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© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
1.71.7 Is it rational toIs it rational to choose to live inchoose to live in hazard-prone areas?hazard-prone areas?
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
Tsunami 2004 Indonesia
Tsunami 2004 Indonesia Before the tsunami
After the tsunami
over 150,000 deaths
Banda Aceh, Indonesia(Credit: UNESCO)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
Montserrat in the Caribbean
Volcanic eruption 1997 Montserrat
Volcanic eruption 1997 Montserrat
23 deathsBuried much of the southern part of the
island
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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Pamirs
HimalayasEarthquake 1998 Afghanistan
Earthquake 1998 Afghanistan
over 4,000 deaths
The Himalayan area
Direction of plate movement
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
It is dangerous to live in hazard-prone areas.
Why do people live in hazard-
prone areas? Are their decisions
rational?
Why do people live in hazard-
prone areas? Are their decisions
rational?
What is a rational decision?A rational person will consider whether possible gains are greater than possible losses, for both staying and leaving.
Possible gains and losses of leaving
Possible gains and losses of staying behind
Since people weigh gains and losses differently, the final decision to move or stay is a subjective one.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
What is a rational decision?
Leave?Leave?
Secure new job
Re-establish social links
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
What is a rational decision?
Stay?Stay?
Reduce future loss Restore productivity
Take out insurance
Reduce vulnerability
Move to hazard-proof structure in
the same area
Change the way of living
Rebuild home or business
Exploit new
resources
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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What do people consider when deciding to stay or leave hazard-prone areas?
Leave? Stay?
Leave? Stay?
1 Risks
2 Opportunities
3 Social links
4 Limitations on migrations
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
Are people’s decisions rational?
Leave? Stay?
Leave? Stay?
This depends on their subjective but careful evaluation of ...
the perceived risk of hazards happening
in the area
the possible gains if one leaves the
hazard-prone area
the possible gains from the opportunities offered
by tectonic processes
the possible losses if one leaves the
hazard-prone area
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
Quit
1 RisksThe perception of the risk of hazards varies greatly among people.
What make the perceptions of
people different?
What make the perceptions of
people different?
Education level
Past experience
One’s character
Religious background
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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Unaware of hazards and their history
It is useless to avoid hazard as it is an ‘act of God’
Leave, as it is too dangerous to stay
It is improbable for a hazard to strike the same place twice
Overlook the risk when the hazard has not occurred for a long time Believing the
government can provide protection, warning, evacuation and relief work
1 Risks
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 Opportunities
People choose to live in tectonic hazard-prone areas
since internal processes bring job opportunities and
wealth to them.
There is intense heat below the earth’s surface.
What kind of power can it generate?
There is intense heat below the earth’s surface.
What kind of power can it generate?
The hot water and steam found in volcanic areas can be used to generate ___________ power.
It is renewable and clean. Therefore it is a more preferred energy resource.
geothermal
Electricity generated by geothermal power in Iceland
A Geothermal power
(Credit: Gerth/Blickwinkel)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 OpportunitiesA Geothermal power
Primary energy consumption in Iceland, 1940-2006Source: <http://www.geoberg.de/text/geology/07020201.php> and Statistics Iceland
Geothermal power becomes the primary energy resource in Iceland
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 OpportunitiesB Metals and minerals
When magma cools and solidifies below the earth’s surface, it forms rocks containing _______ and _________.
metalsminerals
Many metals and minerals have economic value to people, for example, iron ore and diamonds.
Manganese mineral (Credit: McPHOTO/Blickwinkel)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 OpportunitiesB Metals and minerals
World distribution of major metals and precious stones
Which mineral is more
commonly found at plate boundaries?
Which mineral is more
commonly found at plate boundaries?
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 OpportunitiesC Fertile soil
Farmland at the foothill of Mount Mayon in the Philippines
Volcanic ash is rich in minerals.
They provide ________ for crop growth and attract farmers.
nutrients
Weathering of solidified ____ produce fertile soil.lava
(Credit: Paul A. Souders/Corbis)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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2 OpportunitiesD Tourist attractions
Many volcanic areas and areas with folds and faults are scenic spots.
Mount Fuji, Japan
Mount Fuji in Japan is a well-known volcanic area with beautiful scenery
The Alps are famous fold mountains in the world
The Alps
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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(Credit: Reuters/OTHK)
2 OpportunitiesD Tourist attractions
___________ and ________ are both flows of hot water coming from underground to the surface in volcanic areas.
Hot springs geysers
A hot spring in Japan
The water from hot springs usually contains minerals and are said to be good to our health
A geyser at Yellowstone
National Park, the USA
Developing these scenic spots provide job opportunities, higher incomes and a better living standard to local people.
Geysers are spectacular natural fountains. They flow intermittently in jets of hot water or steam
(Credit: Jeff Henry/Corbis)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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3 Social links
Strong ties to one’s motherland and ancestors prevent people from moving away.
People have strong feelings for their friends and relatives, and their own culture.
The weakening of the social bond is considered a great loss.
People have strong social bond in their hometown
(Credit: Ng Kim Hung)
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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4 Limitations on migrationsA Political barriers
There are strict population and immigration policies for every country.
Migration is not free among countries, or sometimes even within a country.
© Oxford University Press 2009
Part 1 Opportunities and risks─Is it rational to live in hazard-prone areas?
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B Physical constraints
Desert landscape: too
_____dry
Polar landscape: too
______cold
Tropical rainforest landscape: too
_____wet
Mountain landscape: too
________rugged
Many places are free from tectonic hazards, but why
are they sparsely populated?
Many places are free from tectonic hazards, but why
are they sparsely populated?