Discussionshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6817/9/09...Parthasarathy et al. (2002 ) who...

DDiissccuussssiioonn

V. DISCUSSION

The results of the present study have been discussed under the following

headings:

5.1 Chemical composition of Azolla

5.2 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of AZM in broilers

5.2.1 Composition of experimental diets

5.2.2 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of experimental diets

5.2.3 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of AZM

5.3 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of AZM in layers



5.3.4 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of AZM

5.4 Performance of broiler birds fed AZM based diets


5.4.2 Body weight gain and livability

5.4.3 Feed consumption and efficiency

5.4.4 Carcass characteristics and organometry

5.4.5 Digestive tract measurements

5.4.6 Economics

5.5 Performance of layer birds fed AZM based diets

5.5.1 Chemical composition of experimental diets

5.5.2 Egg production


150

1500

5.5.4 Body weight changes and livability

5.5.5 Egg characteristics

5.5.6 Efficiency of utilization of energy and protein

5.5.7 Economics

5.1 Chemical Composition of Azolla

The dry matter content of Azolla pinnata samples obtained in this study are 92.85,

91.35, 91.85 and 90.93 (Table 4.1) which are in close agreement with results of Tamang

and Samanta (1993), Ali and Leeson (1995) and Khatun (1996) and Balaji et al. (2009)

obtained lower value than the values obtained in the present study.

The Total ash content of Azolla pinnata samples obtained in this study are 18.75,

19.25, 18.98 and 29.17 per cent. The values recorded by Singh and Subudhi (1978),

Tamang and Samanta (1993), Parthasarathy et al. (2002), Alalade and Iyayi (2006),

Anand Titus and Geeta Pereira (2007) and Balaji et al. (2009) are lower than the values

obtained in the present study. However, Ali and Leeson (1995) reported a high value of

36.10 % total ash in Azolla. Such variation could be due to type of Azolla cultivation

practices.

The crude protein content of Azolla estimated in the present study are 25.82,

24.15 24.55 and 24.12 per cent is in close agreement with the results of Singh and

Subudhi (1978), Parthasarathy et al. (2002), Alalade and Iyayi (2006), Anand Titus and

Geeta Pereira (2007) and Balaji et al. (2009) who reported the CP content of Azolla meal

in the range of 20.00 to 26.02 per cent. Contrary to this, Tamang and Samanta (1993) and

Ali and Leeson (1995) obtained only a lower CP content of 15.37 to 16.50 per cent in

151

1511

Azolla meal, where as Khatun (1996) obtained higher CP content of 28.54 per cent in

Azolla meal.

The crude fibre content (17.53, 19.75, 19.85 and 16.25 %) obtained in the present

study is slightly higher than the reports of Singh and Subudhi (1978), Tamang and

Samanta (1993), Ali and Leeson (1995), Khatun (1996), Parthasarathy et al. (2002),

Alalade and Iyayi (2006) and Balaji et al. (2009) who reported the CF content of Azolla

in the range of 9.10 to 14.90 per cent.

The ether extract content obtained in the present study are 4.85, 3.95, 4.12 and

3.80 per cent are higher than the observations of Singh and Subudhi (1978), Tamang and

Samanta (1993), Ali and Leeson (1995), Parthasarathy et al. (2002), Alalade and Iyayi

(2006) and Balaji et al. (2009) who reported the EE content in the range of 1.60 to 3.70

per cent.

The NFE content of Azolla pinnata (33.05, 32.90, 32.50 and 26.66 %) recorded in

this study is in close agreement with the results of Ali and Leeson (1995) who reported

the NFE content of 33.20 per cent in azolla meal. On contrary to this, higher values

obtained by Tamang and Samanta (1993), Parthasarathy et al. (2001b), Alalade and Iyayi

(2006) and Balaji et al. (2009), who reported 39.90 to 45.71 per cent in Azolla meal.

The calcium level of Azolla (1.95 %) obtained in this study are higher than the

observations of Singh and Subudhi (1978), Tamang and Samanta (1993), Ali and Leeson

(1995), Parthasarathy et al. (2002),. Alalade and Iyayi (2006) and Anand Titus and Geeta

Pereira (2007)., where as Balaji et al. (2009) observed higher values of 2.14 per cent

152

1522

calcium. The phosphorus level of 0.40 per cent in the present study are in close

agreement with the observations of Tamang and Samanta (1993), Ali and Leeson (1995),

and Balaji et al. (2009), where as the higher values were obtained by Singh and Subudhi

(1978), Parthasarathy et al. (2002) and Alalade and Iyayi (2006).

