THE ONTARIO NUMISVIATIST Page 4€

The Ontario >T~?.aismatic Association

VOL. 1 . No. 9. October 1962

President : Secretary: Rod R. Rekofski, Ruth Mueller (Mrs. ) 163 Lancaster S t ree t East, 239 Lancaster S t ree t West, K i t chener, Ontario. K i t chener, Ontario.

Treasurer: Bruce H. Raszmann, 24 Mary St ree t , Kitchener, Ontario.

Editor: David Ash 1069 Lakeshore Highway East, Oakville, Ontario.

0 .N.A. MEITS REPORT

M r Rudy Sauro of Hamilton, the O.N.P. Central Director has been appointed Liaison-officer i n connection with the forthcoming O.N.A. 1963 Convention. St. Catharines Coin Club i s t o be the host club.

M r . Walter Griggs of Brantford, the Western Director has been appoi- nted Chairman of the "Award of Merit" committee. A sub-committee of three w i l l study the qual i f icat ions required i n order t o be a recipient of the "Award of Merit. 11

A Semi-annual General Meeting of the Ontario Numismatic Association i s scheduled for 3 t o 4 o'clock during the afternoon of the Annual Ban- quet of the LONDON NUMISMATIC SOCIETY t o be held on Saturday October 13th, 1962, a t the Westom Plaza, London, Ontario. Reports wfll be pre- sented a t t h i s meeting by the President, Secretary, Treasurer, and Chairmen of the various committees. Moreover, a report on t h i s Semi- annual General Meeting w i l l be reported i n the December publication of the Ontario Numismatist. '

Through the generosity of the LONDON NUMISIIATIC SOCIETY an O.N.A. Reception Desk w i l l be made available during t h e i r Annual Banquet on Saturday October 13th, 1962. Any numismatist who has not signed as an O . N . A . member may make application i n the Association on t h i s day a t $1.00 (one dol la r ) and new members w i l l be required t o pay 1963 dues only.

M r . Edward Ihight has kindly donated 1000 O.N.A. membership cards. Our grat i tude on t h i s noble gesture i s beyond words. However, on behalf of the Associa~ion our gracious thanks.

The O.N.A. Executive w i l l enter ta in applications from Ontario clubs i n considerat-ion f o r the 1964 and 1965 O.N.A. CO3JVENTIONS. These applications a re t o be made i n writing with f u l l data on accommodation available, locale, etc. Please d i rec t a l l applications t o the O.N.A. Executive: c/o Ruth Mueller (Mrs.) Secretary, 239 Lancaster S t ree t West, K i t chener, Ontario.

Page 47 SPEAKERS ' CIRCUIT

The 'Speakers' c i r c u i t , ' sponsored by the Ontario Numismatic Associa- t ion, i s a f ree service avai lable t o a l l nunismatic soc ie t ies i n the Province of Ontario.

It was originated f o r the purpose of promoting the study of the var- ious and associated phases of numismatics through lec tures volunteered by competent speakers.

The 'Speakersf Circuit ' brouchure, a t the beginning of i ts service, was dis t r ibuted t o over t h i r t y known Ontario coin clubs; with th i s dis- trobution increasing as new clubs made themselves known. It contains the names of 13 eminent numismatists who have gratui tously offered a t o t l e of 17 topics from which club could choose.

There is no doubt t h a t clubs and t h e i r members w i l l great ly benefi t from the lectures as the 'Speakers' a re au thor i t ies i n t h e i r f i e ld .

Potent ia l uses of the 'Speakers' Circuit ' a r e a s broad as the sun; and it is the hope of the Ontario Numismatic Association t o deve.lope these potent ia ls ; t ha t clubs and Speakers w i l l put the service t o a good use; and tha t they w i l l express t h e i r opinions and of fer suggestions t o a id i n i ts developement and efficiency. *

