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Prenatal Development- is the process by which a baby-to-be grows inside the mother. The process normally takes about nine months for a full term pregnancy, one that goes to completion. A full term pregnancy lasts 280 days which is 40 weeks, this is counting the first day of your last menstrual period. Doctors will refer to a full term pregnancy anywhere between 38-42 weeks. Why do you think it varies by two weeks?

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The timeline of pregnancy can be divided into three trimesters, or a three month time periods.

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It begins at the moment of conception. The Zygote- the first 8 weeks after the conception. The zygote contains all of the genetic information (DNA) necessary to become a child. Half of the genetic information comes from the mother' s egg and half from the father' s sperm. The zygote spends the next few days traveling down the Fallopian tube and divides to form a ball of cells.

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The zygote continues to divide, creating an inner group of cells with an outer shell. This stage is called a blastocyst. The inner group of cells will become the embryo, while the outer group of cells will become the membranes that nourish and protect it. The blastocyst reaches the womb (uterus) around day 5, and implants into the uterine wall on about day 6. At this point in the mother's menstrual cycle, the lining of the uterus has grown and is ready to support a fetus. The blastocyst sticks tightly to the lining, where it receives nourishment via the mother's bloodstream.

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The Embryo- developing baby is called this after 8 weeks. During this time cells continue to develop rapidly. In a few weeks the embryo is the size of the head of a pin. There is rapid growth, and the baby's main external features begin to take form. It is during this critical period (most of the first trimester) that the growing baby is most susceptible to damage. The following can interfere with the baby's development: Alcohol, certain prescription and recreational drugs, and other substances that cause birth defects Infection (such as rubella) Nutritional deficiencies X-rays or radiation therapy

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Ectoderm-outer layer of cells becomes the skin, hair and nails. It also forms the nervous system. Mesoderm- or middle layer, eventually grows the bones, muscles, blood vessels, and some eternal organs such as the heart, kidneys, and reproductive organs. Endoderm- internal cell layer eventually becomes the stomach, liver and lungs.

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10. Tender, swollen breasts-One of the early signs of pregnancy is sensitive, sore breasts caused by increasing levels of hormones. 9. Fatigue-No one knows for sure what causes early pregnancy fatigue, but it's possible that rapidly increasing levels of the hormone progesterone are contributing to your sleepiness. You should start to feel more energetic once you hit your second trimester. 8. Implantation bleeding-Some women have a small amount of vaginal bleeding around 11 or 12 days after conception (close to the time you might notice a missed period). The bleeding may be caused by the fertilized egg burrowing into the blood-rich lining of your uterus but no one knows for sure. The bleeding is very light (appearing as red spotting or pink or reddish-brown staining) and lasts only a day or two. (Let your practitioner know if you notice any bleeding or spotting, particularly if it's accompanied by pain, since this can be a sign of an ectopic pregnancy.) 7. Nausea or vomiting-If you're like most women, morning sickness won't hit until about a month after conception. (A lucky few escape it altogether.) But some women do start to feel queasy a bit earlier. And not just in the morning, either pregnancy-related nausea and vomiting can be a problem morning, noon, or night.

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6. Increased sensitivity to odors If you're newly pregnant, it's not uncommon to feel repelled by the smell of a bologna sandwich or cup of coffee and for certain aromas to trigger your gag reflex. Though no one knows for sure, this may be a side effect of rapidly increasing amounts of estrogen in your system. You may also find that certain foods you used to enjoy are suddenly completely repulsive to you. 5. Abdominal bloating Hormonal changes in early pregnancy may leave you feeling bloated, similar to the feeling some women have just before their period arrives. 4. Frequent urination Shortly after you become pregnant, you may find yourself hurrying to the bathroom all the time. Why? Mostly because during pregnancy the amount of blood and other fluids in your body increases, which leads to extra fluid being processed by your kidneys and ending up in your bladder. 3. A missed period If you're usually pretty regular and your period doesn't arrive on time, you'll probably take a pregnancy test long before you notice any of the above symptoms 2. Your basal body temperature stays high If you've been charting your basal body temperature and you see that your temperature has stayed elevated for 18 days in a row, you're probably pregnant. 1. The proof: A positive home pregnancy test In spite of what you might read on the box, many home pregnancy tests are not sensitive enough to detect most pregnancies until about a week after a missed period. So if you decide to take one earlier than that and get a negative result, try again in a few days.

