Social studies flash cardsCreated by: destiny Sherman

7 period

The Great Awakening

Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s. Preached ideas that went against Puritan

beliefs and teachings. JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best

known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”, urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion.

The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening.

Explain the reasons for the development of representative government in Colonial America

Representative governments often develop to meet the political, economic, and social needs of the people who hold similar beliefs.

Benjamin Franklin Inventor, Scientist, Founding Father 1706 – 1790 Published Poor Richard’s Almanac; sayings in his book helped

shape the American character, such as “early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

Founded the first public library in the colonies, supported education; Post Master General for all the colonies

Scientist: Enlightenment: believed that through study and knowledge a person could improve his position in life

Member of the committee that wrote the Declaration of Independence

Created the Albany Plan of Union – the first attempt to unite the colonies during the French and Indian War

Considered to be the “first civilized American” Invented the lightening rod, bifocal glasses, and the Franklin

stove

William Penn William Penn established a colony in

North America as a refuge for Quakers. The land grant from the King was called “Pennsylvania” or Penn’s Woods. Supported toleration of the Native Americans, freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require citizens to serve in the militia.

Believed that each person was equal and allowed them to elect their own government officials.

Major Eras and Events in U.S. History – Colonial America

Exploration and Colonization Establishment of the 13 colonies Representative Democracy Mercantilism Religious Freedom

What are some reasons for European Exploration

Reasons for Exploration: Religion Wealth Fame National pride Curiosity Faster, cheaper trade routes to Asia

What are some reasons for European colonization of North America

Reasons for Colonization: Religious freedom Political freedom Economic opportunity (mercantilism) Social mobility A better way of life

Political reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies

Political Reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Political Competition with Spain and France who

already had many colonies in North America

Increase trade and markets for English exports (mercantilism)

Source of raw materials

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies

Religious reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Seeking religious freedom Freedom from persecution for religious

beliefs 

Social reasons for establishingthe 13 English Colonies:

Social reasons for establishing the 13 English Colonies:

Opportunity for adventure and a better way of life

England was overcrowded and settlers desired their own land

Reasons for Growth of Representative Government and Institutions During the Colonial Period

Distance from England created a need for colonists to make their own laws and keep peace and order

Colonists were accustomed to English traditions and structures (Parliament)

Most colonies were self-governing, electing members of their community to a general assembly, which made their laws

How did Religion and Virtue Contribute to the Growth of Representative Government in the American Colonies

Religious freedom was a cause for the establishment of the American colonies.

Religious groups: Quakers, Pilgrims, Puritans, and others) creating communities that were self-governed.

Penn colony (Pennsylvania) was an experiment in the possibility of equality and citizens involved in the government

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Slaves During the Colonial Period

Slaves During the Colonial Period: Political – no political voice; no rights Economic – labor of the Plantation

System; considered property; children considered property and sold with no regard to parents

Social – viewed as property; viewed as outside the American identity

Effects of Political, Economic, and Social Factors on Free Blacks During the Colonial Period

Free Blacks During the Colonial Period: Political – no political voice; limited /

restricted rights Economic – low wage earners Social – lowest social class; limited

access to education; socially isolated

Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Colonization:

Proximity to the Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict; for example, Georgia was a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida

 

1607

Year in which representatives of the Virginia Company of London established the first permanent English settlement in North America at

Jamestown, Virginia.

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

Mayflower Compact

Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.

A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in

the colonies.

Mercantilism

Economic theory in which a nation’s wealth is based on the amount of revenue is generated from its colonies.

The more gold and silver a nation has determine its wealth.

Slave Trade

The buying and selling of millions of Africans to North America.

Triangular Trade Route

Trade route from:   Europe→Africa Africa→West Indies West Indies→Europe

Plantation System

System of agricultural production based on large scale landownership; depended upon slave labor; Assisted in the development of an agrarian society

in the South

House of Burgesses

First elected body of representatives in the American colonies; met in Williamsburg, Virginia.

Based on Parliament.

