly mixg` miheita mb enk ,wiecn'dkzp' cwip eit lre ,lwynl rcen did cid azk cwpn .(dliwyd illkn mizirl mibxeg¨

.(20) 'eca`ie'-e (4 dxey)¤16fexg) 'icec dkl' e` ('ip' fexg) 'zay dxny` ik' ,('min' fexg) 'caekn df mei' heita enk¦¦

.('dl'¨17.'izglq eprinyi'e 'eci lv ep`iagi' ,'ux`d lk htey' znbeck18elit` e`) 4 dxey .diipyd zfexgna wx ligzn xiya hxetnd zerxe`nd jldny xkip

.lreta dxw mpne` jky xyt`e ,elek xiyl oenft ynyl dlki (diptly 3 dxey mr cgi19zexinf ixiya mb drtezd lr oldl oiire ,mixvw mifpky`e miiwlhi` miheita mb mizirle

.mixg`20.cid azka zepneqn ('wfg' zeize`d llek) oekihqexw`d zeize`

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 14

(a ` a `) 'zbxeqn dfixg' zelra21miphiitd ecnl zbxeqnd dfixgd zxev z` mb .

micxtqd on mifpky`d22mbc zecinrn zfexgn lkay zepexg`d zexeyd izy j` .

/ a b b / a a :ixnbl dpey23:jk `et` zfxeg dnly zfexgn .

a / `

a / `

a / a

a / b / b

zirlvd la` ,zeirlv izyn mpn` diepa zfexgn lkay dpexg`d dxeyd

`l dxiay .zg` lk zerepz yly zepa zeirlv zz izyl zwlegn day dpey`xd

eribdy zeicxtqd ze`nbecd on zg` dppi` dcal meiqd zxeya z`fk zixhniq

zxev ly dizeawr z` .fpky`l zcgeind zipaz zxev `weec `idy d`xpe ,fpky`l

.zay lil ly miifpky`d zexinfd iheitn cg`a mb `evnl lkep ef zcgein zipaz

:`id ezfixg zxev .'wfg ozpedi' oekihqexw`d lra ,'`ed ycw zay mei' `ed heitd

` / ` / `

a / a

a / b / b

d zxev la` ,zefexgnd zligza zbxeqn dfixg oi` df xiyajynday dfixg

./ a b b / a a :'dz`a xevn'ay efl ddf24

c

xiya dax zepwiica envr lr xfeg 'xird dz`a xevn' xnfd ly akxend dpand

mixehd ,zeraexnd zefexgnd .'xev fern' dkepgl recid heitl dpeekd :sqep

zbxeqnd dfixgd ,zirlv lkl zerepz yy yy ly lwynd ,zeirlv izyl miwlegnd

mipexg`d mixehd ipya / a b b / a a zcgeind dfixgde mipey`xd mixehd ipya

'xev fern'a mb weica mnvr lr mixfeg mlek -25fern'a oi` 'dz`a xevn'a enk .

21d' :`id dfixgd dpey`xd zfexgna `nbeclxireap /dky //xirixad /dk.//22d`xpk ,gxfna `ed (wizrd heita dreci dziid `ly) zbxeqnd dfixgd ly dxewn

iheita ce`n zgeex ef dfixg .cxtql dribd `id myne ,oe`b dicrq ax ly eztewza.miiztxvde miicxtqd oenftd

23xa` :(dpey`xd zfexgnd on aey) `nbecldknl /dkipb //dzryede /dzzp /dk//24.'xird dz`a xevn'l mecw `edy zrcd lr lawzne ,zicxtq drtyd oiicr oi` df heita25:dpey`xd zfexgnd it lr 'xev fern' ly dfixgd zxev z` mibcp

gayl d`p jl / izreyi xev ferna / `gafp dcez mye / izlitz zia oekza / `

gapnd xvn / gahn oikz zrla / agafnd zkepg / xenfn xiya / xenb` f`a / b / b

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb15

zxzek oirk ,dpkez zpigan ,dpey`xd zfexgnd zynyn ea mbe ,xfeg oenft 'xev

xiyl26'mgpn') zefexgnd iy`xa (eia` my `ll) xagnd my oniq `ed sqep oeinc .

('xev fern'a 'ikcxn'e 'dz`a xevn'a27ipniq ly cgeind aeliyd :xac ly ellk .

dxev dze`a epiptl `a 'dz`a xevn' iabl epi`xy miifpky`de miicxtqd zipazd

.'xev fern'a mb

mxeaig zrn ecrep md xnelk ,('heit' mzq `le) 'xnf' mb mi`xwp miheitd ipy

zexinf' md mb mi`xwpd ,zayd ixiyl dneca ,zizgtyn zxbqna mixyen zeidl

'xnf'd ixiy lkly zrcd lr lawzn .'zay lyiheitk `ly .zereci zepibpn mb eid

miheit micrein ,miirevwn 'dlitz ilra'e mipfgl zcrein mzxiyy ,zqpkd zia

agxd ldwl dl`28,`weec xnf ixiy dyelyn dzr epl drecid ,a b b / a a ,zipazd .

.zexinf oze` ly oqiqaa gpedy ,reci oebip rhw e` oebip d`xpk ztwyn

oia zelz yiy epze` cnll leki 'xev fern'l 'dz`a xevn' oiay cgeind oeincd

zrcd lr lawzn .ipyd ly eznbec it lr azkp mdn cg`y xnelk ,miheitd ipy

yeniyl mzqd on azkp `fiinxee zlvd lr xnfd .szeyn oebip did mb mdipyly

azkp 'xev fern' ,jci`n .mdl miaexwl e` `fiinxee xird ipal wx xnelk ,inewn

,(jtidl `le) 'xev fern' znbeck azkp 'dz`a xevn'y okl zpzep zrcd .agx ldwl

'xev fern' xnfl xakn df reci didy oebipd it lr xyede29xevn' ly exeaig onf .

'dz`a30`fiinxeea reci did 'xev fern' dkepgl xnfdy epze` cnll ok m` leki

26.xiyl oenft ynyl dziid dleki 'eke 'xenb` f`' dxeyd27ly dzeixewn zl`y lre ,miheitd ipya dpexg`d zfexgna 'wfg' dkxad zlin aeliy lr

.oldl d`x ,'xev fern' ly dpexg`d zfexgnd28d iheit lky daiqd z`fmixeciq ly ci iazka llk jxca miriten mpi` epxkfdy zexinf

miphw miqxhpewa llk jxca ewzred `l` ,zqpkd zia ipfgl micreind mixefgnednxb oitiwra .dlcadd xg`l oke ,dixg` e` dcerqd zrya izia yeniyl micreindjk) ifpky`d xeciqd ly miax miqetcn mb excrp zayd zexinfy dcaerl ef drtezwx eqpkpy mdn yie (jli`e 1806 'cdnn lgd ,miidpciid ly 'dxexa dty' xeciqa elit`zpigan mb .(zay lill zexinfd iabl ,'zn` zty' xeciqa `nbecl jk) xtqd seqa gtqpkoi`e ,mixac xetiq `ed mpkez aex :zqpkd zia ly dlitz iheitn xnfd ixiy mipey okezd

.dywa ly zepeyl daxd mda29mpn`e .iyily heit jxc e` ztzeyn `nbec it lr eazkp miheitd ipyy oaenk xyt`

weica ieyrd sqep dlcad heit l"pd bivtiil ci azka `a 'dz`a xevn' iptl weicaheity xyt` .'xfril`' mezgd ,'ipethy min if`' heita xaecnd .zakxen zipaz dze`axn`p ,df xn`na heitd z` qitcdl lkep `l .mixet iptly zayl dlcad xiy `ed df'xev fern'n lhp s` exagnye 'xev fern' it lr ieyr df heit mby dler ezwicany wx'`zcnd oa ibb` / dgey zexk lap ur' ,'miray uwl' ,'ini ekrcp hrnk') mipey miiehia¨lr lawzn .zeieklnd rax` zepnp df heita mb ,'xev fern'a enk .(cere 'dzayp eze`be'

.ddfd zipazd ilra el`d miheitd zyely oian mecwd `ed 'xev fern'y okl zrcd30.1203 `id awri xa mgpn 'x ly ezxiht zpy ,xekfk .dl jenqa ynn e` 1201 zpya

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 16

dxyr mizyd d`nd seqa xak31mcew 'xev fern' ly exeaig onf z` micwdl dyw .

mcew fpky`a zegeex opi` zeicxtqd zertydd oky ,dxyr mizyd d`nd rvn`

e` 1190-1160 mipyd oia xaeg 'xev fern'y gipdl okl zrcd lr lawzn .df onf

.jkl jenqa

d

ly dzeixewn zl`y z` mb zxzet 'xev fern'e 'dz`a xevn' oiay zelzd

zlin zaleyn miheitd ipya .('jycw rexf seyg') 'xev fern' ly dpexg`d zfexgnd

'wfg' oekihqexw`doi` .dpexg`d zfexgna dlek zaleyn `idyk ,dnec dxeva

ohiity xiaq izla ixdy ,zixewn 'xev fern' z` zniiqnd zfexgndy wtq izrcl

z` zniiqnd zfexgnl `weec dxwna dnecd zfexgn 'xev fern'l siqed xge`n

'dz`a xevn'32.

xara elredy mipekp milewiy oeebnl dzr sqeezdl leki df ixwir lewiy33,

:mdn dnk o`k xikfpe

-.mcwen heitl 'wfg' zfexgn siqen xge`n ohiity `ed ievn `l dxwn

-x`y z` min`ez 'jycw rexf seyg' zfexgna mi`ad lwynde dfixgd ipnnq

zefexgnd34mdaye ,'xev fern'l exagzpy zexg` meiq zefexgnl cebipa z`f ,

zwiecnd zipazd on diihq zxkip35.

31,oeqtil 'c `yepd z` mkiq dpexg`l .daxd azkp 'xev fern' ly xreynd exeaig onf lrmiknzqn mixwegd lk .34-29 'nr ,(e"qyz zah) a ,en oirnd ,'ixehqid hann "xev fern"'

'xev fern' ly exeaig onfy rawy ,upev lrxge`n epi`d`nd ly dpey`xd zivgnloiir ,dxyr yelydL. Zunz, Literaturgeschichte der synagogalen Poesie, Berlin 1865,

p. 580.eze` xikfnd mecw xeaig `vny e` mecw ci azka heitd z` d`x upevy xyt` .zegtl dpy miyingka mecw 'xev fern' heitd ly exeaig onfl epilrdy oeilrd leabd

.dk cr laewnl32.jetd did drtydd oeeik m` xnelk ,'xev fern'l 'dz`a xevn' mcw m` mb swz df lewiy¥

.miheitd ipy oiay zelzd mb enk ,onf xg`l reci did `l i`ce 'dz`a xevn' xnfd33zfexgnd ly zeihpze`a llk wtwt `l (zbltend ezexidfa did reciy) upev mby xikfp

eizeniyxa mb .(31 dxrd ,lirl oiir) 'wfg ikcxn' `ed xiyd ly epniqy rawe ,dpexg`dzeklnl miiepikk (dpexg`d zfexgnd on) 'dryxd dne`'e 'oenc`' miiehiad z` upev llkrexf seyg' zfexgnd ly dzencwl sqep wefig .'xev fern' z` oiiv zexewnd oiae ,mec`'ipethy min if`' ly dpexg`d zfexgnd mb dazkp dznbec itly dcaerd on cnlp 'jycw`a 'dryxd dne`' iepikdy mewn eze`a da `a 'zryxn zekln' iepikde ,(29 dxrd lirl)©

.'xev fern' ly dpexg`d zfexgna34xyt`e ,zerepzd xtqna weic xqeg mizirl yi (dpexg`d zfexgna mb) zefexgn dnka

dzidpe ;(dlevna `le) dlevn :l"v `nye ,cewip zeierh e` xteq zeierhn mb raep xacdy`le) drx inil ;(dxzi 'epl' zlin) dryd dkx` ik ;mipyeyl ;(dxzi 'gtl' zlin) ywenl el§

.(dxzi 'epl' zlin) dray mirex mwd ;('drxd'35miza' ,jailxw xcpqkl` x"c axd oiir 'xev fern'l meiqk etqepy zexg`d zefexgnd lr

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb17

-jka xvepe ,'xev fern' seqa mec` zekln zxkfp `l dpexg`d zfexgnd `ll

`ll .fpky`a ievn epi`y xac ,zeiekln rax` jezn yely ly rehw svx

cizrd zle`bl dewz ly meiq mb heitd xqg ef zfexgn36.

zxge`nd dzhnyde ,zixewn 'xev fern' ly dpexg`d zfexgndy okl d`xp

(mely ikxc iptn) zinipt dxefpv d`xpk ,dxefpv zlert zaegl ztwfp37m` d`xp .

dzliawn it lr 'dz`a xevn' ly dpexg`d zfexgnd z` mb avir mgpn 'xy ok

.'xev fern' heitay

e

mec` zeklnl qgid zpigan mb 'xev fern' heitl dni`zn dpexg`d zfexgnd

diipyd zivgnl dni`zn 'dryxd dne`n / jicar znwp mewp' dxeyd .da zxkfpd

ibexd ly mcd znwp lr ywal fpky` ipa miaxn day ,dxyr mizyd d`nd ly

zealeyn dl`k dnwp zeywa .zetqep zexfb ibexd lre ipyde oey`xd alvd rqn

mipey mibeqn zelitze miheit ineiqa dtewz dze`a38.

dtewzl `weec zcgein dpi` 'oenlv lva / oenc` dgc' dxeyd z`f znerl

eyrl mecw iphiit iepik `ed 'oenc`' .dpecpd39zenlv `ed 'oenlv'e40zernynd .

