FINDAS

1

The Choice of Work for Minority Women in Bangladesh*

Nobuko UESAWA**

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to examine how Garo women access and choose their work in

contemporary Bangladesh. The Garos are one of twenty-seven indigenous peoples in

Bangladesh, of which more than ninety percent are Christians. Overseas remittance and

increasing garment exports are major driving forces behind a stable Bangladeshi economy over

the past two decades. Indigenous peoples including the Garos do not stand out in these markets.

Thus, Bangladeshi Garos are not only treated as second-class citizens as an ethnic and religious

minority, but also are excluded from domestic and foreign labor markets which are part of the

global economy. However, they are no longer "an undeveloped tribe who run a traditional

slash-and-burn farming in remote areas", but rather support the urban upper and middle class

populations through various occupations. Garo women have job channels in urban areas, such

as beauticians, domestic workers and nurses. Focusing on the work choice, this paper analyses

their living and working practice in the cities through ethnological research. It shows that Garo

ethnicity and religion are related to their occupations. Ironically, "being Garo" and "being

Christian" work advantageously to provide relatively stable posts for Garo women while

making the Garos “othering” or inferior in Bangladeshi society. Clearly, their three major

occupations are valuable resources for Garo women to remit money to their low-income

families in the villages although they are ambiguously "restricted choices."

2016 11 5 2016 FINDAS

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[http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/d6556cd1_dc6f_41f5_a766_042b69cb1687/PocketBook2016.pdf] ( : 2017 12 3 )

5 saa-sara, saa-su =to be in the world

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: 2017 7 30 )

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: 2017 10 2 ) 14 1980

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[http://203.112.218.69/binbgd/RpWebEngine.exe/Portal?BASE=HPC2011_short&lang=ENG] (

: 2017 10 2 ) 14 1980

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Akter, Sayeda (June 20, 2008), The Business of Beauty. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-41992] ( : 2017 10 5 ) Rahman, Md. Fazlur (October 25, 2010), Chittagong to Get Persona Makeover. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-159817.html] ( : 2017 10 5 )

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[Drong(ed.) 2006]

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Akter, Sayeda (June 20, 2008), The Business of Beauty. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-41992] ( : 2017 10 5 ) Rahman, Md. Fazlur (October 25, 2010), Chittagong to Get Persona Makeover. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-159817.html] ( : 2017 10 5 )

20 Bangladesh Indigenous Peoples Forum Sanjeeb Drong

[Drong(ed.) 2006]

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[Barkat 2009: 103]

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Rahman (ed.) 2006: 150-55; Barkat 2001: 60]

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19

Akter, Sayeda (June 20, 2008), The Business of Beauty. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-41992] ( : 2017 10 5 ) Rahman, Md. Fazlur (October 25, 2010), Chittagong to Get Persona Makeover. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/cache/cached-news-details-159817.html] ( : 2017 10 5 )

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and Hossain 2011: 140]

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[Gulrukh 2004; Akter 2008; Parveen 2008; Khan and Abassum 2010; Shahbazi and Akareem 2013]

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24 Parveen, Shahanaz (2008, October 13), Beauties at the City's Beauty Shops: Mandi Girls are the

Workforce of the Beauty Salons. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-58445] ( : 2017 7 30 )

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[Gulrukh 2004: 11]

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Gulrukh [Gulrukh 2008: 32-42]

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Burling

24 Parveen, Shahanaz (2008, October 13), Beauties at the City's Beauty Shops: Mandi Girls are the

Workforce of the Beauty Salons. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-58445] ( : 2017 7 30 )

25 Gulrukh AParveen

1977 [Khan and Abassum 2010: 38; Shahbazi and Akareem 2013: 20]

13

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25 Gulrukh 1980

[Gulrukh 2004: 11]

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Gulrukh [Gulrukh 2008: 32-42]

10 3040 50

1 30[ 1997: 62-63]

Burling

24 Parveen, Shahanaz (2008, October 13), Beauties at the City's Beauty Shops: Mandi Girls are the

Workforce of the Beauty Salons. [The Daily Star Web Edition http://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-58445] ( : 2017 7 30 )

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profession) [Burling 1997: 232]27

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[Bal 2014: 24]

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( GBC )GBC 30 1890

1964Junior Nursing Course

2010 238 2007Bangladesh Nursing Council 3 Diploma in

Nursing Science & Midwifery Course 2008 2015 134

[Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project 2015, 2016]