The proximate constituents of dried Azolla microphylla sample analysed in the

present study: dry matter 91.98, total ash 24.17, crude protein 24.56, crude fibre 15.17,

ether extract 3.38 and NFE 32.72 per cent with the AIA of 7.19 are in close agreement

with the proximate constituents of dried Azolla microphylla sample as reported by Seyed

Mozafar et al., (1990) and Becerra et al. (1995).

The variation in the nutrient composition of Azolla meal in different studies could

be attributed to differences in the response of Azolla strains due to environmental

conditions such as temperature, light intensity and soil nutrients which consequently

affect their growth morphology and composition. Moreover, species difference of Azolla

could alter their composition. Further more, contamination with epiphytic algae could

also be important to such a degree as to affect the results of chemical composition

(Sanginga and Van Hove, 1989).

5.2 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of dried AZM in broilers

The results of 3-day metabolism trial are discussed as follows:


As expected, the contents of total ash, ether extract and crude fibre in the

experimental diets tended to increase with the incremental level of dried AZM (0, 10, 20

153

1533

and 30%) while the trend was declining for NFE and inconsistent for crude protein

(Table 4.2). Such a pattern was obviously due to the chemical composition of AZM per

se. However, the proximate constituents of diets supplemented with enzymes were

similar to that of corresponding un-supplemented group.


a) Dry matter and other proximate constituents

The results of this trial clearly indicated a decreased metabolizability coefficient

of different components of experimental diets with the incremental level of AZM ( 0, 10,

20 and 30%) (Table 4.3). The lower metabolizability of diets incorporated with AZM was

due to the higher crude fibre (16.25%) and total ash (29.17%) content of AZM.

b) Metabolizable Energy

It is clearly evident that the ME content of AZM included diets were significantly

lower (P

154

1544

c) Ileal nitrogen absorbability

Nitrogen absorbability in general, was found to be non-significantly increased as

the level of incorporation of AZM increased from 0 to 20 per cent but non-significantly

decreased at 30 per cent level which is slightly higher than control (Table 4.4). However,

non-significantly better ileal nitrogen absorbability values were observed with non-

supplementation of enzyme. The diets with fibre degrading enzymes showed lower ileal

nitrogen absorbability.

d) Regression equations for prediction of energy values of diets

In this trial, the predicted values are in close association with the assayed values.

However, the relationship between the metabolizability of individual nutrients to that of

ME values was not significant (p>0.05). The results indicated that the energy content

(ME) of a broiler diet can be predicted based on DM or OM metabolizability with

greatest accuracy (Table 4.4).

5.2.3 Metabolizability coefficient of energy and other nutrients in AZM

The absolute metabolizability values of experimental diets (Table 4.4) have

enabled to arrive at the metabolizability coefficient of various nutrients in test feed

ingredient (AZM) by applying simultaneous equations. The results are similar to those of

Parthasarathy et al. (2002) who reported that the apparent and true metabolizable energy

values of A. pinnata were 1529 and 1855 kcal/kg DM, respectively. The apparent ME

content of AZM is also similar to leaf meals viz. 1568, 1620, 1795, 1730 and 1815

kcal/kg DM respectively in mulberry leaf meal (Narayana and Shetty, 1977), groundnut

155

1555

plant meal (Eshwaraiah, 1971), Stylosanthes scraba, S. guianensis and S. seabrana

(Krishna et al., 2008).

Irrespective of its level of inclusion and supplementation of enzyme, on an

average the metabolizabiliy of different component of AZM was as follows: Dry matter:

34.23, organic matter: 52.42, crude protein 30.84, ether extract: 35.56, gross energy:

57.40 per cent and ME: 1725 kcal. The absorbability of its nitrogen in the ileum was

about 71.61 per cent. The results revealed that the metabolizability coefficient of various

components of AZM was poor and it has lower energy content when compared to bran

and oil cakes such as sunflower meal.