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Placenta- the spongy, vascular organ that supplies the baby with maternal blood and nutrients through the umbilical cord. Umbilical Cord- The umbilical vein supplies the fetus with oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta. Afterwards the umbilical arteries return the deoxygenated, nutrient-depleted blood. Amniotic Fluid- the liquid surrounding and protecting the baby within the amniotic sac throughout pregnancy. Amniotic Sac- the membrane within the uterus that contains the baby and the amniotic fluid.

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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS): This diagnostic test involves collecting cells from the placenta, which are then sent to a lab for genetic analysis. CVS can identify whether your baby has any of hundreds of chromosomal abnormalities and other genetic disorders. It's done in the first trimester, usually between 11 and 12 weeks, making it an earlier alternative to another diagnostic genetic test called amniocentesis, which is done between 16 and 20 weeks. This test is 99% accurate.

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Amniocentesis- is a prenatal test that allows your healthcare practitioner to gather information about your baby's health and development from a sample of your amniotic fluid. This is the fluid that surrounds your baby in the uterus. Amniocentesis is usually done when a woman is between 16 and 20 weeks pregnant. Women who choose to have this test are primarily those at increased risk for genetic and chromosomal problems, in part because the test is invasive and carries a small risk of miscarriage.

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Ultrasound Imaging- is a process that uses sound waves to create video and still images of the fetus inside the uterus. The ultrasound image is called a sonogram. http://www.babycenter.com/2_ultrasoun d-exam_3658842.bc http://www.babycenter.com/2_ultrasoun d-exam_3658842.bc

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Miscarriage is the loss of a pregnancy in the first 20 weeks. About 15 to 20 percent of known pregnancies end in miscarriage, and more than 80 percent of these losses happen before 12 weeks. This doesn't include situations in which you lose a fertilized egg before you get a positive pregnancy test. Studies have found that 30 to 50 percent of fertilized eggs are lost before a woman finds out she's pregnant, because they're lost so early that she goes on to get her period about on time -- in other words the woman doesn't realize she was pregnant at all. If you lose a baby after 20 weeks of pregnancy, it's called a stillbirth.

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Between 50 and 70 percent of first trimester miscarriages are thought to be random events caused by chromosomal abnormalities in the fertilized egg. Most often, this means that the egg or sperm had the wrong number of chromosomes, and as a result, the fertilized egg can't develop normally. In other cases, a miscarriage is caused by problems that occur during the delicate process of early development for example, when an egg doesn't implant properly in the uterus or an embryo has structural defects that don't allow it to continue developing. Since most healthcare practitioners won't do a full-scale workup after a single miscarriage, it's usually impossible to tell why the pregnancy was lost. And even when a detailed evaluation is performed say after you've had two or three consecutive miscarriages the cause still remains unknown in about half of cases.

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Once your baby has a heartbeat usually visible on ultrasound at around 6 weeks your odds of having a miscarriage drop significantly. Coping with miscarriage- Understand that it's not your fault. Give yourself time to heal. Take time off from work. Don't expect your partner to grieve in the same way. Don't close yourself off from others. Get support

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Age: Older women are more likely to conceive babies with chromosomal abnormalities, and to miscarry them as a result. In fact, 40-year-olds are about twice as likely to miscarry as 20-year- olds. A history of miscarriages: Women who have had two or more miscarriages in a row are more likely than other women to miscarry again. Certain chronic diseases or disorders: Poorly controlled diabetes, certain inherited blood clotting disorders, certain autoimmune disorders (such as antiphosphilipid syndrome or lupus), and certain hormonal disorders (such as polycystic ovary syndrome). Uterine or cervical problems: Having certain uterine abnormalities or a weak or abnormally short cervix (known as cervical insufficiency). A history of birth defects or genetic problems: Having had a child with a birth defect, or a family history (or a partner with a family history) of genetic problems. Your risk of miscarriage also rises with each child you bear and if you get pregnant within three months after giving birth

