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What I Learned Over The Semester
By: Hector Damian Andrade Cea Jr.
What I Have Learned Over The Past Semester
Scientific Method Pg. IV -Observation, & Research Question Pg. vi -Collect Variables,& Hypothesis pg. vii -Procedure, & Analyze Data Pg. viii -Conclusion Pg. ix
Bohr Atom Diagrams Pg. X
Periodic Table Pg. XI -Metals ,Transitional Metals -Non metals, Noble Gases PG. xii -Ionic Bonds, Valance electrons, Bonding And Naming, Labeling AN Element, & Octet rule pg. xiii
Energy, Forms Of Energy, &Types of energy Law of conservation of energy Pg. xiv
Movement of Heat, Speed, Momentum, Work, Power, & Acceleration pg. xv
Waves Medium, & Mechanical Wave Pg. Xvi
-Types Of Waves, Parts Of A wave, & wave speed Pg. xvii
How Waves Interact, Refraction, Reflection, & Diffraction pg. xviii
-Constructive Interference & Destructive Interference Pg. xix
Sound & Vibration, & How sound is made &How Sound Is Detected, & Vacuum Pg. xx
What I Have Learned Over The Past Semester Sound in different
mediums, effect of temperature on sound, & pitch & Intensity pg. xxi
Mixtures, Homogeneous & heterogeneous mixtures, & Compounds pg. xxii
-Solute, Solvent, Viscosity,& Solubility Pg. xxiii -un, Super, & Saturated pg. xxiv
Electromagnetic Waves Pg. xxv
Force & Motion Pg. xxvi -Balanced, Unbalanced, & Net Forces pg. xxvii -Newton’s 3 laws pg. xxviii
SC
IEN
TIFIC
METH
OD
The Scientific Method is made up of eight steps.•Observation•Research Question•Collect Variables•Research Question•Hypothesis•Procedure•Analyzing Data•Conclusion
SC
IEN
TIFIC
METH
OD
Observation-•An Observation is anything you notice going on around you
Research Question-•A Research Question is a question that can be tested and cannot be an opinion question
SC
IEN
TIFIC
METH
OD
Collecting variables-•You find your IV and your DV that make your research question
Hypothesis-•A hypothesis is an educated guess that, later in the experiment, will prove if you are right or wrong
SC
IEN
TIFIC
METH
OD
Procedure-•A procedure is the steps that show you how you are going to do your experiment Analyze Data-•When you analyze data, you graph the outcome of your experiment
SC
IEN
TIFIC
METH
OD
Conclusion-•A Conclusion is were you state what you saw going on in the experiment and if your hypothesis was supported
BO
HR
ATO
M D
IAG
RA
MS
Bohr Atom Diagrams
PER
IOD
IC TA
BLE
• The table were all the elements come together
• Made by Dmitri Mendeleev
PER
IOD
IC TA
BLE
Metals-Are Shiny, malleable, conductive, and highly reactiveTransitional Metals- Highly boiling and melting point. Largest group of the periodic table, and the oldest elements known to man are found there.Non-Metals-Are not shiny, not malleable, not conductive, and slowly reactiveNoble Gases-Do Not react to anything
PER
IOD
IC TA
BLE
Ionic Bonds-Only take place between metals and non-metals. It is the gaining or losing of electrons.Valence Electrons-They are found in the very last orbital of an atom diagram.Octet Rule- the picture in the bottom left hand cornerCovalent bonds-Only take place between non-metals and other non-metals.Bonding & Naming-It is how you name an ionic bondLabeling an Element-Show were the symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, & the name of the element.