,(31 dxrd lirl) oeqtil 'c ;274-270 'nr ,l"yz 'dpya dpy' ,'"izreyi xev fern"l mitqep.wcwecn epi` lwynd olekae ,zwiecn dpi` dfixgd zetqepd zefexgnd aexa .34-33 'nr

36'ond letpa f`nk / eca`ie / ecxtzi' :'dz`a xevn' seqa mb (laewnk) ievn dfk meiq¥.(29 dxrd ,lirl) 'ipethy min if`' meiqae

37ck oipr dkepg 'ld g"e` wlg) 'xyei hwl' lra mb fnex jkly (igxkd `l ik m`) xyt`'x exen ly ebdpn z` `iand ([153 'nr `"g x"etca ;r"yz one` dnly oekn zxecdna]xn`y xg`le' :b"id d`nd seqa m"xdnd cinlz didy ,oycd znexz lra olxqi` l`xyi

.izreyi xev fern oipbpn did [elld] zexpd'belica eze` xn` minrtlly eileblb lr ..34-32 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) oeqtil 'c ly exn`na oiir dxefpvd dyrn

38eazkpy zepiwd lk ly meiqd irhw ;'mingxd a`' dlitz ly dneiq :odn dnk xikfpeazkpy zegilq iheit ineiq ;dcedi xa qenipelw 'x ly 'ery izxn`' znbec itl fpky`ay`x ly '` meia 'zepexkf'l '`zriwz'd meiqa dqpkpy ztqezd meiqae ,zexfb zeawra`ed jk .(250 'nr ,` jxk ,l"yz milyexi ,hcinycleb 'c 'cdn ,mi`xep minil xefgn) dpydeazkpy (zewipexk) miixehqidd mixe`izd jezay mipey mirhw ineiqa minrt daxd mb,ztxve fpky` zexifb xtq ,onxad) `pean mixt` 'x ly 'dxikf xtq'a oebk ,dtewz dze`a

.(jli`e fkw 'nr39d"xl ixilwd zaexwa xak riten iepikd .(dk ,dk '`xa) 'ipenc` oey`xd `vie' it lr

'nr ,` jxk ,l"yz milyexi ,hcinycleb 'c 'cdn ,'mi`xep minil xefgn' ,'lig z`' dzligz)dxarzp `ly eyr hiad xy`k) 'dldazpe el dzgwl dav ,dlg `ly hak oenc`d' :(70i"yx ici lr mixkfen ixilwd ixacn dl` mixeh .(dldap `ide dy`l dzgwl dvx ,lgxdpy icin fpky` zelidw lka dxn`p ixilwd ly daexwd .ak ,l ziy`xal exe`iaa.mixg` miheitae 'lad ipengpz ji`' zixilwd dpiwa mb 'oenc`' iepikd riten jk .dpya

40l`... :(eh ,gq 'dz) "oenlva blyz da mikln icy yxta"' :a ,eh zekxaa `xnbd it lr.'zenlva `l` oenlva ixwz

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 18

zeklnd z` liti d"awdy dywa `id 'oenlv lva oenc` dgc' ly `et` dheytd

zenlv ux`a ,mec` zekln `id ,ziriaxd41.

` 'x mb dyr 'xev fern' zrtyday xyt`'oenlv' iehiaa yeniy gwexd xfrl

lr azkp xy` ,'wicv l` oi` jzlef' 'zlef'd heita .zernyn dze`ae xywd eze`a

xn`p ,(1221) `"twzz hxetxr zxfb ixg` eci42:

oFnlWA delW ghal zaWFId dpicr£¦¨©¤¤¨¤©§¥¨§©§

xFkfmFc` ipaloFnl`e oFaxg §¦§¥¡©§§©§

oFnl`e lFkW cg` mFiA rbx¤©§¤¨§§©§

blWY mF`zR ElRi dOdoFnlvA ¥¨¦§¦§©§¥§©§

:xe`ia:dpicr.mec` zekln:oenlya.('mipenly' oeyl ile`e) 'mely' oeyl ,melyaoeaxg

:oenl`e.zenil`e axgoenl`e.zEpnl` :(ipy):cg` meia rbx.cg` rbxa elti:oenlva blyz ©§§

.(a ,eh zekxa ,yxcnd it lr) zenlva

dipnxb xqiw lr 'oenlv lva oenc` dgc' xehd z` 'zyxec'd zxeqnd dreci

rqn zra xdpa 1190 zpya rah xy` ,(owfd mec`=) dqexaxa oey`xd jixcixt

meik) mEipFwi` axwa miwxehd z` gvipy xg`l zereay dnk ,iyilyd alvd¦¦

(diwxehay dilhp` fegna ,'dipew'43mircen i`ce eid xec eze` ly fpky` ipa .

xqiw zeax mipy jyna ayei ('mec` zekln'=) dipnxb zexqiw y`xay dcaerl

owf mec`44z` jixrdl erci mb md .dax zernyn jkl eqgiiy gipdl dyw j` ,

evx` icedi lr obdl jixcixt ly eivn`n45ly ezen iptl 'xev fern' xaeg m` oia .

qgiizdl epilr ,(1201 oial 1190 oia xnelk) eixg`l cin xaeg m` oiae jixcixt

ly exagnl dze` qgiiln rpnidle ,zxge`n 'zipyxc' zepyxtk zxkfpd zxeqnl

.heitd

s` ynynde 'xev fern' ly dpey`xd zfexgna `ad ,'gapnd xv' iehiad jci`n

`weec dipnxba dxxyy dxiee`l ce`n mi`zn ,mixvepd zeklnl iepikk `ed

zcd igekieel fnx yi o`ke ,u`pn eyexit 'gapn' .a"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna

41`ype' eh ,dq x"aa yxcnd it lr ,zenlvl dgcpd (eyr=) xiry ly xeiv o`k yi ile`awrie (fk ,dk '`xa) '`py ,mz zepeer - mzeper lk z` ...eyr df - (ak ,fh 'wie) eilr xiryd

.'mz yi`42.hqw 'nr ,'ztxve fpky` zexifb xtq' ,onxad43,188 'nr ,f"iyz `"z ,d micrend xtq ,iwqpiel h"i oiir efd zipyxtd zxeqnd lr

,dipewi` = 'oenlv' myd z` miyxecd yi .31-30 'nr ,(31 dxrd lirl) oeqtil 'c dpexg`le.dpey`xl ef zxeqn driten izn rcei ippi`e

44azkp 'xev fern'y xiaq epilrdy itke ,1190 zpy cr 1152 zpyn jln oey`xd jixcixt.ezekln zepy zra

45alvd rqnl xywa `pean mixt` 'x ixac jezn ze`aena oldl oke ,(my) oeqtil 'c oiir.iyilyd

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb19

yeniyd .heitd xeaig onfa l`xyi mr ly dreawd ewlg zpn eidy zelilrle

ievn `ede ,geex epi` mixvepd ly dvnyde ue`ip oiiprl 'gap' yxeya ivilnd

ly diipyd zivgnd oa `ed s` ,`pean awri xa mixt` 'x ly eiazka `weec

ipyd alvd rqn zligz z` 'dxikf xtq'a `pean mixt` 'x x`zn jke .a"id d`nd

:(1146)

'd mr lr mw dxf dcearl xnek / lrna l`xyil scxe / lrila slecex ik...

ux` lka jlie ztxv ux`n `vie .ryxd ondk ca`le bexdl cinydl

...fpky`gaepe jeld jlie/...gaep el `xwielr mgldl milyexi zkll

xnek (slecex=) lrilad df ixg` glyie ...epzw`p z` 'd rnyie ...l`rnyi

...enye ,oiane mzc rcei ,mixnekd lkl axe lecb ,oebd xg``ed mb gapie ©¥

mhtynk46.

k x`zn mixt` 'xyk mbicedi z` dipnxb xqiw dqexaxa jixcixt livd cvi

:iehia eze`a mixt` 'x ynzyn ,iyilyd alvd rqn iptl fpky`

mixnekl evie .lecb xac `le mpedn zvw zgwl ,jixcixe jlnd ala qipkie'

,miglblegapl `ly'drx mdil`47.

`ed ,'jzn` oa jcar ip`' dzligzy ,dpyd y`x axrl mixt` 'x xaigy dgilqa

:ztqep mrt iehiad z` alyn

gahl mixkM cxFde xdn ,`xFp¨©¥§¥§¨¦¨¤©

gaf Ll mzFWtp migaFf lr lFng£©§¦©§¨§¤©

gaFp dl `xwIe dxf caFr mF`¥¨¨©¦§¨¨©

xgn mFiA izwcv ia dzpre§¨§¨¦¦§¨¦§¨¨

:xe`ia:`xep.d"awdxdn.mec` zekln z` dhigyl cxed :'eke:dxf caer me`zekln

.mixvepd:dl `xwie.ely f"rl:gaep.oldl oiir ,zexvpl iepik:xgn meia.dpyd y`xa

`weec qgiizn `ed oky ,ixvep izc xywd 'gap' yxeyl yi mirtend lkay d`xp

'gaFp' z`xwp dnvr zexvpd .mixifpde mixnkd ly mdixacl48iweqta yeniyd . ©

ipniqn cg` `ed (an ,al 'na ,'gaep dl `xwie') zycegn zernyna `xwnd

eiig ztewz .a"id d`nd ly diipyd zivgna fpky` lr cxtq iheit ly drtydd

`ed wegx `le ,'xev fern' ly xreynd exeaig onf ynn `id awri oa mixt` 'x ly

'x ly eize`nbec it lr 'gapnd xv' iehiad z` uaiy ,xnfd ly exagn ,ikcxn 'xy

.awri xa mixt`

46fpky` zexifb xtq' ,onxad n"` :jeza ,`pean awri xa mixt` 'xl 'dxikf xtq' jeznztxve2.ehw 'nr ,`"lyz milyexi ,

47.lw 'nr ,my48= daFp dlinl ililvd xywd it lrnovaiehiaa 'dycgd zixa'l xeywd)nova vulgata.. ¨

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 20

f

z` elrd mixweg .zerici epicia oi` ,'xev fern' xnfd ly exagn ,ikcxn lr

lill 'ziti dn' xnfd ly exagn ,wgvi xa ikcxn 'x `ed df ikcxny zexyt`d

zay49ly daxwd zcin z`e 'ziti dn' ly xreynd exeaig onf z` wecal dqpp .