HSC( )31

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5

2 3

1980

30 Australian Baptist Missionary Society (ABMS) Australian Baptist Ministries 31 ( 400 450)

FINDAS

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3

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20 30

20

2017 ICD news : 70 5-16

2002 ( ) 52 47-62

201218 83-99

, 2016

1970 — 11(10)30-64

2009358-382

2010 —51(11) 2-43

2014 —GSID Discussion Paper No. 198 1-49

2011 2004

45(1) 22-45 1994 ,

2 87-125 2005 2006 -

: JCAS review 7(2) 59-79 2003 1997 ( ) (

, No. 470) 45-81 , 2009. 2(1)

32-50 2009

59 75-95 Akhter, Farida, 2011, Seeds of Movements: On Women’s Issues in Bangladesh. 2nd ed. Dhaka:

Narigrantha Prabartana. Akhter, Nargis, Feroz Ahmed and Sohrab Hossain, 2011, "Socio-economic Conditions of Tribal

Female Workers of the Beauty Parlors in Bangladesh," Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(2), pp. 136-144.

Bal, Ellen, 2007, They Ask If We Eat Frogs: Garo Ethnicity in Bangladesh, Singapore: ISEAS

20

2017 ICD news : 70 5-16

2002 ( ) 52 47-62

201218 83-99

, 2016

1970 — 11(10)30-64

2009358-382

2010 —51(11) 2-43

2014 —GSID Discussion Paper No. 198 1-49 2011

200445(1) 22-45

1994 , 2 87-125

2005 2006 -

: JCAS review 7(2) 59-79 2003 1997 ( ) (

, No. 470) 45-81 , 2009. 2(1)

32-50 2009

59 75-95 Akhter, Farida, 2011, Seeds of Movements: On Women’s Issues in Bangladesh, 2nd ed., Dhaka:

Narigrantha Prabartana. Akhter, Nargis, Feroz Ahmed and Sohrab Hossain, 2011, "Socio-economic Conditions of Tribal

Female Workers of the Beauty Parlors in Bangladesh," Asian Journal of Business Management, 3(2), pp. 136-144.

Bal, Ellen, 2007, They Ask If We Eat Frogs: Garo Ethnicity in Bangladesh, Singapore: ISEAS

FINDAS

21

Publishing. , 2014. “A Historian/anthropologist amongst the Garos of Bangladesh,” in Sarit K.

Chaudhuri and Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri(eds.) Fieldwork in South Asia: Memories, Moments, and Experiences, Haryana: Sage Publications India.

Bal, Ellen and Timour Claquin Chambugong, 2014, “The Borders that Divide, the Borders that Unite: (Re)interpreting Garo Processes of Identification in India and Bangladesh,” Journal of Borderlands Studies, 29(1), pp. 95-109.

Bal, Ellen, Yasuhiro Takami and Paraka Cultural Association, 1999, Manderangni jagring: Images of the Garos in Bangladesh, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.

Baldwin, C. D., 1933, God and the Garos, [Birisiri, s.n.] Barkat, Abul, Shafique Uz Zaman and Selim Raihan, 2001, Political Economy of Khas Land

in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Association for Land Reform and Development. Barkat, Abul et al. 2009, Life and Land of Adibashis: Land Dispossession and Alienation of

Adibashis in the Plain Districts of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Pathak Shamabesh. Bastin, Reginald Walter, 1954-1955, Final Report of the Settlement Operation in Five Thanas

of the Partially Excluded Area of Mymensingh, 1938-42, Dacca: Supt., Govt. Print., East Bengal Govt. Press.

Bhattacharjee, Jayanta Bhusan, 1978, The Garos and the English, New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.

Bleie, Tone, 2005, Tribal Peoples, Nationalism and the Human Rights Challenge: the Adivasis of Bangladesh, Dhaka: University Press.

Bose, Arpita, 2013. "Kolkata's Early Chinese Community and Their Economic Contributions," South Asia Research, 33(2), pp. 163-176.

Burling, Robbin, 1997, The Strong Women of Modhupur, Dhaka: University Press. Drong, Sanjeeb (ed.), 2006, How are Mandi Women in Beauty Parlors? Dhaka: Garo

Indigenous Michik Association. ( ) Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project (ed.), 2015, Shalom: The GBC Christian

Health Project, Joyramkura (1964-2014). Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project ( ). , 2016, Annual Report-2016. Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project.