New England Colonies Along the Atlantic Coast Subsistence farming Poor soil Cold climate Forests     Economic factors: raw materials, logging, fishing

shipbuilding Political factors: town meetings, representative

government Social factors: small coastal towns (Boston only

large city) Religious factors: Puritans, Pilgrims

Middle Colonies Rich soil Broad, deep rivers More natural ports River valleys Mild winters Raw materials Economic factors: large farms, logging, fishing,

shipbuilding Political factors: more tolerance; diversity Social factors small coastal towns (Philadelphia,

Baltimore, New York were large cities) Religious factors: Quakers, Catholics

Southern Colonies Appalachian Mountains Navigable rivers Richer soil Warm climate Raw materials Economic factors: plantations, cash crops, tobacco,

rice, cotton Political factors: more slaves, more class-based

society Social factors and small coastal towns (Savannah,

Charleston were large cities) Religious factors: Church of England, Catholics

(Maryland), more diverse

Effects of Physical and Human Geographic Factors on Major Historical and Contemporary Events

Physical geographic factors – proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements/colonies were created

The New England Middle colonies had access to waterways that resulted in high population and larger urban areas.

Southern colonies had an abundant amount of fertile soil that resulted in an agricultural society

Human geographic factors – removal of the Native Americans, disease and conflict (ex. Georgia as a buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida)

 

Great Awakening Religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s. Preached personal salvation as opposed to

the Puritan beliefs of pre-destination. JONATHAN EDWARDS – one of the best

known preachers of the time – his sermon, “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” urged believers to develop a personal relationship with God.

This movement revitalized American religion by adding emotion. The Abolitionist Movement began in response to the Great Awakening

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

First written constitution in the colonies; document that people had the right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature. Was written by the people; the fact that it was written down gave the document credibility.

Mayflower Compact

Written in 1620 by male Pilgrims on the Mayflower. Created government where none had existed based on majority rule.

A social contract where all agreed to abide by these rules in

the colonies.  

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

Taxation without Representation Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Unalienable Rights Battles of Lexington and Concord,

Saratoga, and Yorktown Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation

1776

Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson *Committee Included: Ben Franklin,

John Adams, Roger Livingston

*“Common Sense” Written by: Thomas Paine

Causes of the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Intolerable Acts Mercantilism Lack of representation in Congress British economic policies following the

French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

Stamp Act, 1765 Required all legal documents and papers

have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774

British reaction to the Boston Tea Party Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid

for Restructured Massachusetts government by

taking away local control Troops were quartered in Boston and British

officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial

Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods First Continental Congress is formed,

September, 1774

Mercantilism A system by which a nation increases its

wealth and power by obtaining from its colonies gold, silver, and other raw materials.

It includes a favorable balance of trade. The colonies became a source of raw

materials for the mother country (England.) The colonies are expected to be the

purchasers of manufactured goods from the mother country.

Belief that a colony exists for the economic benefit of the mother country.

American Revolution Era, 1775 - 1783

Taxation without Representation Boston Massacre Boston Tea Party Unalienable Rights Battles of Lexington and Concord,

Saratoga, and Yorktown Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation

1776

Adoption of the Declaration of Independence

*Main Author: Thomas Jefferson *Committee Included: Ben Franklin,

John Adams, Roger Livingston

*“Common Sense” Written by: Thomas Paine

Causes of the American Revolution

Proclamation of 1763 Stamp Act Intolerable Acts Mercantilism Lack of representation in Congress British economic policies following the

French and Indian War

Proclamation of 1763

*British Parliament law; colonists were forbidden to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains, *Britain wanted a buffer zone between the colonists and the Native Americans, but the colonists wanted to settle the fertile Ohio River Valley

Stamp Act, 1765

Required all legal documents and papers have an official stamp showing that a tax had been paid.

British used this to generate revenue to help cover the cost of the French and Indian War;

colonists reacted by rioting through groups such as the Sons of Liberty;

Stamp Act Congress meets in October, 1765, to take action and ask Parliament to repeal the act

Coercive / Intolerable Acts, 1774

British reaction to the Boston Tea Party Closed the port of Boston until tea was paid

for Restructured Massachusetts government by

taking away local control Troops were quartered in Boston and British

officials accused of crimes were sent to England or Canada for trial

Colonists reacted by boycotting British goods First Continental Congress is formed,

September, 1774

Taxation without Representation

Since the formation of the colonies, the colonists had set up their own legislative assemblies.