.dfl df 'ziti dn'e 'xev fern' miheitd ipy

dveaw `ed wlg lk ,miwlg dpenyl wlgzn xiyd .akxen 'ziti dn' xiyd dpan

lyyely:`id zefexgn yely ly efk dveaw lka dfixgd .zefexgn

``` :dpey`x zfexgna

bbb :diipy zfexgna

:ziyily zfexgncddc

zdfixg zlra dnvra `idy ,zfexgn lk ly dpey`xd dxeya dpyi jeaiq ztqe

(mixwnd aexa) zinipt50.`/z/z dpana ,

oeniq mr ,ipyd wlga dpey`xd) ziriaxd zfexgnd ici lr xacd z` mibcp

:(zerepzd lwyne dfixgd

we d`xycew meia /yci ilr /oi` / z / z/ - - - / - - - / - - -

` m`e edxkfoi`/ - - - / - - -

ra rva mgl ilroi`/ - - - / - - -

cwl dtieya- - - -

zfexgn lkay dpey`xd dxeya :zerepzd lwyna zexeyd zelewy df xiya mb

zerepz yy opyi diipyd dxeya ,(zerepz ryz k"dq) zirlv lka zerepz yely yi

znbeck dieyr ziyilyd dxeyd ,(zerepz yely ly zeveaw izyl zewlegnd)

.cala zerepz rax` zlra ziriaxd dxeyde ,diipyd dxeyd

cg` znbeck `id a``` dfixgd .zepey zeiphiit zexeqn sexiv epl yi o`k mb

`ad) ` / z / z oke cddc mitexivd la` .cxtqn eribdy miixef`Îoirnd mipandn

lry reci oebip it lr mdy xyt`e ,miicxtq mpi` (zfexgn lka cala zg` dxeya

.xiyd xaeg eit

zyngn wlg lk y`xa .'wfg wgvi xa ikcxn' `ed xiyd ly oekihqexw`d

zg` ze` d`a (zefexgn yely ly dveaw `ed dfk wlg lk) mipey`xd miwlgd

49df wgvi xa ikcxn lr mb .(mitqep mixweg eizeawrae) 580 ,486 'nr ,(31 'rd ,lirl) upevzetqezd ilra) jaxe` d`xd xak .zerici lk epicia oi`2` ,el dcip zetqezay (675 'nr ,

,y"`xd itqeza enk ,ip`ein h"ei 'x `ed) 'wgvi xa aeh mei 'x' qexbl yi '`zkld' d"c.'wgvi xa ikcxn 'x' `le (my

50(` / z / z beqn) zinipt dfixg yi dxyr ynga ,xiyay zefexgnd rax`e mixyr oianyely ly lwynd lr zexney zepey`xd zexeyd rax`e mixyr lk la` .dpey`xd dxeya

.(oldl) zirlv lka zerepz yely

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb21

iriayd wlgd y`xa ;'x'a zeize`d ze`a iyiyd wlgd y`xa ,'i'k'c'x'n myd ly

.'w'f'g ipinyd wlgd y`xae ,'w'g'v'i

milewiyd z` zelrdl ozip 'ziti dn' xagn mr 'xev fern' xagn iedif cra

:mi`ad

.(zifpky`e zicxtq) zepey zexeqnn zeakxend zeipaz ilra md mixiyd ipy .`

it lr eazkp mdipyy xyt`e ,izgtyn yeniyl xnf ixiy md mixiyd ipy .a

.zereci zepibpn

iy`xa miheitd ipya ze`a 'ikcxn' zeize` :dnec oekihqexw`d zhiy .b

ikcxn .zg` zfexgna dlek 'wfg' dkxad zlin mb d`a mdipya .zecxtp zefexgn

ecnr ezeyxly it lr s`) 'ziti dn' heita a"` zeize` znizg aliy `l wgvi xa

.(jk zeyrl zexey ic

.dpecpd dtewza 'ikcxn' myd ilra mifpky` miphiit cer mireci `l .c

dn' oeyl :'xev fern' oeyl oial 'ziti dn' xiyd oeyl oia mieqn lcad yi jci`n

zegiqt mizrl da yie ,zeviln zlehpe dheyt 'ziti51'xev fern' ly xiyd zty ;

weic xqeg s` da yiy xyt`e ,miax miiepik da mialeyn ,xzei dcak52.

ok` `ed 'ziti dn' xnfd ly xreynd exeaig onfy d`xp dl` milcad zexnl

d`nd ly diipyd zivgna d`xpk exvep mdipy - 'xev fern' ly exeaig onf mb

.dxyr mizydmiheitd ipy .mdl cg` xagny zrcd lr lawzn ok` ef dpigan

jez l` zicxtqd zephiitd zenxep ueni` ly mipey`xd mialyd z` mitwyn

mizyd d`nd ly diipyd zivgna lg exwiry ,df ueni` jildz .ifpky`d agxnd

heit zeipaz ,dty ,oepbq lr ziwlg dxiny jez ,zecaka ezligza dyrp ,dxyr

miifpky` mipgle53.

51dn' jezn `nbec :dxey rvn`a miizqn htynd xy`k ,dxeyl dxeyn dvitw `id dgiqt.xiya minrt dnk cer oke ,'oira rva mgl ilr / -oi` m`e ,edxkf / oii ilr' :'ziti¥©¦¥

52.(440 'nr ,fpky` bdpn) l`xyi zcear xeciqa xra ac wgvi 'x ly exe`ia deeyd53ipy :df jildz `ed s` zvwna swyn zay lill zeifpky`d zexinfd ly izxeqnd xcqd

lawzne ,xzeia minecwd mi`xp 'dgnye dgepn'e 'iriay ycwn lk' mipey`xd miheitdmixeh drax`) ce`n dheyt zipaz ilra mdipy .dxyr zg`d d`nd on mdy zrcd lrmiheit enk ,ztxvl mb ribd 'iriay ycwn lk' .zicxtq drtyd lk mda oi`e (zfexgnamy ,147 'nr ,uiaexed 'cdn ,ixhie xefgn oiir) dxyr zg`d d`nd ipa mixg` mifpky`dxyr zg`d d`na ztxvl ribd ile` 'dgnye dgepn' .(ely dpexg`d zfexgnd dxnyp mb'xzk' did ztxva xzei xge`n lawzdy sqend zyecw gqep ik ,da xnzyp `l d`xpk j`xiya aezky enk `ly ,('jyicwpe jvixrp' `le 'jvixrpe jyicwp' zixgyae) 'jvixrp' `le

mbe ig lk znyp')jvixrpycw zay mei'e 'ziti dn' ,'zecici dn' dxcqa miheitd zyely .('zay mei') mdn cg`e ,zicxtq drtyd ilra xak md mwlg .a"id d`nd on mi`xp '`ed`id mb zipiite`d ,'/ a b b / a a' beqd on zakxen dfixg ,epi`xy itk ,alyn ('`ed ycwmixge`n miheit md ('oeax di'e 'l`xyil df mei') mixg`d miheitd ipy .a"id d`nl

.meid zcerql zexinfa mb zniiw dnec drtez .icxtq dpan ilra xzei daxd

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 22

onle` dix` x"c

"il` 'dl in" edizzn xn` ok` m`d?

f`e ,"!il` 'dl in" :(ek ,al zeny) fixkd `ed lbrd dyrn z` dyn d`x xy`k

drcd dvetp zexec xak .lbrl mieegzynd z` ebxd mde "iel ipa lk eil` etq`ie"

dk efd drcde ,"il` 'dl in" cxnd zligza fixkd i`penygd edizzn mb ditly

.dil`n zpaenk zqtzp `idy cr zgeex

...`pwie edizzn uexie" :aezk (`pdk mebxza) fk-ck ,a ` miawnd xtqa la`

edizzn `xwie .`elq oa ixnfl qgpit dyr xy`k dxezl `pwie ...dnad lr edgafie

xen`l lecb lewa xiraixg` jli zixaa cnerd dxezl `pwnd lk"1oeyld rahn ;¥

llk xkfen `l edizzn a miawnd xtqa .my xn`p `l 'il` 'dl in'2zengln"a .

la` ,edizzn ly dxeabd dyrn lr xteqn (` ,`) qeiee`lt qetqei z`n "micedid

xetiq `aen (oecpel i"k it lr ,b"ixz `yxe) "qekeihp` zlibn"a .ez`ixw z`aen `l

iza ,wpili) ` gqep "dkepg yxcn" .z`fd d`ixwd `ll ok mb ,ixnbl xg` dngln

`ll (!jk) i`penyg oa mr edizzn ly eza i`eyip xetiq z` xtqn (e xcg zeyxcn

`ian (` xcg zeyxcn iza ,wpili) a gqep "dkepg yxcn" mbe ,znqxetnd d`ixwd

xtqy mb oiivp .d`ixwd z` xikfn epi`e (!jk) i`penyg mr edizzn zgiy z`

"qekeihp` zlibn" mb jk ,dynl `le qgpitl edizzn z` dncn l"pd ` miawn

d`pw i`pw ic xfrl` xa qgpit"l edizzn ly epa xfrl` z` dncn (dp weqt)

edizzny jkl minecwd l`xyi inkg iazka xewn mey oi` ,ok m` ."l`xyil afiye

."il` 'dl in" xn`

oetiqei xtqa - cg` wizr xewna wx `vnp "il` 'dl in" iehiad3oetiqei .

cxnl cr ipyd ziad ztewza l`xyi mr zeclez z` x`zn zixewnd ezqxba

lecbd4ixrn zg`a (dxitql 953 zpy) mipe`bd ztewz idlya d`xpk xaeg xtqd .

:oetiqei ly ze`gqep dyely miniiw ,xqelt cec 'text gikedy itk .dilhi` mexc

1ly ixard xewnd

.xewnd epliaya `edy ,wizr ipeei mebxza wx epl reci `ede ,xnzyp `l ` miawn xtq

2cxnl miixwird miitxbeixehqidd zexewnd lr ,uxey l`ipc :d`x zexewnd ziira lr

.mzpicnle mi`penygdi`penyg zia ini,.133-146 'nr ,e"pyz

3oeyll dincw`a zixard oeyld ly ixehqidd oelind lrtna `vnpy xnegd mb wcap

.dwizrd zextqd xecn ,zixard

4xken oetiqei xtq ;zagxend dqxba jk xg` etqep miipiad ini icedi zeclez lr mixetiqd

.z`fd dxeva llk jxca

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb23

iyhex ci azk ,wxeiÎeip ci azk ,1282 zpyn milyexi ci azka `vnp) ` gqepcl

`ly dlebd xe`n dcedi x"a meyxb epax ly on`pd cid azk lr qqeand (cere

zxecdnae owihe i"zka `vnp) zvwna xvewnde caernd a gqep ,epicil ribd

iptl) xtqd xeaig ixg` dpy miiz`nk jxra jxrpy agxend b gqepe ,(daehpn

dilhi`a (11615z` mvra azk" `l` mecwd gqepd z` wizrd `l b gqep jxer .

mrh itl miycg mixetiq siqed s`e ,eizetwyd itle enrh itl ycgn xtqd

"miipiad ini ly zinnrd zextqd6zxecdn dqtced dfd iyilyd gqepd jnq lr .

zxecdn) h"id d`nd seq cr xtqd zexecdn lk eqqazd dilre ,`pihphyew

b"rxz zpy cr a gqep z` dxnyy dcigid dziid daehpn7xnzyp ` gqep eli`e ,

(ci iazka wx8.

ixr lka epa dcedi z` [edizzn] glyie" :xzeia on`pd ` gqepa aezk jk ,okae

"!il` iil ine inr mka in :xn`l xzqa dcedi9xicdd eze` mb) milyexi ci azka . ¦

"il` iiil ine ,in mka in" :zvwna dpey dqxibd (xqelt10dxni` `ian b gqep .

"il` iil ine ii `xi mka in" :zagxen11i"k - ` gqep ly cg` ci azka la` .

egayn envr xqelt xy` (1674 xlc`) wxeiÎeip12inr mka in" :izedn iepiy `vnp -

"il`" zlin `ll - "iil ine13(daehpn zxecdn ,owihe i"k) a gqep mb dfl aexwe ,

cala "iil mka in" qxeby14:dxvw jxca xwgpd iehiad z` yxtn xqelt mpn` .