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Smoking, drinking, and using drugs: Smoking a lot, drinking too much alcohol, and using drugs like cocaine and ecstasy during pregnancy can all increase your risk for miscarriage. And some studies show an association between drinking four or more cups of coffee a day and a higher risk of miscarriage. Infections Taking certain medications: Some medications have been linked to increased risk of miscarriage, so it's important to ask your caregiver about the safety of any medications you're taking even while you're trying to conceive. This goes for prescription and over-the-counter drugs, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and aspirin. Exposure to environmental toxins: Environmental factors that might increase your risk include lead; arsenic; some chemicals, like formaldehyde, benzene, and ethylene oxide; and large doses of radiation or anesthetic gases. Paternal factors: Little is known about how the father's condition may contribute to a couple's risk for miscarriage, though the risk increases with the father's age. Researchers are studying the extent to which sperm could be damaged by environmental toxins but still manage to fertilize an egg. Some studies have found a greater risk of miscarriage when the father has been exposed to mercury, lead, and some industrial chemicals and pesticides.

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13-24 Weeks http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside- pregnancy-weeks-15-to-20_10308111.bc http://www.babycenter.com/2_inside- pregnancy-weeks-15-to-20_10308111.bc

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Lanugo-Downy hair on the body of the fetus and newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, usually appearing on the fetus at about five months of gestation. It is very fine, soft, and usually un-pigmented. Although lanugo is normally shed before birth around seven or eight months of gestation, it is sometimes present at birth. This is not a cause for concern: lanugo will disappear within a few days or weeks

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His or her sex organs are now fully formed. Their eyes are fused shut but they can sense light and will often move and squint if a bright light is shine on the uterus.

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Check your baby's heartbeat To make sure it's normal, she'll measure the number of beats per minute. Confirm your baby's location This is to make sure your baby's growing inside your uterus and your pregnancy isn't ectopic, meaning the embryo is lodged in a fallopian tube or elsewhere other than the uterus. But in most cases, you would have had symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy early on and a scan done at that point to confirm the problem. Measure your baby's size The sonographer will measure your baby across the skull, along the thighbone, and around the abdomen in an attempt to make sure he's about the size he should be for his age. If this is your first ultrasound and your baby is more than two weeks behind or ahead of where he should be, size-wise, it's likely that your due date is off and you'll be given a new one. If your practitioner has any concerns about how your baby is growing, she'll order one or more follow-up ultrasounds to check his progress.

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Check to see if there's more than one baby By now you'll probably already know if you're carrying twins or higher multiples. Most women pregnant with multiples measure large in their first trimester and have an ultrasound at that point to confirm the number of babies. Check the location of the placenta If the placenta is covering the cervix (placenta previa), it can cause painless but severe bleeding later in the pregnancy. If your practitioner detects this condition, she'll most likely order a follow- up scan early in your third trimester to see if the placenta is still covering the cervix. In the meantime, don't panic! Only a small percentage of placenta previas detected on an ultrasound before 20 weeks are still there at delivery. Assess the amount of amniotic fluid in the uterus If the sonogram shows that you have too much or too little amniotic fluid, there may be a problem. You'll have a complete work-up to see if the cause can be identified, and your practitioner may want to monitor you with regular ultrasounds.

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Check the baby for physical abnormalities Your practitioner will look closely at your baby's basic anatomy, including his head, neck, chest, heart, spine, stomach, kidneys, bladder, arms, legs, and umbilical cord to make sure they're developing properly. If you've had any suspicious results from a multiple marker or first trimester screening, or if there's any other cause for concern, the technician will do a more thorough (level II) scan to check for signs of a birth defect or Down syndrome. Try to determine your baby's sex If you'd like to find out whether your baby's a boy or a girl, you usually can at the mid-pregnancy ultrasound (16 to 20 weeks), unless, for example, your child's hand is covering his genitals during the scan. In some cases, it's important for your practitioner to know your baby's sex for example, if the baby is thought to be at risk for certain congenital conditions.

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Week 28: the babys eyes open. Week 29: Movement is more forceful. Week 30: Baby packs on pounds-Your baby weighs about 3 pounds but not for long. He or she will gain about 1/2 pound a week until week 37. Week 32: Lanugo/Downy hair falls off Week 34: Protective coating gets thicker: The pasty white coating that protects your baby's skin called vernix gets thicker this week. Week 36: Baby can suck his or her thumb Week 37: After this week the baby is full- term

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Braxton Hicks contractions are sporadic uterine contractions that start about 6 weeks into your pregnancy, although you won't be able to feel them that early. You probably won't start to notice them until sometime after mid-pregnancy, if you notice them at all. (Some women don't.) They get their name from John Braxton Hicks, an English doctor who first described them in 1872. As your pregnancy progresses, Braxton Hicks contractions tend to come somewhat more often, but until you get to your last few weeks, they'll probably remain infrequent, irregular, and essentially painless. Sometimes, though, Braxton Hicks contractions are hard to distinguish from early signs of labor.