Gulrukh, Asfia, 2004, Ethnicity and Migration: The Case of Mandi Beauty Workers, Dhaka: Dept. of Women’s Studies, Univ. of Dhaka. , 2008, Ethnographing Women’s Agency: a Case Study of Gender, Kinship and Political Economy in Kalachandpur Mandi Community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (MA thesis). Univ. of Manitoba, Dept. of Anthropology [https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/21184] ( : : 2017 2 20

) Khan, Parisa Islam and Ayesha Tabassum, 2010, "Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction

FINDAS

21

Publishing. , 2014. “A Historian/anthropologist amongst the Garos of Bangladesh,” in Sarit K.

Chaudhuri and Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri(eds.) Fieldwork in South Asia: Memories, Moments, and Experiences, Haryana: Sage Publications India.

Bal, Ellen and Timour Claquin Chambugong, 2014, “The Borders that Divide, the Borders that Unite: (Re)interpreting Garo Processes of Identification in India and Bangladesh,” Journal of Borderlands Studies, 29(1), pp. 95-109.

Bal, Ellen, Yasuhiro Takami and Paraka Cultural Association, 1999, Manderangni jagring: Images of the Garos in Bangladesh, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.

Baldwin, C. D., 1933, God and the Garos, [Birisiri, s.n.] Barkat, Abul, Shafique Uz Zaman and Selim Raihan, 2001, Political Economy of Khas Land

in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Association for Land Reform and Development. Barkat, Abul et al. 2009, Life and Land of Adibashis: Land Dispossession and Alienation of

Adibashis in the Plain Districts of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Pathak Shamabesh. Bastin, Reginald Walter, 1954-1955, Final Report of the Settlement Operation in Five Thanas

of the Partially Excluded Area of Mymensingh, 1938-42, Dacca: Supt., Govt. Print., East Bengal Govt. Press.

Bhattacharjee, Jayanta Bhusan, 1978, The Garos and the English, New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.

Bleie, Tone, 2005, Tribal Peoples, Nationalism and the Human Rights Challenge: the Adivasis of Bangladesh, Dhaka: University Press.

Bose, Arpita, 2013. "Kolkata's Early Chinese Community and Their Economic Contributions," South Asia Research, 33(2), pp. 163-176.

Burling, Robbin, 1997, The Strong Women of Modhupur, Dhaka: University Press. Drong, Sanjeeb (ed.), 2006, How are Mandi Women in Beauty Parlors? Dhaka: Garo

Indigenous Michik Association. ( ) Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project (ed.), 2015, Shalom: The GBC Christian

Health Project, Joyramkura (1964-2014). Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project ( ). , 2016, Annual Report-2016. Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project.

Gulrukh, Asfia, 2004, Ethnicity and Migration: The Case of Mandi Beauty Workers, Dhaka: Dept. of Women’s Studies, Univ. of Dhaka. , 2008, Ethnographing Women’s Agency: a Case Study of Gender, Kinship and Political Economy in Kalachandpur Mandi Community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. (MA thesis). Univ. of Manitoba, Dept. of Anthropology [https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/21184] ( : : 2017 2 20

) Khan, Parisa Islam and Ayesha Tabassum, 2010, "Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction

21

Publishing. , 2014, “A Historian/anthropologist amongst the Garos of Bangladesh,” in Sarit K. Chaudhuri and Sucheta Sen Chaudhuri(eds.) Fieldwork in South Asia: Memories, Moments, and Experiences, Haryana: Sage Publications India.

Bal, Ellen and Timour Claquin Chambugong, 2014, “The Borders that Divide, the Borders that Unite: (Re)interpreting Garo Processes of Identification in India and Bangladesh,” Journal of Borderlands Studies, 29(1), pp. 95-109.

Bal, Ellen, Yasuhiro Takami and Paraka Cultural Association, 1999, Manderangni jagring: Images of the Garos in Bangladesh, Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.

Baldwin, C. D., 1933, God and the Garos, [Birisiri, s.n.] Barkat, Abul, Shafique Uz Zaman and Selim Raihan, 2001, Political Economy of Khas Land

in Bangladesh, Dhaka: Association for Land Reform and Development. Barkat, Abul et al. 2009, Life and Land of Adibashis: Land Dispossession and Alienation of

Adibashis in the Plain Districts of Bangladesh, Dhaka: Pathak Shamabesh. Bastin, Reginald Walter, 1954-1955, Final Report of the Settlement Operation in Five Thanas

of the Partially Excluded Area of Mymensingh, 1938-42, Dacca: Supt., Govt. Print., East Bengal Govt. Press.