dilre ,ek ,al zeny - oeyld .(oiricena zeybpzd ixg`) fk ,a ` mi`penyg d`x"

"` mi`penyg xtq ixac mb miqqean15`pwnd lk" iehiady gipn `ed jkae ,

gxkd oi` j` ."il` 'dl in" gqepl dyrnl ddf "ixg` jli zixaa cnerd dxezl

ze`qxibd z` yxtl xyt` ;a gqepae wxei eip ci azka dqxib yeaiy miiwy gipdl

mixg` zenewnl diptdk `l` - zeny xtqa dyn ly iehial fnxk `l dl`d

xtq xagny yibcdl aeyg jk lr sqep .(gi ,f mihtey) "oercble 'dl" lynl ,`xwna

`ivnd `edy al ikyen mihxta zerxe`nd xe`iz z` oeebn zeaexw mizrl oetiqei

5oetiqei xtq.46 'nr ,`"nyz ,wil`ia cqen :milyexi .a jxk ,xqelt cec jxr ,

6.25 'nr ,`ean ,my

7,mdxa` `pdkzil`xyid `ixehqdd zextq.143 'nr ,` wlg ,a"txz ,dyx`e ,

8.46 'nr my oetiqei xtq

9.76 'nr ,7-8 zexey ,fh wxt ` jxk my oetiqei xtq

10lyexi ci azk meliv ,ixewnd gqepd ,oetiqei xtqonly fkxn :milyexi .xqelt cec jxr ,mi

80 'nr ,h"lyz ,xfybb.

11.45 'nr ,o"xz ,dyxe .oetiqei xtq

12.19 'nr ,a jxk ,xqelt cec jxr ,oetiqei xtq

13.277 'nr ,my

14.148 'nr ,` wlg ,a"txz ,dyx`e ,zil`xyid `ixehqdd zextq ,mdxa` `pdk

15.8 dxrd ,76 'nr ,` jxk my ,oetiqei xtq

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 24

envra16myl "il`" dlind z` siqed ` gqep ly miwizrnd cg`y mb okzie ,

.dxezd hqwha xetiqd zfig`

dxn`p "il` 'dl in" z`ixw .` .miaeyg miweic ipyl al miyl epgp` miaiig o`k

oetiqei it lriptlcxnd oetiqei itl .qetilit zerxt xe`iza ,oiricena dyrnd

mr lrn oecwen ieb ler wextp" :qetilit ly ezeixfk`l zecbpzdn ligzd ine`ld

"dcedi17jynda x`ezn oiricena xy` gafnd dyrn .18,cxnl dlir ynyn `le

oetiqeia zqgein eply d`ixwd .a .melk edizzn fixkn `l dfd dyrnd xe`izae

l `l` edizznl `ldcediik m`)ezenc dxvep ok m` cvik .(edizzn ly eznfeia

bexdd oeeiznd ly ezteb lr "il` 'dl in" fixknd i`penyg edizzn ly znqxetnd

?oaxwd aixwn

d`ixwd z` .dwegx jxcd edizznl "il` 'dl in" qegii cr oetiqeiny d`xp ok`e

dlawd xtqa ixi`nd epiax `ian `l z`fd19oiqgei xtqa zekf n"x `le ,20`le ,

'cec gnv'a fpb cec iax21'zexecd xcq'a oixtliid l`igi iax `le ,22qiie `le ,23mb ,

dkepg lr mixaca "wgvi cgt" zicedid dictelwivp`a24zexec'a .jk lr dlin oi`

zekln zligz ly xe`iz llk `vnp `l ield wifii` wgvi iaxl 'mipey`xd

uxb ly minid ixaca mb j` ,mi`penygd25"xvwd" aepaeca mbe ,26"jex`d"e27,

onley lv` mbe28lq`we29xetiql cigid xewnd .llk xkfen `l 'il` 'dl in' oiipr

minid ixac" uari a`f iax rcepd icedid oeixehqidd ly extq `ed epinia laewnd

`ed gxaie ,"il` 'dl in" :lecb lewa `xw edizzne" :azek `ed jk ."l`xyi ipa mrl

"...my xf`zd ornl dxacnd ligd iyp` 'd i`xi lke eipae30.

16zxecdna a jxk ly 161 'nra oetiqei xagn ly bltend epeincl ze`nbec `ian xqelt

.zxkfpd `"nyz

17.77 'nr my ,oetiqei xtq

18.77-78 'nr ,22-35 zexey ,fh wxt ` jxk my ,oetiqei xtq

19.65 'nr ,a"pyz ,cplailw±milyexi .dlawd xcq ,ixi`nd dnly x"a mgpn iax

20.16 'nr ,`"lxz ,`yxe .oiqgei xtq

21.28 'nr ,g"lxz ,`yxe .cec gnv

22.195 'nr ,a"nxz ,`yxe .zexecd xcq

23.108 'nr ,(1871 - dpey`xd dxecdnd) c"txz ,oilxa .` wlg ,eiyxece xec xec

24`"r cn sc - a"r bn sc ,b jxk ,g"pwz ,`ivipie .wgvi cgt ,ihpextnl wgvi iax.

25Graetz H., Geschichte der Juden. Leipzig, 1853-1876.

26Dubnow S. Die jüdische Geschichte: ein geschichtsphilosophischer Versuch / autorisierte

Übersetzung aus dem Russischen von J.F Berlin : S. Calvary, 1898.

27Dubnow S., Weltgeschichte des jüdischen Volkes: von seinen Uranfängen bis zur

Gegenwart. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag, [1925-1929].

28.g"kxz ,dplie .mizrde mc`d ipa zeclez :mler ini ixac xtq ,onley onlw

29.45 'nr ,e"nxz ,`plie .xrpc`x cec mbxz ,oexyi mr zexew ,lrqq`w cec

30.82 'nr ,a"pxz ,dyx`e .iriax wlg ,l`xyi ipa mrl minid ixac

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb25

'zizxeqn' daeyzk azkp "l`xyi ipa mrl minid ixac" xtqy aeygl laewn

uxb ly mixtql31lk jenql ,zxeqnl on`pd dlkydd yi` ,uari axd ly ekxc .

llk jxca mi`penygd cxn zyxta - mirecie mipn`p zexewn lr exeaiga dcaer

lirl hhevy htynd z` la` ;cere ziprz zlibn ,qetqei iazk ,miawnd ixtq lr

(daehpn zxecdn) a ze`gqepa ynzydl did leki uari .xewn oeiv `ll `ian `ed

dxin`d z` gwl `edy gipdl `l` xzep `le ,oetiqei xtq ly (zexecdn x`y) bÎe

jke ,miawnd xtqn rcind mr hqwhd z` axire `vny dn z` dpiy j` myn efd

.dycgd zxeqnd dxvep

,[uari ly extq ly] iyingde iriaxd mikxkd ipy"y `id zlaewnd drcd mpn`

`iad uxby dl` lr zeixehqid zecaer mitiqen mpi` ,ipyd ziad ztewza mipcd

"micedid zeclez ly liawnd jxka32zexec" lra ,ield wifii` wgvi 'x mb .

ceqia mpd eixac lk" :xtqd z` e`xew ixg` azk ,"mipey`x,uxb ixac lr miiepa m

"dpey oepbqd wx ,xbiib mbe qiie33zextqdn rcind z` sxvl bdp uari mpn` .

ixac xxal" :ezxhn z` x`zn `ed jk .zircnd dixehqidd i`vnn mr zizxeqnd

[...] ziniptd epnr zextq jezn [oey`xd ziad ini ixg`] mdixg` mi`ad minid

miwizrd ,xkpd ixteq ixace ;epiniÎixacl sxevnle xewnl epzextq z` ziyle

"mi`elinl wx il eid `l ,miycgde34uariy jk lr fnex exwgna l`kin oae`x .

ce`n gaiy jk .zxeqnd mr xzei daeh dn`zd myl minieqn mihxt zepyl bdp

d`xe (iqex dc) minec`d on dixfr iax miipiad inin icedid oeixehqidd z` uari

ly hqwhd zxewiaa ynzyd minec`d on dixfr ixde ,ekiynnk envr z`

dnk owiz s`e zibelelitd dpigadn ze`gqepd z` deeyd ,zeicedid zewipexkd

mipy iaeyiga zenewn35.

jezn d`xpk ,mi`penygd cxn xe`iza aliyy df `ed uari a`fy `id dpwqnd

xtq jezn gafnd cil edizzn dyrn - zexeqn izy ,zeizextqe zeikepig zeaiq

ektd ehr ixtn e`viy mixacde ,oetiqei xtqn "il` 'dl in" d`ixwde ` miawnd

llkd zlgpl36.

h"id d`nd idlya .zicedid drceza uari ly ezqxb zehytzd z` x`zl dqpp

31Dinur B.-Z., “Yawitz, Ze’ev”, Encyclopedia Judaica, 1972, v.9, p, 1304; Gartner L.P.,

“Historiography”, Encyclopedia Judaica, 1972, v.8, p. 562.

32,b"pyz ,milyexi .dycgd zrd cr qpqpxdn zicedid zixehqidd daizkd ,l`kin oae`x

.441 'nr

33wgvi 'x zexb` ,(jxer) '` lkiix :a `aen ,g"qxz zpyn wihew onlf dnly 'x l` azkn

.137-138 'nr ,a"lyz ,aia`Îlz-milyexi .ield wifii`

34.191-192 'nr ,e"vxz ,aia`Îlz .xyrÎrax` jxk ,l`xyi zeclez

35.463-464 'nr ,l`kin

36did uariy "igxfn" zizcÎzipeivd drepzd ixag oia xwira mivetp eid eixtqy gipdl yi"

.465 'nr ,l`kin ."dpe`ha ly oey`xd jxerd mbe dicqiinn cg`

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 26

ycg ipeiv bg oirn ,"miawnd bg" ,"mi`penygd bg"l dkepgd bg jtd37dfd ite`d .

ipya seqal efkexy zexiviae mixn`na ,mine`pa ,zeqna x`yd oia `hazd

"micrend xtq"a "dkepg" jxk - milecb mitqe`38"dkepgd xtq"e39xecnd .

"micrend xtq"a "dkepg"40lqtd ly melivde ,"il` 'dl in" milnd z` xikfn `l

uy qixea ly recid41[!] mrl in" zxzekd z` `yep (102 'nr) "micrend xtq"a

ozec l`eny itl .daiq jkl yie ,dpey avnd "dkepgd xtq"a la` ."!il`42yi`d ,

ziy`xa xak .oiwyiqe` mgpn `ed ipeivdÎine`ld bgd oeiav z` dkepgl ozpy

`ed jk .df bg ly zine`ld zernynd z` mra ligpdl dqip `ed ipeiv lirtk ekxc

ixir ipa ebbgi [b"pxz] igkepd dkepgd bg z`" :1892 zpya mrdÎcg` l` azek

cg` ,'oeiv oeiv'e 'elld zexpd' exiyi miclid :xac lkl ine`l bgk [a`lqepixh`wi]

l`xyi ux`n zepenz mdl d`x` ok ixg`e dkepgc oiiprn mdiptl `xwi mixend

"dl`d zepenzd z` mdl x`a`e43.oiwyiqe` iazk zrtyda azkp "dkepgd xtq" .

jnzqne miawnd zxeab ixekf`a ieex `ed ,c"vxz zpya xe`l `vi dfd sqe`d

xak ixard mebxza e`vi ` mi`penyg xtqn mirhw) miawnd xtq lr xwira

1901 zpya44dyelya .(dlkydd zligzn micedil yibp did xtqd zexg` zetyae ,

xn`p df mitzzynÎax sqe`a zenewn`l mixeyw mlek la` ,"il` 'dl in"

zepne`e zextq zexivil `l` miipxez e` miircn mixn`nl45.

37aeyiia ,zepeiva miaknd qezine dkepgd bg :ine`l qezine izxeqn bg" ,`igiÎoec xfril`

.581-610 'nr ,d"qyz ,yecigl zxeqn oia ,"l`xyi zpicnae

38.c"iyz milyexi ,a jxk micrend xtq ,iwqpiel aeh mei

39.c"vxz aia`Îlz ,dkepgd xtq ,(jxer) ixxd 'g

40"a dkepgd ly dite` lr:ipeivd giya dkepgd bg" oiwya zixe` y"n d`x "micrend xtq