M r . Frank Uttley, Director of the 'Speakers' Circui t ' w i l l endeavour t o answer any question submitted by any coin club or society 5n regards the 'Speakers' Circuit. Furthermore, coin club ed i tors a r e asked t o mail a copy of t h e i r monthly 'Newsletter' to : 'Speakers' Circuit ' c/o Frank Uttley -Director, 35 Chestnut S t ree t , Kitcheper, Ontario. * ~)Hb.K~~+t~~~93E%.H9blt.JC~4C3t..K~~~JC~~~~.K~3C)C8+t~'r+t.)C4bX~.K.K~~JC.KQ3C~~~JI.~%.K*3b~C.KYr9[.3tJC~4~~~Ht9[..K

AUCT I O N TENDERS

Tenders w i l l be considered by the undersigned i n connection with the Ontario Numismatic Association s 1963 Convention t o be held a t Prud- homme's Motel, on the ween Elizabeth Way, a t Vineland, Ontario, on April 26, 27, and 28, 1963.

A l l tenders t o be postmarked not l a t e r than 12:OO P.M. October 31, 1962.

Dated : June 30 1962

S lgned : Ontario Numismatic Aasociation c/o Ruth Mueller ( M r s . ) Secretary 239 Lancaster S t ree t West, K i t choner, Ontario.

AROUND ONTAT10 CLUB NEWS

Durlng the summer vacation several coin clubs i n Ontario held informal club meetings, while other organizations took a summer recess. There were, however, a la rge number of Ontario clubs who simply would not

yie ld t o the momentary summer a t any cost.

Nevertheless, we a r e a l l faced with the long cold winter months ahead and, an ideal opportunity f o r numismatics. M r . W i l l i a m Jarvis , Editor of WINDSOR C O I N CLUB records the perfect answer ---'these evenings can be

Page 48 Around Ontario Club News . . . cont ' d

educational, in terest ing, l i ve ly , and prof i tab le . So don' t delay o r h e s i t a t e when these evenings r o l l around. Forget the weeds i n the garden, the hubb'y night out---come out and lose yourself i n the wonder- f u l world of coins. *

The OAKVILLE C O I N CLUB has announced they w i l l not hold an annual ban- quet i n the year 1963. However, they w i l l hold an amiversary supper on one of t h e i r regular May meeting nights.

Whenever we hear from any coin club who s t r i k e club medallions we nat- u ra l ly a t t e s t the future valuation of those pieces. It i s of notable in t e res t during the June meeting of the OAKVILLE C O I N CLUB a pa i r of bronze and s i l v e r 1961 0. C. C. medallions came up f o r auction. The prlce realized was $15.75. The p a i r or ig ina l ly sold f o r 86.50 i n t h e i r year of issue.

While on the subject of club medals and medallions, the medal struck by the NORTH YORK C O I N CLUB has been l i s t e d i n the 'American Numismatic

I ' Society1 s I quarterly Numismatic ~ i t e r a t u r e " No. 60, July 1962.

ST. CATHARINES C O I N CLUB held t h e i r 4th Annual Banquet and Auction a t the Hotel Leonard, St. Catharines, l a s t Saturday, September 15th. Twenty displays were a feature of a t t r ac t ion i n which Lloyd T. Smith of London, Ontario, gained "The Best i n Show" award, with four cases, one display,

I1 on old Coins of the World. R~rthermore, over ninety club members and guests s a t down a t the Banquet and, l a t e r enjoyed a t a l k by Guest Speak6 John J. Pittman of Rochester, New York.

M r . Pittman rela ted the progress of the English m i l l coinage from 1553 i n Elizabeth I t s reign, through a period of t h i r t y years, and again a f t e r 1662 in the reign of Charles I1 when the m i l l coinage formed con- t inu i ty .

The ST. CATIYARINES C O I N CLUB 4th Annual Banquet concluded with a f i n a l auction of 100 l o t s . Edward Knight was the auctioneer. ++

COMIRG EVENTS

THE BLUE WATER 1NTEZNATIONA.L C O I X SHOW under the joint sponsorship of SARNIA (ONT. ) NUMISMATIC SOCIETY and PORT hURON (MICH. ) C O I N CLUB w i l l be held on Saturday, 20th October, 1962, a t Kenwick Terrace, Christina S t ree t , (~ownto~,m) Sarnia. Furthermore, there w i l l be adequate parking f a c i l i t i e s i n public l o t s across the s t r e e t , and one block west.