5.3 Metabolizability of energy and other nutrients of dried AZM in layers

In this trial the efficiency of adult birds (laying hens) to metabolize the different

nutrient components of dried AZM containing experimental diets and in turn that of the

AZM were studied. The result of 3-day metabolism trial in layers is discussed here under.


The nutrient composition of basal diets (T1 and T2) which were used in layer

metabolism trial (Table 4.5) was more or less conforming to that of BIS (1992)

specifications. However, the NFE and gross energy of the basal diets gradually

decreased as the level of AZM increased from 10 to 30 per cent in diets either with non-

supplemented or supplemented with fibre degrading enzymes. On the other hand, the

total ash, crude protein, ether extract and crude fibre contents in test diets were increasing

as the level of inclusion of AZM increased ( 0, 10, 20 and 30%), a pattern similar to

156

1566

those diets employed in broiler metabolism trial. It was essentially due to the nutrient

profile of AZM perse which was substituted part by part in the basal diets.


a) Proximate constituents

A linear decrease in metabolizability of the proximate principles was observed

with increasing substitution level of AZM (Table 4.6). Such a trend in metabolizability

coefficient values for various proximate principles were very much similar to that of

those obtained during metabolism trial in broiler birds. Although the gastro-intestinal

system of laying hen is well equipped for efficient digestion of nutrients particularly

crude fibre when compared to broilers, the reasons for such a variation between

metabolizability coefficient of basal diets and AZM based diets were same. No

improvement in metabolizability coefficient values was evident with supplementation of

fibre degrading enzyme as well.

b) Metabolizable energy

It was clearly evident that the ME content of AZM included test diets was

significantly lower (P

157

1577

c) Regression equations for prediction of energy values of diets

The simple regression equations for the prediction of energy values of

experimental diets used in the metabolism trial were derived wherein the ME were

regressed on the metabolizability coefficients of DM and OM. The correlation between

the metabolizability coefficient of DM and OM to that of ME values was highly

significant (p

158

1588

5.4 Performance of broilers fed dried AZM based diets


The analyzed per cent chemical composition of experimental diets compounded

for starter, grower and finisher phases ( Table 4.8 ) during the broilers’ performance trial

are discussed as under;

In all the cases, the analyzed values were fairly in close agreement with the

calculated values, based on which the formulation of diets was attempted. However, the

analyzed CP values of 7.5 and 10 per cent AZM based diets were slightly lower than the

calculated values in starter and grower diets (Table 4.8). As per the CF content the

analyzed samples had higher values than the calculated values in all the three diets

(starter, grower and finisher diets) because AZM contained relatively higher content of

CF. Total phosphorus content in starter and grower diet was similar in analyzed and

calculated values except in finisher diet, where as the analyzed sample had higher

phosphorus content than the calculated values. Although the diets were made iso-

calorific, there may be difference in actual ME values of the diets due to the difference

existed in the analytically obtained proximate values. The small differences between

analyzed and calculated values can be attributed to variation in the analytical procedures

and experimental error.

5.4.2 Body weight gain and livability

a. Body weight gain

It was clearly evident from the Tables 4.9 and 4.10 that the groups fed diets

incorporated with either 2.5, 5. 7.5 or 10 per cent AZM tended to gain more or less

159

1599

similar body weights when compared to control diet. The decreased body weight gain in

broilers fed AZM based diets during certain weeks of trial was mainly attributable to the

reduced feed consumption (Sec 4.4.3) up to 5 per cent. However, the compensatory

growth rate which was suspected at the later phase of growth must have resulted in

comparable cumulative body weight gains in birds at the end of the trial. The results are

similar to the findings of Parthasarathy et al. (2002), Balaji et al. (2009) and Dhumal et

al. (2009) who have reported that AZM can be included up to 5 per cent in broiler diet

without affecting body weight gain. However, Basak et al. (2002) observed significant

(P

160

1600

Other reports (Kumar et al., 2007) also indicated that the supplementation of fibre

degrading enzyme preparation to palm kernel cake containing diets yielded inconsistent

results.

Thus, it can be inferred that the inclusion of AZM up to 5 per cent in broiler diets

helped to attain the optimal growth rate and further higher levels of AZM may not be

relevant. Fibre degrading enzyme supplementation had no effect on growth performance

of broiler birds.

b. Livability

The present study indicated that the inclusion of AZM up to 10 per cent in broiler

diets has no significant (P>0.05) influence on livability of birds. This indicates that AZM

had no deleterious effects on broilers. The higher survivability values recorded in the

present trial was due to the better management and bio-security measures adopted during

the course of the experiment. These findings are in agreement with reports of Castillo et

al. (1981), Khatun (1996), Basak et al. (2002), Parthasarathy et al. (2002), Balaji et al.