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White substance that covers the babys skin to protect them from the amniotic fluid.

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150,000 babies are born with birth defects each year in the United States. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) says that 3 out of every 100 babies born in the United States have some kind of major birth defect.

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About 60% of birth defects have unknown causes. The rest are caused by environmental or genetic factors, or some combination of the two.

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Teratogens A teratogen is an agent, which can cause a birth defect. It is usually something in the environment that the mother may be exposed to during her pregnancy. It could be a prescribed medication, a street drug, alcohol use, or a disease that the mother has, which could increase the chance for the baby to be born with a birth defect.

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Environmental causes- of birth defects have more to do with the mother's health and exposure to chemicals or diseases. When a mother has certain infections, such as rubella, during pregnancy, it can cause birth defects. Alcohol abuse by the mother causes fetal alcohol syndrome, and certain medications taken by the mother can cause birth defects.

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Less than 37 Weeks. Youngest Surviving Preemie was 22 weeks! http://www.newbaby.com/Baby_Expert+ Content_Advances+in+Premature+Baby +Care http://www.newbaby.com/Baby_Expert+ Content_Advances+in+Premature+Baby +Care

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Ultrasound-a diagnostic technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the internal organs. Many birth defects can be detected with ultrasound. Amniocentesis - a procedure used to obtain a small sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus to diagnose chromosomal disorders Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - a prenatal test that involves taking a sample of some of the placental tissue. This tissue contains the same genetic material as the fetus and can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities and some other genetic problems.

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alpha-fetoprotein - this blood test measures the levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a protein released by the fetal liver and found in the mother's blood. AFP screening may be included as one part of a two, three, or four-part screening, often called a multiple marker screen. The other parts may include the following: hCG - human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone secreted by the early placental cells. High hCG levels may indicate a fetus with Down syndrome (a chromosomal abnormality that includes mental retardation and distinct physical features). estriol - a hormone produced by the placenta and by the fetal liver and adrenal glands. Low levels may indicate a fetus with Down syndrome. inhibin - a hormone produced by the placenta.

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40 Vernix Miscarriage Stillbirth CVS Amniocentesis Teratogens Braxton-hicks 3 Amniotic Sac Amniotic Fluid Embryo Ultrasound Imaging Placenta Last Period 20 Loss 36 Alpha-Fetoprotein Smoking Umbilical Cord 1 st Trimester 2 nd Trimester 3 rd Trimester Prenatal Development

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40-weeks in an average full term pregnancy Vernix-White coating to protect babies skin against infection and fluid. Miscarriage-loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks Stillbirth-loss of pregnancy after 20 weeks CVS- Chorionic Villus Sampling, taken from the placenta during 11-12 weeks. Amniocentesis- amniotic fluid taken from the womb to test for birth defects Teratogens- toxin to the baby that may cause birth defects Braxton-hicks- practice painless contractions 3-trimesters in a pregnancy Amniotic Sac-the membrane within the uterus that contains the baby and the amniotic fluid. Amniotic Fluid-the liquid surrounding and protecting the baby Embryo- developing baby is called this after 8 weeks Ultrasound Imaging-process uses sound waves to create video of the fetus inside the uterus. Placenta- spongy vascular organ that supplies the baby with maternal blood and nutrients through the umbilical cord Last period- start of pregnancy is generally counted from this 20-miscarriage happens before this while stillbirth occurs afterwards Loss- miscarriage and stillbirth are both the _______ of pregnancy. 36 If you have a baby at this week or before the baby is premature. Alpha-Fetoprotein- also AFP test for HCG-down syndrome, spina bifida Smoking- a terotogen, can contribute to miscarriage, infertility Umbilical Cord-carries nutrient to the baby and waste away from the baby 1 st Trimester-the heart begins to pump 2 nd Trimester-mother begins to feel the baby move 3 rd Trimester-baby moves head downwards to prepare for birth Prenatal Development-process in which the baby-to-be grows inside the mother.