EN
ER
GY
Energy-The ability to cause a changeForms of energy-• Mechanical-Moving
something• Thermal-Anytime
particles move faster in an object
• Sound-When particles vibrate
• Nuclear-When atoms split and come together
Types of Energy-• Potential Energy-
Energy used when the event is about to happen
• Kinetic Energy-Energy being used when the event is happening
Law of Conservation- States that energy can be reused but not newly made
MO
VEM
EN
T O
F HEAT
Movement of Heat-Can move in different ways• Conduction-Heat
through touch• Convection-Heat
through a liquid• Radiation-heat
through airSpeed-The rate of motionAcceleration-An increase in speedMomentum-How hard it is to stop somethingWork-Anytime something movesPower-How quickly you can move something
WAV
ES
Waves-A disturbance of energy through matter from one point to anotherMechanical Waves-A wave that needs a medium in order to travelMedium-Any type of matter that waves pass through
WAV
ES
Parts of a Wave-Pictured in the top imageTypes of waves-There are two types of waves• Longitudinal-Up and
Down• Transverse-Back and
ForthWave Speed-Show how fast the wave is
HO
W W
AV
ES
INTER
AC
T
How Wave Interact=Through reflection, refraction, and diffraction• Reflection-Waves
bounce off other things
• Refraction-When waves travel at different waves through different mediums
• Diffraction-When waves go around an object
HO
W W
AV
ES
INTER
AC
T
Constructive Interference-When 2 waves with the same wave pattern add together to form a bigger wave
Destructive Interference-When 2 waves with a different wave pattern add up to cancel each other out
SO
UN
D &
VIB
RATIO
N
Sound –A vibration that moves through matterVibration-The moving back and forth of an objectHow sound is made-Your lung force air out your pharynx, and into your larynx, The vocal cords make vibrations that bounce off matter in the air to create a waveHow sound in detected-The sound wave bounces into your ear and goes through your ear drum. It travels through the inner ear and to your cochlea that sends it to your brain to interpret itVacuum-A space with no particles
SO
UN
D IN
DIFFE
REN
T
MED
IUM
S
Solid-Goes very slowly throughLiquid-Goes through quicklyGas-Goes through very quicklyEffect of Temperature on sound-• Hot-Allows waves to
travel very fast• Cold-Waves travel
very slowPitch-The highness & lowness of a soundIntensity-How powerful the sound is
MIX
TU
RES
Mixtures-When two or more substances are combined together.There are two types of mixtures.• Homogeneous
Mixtures-Mixtures were you cannot see the particle
• Heterogeneous Mixtures-Mixtures were you can see the particles
Compounds-When the substances are chemically combined and are not easily separated
MIX
TU
RES
Solute-The substance getting dissolvedSolvent-The thing doing the dissolvingViscosity-The thickness of a liquidSolubility-The ability to dissolve in a liquid
MIX
TU
RES
Saturated-A solution that can not dissolve any solute anymoreUnsaturated-A solution that can hold more soluteSupersaturated-Has too much solute in it
ELE
CTR
OM
AG
NETIC
WAV
ES
Radio waves-•They are the slowest waves in the electromagnetic wave spectum.•They have the longest wavelength•They can be longer than a football field or as short as a football fieldMicrowaves-•Have wavelengths that can be measured in metersInfrared Waves• Infrared waves are
between visible light and microwaves
Visible light• Visible light is any light
that we can see• There are two types of
visible light that is made from satellites. They are True color and False color.
Ultraviolet light• They are lights that are
invisible to the human eye but some insects can see the.
X-Rays• X-rays are thought in
energy not wave length.Gamma Rays • They are the smallest
waves known in the electromagnetic spectrum
FOR
CE &
MO
TIO
N
Motion-The movement of an object from one place to anotherForce-Push or pull. Anything that causes a change in motionBalanced Forces-All forces acting on an objectUnbalanced Forces-The forces in one direction are greater than the otherNet forces-The sum of all the forces acting on an object
FOR
CE &
MO
TIO
N
Newton’s 1st Law-An object in motion stays in motion and an object at rest stays at rest unless acted on by a non-zero forceNewton’s 2nd Law-The more mass an object has the more force is needed to move it Newton’s 3rd Law-For every action there is an equal an opposite reaction