(2009) and Dhumal et al. (2009).


a) Feed consumption

The treatment and main factor wise data on average feed consumption of broiler

birds under various dietary groups during different weeks of the experimental period

were non-significant (P>0.05) (Table 4.11). These findings are similar to the results

reported by Balaji et al. (2009) and Dhumal et al. (2009) who observed non-significant

161

1611

differences in feed consumption up to 5 per cent of AZM inclusion. Similarly, Querubin

et al. (1986a), Sreemannarayana et al. (1993), Ali and Leeson (1995), Bhuyan et al.

(1998) and Basak et al. (2002) reported that the inclusion of AZM in broiler diets did not

affect feed consumption up to 15 per cent while Parthasarathy et al. (2002) observed that

no significant differences in feed consumption were evident among the broiler birds fed

diet included AZM up to 20 per cent. However, Alalade and Iyayi (2006) reported that

the average feed intake of chicks fed diets containing 10 and 15 per cent AZM were

significantly lower than diet containing 0 and 5 per cent AZM. Bested and Morento

(1995) stated that Azolla affected the palatability of the feed and reduced the feed

consumption. On the other hand, Parthasarathy et al. (2001a) reported that mean

cumulative feed intake was decreased when azolla was increased from 0 to 15 per cent,

but slight incrase in feed intake was observed at 20 per cent level.

Pertaining to the supplementation of fibre degrading enzymes, no significant

differences were observed. Such findings are in agreement with reported results of Rama

Rao et al. (2006) who reported that the supplemental NSP hydrolyzing enzymes to corn-

soybean meal or corn-sunflower extractions based diets did not alter the feed

consumption.

From the results of the present study it may be of the view that the inclusion of

AZM up to 10 per cent in diets of broiler did not affect their feed intake. Thus, it can be

inferred that the feed consumption was not affected by incorporation of AZM as a feed

ingredient up to 10 per cent level.

162

1622

b) Feed conversion ratio (FCR)

The results revealed that the feed conversion ratio became poorer and poorer with

inclusion of AZM, however, not consistent with the level of inclusion either at 2.5, 5, 7.5

or 10 per cent. This is in agreement with reports of Muzafar et al. (1978), Querubin et al.

(1986a), Parthasarathy et al. (2002) and Basak et al. (2002). However Balaji et al. (2009)

and Dhumal et al. (2009) reported no significant difference in feed conversion ratio of

birds fed up to 5 per cent Azolla diet.

Taking into account of all the above discussed growth performance parameters

viz., body weight gain, feed consumption and its efficiency, it was concluded that the

inclusion of AZM at 5 per cent level did not affect the growth performance of the broiler

birds. Hence, AZM can be included up to 5 per cent in diets for better results in broiler

birds. It was also concluded that the fibre degrading enzyme supplementation was not

beneficial in improving the utilization of AZM incorporation at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent

level in broiler diets.

5.4.4 Carcass characteristics and organometry

The treatment and main factor wise average dressing percentage, meat to bone

ratio, drum stick yield (% of carcass), abdominal fat content (g/bird or % of live body

weight) and breast meat of broilers under different dietary groups at the end of 42-day

experimental period are discussed as follows.

163

1633

a) Dressing percentage

The results indicated that the inclusion of AZM up to 10 per cent in broiler diets

did not cause any adverse effect on the dressing percentage (Table 4.15). This is in

agreement with the findings of Dhumal et al. (2009). Contrary to the present finding,

Bacerra et al. (1995), Basak et al. (2002), Parthsarathy et al. (2002) reported that the

broiler birds fed 5 per cent Azolla diet had significantly (P

164

1644

d) Abdominal fat

The results clearly indicated that the abdominal fat of broilers was not influenced

by the AZM inclusion in their diets (Table 4.15). This is in agreement with the findings

of Basak et al. (2002) and Dhumal et al. (2009) who have reported that no significant

differences in abdominal fat percentage within the different groups fed diets incorporated

with AZM up to 10 per cent.


did not alter the abdominal fat deposition.

e) Breast meat yield


has influence on the breast meat yield. No literature is available to confirm the same.