Colonists were unhappy about Britain’s insistence on the supremacy of Parliament (taxation).

The debate turned into one regarding representation in Britain’s law-making body (Parliament).

Britain argued that the colonies had “virtual representation.”

Abigail Adams Wife of John Adams Served as John Adams’ confidant and

support while he served in the Continental Congress, when John and others were considering a declaration of independence.

Abigail reminded him to “remember the ladies”; take care of the women who could not hold themselves bound by laws in which they had no voice.

Advocate for women’s rights.

John Adams

Lawyer and politician Defended the British soldiers after the

Boston Massacre A member of the Continental Congress

(representing Massachusetts) Strong supporter of independence Member of the committee that wrote

the Declaration of Independence

Sam Adams

American Patriot Played a role in many of the events

which contributed to the Revolution Including: Sons of Liberty, organized

opposition to the Stamp Act and the Boston Massacre

Member of the Continental Congress (representing Massachusetts)

Cousin to John Adams

Wentworth Cheswell

African American Patriot Like Paul Revere, he made an all-night

ride back from Boston to warn his community tof the impending British invasion

Served in the Continental Army Fought at the Battle of Saratoga

Mercy Otis Warren

Wife of a Massachusetts Patriot Anonymously wrote several

propaganda pieces supporting the Patriot cause

James Armistead

Slave in Virginia *Marquis de Lafayette recruited him as a

spy for the Continental Army. *Posed as a double agent, forger and

servant at British headquarters. *He moved freely between the lines with

vital information on British troop movements for Lafayette

*Contributed to the American victory at Yorktown

Benjamin Franklin *A member of the committee that wrote the

Declaration of Independence. *Spent most of the time during the

American Revolution in France. *He represented the colonies as the

American envoy starting in 1776 and returned in 1785.

*He negotiated the alliance with France for support after the victory at Saratoga.

*Member of the committee that negotiated the terms for the Treaty of Paris in 1783 that ended the war

Bernardo de’ Galvez

Spanish nobleman *Became governor of the Spanish

province of Louisiana (January 1777) *protected American ships in the port

of New Orleans *helped transport war supplies *took up arms to fight the British and

protect Louisiana

Crispus Attucks

African American male Unemployed dockworker in Boston, MA Became the first casualty (first to die)

of the American Revolution Shot and killed in what became known

as the Boston Massacre, March 5, 1770

King George III

*King of England during the Revolutionary Era

*Feared the loss of one group of colonies would lead to the loss of others and the eventual decline of the empire.

*To prevent this, the Crown maintained an aggressive policy against colonial resistance.

George III struggled to enforce royal authority throughout his reign.

Haym Solomon

Polish-born Jewish immigrant to America Played an important role in financing the

American Revolution Arrested by the British as a spy Used by the British as an interpreter with their

German troops Helped British prisoners escape and encouraged

German soldiers to desert the British Army Became a broker to the French consul and

paymaster to French troops in the American Revolution

Patrick Henry

Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses

Spoke against the Stamp Act Famous quote, “Give me liberty, or give

me death!” During the American Revolution he

served in the Continental Army

Thomas Jefferson

Virginian Early leader in the American Revolution Delegate to the Constinental Congress

in Philadelphia in 1776 Member of the committee that wrote

the Declaration of Independence Chief author of the Declaration of

Independence

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat who joined Washington and his troops at Valley Forge, PA

*Played a leading role in both the American and French Revolutions

*Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and a constitutional government

*Commanded forces under George Washington as a major-general in the Continental Army

Thomas Paine

Propagandist Journalist In January, 1776, published a

pamphlet, “Common Sense” Persuaded many Americans to join the

Patriot cause.