The 'Blue Water" show w i l l open 12 noon u n t i l 10:OO P.M. General admission w i l l be 25$ per person, and refreshments w i l l be available on the premfses. (This i s not a banquet as previously publicize. ED.) Approximately twenty U.S. and Canadian dealers a r e expected t o be i n

attendance, and the necessary securi ty w i l l prevail . Six display catag- or ies a r e open t o resident club members only, and one c lass is open f o r non-members. Display awards w i l l be given in each class , and al'Best i n Showl'trophy w i l l be awarded by Spiers Limited, Sarnia.

According t o reports the BLUE WATER INTERNATIONAL C O I N SHOW w i l l be another outstanding numismatic event.

(continued on page KZ

Page 49 T-HE ENGLISEi-FARTHIIYG (956 A.D.-1956 A.D.)

by David A s h

King Eadgar (959-975 A.D.) who f i n a l l y conquered the Danelaw was real- l y the f i r s t king of a l l England, and during hLs time the s i l v e r pennies were known t o be cut in half; although pew-ies cut i n half a re sometimee found anong other kings.

In t h e 10th century the long cross of varying design, often voided, were i n frequent use, and t h i s feature was continued f o r several hand- red years as it f a c i l i t a t e d the cu-tting of a coin in to halve& and quar- ters f o r use as halfpennies and fartinings i f they were needed. Th-AS, the s i l v e r penny broken once along the angle of the cross formed two halfpennies, whereas, broken t w i c e along the remainer f omed a quarter penny. Hence t'no Anglo-Saxon term ' feor tha, ' or ' feothing, ' o r fourth part.

me English s i l v e r penny continued t o be broken i n t h i s manner, and t h i s met'nod f o r obtaining modules were condemned by monarchs and sub- jects alike. There were many instances when the nonegers del iberately debased the metal contents t o sa t i s fy t h e i r own f banc ia1 lus t . Further- more, i n the reign o f Henry I the general public of ten refused t o accept the s i l v e r pennies unless they were cut t o see i f they were made of good metal a11 the way through. In order t o remedy t h i s pract ice , Henry ordered his moneyers t o cut a l l new coins tha t were issued. Needlees t o Bays the moneyers struck base coins, cut them, and s i l v e r plated the pieces before they were placed i n circulation. Henceforth Henry summoned h i s moneyers t o Winchester on Christmas 1124 and according t o historical reports ninety-four moneyers had t h e i r r igh t hand severed.

In 1279 Edward I issued the f i r s t round farthing. A t the t h e the s i l v e r penny was 22 grains and ra ther than issue the s i l v e r farthing a t 5.5 grains a small proportion of base metal was added. This heavy farth- was 6.85 grains, however, in 1280 the farthfng was reduced t o i t s corr- ec t weight and fineness.

The s i l v e r far thing continued t o be issued with a monarch's head on the obverse u n t i l i n the Tudor period when the por tcu l l i s badge was placed on the obverse, and these farthings a r e lcnown as the por tcu l l i s type.

Durfng t h e reign of James I numerous shop-keepers issued lead and pewter farthing tokens. Obviously these were i l l e g a l and i n many cases the trademen themselves had no intention f o r any redeaption on a l a t e r date. Though James did not issue any base metal coins from the Royal Mint, he did i n f a c t grant a Royal l icence t o a Lord Harrington of Exton i n the year 1613 with full authority permitting him t o s t r i k e copper farthings privately. A clause in t h i s l icence s t ipulated that a11 pro- f i t s were to be equally divided between the crown an6 moneyar.

The ' t~arr ingtont ' farthings, as they were called, were s o small they were tinned so as t o make them look more l i k e silver coins. h'eedless t o say the elements caused havoc w i t h these small tin plated coins and, today, ft is prac t ica l ly Lnposs2ble t o locate ar,y of these e a r l i e r pieces without f indlng them p i t t e d with corrosi on. These small f arth- ings were soon superseded by la rger copper farthings untimed. On the obverse of these pieces is a crown over two sceptres i n s a l t l r e , and on the reverse; the I r i s h harp, crowned.