From the present study, it was concluded that, the inclusion of AZM up to 10 per

cent in broiler diets has no influence on carcass characteristics parameters namely

dressing percentage, meat to bone ratio, drum stick yield and abdominal fat deposition.

But it has influence on the breast meat yield of birds.

f) Organometry

In the present study, weight of the giblets viz., liver, heart and gizzard were not

influenced by various treatments and main factors (Table 4.16). Contrary to this,

Parthasarathy et al. (2002) reported significant difference (P

165

1655

(6.44) was observed by Basak et al., (2002). This is because of higher ash and high level

of fibre content (NDF) of AZM based diets that have caused numerically higher relative

gizzard weight in such groups.

Thus it was implied that the development of vital organs, viz., heart, gizzard,

liver, proventriculus and spleen except bursa was not affected by AZM inclusion up to 10

per cent.

5.4.5 Digestive tract measurements

The length of different segments of small intestine viz., duodenum, jejunum and

ileum of birds was not influenced by the AZM inclusion up to 10 per cent level when

compared to control (Table 4.17). However, Sarmiento et al. (2002) reported that with

chaya leaf meal at 15g and 25g/kg level, the length of the intestine were higher than with

control while Krishna et al. (2008) reported that the length of intestines were slightly

higher at higher levels of stylosanthes leaf meal inclusion in broiler diet.

The length of different segments of small intestine viz., duodenum, jejunum and

ileum of birds was not influenced by the AZM inclusion up to 10 per cent level when

compared to control.

5.4.6 Economics

a) Net returns

In this study, the AZM incorporated diets showed poorer net profit when

compared to the control groups and in many cases diets fortified with fibre degrading

enzyme failed to improve the net returns (Table 4.18). It was due to higher cost of AZM

166

1666

(Rs.18/kg) when compared with other feed ingredients. Hence, it was inferred that the

preparation of diets using AZM as a feed ingredient replacing the conventional feed

ingredients was not economical. It may be economical if AZM is cultivated intensively

and priced at affordable price. However, Dhumal et al (2009) and Basak et al. (2002)

reported that the net profit was significantly higher in treatment groups with 5 per cent

Azolla in broiler bird diet.

b) Performance Scores

The production performance index scores in terms of both PIS and EIS were

better in control diets compared to diets prepared with AZM either at 2.5 per cent or 5 per

cent or 7.5 per cent or 10 per cent inclusion.

By considering the parameters of economic importance, it is not feasible to

include AZM at either of the levels of 7.5 and 10 per cent.

5.5 Performance of layer birds fed AZM based diets

After the metabolism trial in layers, a trial was also conducted to include dried

Azolla in layer bird rations to asses its effect on their production performance. The results

are discussed as under.


The analyzed results revealed that the proximate constituents viz., CP values of

experimental layer diet was similar at 0 and 2.5 per cent level and comparably little lower

at 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level when compared to calculated values (Table 4.19). As far

as CF content was concerned the analyzed values were similar at 0 and 2.5 per cent level

167

1677

when compared to calculated values but slightly higher at 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent level.

The analyzed values of EE were higher in experimental layer diet at different levels of

AZM inclusion when compared to calculated values. As expected, the content of CF and

TA in layer diets tended to increase with incremental levels of AZM in such diets.

The calculated metabolizable energy values of 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 per cent AZM

based layer diets were 2439, 2439, 2439, 2440 and 2439 kcal/kg, respectively

(Table 4.19). The ME content of all the experimental layer diets were almost the same

and such diets were considered as iso-caloric.

5.5.2 Egg production

In general, the birds fed diets incorporated with AZM at lower levels (2.5 and 5%)

showed increase in egg production while its inclusion at higher level (7.5 and 10%)

showed reduction in egg production when compared to control (Table 4.20). Hence, it

was clear that higher level of inclusion of AZM in the diet, lower was the egg production

and at lower level it showed better egg production which was evident in all periods as

well as cumulatively. The present results are in tune with those of Khatun (1996) who

reported that hen-day egg production with 5 per cent Azolla meal was improved over that

of control diet in one study and reduction in hen-day egg production of birds fed 20 per

cent Azolla in other study. Similar results are also observed by Khatun et al., (1999) and

Alalade et al. (2007) in layers and Cariaso (1992) and Lawas et al., (1998) in laying

ducks.