'micrend xtq' itÎlr.38-50 'nr ,1998 ,61 mipnf ,"

41http://jafi.jewish-life.de/zionismus/people/images/Schatz_Statue.jpg.

42,10 bg ixwgn ,"ipeiv "ine`l bg" ly ezginv - "mi`penygd bg"l dkepgd bgn" ,ozec 'y

.29-53 'nr ,h"pyz

43.74 'nr ,h"pyz ,milyexi .` jxk ,ditxbeia :oiwyiqe` ,oiihycleb 'i

44.`"qxz ,xrielrtt`t 'n :oilxa .mi`penyg xtqn

45'nr ,dkepgd xtq - iqexd l`epnr z`n "dkepgd qp" millvd oexh`izl dfgn .`

dfgnd on wlg .a ;397-416“Die Makkabäer”izy) (1813-1865) biacel ehe` z`n

xtq - "cxnd ziy`x" mya ocnl 'i ly ixar ceaira xe`l `viy (zepey`x zekxrn

) xewna mpi` dl`d milind ,191-201 'nr ,dkepgdLudwig, Otto, Die Makkabäer,

http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/ludwig/makkab/makkab.htm;ixard ceaira eqpked md la` (

.mgeld iawn z` bivnd (158 'nr len ,dkepgd xtq) oiihyt` dcedi ly xeivl zxzek .b

dxecdna `l ,"il` 'dl in" xeivd xkfen `l oiihyt` lr wxta zex ly "zicedid zepne`"a

'nr .(zpwezn dxecdn) e"pyz ,zicedid zepne`d ,qiwxp l`lva zkixra ,zex q"a) zixard

) zilbp`d dxecdna `le (.166Roth, Cecil, Jewish Art: An Illustrated History, Revised

edition by B.Narkis, London 1971. p.222,"miawnd cxn" my dpekn dfd xeivd .(

“Maccabeens”.zniiwd oxwd ly ziy`xd dkyld ,dkepgl xneg) "zexe`" zxaega .

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb27

zewlgp ody dlbp ,dpicnd znwd ztewz ly dkepgl dkxcdd zexaega oiirp m`

` miawnd xtq z` zehhvnd dl` :zeveaw izyl46e` eze` zecarnd dl`e ,

in" edizzn ly eita dqipkn dpi` dpey`xd dveawd .xeviwa epkez z` zextqnd

z` d`ian "dkepg zlibn" zxaegd ,lynl .xzei ziyteg diipyd dveawd ."il` 'dl

axern gqep drivne ,"xtqn mi`penyg xtq" zxzekd zgz hexhexta cxnd xetiq©

ixt ,zi`nvr zegztzd epiptly d`xp ."!il` - epiwl` zxezl in" :d`ixwd ly

,miawnd xtqn "ixg` jli zixaa cnerd dxezl `pwnd lk" ly oeekn izla aeliy

zxaega f"hyz zpya xake ,e"yz zpya dazkp z`fd zxaegd ."il` 'dl in" lye

il` 'dl in :edizzn `xw" :azkp zezcd cxyn mrhn xe`l d`viy "dkepgl mitc"

"!dreyzd 'dle - mit` zg` dkn mda zekdle epiaie`a mglidl -47zebda .

zivgna 'il` 'dl in' d`ixwd zeawr e`vnp `l dkepgd lr zicxgÎzizcd

mixyrd d`nd ly dpey`xd48zixa" ipeivÎizcd xrepd oebx` z` mb xikfp .

mwa`n lre mi`penygd zxeqn lr obtena jnqpe c"vxz zpya cqepy "i`penyg

"dreyzd 'dl" (`l ,`k) ilyn xtqn milind z` eznqiqk xga `ede ,izcd49`le

z` llky dkepgd ly ine`ld epeiavy jka df z` xiaqdl ozip ."il` 'dl in"

xteqd azky itk e` ,(`xirf 'n) "ep`vn `l ony gt ,epl dxw `l qp" zeie`hazdd

etiv miqpl `l ...mi`penygd ewtzqd zelitza `l" (oiwhie sqei) laaexf

"innrd ytegd cra ekty mnc z` ...mipeixad50mixyrd d`nd ziy`xa qtzp ,

.dkepg ly izcd ite`l hlgen cebipk

bg z` zxywn `id .xeaivd zrceza xdn dyxzyd dycgd zxeqnd ,z`f mr

ly ekiynnk i`penygd edizzn ly ezenc z` zavrn `id ,`xwnd mr dkepgd

ingel mr epini ly ux`d ipeae mivelgd z` ztxvn `ide ,dne`d bidpn epax dyn

."!il` 'dl in" d`ixwa xacnd xec i`pwe miawnd

dpenz ,miawnd cxn" zaezk mr z`fd dpenzd meliv qtcen (4 'nr ,a"yz ,milyexi

dkyla xe`l d`vi z`fd zxaegd ."zniiwd oxwd cxyna lvxd xcg z` zxhrnd

ifkxnd xcga dpenzd z`xwp ji` erci dixicdn wtq `lle ,zniiwd oxwd ly ziy`xd

xtq" zpkd zxbqna wx dpenzd melivl dpzip dycgd zxzekdy d`xp .mpiipaay

."dkepgd

46,dpyd `ll ,"zepexg` zerici" oextq ,miaknde mixe`d bgl hewli ,dkepgPrinted in

Palestine.

47dwlgnd z`ved ,odkd ikcxn axd zkixra ,zebdpne zekld ,zexewn ,dkepgl mitc

.4 'nr ,f"hyz elqk ,milyexi ,zezcd cxyna izcd iedle dkxcdl

48.594 ,592 'nr ,`igiÎoec d`x

49.596 'nr ,`igiÎoec

50'` ly exn`na `aen) a"rxz zah ai ,11-12 zecg`d .(zepeirxd ixay) xkfi .laaexf

.(lirl zexrda d`x ,`igiÎoec

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 28

oli` xa le`y axd

- epiniay zkzn ilka dhilte drila oiipra

`"nxde r"eyd zeawra

`ean

d`xed illka yeniyd len l` zircn dpiga

`"nxa `aend bdpnde r"eyd zhiya wtqd

fpky` iwqet

eize`xed izy oia dxizq aeyiin dlerd `"nxd zhiy

mibiiqd

zexrd izye mekiq

`ean1

(rnyn izxz) mipiirnd iptl dgpede day 'oirnd' ly mincewd zepeiliba

,dyrnl ,ef dl`y .epiniay zkzn ilka dhiltde drilad ixcb xaca dl`yd

a dl`y `id dpey`xd dl`yd :zeawer zel`y izyn zakxenxwgnae ze`ivn

:ircnddprhd zgked myl zyxcpd weicd zcin idne zetwzd zewicad odn

s`e ,diilva e` leyiaa dhilte drila oi` meik yeniya mibedpd zkzn ilkay

ehlte erla zkzn ilk dxez ozn onfay2dl`y `id diipyd dl`yd .zizkld

zkzn ilk `vniie dide :dpey`xd dl`ya dlwn drxkd zeawra zxxerznd

epi` mb `linne rlea epi` `ed epinia zebedpd milkd xevii zehiy zeawray

?xzide xeqi` ipiipra zelaewnd zekldd z` ycgn avrl ick jka yi m`d ,hlet

,diipyd dl`ya wxe j` `l` ,llk wqer df xn`n oi` dpey`xd dl`ya

.dpey`xd dl`ya dlwn drxkd xg` ,xen`k ,zxxerznd

1z` `"aaez mexc xtkay ux`de dxezd oekn z`veda xe`l `ivedl izikf c"qyz zpya

xtqna r"eyd iwqt lr `"nxd zedbdl mixe`iae miyecig ,ipy wlg '`ay zkln' xtqd

"dyn ikxc"a xn`pd it lr xwirae eixeaig xzia xn`pd it lr xzide xeqi` ipica zeibeq

zepeirx ly dagxd `ed dt azkpd .''jex`d xzide xeqi`" xtq it lr oke "z`hg zxez"ae

dxezd lewl oexkif zavn df xn`n idi .df xtqa xak eazkp mdigxt s` e` mdipvipy

lecb dxez lehia jl oi` onewnn l`xyi elby oeik' ;mexc xtkay 'zexe` lh' llekn zaypy

[.b"ryz hay ycega 'oirnd' zkxrnl glyp xn`nd] .(a ,d dbibg) 'dfn

2.`k ,e `xwie mb d`xe ;bk - `k ,`l xacna

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb29

'rq gv oniq c"eia r"eyd wqet :ihxwpew yeala dpexg`d df dl`y yialp dzr

:xehd oeyl ceaira c

cbpk miyiy jixv ewxfe mly `ede exikn elit` xzid mr lyazpy xeqi`

zxcwa lyand jkitl ,epnn `vi dnk mircei ep` oi`y iptn xeqi`d lk

lk cbpk miyiy jixv xzida xeqi` ly sk agz e` `nei za `idy xeqi`

,skdn agzy dn lk cbpke dxicwderla dnk oircei ep` oi`y3mdy oia ,

...zkzn e` ur e` qxg ly

my d sirqa wqtp eil` sygp ilkdy xeqi`d zcin dreciy dxwna oicd4.

ilkdy e` eil` sygp ilkdy xeqi`d xeriy z` cecnl ozip `l c sirqay dxwna

k lre ,ixyt`d ilniqwnd xeriyl sygpmixingnd zrck r"eyde xehd erixkd o

ly mdy oia ,erla dnk oircei ep` oi`y' skde dxcwd lk cbp miyiy xryl yiy

'zkzn e` ur e` qxg5xzide xeqi` xtqa x`eanke ,fpky` iwqet mb enikqd jkl .

.b-` oic fl llk

xeqi`d mrh ilkd ly eaih llba xy`k oicd didi dn dl`yd zxxerzn dzr

didi `ly ,df ilka lyaziy xzidd oica lwdl yi b"dka ile` ?ea rlap `l llk

exzida x`yii `ede ,xeqi`d mrh cbp me`n ea xryl jixv6!

3.eh oic dt llk g"z mb d`xe ` ,cv oniq r"eya d`x ,alga xya oiiprle

4itl xykdd zeki` zrawp my milk zlrbd zeklda mb d`xe .e 'rq cv oniq r"ey mb d`x

sygp ilkdy xeqi`d xeriy ly ze`ivna dpigaa yeniy aey epiid ;ilkd ly eyinyz aex

.e 'rq `pz oniq g"e` r"eya 'ir ;eil`

5iz`vn' d"c gv oniq i"aa oke ,my ziad wcaae 'zaleg sk agezd' d"c cv oniq i"a d`x

.ai w"q my j"y mb d`x ;my ziad wcaae 'xyae cakc aezk

6:dt xn`idl miywazn ,epxn`n cgein dil` dl`yl mibiiq dyely

.`elld milkdy ze`ceea xxazn ok` m`y `hiyt ,dxez ozn xg` eycgzpy milk oiiprl

oiiprl jex` oeic ep`vny myke ,mdipica xingdl oi`y mihlet mpi`e mirlea mpi`

r"eyeh d`x .epinia qwl`xec ilke liin` ilke zikekf ilk zlrbda zlrezd/jxevd

.ck±bk sirq mye ,my a"nae `"nxae hi ze` my n"kxcae ek sirq `pz oniq g"e`

.azi`xnle ,mcw inia did `ly ilk epinia ycgzi Ely ,`qib jci`l mb ,xexa d`xp cer

:a ,l migqt ziibeq d`x .epica xingdl yiy micen mlek ,hlete rlea mb `ed oird

;` ,cl ± a ,bl f"r ziibeqa d`x ,dnecae ,'ixiq`e irla `nl` ;iziicinc edl `pifg'

.e-d mitirq dlw oniq c"eia oke ,bk sirq `pz oniq g"e` r"eya ewqtp

.b`hiyt ,ea xzidd leyia mxh mina gced `l e` zilhna gpew `l xeqi`d ilk m`

eqi`d zeynn cbp zegtl 'q xzida didiy jixvyc"ei r"ey d`x .zeptca dweacy x

ipdn inzq gepiw mb m` dl`yd oiiprl) d 'rq bw oniqa `"nxae ,b 'rq dv oniq

c"eig r"eyd lra znizq d`x ,dgcdk ipdn ahid gepiw `weec ile`e ,mina dgcdk

