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*Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Masatoshi Murase,Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, JAPAN Email: murase@yukawa.kyoto-u.ac.jp

*** Faculty of Japanese Red Cross Toyota College of Nursing

What is cognition? Cognition is such a common experience that we rarely try to define itin our everyday life. Yet no one who has worked on this problem has ever been able to answer it in a satisfactory way. This is probably not because we lack complete knowledgeof components such as molecules, neurons or neural networks at different hierarchicallevels of a human being, but because we lack a ‘constructive’ view integrating the fragments of knowledge at different levels during our investigation of the history of life.Actually, it is traditionally assumed that there is a very clear distinction between thinking subject and observed object. However, when we try to understand our cognitive process, it certainly appears to be a serious problem that there is no clear distinction between subjectand object; we are both spectators and actors in the world. The only way to understandthe problem ‘what is cognition?’ is, therefore, to construct a new framework involving boththinking subjects and observed objects. It is a ‘self-nonself circulation’ process thatwould operate during not only a developmental history of an individual human, but also anevolutionary history of life itself, as both are undoubtedly conducted by continuous actionsof life in the world and simultaneously unavoidable reactions from it. The present paperfurther involves an idea that both evolution (or development or even the onset of disease) and cognition must fit the same principle of self-nonself circulation, and then develops a theory of ‘constructive cognition’.

Masatoshi Murase*, Tomoko Murase**

Keywords : Constructive Cognition, Self-nonself circulation, Development, Metacognition

Constructive Cognition : Extension of Self-nonself Cirulation Theory

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