168

1688

Most strains of Azolla have a well balanced array of essential amino acids (Van

Hove, 1989) and also posses apparent capacity to supply vitamins and minerals when

included in diets (Bacerra et al., 1995).

Since the results clearly indicated that the egg production reduced with the

inclusion of AZM at 7.5 and 10 per cent and that it got increased at 2.5 and 5 per cent

AZM inclusion, it can be inferred that the egg production can be sustained when AZM is

included below 7.5 per cent in layer diets.


a) Feed consumption

The results indicate that the inclusion of AZM up to 10 per cent has not affected

the birds’ appetite and there was no reduction in feed intake between control and

experimental birds (Table 4.21). Contrary to these findings, Alalade and Iyayi (2006)

reported that average weekly feed intake was similar up to 5 per cent Azolla meal

inclusion in diets while significantly reduced in 10 and 15 per cent Azolla meal based

dietary groups. However, in another study, no significant difference in feed intake among

the groups fed diets containing Azolla meal up to 15 per cent (Alalade et al., 2007).

This reflects that even adult birds also failed to adopt for the diets containing 7.5

and 10 per cent AZM. Thus it can be inferred that the effective acceptability of AZM by

the birds was questionable when included as a ingredient in their diets above 7.5 per cent

AZM.

169

1699

b) Feed efficiency

The feed efficiency (FE) expressed as kg feed / dozen eggs among different

treatment groups was found to be highly significant (P

170

1700

5.5.4 Body weight changes and livability

The body weight pattern as influenced by main factors, during initial (1st day)

(1441-1476g) and final body weights (1529-1574 g) were non- significant when viewed

for AZM level (Table 4.23).

The body weight changes during Period I, II III and on cumulative basis, were

found to be highly significant (P

171

1711

treatment groups. The results conformed to the reports of Suma (2005) who indicated

non-significant increase in egg weight with incremental level of dried sugarcane press

residue from 0 to 15 per cent in layer diets. The results are also in confirmation with the

findings of Suresh (2007) who reported that the egg weight was highly significantly

increased when compared with the control.

b) Egg shape index

The results suggested that the AZM at any given level in diets did not affect the

shape index of the eggs except during 28th day ( I- period ) production (Table 4.25) and

thus the hatchability also. Such results were also observed by Suma (2005) and Suresh

(2007).

c) Albumen Index

As regards the main factors, the albumen index scores (Table 4.26) were found to

be highly significant (P0.05) during period II, period

III and cumulatively.

As regards the main factors of enzyme supplementation, the albumen index scores

were found to be highly significant (P0.05) during period II, period

III.

172

1722

d) Haugh unit score (HUS)

As regards the main factors of AZM level, the HUS were found to be highly

significant (P0.05) influenced by the enzyme supplementation during all the

periods. But the values were highly significant (P

173

1733

present in AZM. As regards main factors, the yolk colour scores were significantly

(P

174

1744

The results suggested that the AZM at any given level in diets affected the shell

thickness of the eggs.

5.5.6 Efficiency of utilization of protein and energy

a) Efficiency of Protein utilization (EPU)

Efficiency of protein utilization was also found to be highly significant (P

175

1755

by Reddy (1979), Nandhagopala (1991), Umashankar (1998) and Srinivasa kuja (2000).

But however, these values are slightly higher than the values reported by Jayanaik (1989)

who fed broiler breeders with different levels of dried silk worm excreta, the composition

of which is also similar to that of AZM. Enzyme supplementation had no affect on energy

utilization.

Results indicate that efficiency of protein and energy utilization is not uniform

among different dietary treatment groups and even when the data was analyzed on the

basis of main factors (Table 4.31). Thus, the inclusion of AZM either at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10

per cent in the diets did affect the ability of birds to transfer dietary protein and energy to

the egg not withstanding the apparently low nutritive value of AZM.

5.5.7 Economics

The effect of main factors of AZM revealed that the net returns were not

significantly (P>0.05) affected by the main factor during Periods I and II. The net returns

were highly significant (P

Date post:	22-Oct-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

Discussionshodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/6817/9/09...Parthasarathy et al. (2002 ) who...

Documents