j"yae hl w"q my f"ha ozepyxtae ,my 'mixne` yi'd zrc ,dznerle ,fh 'rq hq oniq

j"yae b w"q `v oniqa f"ha d`x ,ok enk ;gl w"q my scd lr `"rxae eq w"q my

.(l"nk`e ,b w"q my

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 30

d`xed illka yeniyd len l` zircn dpiga

Îzizcaer dwicay dler a ,cr migqt ziibeqn dxe`kly ,xirp mcwzp mxh

rlapy epl i`ceey mewna s` xzide xeqi` ly d`xedd illkn drexb dpi` zircn

:milaewnd d`xedd illka yeniy lr dticr s` `id ,daxc`e ,dkizga xeqi`

:dil xn` !`nc rla `w `de :iia` dil xn` .`ixy `ziilen i`d :dax xn`

,`fee` xa dil elthe `zelb yix ial rlwi` `ax `de ...dhlet jk drleak

jzrc `wlq i`e ,dipin ilk` `l `xeig `fefk bifc dizifgc `l i` :xn`

,`zxeiga mzd !inp bif `l ik elit` - bif ik `ixi` i`n ehlet jk erleak

.xixyc

`l `ax `fee`d xa z` xizdl icky enikqd uxznd mbe df oeica dywnd mb

mrha wx ewlgpe ,'ehlet jk erleak'y xne`d d`xedd llka ynzydl leki did

`ax z` aiigzy zil`ehxie 'zizkld drila' zniiw `ly enikqd mb mdipy .xacd

onl eznirh mxh `fee`d xa zlik` z` xizdl did ozipye ,`fee`d xa z` xeq`l

.(xeeigd erav) zircnÎzize`ivn divwicpi` ezexykl yiy rbxd

oi`y meyn da ynzydl oi` `picl j` ,dkldl dwqtp mb `ax dyry ef dwica

y o`kn .gr oniq c"eia r"eyde xehd eazky itke ,mi`iwa ep``xnbc `picnozip

xexa zircnÎzize`ivn dpigan m` da rlap xak xeqi`d mrhy dkizg mb xizdl

:llkd znbeck) d`xed illka yeniya jez wx `le ,xeqi` ly mrh da oi`y

'ehlet ok erleak'7m`d `ed le`yl yiy lk ;(meik mbzewicaa ynzydl ozip

hltp `l e` ilkd zeptca rlap `l xeqi`d mrh dligzklny gikedl ick zeircn

.dkizgd l` odn

`"nxa `aend bdpnde r"eyd zhiya wtqd

:` 'rq gv oniq c"eig r"eya wqtp

epnrhi ,xyaa axrzpy alg oebk ,epin epi`ya oin xzida axrzpy xeqi`

,mebt `edy `l` mrh ea yiy xne`y e` ,alg mrh ea oi`y xne` m` .ieb

opixryn enrehl ieb my oi` m`e .eilr oikneqy rci `ly jixve ...xzen

mixryn `nrh` mwinl `kilc oeik epina oin `ed m` oke .miyiya

.miyiya

oi`yke ,`lewl `ed `xnba xkfedy `litwy miwqetd zhiyk hwp r"eya oxn

cbp miyiy dkizga oi` elit` ,zxq`p dkizgd oi` dkizga ybxen xeqi` mrh

7dkizg dze` xzidl 'ehlet ok erleak' xnel `lye ,xingdl fpky` ipa ebdp ,dyrnl ,mpn`

,av oniq c"eig `"nxae r"eya ,lynl ,d`x ;xeqi` mrh zrilan dligz dxq`py dnvr

.cere c

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb31

ynzydl ozip r"eyd itl miwqetly xnel ok m` okzi .da axrzpy xeqi`d zeynn

lyazzy xzid zkizg xizdl ick zkzn ilka mrh zrila lleyd ircn xwgna

xeqi` ly zkzn ilka8dligzkl s` dfd ilka xzid lyal xizdl ick s` ile`e ,9;

s` xzidd zkizga giayn e` ybxen xeqi`d mrh oi`y xnel iebd on`p m`

oi`y i`ce ,dcbpk miyiy xzida oi`e xzida xeqi`d zeynn daxrzp i`ceeayk

xeqi`d mrh oi`y mixne`d - minlye mi`xi mdipiae - mixwegdn zepn`p lelyl

dil` hltp `l dligzklny meyn xzidd zkizga ybxp10.

ly mrh lk ilkdn hltp `ly ef dwica oi`y ,xnele welgl ozip ,`qib jci`n

xehd exed diabl ,ilkdn hltp xeqi`d mrhn dnk zraewd dwican dticr ,xeqi`

!dti cne`a dzyrpy s`e ,da aygzdl oi`y my c 'rqa `"nxde r"eyde gv oniqa

x`y oick zkzn ilk oica xingdl r"eyd lra oxn ,rixkd zenewn dnka ,mpn`

milk11d`xed lky xnel ozipy oeeik ,`xnegl di`x lk jkn `iadl oi` j` ,

mrhy xxal jxc epl oi`y ze`ivnl `l` d`a `l xingdl r"eya `vnizy

gztp ,zikekf ilk oica r"eyd lwdy jezn ,daxc` .dkizgd l` hltp `l xeqi`d

.epini ly zkzn ilka s` lwn r"eyd did `ny ,oecl gztd

lr jenql eiykr mibdep oi`e" :azke r"eyd lr wlgp ` 'rq gv oniqa `"nxd

"miyiya lkd oixryne ,ieb12aezky dn `l` df bdpna oi` d w"q my j"yd it lr .

8dxn`p da ze`ivna r"eyd zrcl lirez zircn dpigay xnel zexyt`a izpc xn`nd seba

dpiga lirezy dzrn e"w .epin epi`ya oin ly ze`ivn `ide ,` 'rq gv oniqay dkldd

`ziixe`cn lha xeqi`dy r"eyd wqet b"dkay oeeik ,epina oin ly ze`ivnl s` zircn

r"ey d`x) xeqi`d cbp xzida miyiyd xeriy z` jixvdl exingdy md minkg wxe ,aexa

,r"eyd zrca xnel d`xp cer .(` oic bk llk d"e`a oke ,my j"yae f"hae a 'rq gv oniq

m`y ,edyna dxezd on xzidd z` xqe` xeqi`dy ze`ivnl s` lirez zircn dpigay

d`xe ;xeq`l daiq lk oi` xzidl xeqi` mrh hltp `l llky gikezy zircn dpiga didz

.e w"q gv oniq j"y mb

9.l"nk`e ,a 'rq `v oniq c"eia wqtpd z` df znerle ,ak 'rq `pz oniq g"e` r"eyeh d`x

10xryl opixn` `le" :`id r"eyd zrcy my r"eyd oeyla wiic c w"q gv oniqa j"ya

,dler eixacn ..."ieb my oi`y oebk ,`zlinc dlr mwinl xyt` `lc `kid `l` miyiya

dlr mwinl `ki`') zizkld zernyn yi zircn dpigaly r"eyd zrca rixkp m`y

daxc`e ,ilkd iaer cbp xzida miyiy yi m` dcicndn dticr didz `idy ixd ('`zlinc

.dzeyrl daeg yi

11.jqp oii iabl g 'rq dlw oniqa oke ,l"pd c 'rq gv oniq

12,one` iebl `l mb `l` ,z"lqn iebl oin`dl oi`y wx `l raew `"nxa `aend bdpnd

zilhy cirdl on`p ieb xbzy ` 'rq k 'iq g"e` r"eya wqtpdn `py i`n ,r"ve ;'`litw'

didi ef dl`yl zeaeyzd oiipn .'diytp rxn `lc' l`xyin dgwlp eci lr zxknpy zvievn

i 'rq gky oniq g"e` r"eya mb .onwl d`x ;df bdpnl epzipy mixaqdd oiipnk zegtl

z` llye ,zayd z` eilr llgl yiye okeqn `ed ilegy xne`d ieb `texl `"nxd oin`d

ikcxnde y"`xd zhiyk wqt fl 'rq hp llka d"e`d mb ;`tex epi`y iebn wx zepn`pd

.dizwfg rxn `ly iptn ieb `texn mi`txzny

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 32

xeqi` mrh oi`y cirdl on`p icedi la` ,jenql `ly `pci`d ebdp ieb lr wxe ,ea

mikqn my r"eyd oeiliba `"rx .xeqi`d cbp miyiy da oi`y s` dkizga ybxen

eixacl j` ,dnvr zekfa zcnerd `xneg epi` `"nxa wqtpd bdpndy j"yd mr

oicy i"yx zhiyl yygn l`xyi ly dnirh zecr lr jenql mb zxqe` ef `xneg

xy`k wx) `xnegl `ed `xnba xkfedy `litwwxe ,(miyiya lha xak xeqi`d

cegla miyiy xeriy` opiknq `litw `kilc `kid13e w"q my exe`iaa `"xbd .

bdpn eixacle ,i"yx zhiyl mb yygn `id `"nxd zhiyy xnel okzii `ly giken

oi`y xzid ly dkizg lk epinia xeq`l hlgen i`nvr bdpn `ed `"nxa `aeny df

cbp miyiy dazeynnllk xeqi`dy `id ze`ivnd elit`e ,dkezl ltpy xeqi`d

`aenye ,` ze` my dyn ikxca `aend xeb`dn mb rnzyn oke .mrh da ozep epi`

jky adf zxhr lra zrc z` `iad envr j"yd xake) hi oic dt llk g"za mb

(xaq14z` xizdl didi ozip ` 'rq gv oniqa `"nxd zrca j"yd zhiy it lr .

mbe) zeircnd zewicad m` wx xeqi` ly zkzn ilka dlyazpy xzidd zkizg

`"xbd zhiy it lr .y"xi micedi ici lr dpiyrz (zewica oze` ly zetiwzd zwica

dl`ya df xingn bdpn ly dribp lk oi` ,`"nxa `aend bdpnd xe`iaa `"rxe

xeqi` ly ilka zlyazn xzidd zkizgyky oeeik ,aiydl crep df xn`n dly

wx `l` xeqi`d zeynnn da oi` mlerlenrhnlr ,dil` hltp `l mrh mb m`e ,

.xingdl oi`y i`ceea ,dpin`e dtwz dwica it

fpky` iwqet

ci oic el llk jex`d xzide xeqi` xtq15:

`ly geln xya (da) jezgl dligzkl xzen i`ce dgiln zgizxa la`

ied day xeqi`c ,dpiny dkizgd m` elit` xya [ly] oikqa gced

13oniq yix xeh d`x.gv

14miiqe ,xeqi`d zeynn cbp xzida didiy jixvy xeriya wqr ` oic seq bk llk d"e` xtqa

opira `litw `ki` elit`e ,`xnegl `ed `xnba xkfedy `litwy i"yx zhiy z`ada

zeklday mipiirnl reci .dkezl ltpy xeqi`d zeynn cbp miyiy xzidd zkizga didiy

mbe g"z xtqa ok it lr s`e ,d"e`d lra ly eci jezn dff `l `"nxd ly eci xzide xeqi`

oiiv eizgze ,d"e` xtqa miyiya lkd xryl bdpnl xewn z` oiivln `"nxd rpnp n"kxca

`"nxd ixeaig lka `aend df bdpny ,`"xbd zhiyl dxexa di`x o`kn .xeb`d zhiyl

miyyegy miwqet yiy `"rx zxaql `zknq` yi mb o`kn j` ;i"yx zhiyl yygn epi`

.d"e` lra - i"yx zhiyl

15oilxqi` l`xyi 'x ly eicinlzn did 'xzide xeqi`' xtqd xagn ifpky` dpei epax

mixg` mixtqn df xtq licadl ick ;(`xec ixry zedbde oycd znexz xagn ,i"`xdng)

:mya xtqd dpkzp 'xzide xeqi`' epeky'jex`d xzide xeqi`'d`xe .'d"e`' :zeaiz iy`xae)

.(ipy wlg '`ay zkln' ixtql `eana mb

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb33

opev16zngn jixv [jezigd iptl oikqd ly] dgcd j` ,oikqa rlap `le

.eilry oira xive glnd

.ltz `nhe giln xedh iedc ,xeqi` ly gpewn oikqa jzgp elit` d"de

.`nlra dgcda xzeny dywd lfxa y"ke

