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Pangea
Culture: way of life of a society that is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience
Cultural diffusion: the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages etc.—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.
Chapter 1: Foundations of Civilization (Prehistory-300 B.C.)
Section 1: Understanding Our Past Prehistory-the period of time thousands and
thousands of years before writing was invented Historians study and write about the past -artifacts -written evidence -photographs and films Historians evaluate all this evidence to judge
reliability A major goal of historians is to determine
causes of certain events
Historians are not always accurate: -personal experiences -cultural background -political opinions These biases cause debate among historians Investigating Prehistory The study of Prehistory is known as
Anthropology Anthropologists focus on physical and cultural
traits of past peoples Archaeology is a branch of Anthropology that
studies material remains
Archaeologists frequently revise theories as new evidence is discovered
Archaeologists employ other scientists such as geologists, botanists, zoologists and biologists
Modern archeologists are aided by technology such as computers and aerial photographs
Discoveries in Africa and Beyond Prehistoric people are mysterious for several
reasons: -no cities -no countries -no organized governments -no complex inventions
Mary and Louis Leakey discovered artifacts thought to be as old as 2.1 million years
These artifacts showed that primitive people developed technology
In 1959 Mary discovered a Hominid skull By 1974 a full Hominid skeleton had been
discovered by Donald Johanson Scientists have concluded that various groups
of Hominids have lived over millions of years They also believe that they all originated in
Africa Homo sapiens first appeared between 250,000
and 100,000 years ago
Hominid and Homo Erectus
Homo Sapiens and Neanderthal
Geico Cavemen and Human Beings
Section 1 vocab pg 4, #3-5 on pg 10
Section 2: Turning Point The Neolithic Revolution Prehistory is divided into 2 phases: Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) 2 million b.c.-10,000 b.c. New Stone Age (Neolithic) 10,000b.c.-end of
prehistory The Neolithic Age is defined by changes in skills and
technologies Skills and Beliefs of the Old Stone Age Early humans were nomadic people They live in small groups and hunted and gathered for
survival They depended on the environment for food and
shelter, and adapted to their surroundings They made advancements in tools, clothing and spoken
language
Old Stone Age people began to develop spiritual beliefs
They buried their dead with supplies needed in the after life
They believed in spirits and forces in all sorts of objects-animism
The New Stone Age Begins With Farming Beginnings of New Stone Age date back to
about 10,000 B.C. Nomadic people discovered farming which
drastically altered their way of life For the first time people could stay in one place
instead of searching for food
Early farmers were the first to domesticate plants and animals
The Neolithic Revolution Brings Dramatic Change
This was the greatest change until the Industrial Revolution of the 1700’s
Established villages led to advances in culture and technology
Jericho is one of the first established villages and still exists today
Men dominated most aspect of village life
The First Village People
Earliest form of governments were established in these first villages
Village people also began to acquire possessions which led difference in wealth or class
Villagers also created new technologies such as: -calendar -animals -tools -storage containers Vocab pg 11 #3-5 pg 15
Section 3: Beginnings of Civilization Civilizations are complex, highly organized
social orders Civilizations emerged as villages became cities Cities began along fertile river valleys that
produced surpluses of food Rivers provided fertile land and a constant
water supply River valley required much cooperation to
build dikes, canals and irrigation ditches To organize labor, more complex systems of
government were formed
The first cities were well organized and surrounded by thick walls
Civilizations have 8 major features: -cities -organized governments -complex religions (poly and mono-theistic) -job specialization -social classes -arts and architecture -public works -writing As rulers gained more power, city-states began
to emerge Rulers forced peasants to grow crops, many of
which benefited the government
As powerful rulers conquered more cities, empires emerged
As civilizations grow they experience many changes
Cultural diffusion was an important source of change
People of different cities began to share and adapt customs
Vocab pg 17, #3-5 pg 23