George Washington

*Virginian *surveyor, planter *a soldier in the French and Indian War *a delegate to the First and Second

Continental Congresses *commander-in-chief of the Continental

Army during the American Revolution  

Issues Surrounding Important Events of the American Revolution

Declaring Independence Writing the Articles of Confederation Battles of Lexington and Concord Battle of Saratoga Battle of Yorktown Enduring the winter at Valley Forge Signing the Treaty of Paris 1783

Declaration of Independence

Reaction to King George III’s refusal to acknowledge the colonial requests/demands, “dissolve the political bands” with Britain, provided philosophy for the establishment of the new nation

“…all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness”

Listed grievances against the King of England Written by Thomas Jefferson July 4, 1776 Second Continental Congress; Philadelphia

Writing of the Articles of Confederation

Occurred at the Second Continental Congress

Created a new form of government for the independent colonies

Included one branch – a Congress Each state had one vote Created a very weak government with

no executive

Major Battles of the American Revolution

Lexington and Concord: Shot ‘heard round the world; first battles of the American Revolution; April 19, 1775

Saratoga: turning point of the war; France joined the colonists after this victory, tipping the scales in their favor

Yorktown: surrender of Cornwallis to the British

Enduring the Winter at Valley Forge

Winter, 1777 After suffering several defeats, Washington took

his army to Valley Forge for the winter of 1777 Outbreak of small pox Martha Washington came to help care for the

men The men were trained by Frederick von Steuben

to become a more professional army rather than militias

Thomas Paine wrote “American Crisis” to encourage the men to stay the course and follow through with the revolution to the end

Colonial Grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence and how those grievances were addressed in the U.S. Constitution Grievance in Declaration of Independence

Constitution Taxation without representation All states have representation in Congress, which sets taxes King has absolute power Congress has the power to override Presidential veto Colonists not allowed to speak out against the King 1st Amendment – Freedom of Speech Quartering Act forced colonists to house troops 3rd Amendment – No quartering of Troops allowed homes to be searched without warrants 4th Amendment – No unwarranted search & seizure No trial by jury of peers 6th amendment—Speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury 7th amendment—Right of trial by jury

Treaty of Paris, 1783

Peace treaty that ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence

Great Britain gave up almost all of its land claims in North America

Boundaries extended to Canada in the north, the Mississippi River in the west, and Florida in the South

Unalienable Rights

Fundamental rights, or natural rights, guaranteed to people naturally instead of by the law.

In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson said these are the right to “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”

Civil Disobedience

The concept of refusing to follow laws within a community or ignoring the policies and government of a state or a nation when a person considers the laws unjust.*Refusing to follow laws considered to be unlawful and/or unconstitutional.

*Examples include boycotts, protests, refusal to pay taxes

*Boston Tea Party is an example of civil disobedience.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution

Loyalists – these were colonists who remained loyal to the British monarchy and did not feel taxation was a reason to declare independence or break away from the mother country.

 

John Paul Jones

Founder of the United States Navy Led raids on British vessels during the

American Revolution During a fight with a British vessel he

was told to surrender. Instead, Jones said, “I have not yet begun to fight” and was able to defeat the attacking British ship.

Different Points of View of Interest Groups During the American Revolution

Patriots were colonists who favored breaking away from Great Britain and becoming an independent country

Boston Massacre

Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere

March 5, 1770 Event in which British soldiers fired into a

crowd of unarmed citizens of Boston Killed five This engraving was used as propaganda to

encourage patriotic sympathies and support for American Independence

Paul Rever, a silversmith and engraver, was also a member of the Boston Sons of Liberty

French and Indian War

Fighting between the British and the French for control of North America.

*Allies of the French were the Native Americans, or Indians.

*Broke out in the Ohio River Valley in 1756. Throughout the world it was known as the Seven Years’ War

*Ben Franklin suggested that the colonies join together to fight against the French in the Albany Plan of Union.*This was the first attempt to unify the colonies

*French and Indians were defeated. * British became in debt because of the war and taxed

the colonists as a result.

Yankee Doodle

*Song sung by British military to mock the unorganized colonial “Yankees” who served in the French and Indian War with British soldiers.

*The meaning of the song implies that the Americans are so “simple” they think simply sticking a feather in a cap would make them fashion leaders.