gzexk aeygc xg`nc ,xyad selwl jixv oikqd gpiwy rcei epi` m` edin

k"b `kd edin rla - lirl `zi`ck ezgiln xeriy xg`l s` oilke` iabl

.dli`y .dtilw ick eilry oira xeqi`n `pikqc `wgec ab`

dkizg ixya oikqa jezgl dligzkl xzen [`] :mipic izz drax`l wlgp oicd

`ed) xeqi` ly xivae glna dqekn oiicr dkizgdy s`e ,dgced mxhe dglnpy

zxq`p `l dnvr zglnpd dkizgd [a] .dgcda zaiig oikqd j` ,(hltpy mcd

ekzgy xzid ly oikqd [b] .gpewn didy calae ,xeqi` ly oikqa dkzgp m` elit`

,cala dgcda `adle o`kn xzen zglnpd dkizgd z` eam` oicd `ed oky y"ke

.'dyw' `edy lfxan did oikqdxeqi` ly oikqa dkzgpy zglnpd dkizgd [c]

.dtilw dkixv gpewn did `ly

xry dgiln ipica azk d"e` xagn ly eax `"ixdnl `xec ixry zedbd xtqa

:(`"r `i - a"r i sc `ivipiee qetc) c ze` fh oniq iriyzd

d`xi mpn`,ixy i`ce geln xya jezglcllk zkznl dgiln oi`coi`e

epi`y ilkl llk inc `l ,oikqa zeneb yi elit` ixy i`ceae ,gzex ziyrp

i"`xdn ...glna rlapy dn `l` geln xyaa llk oira mc o`k oi`c ,awepn

l"f17.

16wldkizgd jezig ly df xzid oiipra `"nxde c"ydbd ,c"dexz ly mdize`xed z` `iap on

dnc lk zhilt xg`l dyriy jezigl `weec xzidd z` biiq `l mdn cg` `l s` .zglnpd

;mcd ea yaiizp e` glnd gk wqt b"dkay mixne`d lr ,lekiak ,jnzqda) dkizgd ly

dkizgd z` jezgl ,my d"e`d gzt ea xeqi`d mb .('mibce' d"ceq a ,aiw oileg 'qez d`x

jezigl df xzid d"e`d siqed eznerle ,dkizgd ly dnc lk zhilt mxh s` `ed ,zilvp

`"nxd `iad d oic fi llk g"za mb .dnc lk zhilt mxh s` mzqd one - zglnpd dkizgd

;dkizgd mc lk zhilt xg`l dyriiy jezigl `weec Fbiiq `le ,enya d"e`d ly df xzid

rlap `l xeqi`dy `id ez`xedy oeeiky xnel d"e`d zpeeky ,d`xp ok lr .onwl d`x

.opevk eze`xl yi ,`linn ,oikqa

17j` ,dligzkl s` zglnpd dkizg jezig z` xizd aqw oniq oycd znexz zeaeyza mb

zhiy .epixac jynda d`xe ,zkzn ly oikqle ur ly oikql cg` oic xn`p yxetna my

`id elit` ,zawepnd dgilnd zxrwa gzex zzl lwdl `id iriay xrya envr c"ydbd

,r"v dzrn .(a ze` zil`ny dcenr `"r h sc `ivipiee qetc) dligzkl s`e qxg ly

;zkzn ly oikqa zglnpd dkizgd jezig xzid wenipl zcgein xzid zxaql wwfp recn

dgilnd zxrw oicn ,dkizgd jezl zagzpd oikq oica xingdl yiy xaqy okzii

i"aae icpexibn dpei epax mya hq oniq seq xeh mb d`x ;dizgz zgpend zawepnd

.my n"kxcae

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 34

oiiprl milk x`y oial zkzn ilk oiay ef dpgadl `xnba xewn oi` ,zehyta

yecig `id ef dpgade ,mda gzx xeqi`dy milka xeqi`d mrh zrlad xeriy

d"e`d lra ecinlze c"ydbd lra ly szeynd myxcn zian ixewn18md ,mpn` .

`edy - glnpy mc mrh zrlad zl`ya wx zycegnd xzidd zxaqa eynzyd

mewnae ,y` ly dgizx dpi`y - dgiln ly dgizx zervn`a ,opaxc xeqi`

ztqep xzid zxaq mb zniiwy19miwqer d"e`d mbe c"ydbd mb ,`qib jci`n j` ;

xzid oiipra yxetnadligzkld"e`de c"ydbd eid Ely ,xnel gztd gztp o`kn .

ze`ivna s` lwdl yiy miwqet eidy okzii ,epini ly zkzn ilka miwqer

xzid oiiprl zegtle ,y` ly dgizxa ilka lyazp xeqi`dycaricmewna zegtle ,

cala opaxc xeqi`l yyg20.

eize`xed izy oia dxizq aeyiin dlerd `"nxd zhiy

wizrd mbe ,c"dexzay oicd z` `"nxd `iad an ze` hq oniqa dyn ikxca

xtqa `"nxd azky dna wiicl aeyg eppiiprl .d"e`de c"ydbd eazky dnn wlg

:d oic fi llk z`hg zxez

aqw oniq d"za wqt i"`xdn...zekzne url dgiln oi`celit` ixye

dgiln oi`c `dc i"`xdn ly enrh zegcl yic ab lr s`e ,l"p oke ...dlgzkl

urldgiln yi xity rlea oiiprl la` milkd on hltdl `weec epiidurl,

t"ke ...oikqa rlap epi`e wixy wxyin mcdc xg` mrhn ixyc d`xp n"n

ikde ...oikqa jezgl ixy dligzkl elit` dgilnac el llk jex`d d"e`a

xeq` dgiln xeriy jez la` ,dgiln xeriy ddyy xg`l `weece .bedp

18miqipkny milk oiiprl mixg` milkl zkzn ilk oia ewligy `"ayxd mdae mipey`x eid

;g sirq my r"eyae ,dlw oniq c"ei i"a 'ir ,dtilw ick cr mirleay meiwl jqp oii mda

:icegii oic `ed jqp oii ly milk ly df oic j`.``l dligzkln ,xen`k ,xn`p df oic

milka wx `l` ,mda lyazp jqpd oiiy milka `le ,zrl zrn mda yakp jqpd oiiy milka

r"eya oke e sirql my `"nxd zdbda d`x) opev `edyk zg` dry mda cnr jqpd oiiy

;(bl w"q my j"yae bi sirq my.ailk oic jqp oii zrlad oiiprly xnel lwnd weligd

oii oica zwqerd `xnb ziibeq dze`n `l` ,`xaqn epi` ,milk x`y oicn xzei lw zkzn

zkzn ly eleky ilky dprhd gkne ,xa` mitevnd qxg ilk oica yxetna dliwnd ,jqp

;zxter `id - xa` dtevn qxg ilkn rixb `l.boi` qxg ilkly `ed heytde recid llkd

qxg ilk oica miliwn jqp oii zrila oiiprl ,ok it lr s`e ,(`k ,e `xwie d`x) mlerl xzid

d`x) xzid yi qxg ilkl mb oiicr j` ,milk x`y oicn xeng ,mpn` ,qxgd ilk oicy xnel

ky ,o`kn .(c sirq my r"eya`le ,miicegii md diibeq dze`ay dhiltde drilad ixcb l

. .ixnbl zkzn ilka miliwn yiy ok lr `ltii

19.c 'rq br oniq c"eig r"eyehae ,'`nc' d"c my zetqeze ` ,`iw oileg 'ir ,'wixy wxyn mc'

20.cere zewitqae alga ser xya ly dl`ya oebk

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb35

mcn xyad xq`i `ly yegl yie ...eilry oira mc `vei dkizgd i"rc ,ekzgl

...lirl x`azpy enk eilry xiv i"r ea rlaiy eilry oira

` ,eixaca oce c"dexz z` `ian g"zd xtqxne`d yeciga llk wtwtn `l j

`"nxdy jkl dii`x ziy`x zegtl epl ixd .zkzn ly oikqa riladl dgiln oi`y

n"kxca d`iady) d"e`d zxaq mre (n"kxca d`iady) c"ydbd zxaq mr mikqn

lwdl ozip ok lre ,ur ilkn xzei xeqi`d mrh z` relal dyw zkzn ilky (g"zae

.ur ilk oican xzei zkzn ilk oica

,c"dexz ly mz`xed z` `"nxd `iad k 'rq hq oniq c"eig r"ey zdbda

ilan zglnpd dkizgd z` oikqa jezgl dligzkl s` xzeny ,d"e`de c"ydbd

,l"pd g"za eixac meiqa envr ixac it lr ef d`xed biiq j` ,xq`iz oikqdy yegl

:dnc lk dkizgd heltzy mxh df xzid lr jnzqdl oekp `ly

.milkl dgiln oi`c ,dgiln xeriy ddyy xg`l oikqa jezgl oixizn yie

m` rwxwa dvirp e` ,jk xg` dgcd jixv oikqd la` .xzenc xwir oke

oikqd meyn xeqi`d oi` dgiln xeriy mcew elit`e .xivd eilr dyaiizp

xefgle ahid my egicdl dvex m`e ,xyad lr oira mc `viy meyn `l`

.xzen my eglnle

miliwn ,g"zae n"kxca e`aed mdizercy ,d"e` mbe c"dexz mb ,lirl xen`k

ly oikqa mb `l` zkzn ly oikqa wx `l zglnpd dkizgd z` jezgl dligzkl

mdixac lk mr `"nxd mikqd g"zae ,dkizgd ly dnc lk zhilt mxh mbe ,ur

dgcd zaiig dnc lk zhilt mxh zkzgpd dkizgdy ziccvd ezprh hrnl)

dkldl mzrc z` F`iada mby jkl daiqd ef ,dxe`kl ,ok m` .(l"pk ,ycgn dgilne

azky dnn ,mxa .zkzn ly oikql ur ly oikq oia `"nxd wlig `l k sirq zdbda

zkzn ilk oiiprl azkp k 'rqa `"nxd wqty oicdy gikedl d`xp fi 'rqa `"nxd

.cin x`aziy itke ,c"ydbda azkpy oicke ,milk x`y oiiprl `le cala

:fi-fh 'rq hq oniq c"ei r"eyd wqt

ynzydl xeq` awepn epi`y ilka gln m`e ...awepn ilka `l` oiglen oi`

`la ea ynzydl xeq` opeva elit`y mixne` yie .gzex xaca ilk eze`a

,ea ynzypy dn gici dgcd `la ea ynzyp m`e ,dgcd`ed m` la`

.gzexa oixqe` yie .gzex elit` ea lek`l xzen awepn

:fi sirqa `"nxd siqede.xzen caricae ,dligzkl xdfil yie

zxrwa gzex ynzydl oi` dligzkly ,fi sirq zdbda `"nxd azky df oic

dxizqa dxe`kl cner ,(xq`p `l xzidd carica wxe) zawepn `id elit` dgilnd

,zglnpd dkizgd `le cala oikqd `ed oecipd m`y ,k sirqa `"nxd dxeny dnl

epi` llk oikqde ,dnc lk zhilt mxh mb dkizgd z` jezgl xzen dligzkl s`

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 36

ipt iewipl zyxcp oikqd zgcde) `adle o`kn gzex ea ynzydl `l mb xq`p

ala oikqdz` `iad (my f"hd lr f"na) b"nta .bp w"q my f"hd dywn oke ,(c

irx` yeniy `ed zglnpd dkizgd jezigl oikqa yeniyd :k"dp lra ly eaeyii

rilan ok lre reaw `ed dgilnd zxrwa yeniyde ,dzegt dcina rilan ok lre

dax dcina21,k 'rq hq 'iqa `"nxd z`xed aeyiil wx mi`zn df uexiz mle` .

mcd zhilt ick jez dkizgd jezigy envrn `"nxd siqedy biiqd itly oeeik

dyri jezigdy miiekiqd mihrn ,ycgn dzgilne dkizgd ly dgcd jixvn

efd `"nxd z`xedl xewnd mdy - mnvr d"e`de c"ydbd ,c"dexz j` .dligzkln

lk `ll xzid ly ixya oikqa zglnpd dkizgd z` jezgl xzeny ,xen`k ,exaq -

daiqd efye ,irx` jxca wx dyrii df jezigy `xaqd xewn dn ,ok m` ,dlabd