Bhattacharjee, Jayanta Bhusan, 1978, The Garos and the English, New Delhi: Radiant Publishers.

Bleie, Tone, 2005, Tribal Peoples, Nationalism and the Human Rights Challenge: the Adivasis of Bangladesh, Dhaka: University Press.

Bose, Arpita, 2013, "Kolkata's Early Chinese Community and Their Economic Contributions," South Asia Research, 33(2), pp. 163-176.

Burling, Robbin, 1997, The Strong Women of Modhupur, Dhaka: University Press. Drong, Sanjeeb (ed.), 2006, How are Mandi Women in Beauty Parlors? Dhaka: Garo

Indigenous Michik Association. ( ) Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project (ed.), 2015, Shalom: The GBC Christian

Health Project, Joyramkura (1964-2014), Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project ( ). , 2016, Annual Report-2016, Joyramkura: Garo Baptist Convention Christian Health Project.

Gulrukh, Asfia, 2004, Ethnicity and Migration: The Case of Mandi Beauty Workers, Dhaka: Dept. of Women’s Studies, Univ. of Dhaka. , 2008, Ethnographing Women’s Agency: A Case Study of Gender, Kinship and Political Economy in Kalachandpur Mandi Community, Dhaka, Bangladesh, Master’s thesis, Winnipeg, Manitoba: Univ. of Manitoba, Dept. of Anthropology [https://mspace.lib.umanitoba.ca/xmlui/handle/1993/21184] ( : 2017 2 20

) Khan, Parisa Islam and Ayesha Tabassum, 2010, "Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction

22

of the Beauty-care Service Industry in Dhaka: A Study on High-end Women's Parlors," Journal of Business in Developing Nations, Vol. 12, pp. 33-58.

Liang, Jennifer, 2007, “Migration Patterns and Occupational Specialisations of Kolkata Chinese: An Insiders History,” China Report, 43(4), pp.397-410.

Maaker, Erik de and Vibha Joshi, 2007, “From the Songsarek Faith to Christianity: Conversion, Religious Identity and Ritual Efficacy,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(3), pp. 518-530.

Menon, Nivenita, 2012, Seeing Like a Feminist, Haryana: Penguin Books India. Nakane, Chie 1967, Garo and Khasi: A Comparative Study in Matrilineal Systems, Paris:

Mouton. Oxfeld, Ellen, 2007, "Still Guest People: The Reproduction of Hakka Identity," China Report,

43(4), pp.417-418. Rahman, Mizanur (ed.), 2006, The Garos: Struggling to Survive in the Valley of Death, Dhaka:

ELCOP. Shahbazi, Syeda Shaharbanu and Husain Salilul Akareem, 2013, "Identifying the Decision

Criterion for Choosing Beauty Parlor and Salon: A Marketing Communication Perspective," International Journal of Business and Management Invention. Vol. 2, Issue 10, pp. 18-26.

Second Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP II), 2006, Situational Analysis, Strategies and Action Plan for Mainstreaming Indigenous Children’s Education Outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts (unpublished document).

22

of the Beauty-care Service Industry in Dhaka: A Study on High-end Women's Parlors," Journal of Business in Developing Nations, Vol. 12, pp. 33-58.

Liang, Jennifer, 2007, “Migration Patterns and Occupational Specialisations of Kolkata Chinese: An Insiders History,” China Report, 43(4), pp.397-410.

Maaker, Erik de and Vibha Joshi, 2007, “From the Songsarek Faith to Christianity: Conversion, Religious Identity and Ritual Efficacy,” South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 30(3), pp. 518-530.

Menon, Nivenita, 2012, Seeing Like a Feminist, Haryana: Penguin Books India. Nakane, Chie, 1967, Garo and Khasi: A Comparative Study in Matrilineal Systems, Paris:

Mouton. Oxfeld, Ellen, 2007, "Still Guest People: The Reproduction of Hakka Identity," China Report,

43(4), pp.417-418. Rahman, Mizanur (ed.), 2006, The Garos: Struggling to Survive in the Valley of Death, Dhaka:

ELCOP. Shahbazi, Syeda Shaharbanu and Husain Salilul Akareem, 2013, "Identifying the Decision

Criterion for Choosing Beauty Parlor and Salon: A Marketing Communication Perspective," International Journal of Business and Management Invention. Vol. 2, Issue 10, pp. 18-26.

Second Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP II), 2006, Situational Analysis, Strategies and Action Plan for Mainstreaming Indigenous Children’s Education Outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts (unpublished document).