?exzidl

dl w"q hq oniq dyn ikxca .ycg aeyii o`k rivdl mewn yiy d`xp ok lr

,dpde .b llka d"e`d xtq `ed ,fi ,hq oniq zdbda `"nxd z`xedl xewndy rnyn

:xg` aeyiil oeekn c oic b llka d"e`d xtq oeyl

ilkc w"nqa s"ixdn dibdy it"r`eurea ynzydl xzen ea glnpy awepn

`ci"hyt eilr gipdl oibdep oi` n"n ,wixy wxyin mcc dligzkl 'it` gzex

,wixy wixyn mc lr dligzkl oikneq oi` xe`d ing iablc ,dligzkl gzex

ilk la` .dewnc xepiv iab opiyiigck 'irwal dligzkl opiyiig mbeqxg

itl gzex ea ynzyp m` carica 'it` s"ixdn xqe` ea glnpy awepn

xe`d ing ici lr - dgiln ici lr hlet epi`c idpe ,lirl `zi`ck lwa rleay

.hlet `din

wqer fi sirqa :`"nxd zedbd izy oiay dxizql heyt aeyii dzr epl ixd

ur ly aex it lr dzid mdiniay dgilnd zxrwa `"nxd22,jkitle ,qxg ly e`

,z`f znerl ;zawepn `id elit` dligzkl gzex da gipdl `ly xingdl dxed

okle ,zkzn ly `id llk jxcay xya jezigl oikqa `"nxd wqer k sirq zdbda

dligzkl s` zglnpd dkizgl dzaigz z` xizdl `"nxd lwd23g"zd oeyl mb .

21xry c"ydbda driten ,ilv da mikzegy oikqd oic oiiprle ,k"dewp lra zxaq oirk `xaq

`xaqd lr jnzqdae ,(c ze` zil`ny dcenr a"r i sc `ivipiee qetc) fh oniq iriyz

ilra :xe`ia jixv `teb `id ,mxa .'`zklde' d"c a"r g sc oilega zetqezd ilra eazky

`xnbc `picn ic cvikd x`al ,dtixh da ehgyy oikq oic wenipl ef `xaq eazk zetqezd

zhigyy gipdl elki ok lr ,zetixh opi` zenda aexy oeeike ;'`qxtc `zila'a dgpwl

dyrn zglnpd e` zilvpd dkizg jezig mby ol axr in j` .i`xw` dyrn `id dtixh

zrc d`aed xkfpd zetqeza xaky xirn my eixac jynda envr c"ydbd s` ?`ed i`xw`

.dtixh da hgyy oikq oic wenipl `l s`e ,df weligl mikqd `l `xwirny z"x

22.(a ze` zil`ny dcenr `"r h sc `ivipiee qetc) iriay xry c"ydbda `ed `icdl

23`weec zglnpd dkizgd jezig z` xizdl xingd k sirq zdbda `"nxdy ,epixacn ,ok`e

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb37

`"nxd wqer ea oeic eze`a wqerd f oic ai-`i llkaxikfn fi 'rq hq oniq zdbda

,miawepn mdy s` gzex xzid mda gipdl dligzkl xqe`e qxg ilke ur ilk `weec

bdpnd xkfp el w"q hq oniqa dyn ikxca mb .zkzn ilk llk xikfn epi` j`

bdpnd xkfp ef mrta mbe ,zawepnd dgilnd zxrwa dligzkl gzex gipdl xeq`l

.cala ur ilk lr

mibiiqd

xzid zkizgn hltpd mc zrlad oiiprly rixkd `"nxdy dler xen`dn

,llk mcd z` mirlea mpi`y zkzn ly milk oia wlgl yi ,oick ziyrpd dgilna

oi` ,mxa .mcd mda rlap `ny yegl yi dligzkly qxg ly e` ur ly milk oial

.milk x`y oial zkzn ilk oia wlgl yi mlerly `id `"nxd zrcy jkn cenll

lwdln `"nxd rpnp ,xzidd azkp oda zeaiqpdn ,dlw elit` ,diihq lka ,daxc`

.(fpky` iwqet jka edencw s` mizrle)

:ztqep xzid zxaq oi`yke dgiln ly dgizx :oey`x biiqr"eyd wqt lr

:`"nxd siqed l"pd c 'rq gv oniq c"eiga

,ilkd lka zkled drilad f`y y` zgizx ici lr erlay calaeici lr la`

dtilw ick wx ilka rlap epi` dgiln zgizxick wx xryl jixv oi`e

.dtilw

dcen `"nxd s`y dpwqnl dkilen r"eyd wqt lr `"nxd zdbd zakxd

ly drladd zcinn zegt `l ,epiidc ,dtilw ick zkzn ilka s` drilan dgilny

ilk ly miyew lr jnzqdy `"nxd s`y ,xnel gxkd o`kn .milk x`ya dgiln§¨

xzidd zkizg z` zkzn ly xzid oikqa jezgl dligzkl s` xizdle lwdl zkzn

;wixy wxyn mcy ztqep xzidd zxaq exfrl dcnr `l El lwn did `l ,zglnpd

.my exe`aa `"xbde gt w"q hq oniqa j"yd minikqn oke

azk c"ydbd mb24z` lirbdl jixv awepn epi`y ilka dkizgd dglnp m`y

mb xyad z` egicdy iptl oikqa xyad z` ekzg m`e ;xq`p xyad mbe ,ilkd

zglnp dkizgdyk .'oikqa rlap mcde gzexk gelnc meyn' dlrbd jixv oikqd

z` c"ydbd jixvd ok lre ,wixy wxyn mcy `xaqd zltep awepn epi`y ilka

.zkzn ly `ed elit` mzqd on ,oikqd zlrbd

:dligzkl oicd oiiprle diilv ly dgizx :ipy biiqmbe d"e`d mbe c"ydbd

c"dexz z`xedn `"nxd cp r"eyd zdbday dpwqnd zelrl zaiig ,zkzn ly oikqa

jezgl olek zexizny ,d oic fi llk g"za envr z`xedne ,ci oic el llka d"e`d z`xedne

.ur ly oikqa s` `l` zkzn ly oikqa wx `l dligzkl s` zglnpd dkizgd z`

24.(c ze` zil`ny dcenr `"r g sc `ivipiee qetc) iriayd xry dgiln ipic

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb 38

dkizgd z` ea mikzegy zkzn ly oikqa drilad zl`ya ,xen`k ,elwdy `"nxd

oiiprl s` `l j` ,dgiln ly dgizx zervn`a drlad oiiprl wx elwd ,zglnpd

zegtly exed ok lr ,diilv ly dgizx zervn`a drladdligzkloikq aegzl oi`

dnc lk hltiiy mxh zilvpd dkizgd jezl25.

:caric oicd oiiprle dyiak ly dgizx :iyily biiqzkzn ilk oiay df welig

drlad oial y` ly dgizx zervn`a drlad oiaye ,milk x`y oialzervn`a

oiiprl h oic l llka mbe g oic a llka mb d"e`a dpyp ,y` ly dpi`y dgizx

mrhd zrila zlily myl `l j`,dyiak ly dgizx zervn`a xeqi`d mrh zrlad

mrh cbp xzida yxciiy miyiyd xeriy mevnv myl `l` - dligzkln milka

llka d"e` azek jky ,mda rlap xak xeqi`d mrhy xg`l ,milka relad xeqi`d

dzgiln mxh dkizgd z` ea egicdy ilkd oiiprl g oic a26:

jixve ,carica s` xeq` ilkd s` i`ce dyiak xeriy dkeza ddy m` edine

elek cbp miyy27lyeank yeak ol `niiwc ,qxg ly y"ke ur ly `ed m`

...milka elit`e`l` carica ecbp miyiy oikixvn oi` zkzn lya mpn`

.oigzex i"r xq`pyk

:eixac meiqa dnze ,g oic a llka l"pd d"e`d z` `ian ` w"q dw oniqa f"hd

`lc ,df welig xikn ipi` zekznl qxge ur ilk oia wlgl d"e` azky dn

`"kw oniqa epivn daxc` ,xzei `lew el didi zekznc mewn meya epivn

oi` milkd lkac dfa xwird `l` .oa`e url zekzn oia welig oi`c xeha

.c"rlpk .l"rn xeqi` ma dxypy i"r carica mze` xeq`l

yxetn welig meyn dpi` zkzn ilka d"e`d ly exzid zxaq ,lirl xen`k ,mxa

xzeie 'miyw' zkzn ilky ze`ivna dpigad jezn `l` ,`evnl f"hd rbiizd eze`

.mda riladl dyw

lkn oihelgl dhnyp dyiak oiiprl d"e`d ly ef `lew :epiptl `lt xac ,mle`

zdbda `le ,a oic b llk g"za `le n"kxca `l dxkfp `l llke ,`"nxd ixeaig

lwdl d"e`d mr mikqn `"nxd oi`y `niz elit`e ;` 'rq hq oniqa `"nxd

25d"e`e (a"r i sc `ivipiee qetc) c ze` zligz fh oniq iriyz xry dgiln ipic c"ydbd d`x

.c 'rq er oniq `"nxd zdbdae hi llk g"zae e ze` er oniq n"kxcae jli`e h oic el llk

,caric mb oikqd xq`p xeqi` ly dkizg ynn `id zilvpd dkizgdy mewnay `hiyte

.i oic el llk d"e` mb d`x

26,dt yxetnd it lr x`al yi my mezqd z`y i`ce .h oic l llk d"e`a wqtpd z` d`x

ezhiyl mda zycgzny xzidd zxaqe ,zkzn ilka drilan dyiaky dcen d"e`d mby

) dyiaka mb llk mirlea mpi`y xnel dpi`jezigd xzid oiiprl wx d"e`d dxed oky

lka rlap `l mda yakpdy xnel lwdl wx `l` ,(cala dae ,zglnpd dkizgd ly oikqa

.owlga wx rlapy `l` ,zeptcd

27.r"ve ,` oic meiqa fl llka d"e`d azky dn d`x df cbp

oirnd,cp] c"ryz zah,[aß208 oeilb39

jka ef dhnyd yxeyy okzi !eilr welgle e`iadl mewn did oiicr ,dyrnl b"dka

dkizgd z` zkzn ly oikqa jezigd xzidayzglnpds` d"e`d ly ecivl ecnr

lirl mep`ady c"ydbde c"dexz zaeyz28xzidd zxaq ecivl zcner s`e ,

zexedl ozip `l j` ,dkldl dizeek zexedl ozip okle ,wixy wxyn mcy zxne`d

xeqi`dy zkzn ly ilka dlyazpy xzid zkizg oiiprl exzida s` dkldl dizeek

akpyi`cigi `ed d"e`d df xziday oeeik ,ea29xzid zxaq exfrl zcner `l mbe

ztqep30.

dpecp zkzn ilka dyiak :ic xen`d xaqda oi`y d`xp ztqep daygna j`

caric oiiprl wx d"e`a lwdl31oi` recn xiaqdl ick yi epxn`y df xaqdae ,

zkznd ilka xzidd leyia xzid oiiprl d"e`d ly xzidd zxaq z` xikfdl

s` d"e`d ly xzidd zxaq zxkfdn zerpnid wicvdl ick ea oi` j` ,dligzkl

.dizeek opiwqt `l m` mb ,caric oiiprl

z` relaln mdn rpen zkznd ilk ly miyewy cer lk :xg` xaqd okzii ,ok`e§¨

zkzn ilky mewna ok `l j` ,lwdl `"nxd oken dligzkln xeqi`d mrh

we ,mirleayzkizg z` xizdl ick `l xzid zxaqk dler zkznd ilk ly mii ¨§

.xq`ii `ly ick xzida yxciiy xeriyd z` mvnvl ick wx `l` ixnbl xzidd

rlap `ly migeha didp ok`y idi Elc ,lwdl oken `"nxd oi`y d`xpk df dxwna

lwdl mi`yx didp `l oiicr - ewlga wx `l` zkznd ilk iaer lka xeqi`d mrh

xryl yiy ,el mikqd d"e`d lra mbye ,r"eyae xeha reawde mkqend llkd cbp

xzidd l` hltpy mrhd cbp wx `le ,xeqi`d ilk iaer lk cbp miyiy xzida

.`eana l"pke ,dti cne` it lr ilkdn

zexr