Page 50 English Farthing . . . cont 'd

On the death of' Lord iial-1-i.iigtoil the Zoj~al l icence was bought by the Duke of Lennex and a l l farthings struck by him were called "~ennex" farthings. Their designs a r e the same and the olily notable difference i s the positioning of the legend. The Hzrrin t o n obverse legend corn- ences a t "1 1 o 'c loc l~ . '~ and on the Lennex a t '1 o1 cloclr," whereas, on the Lennex oval far thing the obverse legend commences a t "7 o'clock."

In the year 1624 the Duke of Lennex died and the Royal l icence f o r s t r ik ing copper farthings was inherated by h i s widow, the Duchess of Richmond. It w i l l be remembered Charles I succeeded James I i n 1625, and the "Richmond" farthings are eas i ly dist inguishable i n tha t the obverse legend is changed from I A C O t o CAR0 and commences atl 'l o 1 clock, 11 and on the "Richmond" oval a t "7 o'clock. It

Ten years l a t e r i n 1634 the Duchess of Richmond relinguished the Royal l icence and it was bouglit by Lord Maltravers.

On the "Maltravers" farthings the king's name is extended t o CAROLVS and the obverse legend commences a t "1 o'clock," and on the oval type a t "7 ~ ' c l o c k . ' ~ It is of notable in t e res t since the e a r l i e r copper farthings many forger ies did ex i s t and i n order t o counteract forging Lord Maltravers changed the reverse design. Instead of the crowned Irisk harp, a crowned rose was introduced; and these pieces were known as "Rose" farthings. While t h e i r general inscr ipt ion remains the same the3 were thicker, and smaller, and many of them have a brass plug s e t throu- g h them.

After the commencement of the Civil War, Parliament withdrew the Royal l icence i n 1644 and stopped the issue of the Maltravers " ~ o s e " farthings

Oliver Cromwell struck many beaut i ful coins and many of these a re said t o be only pat tern pieces. Cromwell did i n f ac t s t r i k e copper farthings and these small pieces carry Cromwell's draped bust on the obverse and Saint George's shield on the reverse. There a re of course other kno~m reverse types; but the copper farthings were not placed i n general c i r - cu la t ion.

In the reign of Charles I1 copper farthings were again minted between 1672 and 1679. They were made from Swedish so f t copper and have a lau- rated and cuirassed bust on the obverse. On the reverse there i s a f ig- ure of Britannia seated with a shield bearing the Union Jack on her l e f f and a spear cradled i n her l e f t arm. Furthermore, she holds a l o f t i n her r igh t hand a spr ig of ol ive, the symbol of peace. In viewing Britannia it w i l l be noted she i s shown with one l eg bare t o the knee;

I I and thus she V J ~ S Bnown as "vulgar Britannia. In those days it was considered immodest f o r any lady t o exhibit t h i s par t of her anatomy, and on a l a t e r date Britannia appears with both legs clothed.

Between 1684 and 1685 an issue of t i n farthings were made. It was during t h i s period t h a t the Cornish t i n mines in the West Country was faced with an economic c r i s i s and in order t o ease t h e i r s i tua t ion these t i n farthings were minted. However, it was realized tha t these small coins could easi ly be counterfeited, therefore the blanks were made w i t 1 a copper plug through the centre. Strange though it may sound they were s t ill extensively counterfeited i n lead,

During the short reign of James I1 the t i n farthings with i t s copper plug were struck between 1685 and 1687, and again i n the e a r l i e r par t

Ehgl ish Farthing . . . cont ' d Page 51

of William and Mary's reign. Thourn they had a copper plug through them t h i s did not prevent them being extensively forged i n lead, and i n 1694 the t i n farthing tjas abandoned i n favour of English copper.

In 1694 the copper far thing was again re-introduced. This was the f i r s time t h a t English copper obtained from the Welsh copper mines was used as it i s harder and more d i f f i c u l t t o s t r i k e than Swedish copper, so in order t o soften-up the metal before s t r iking, the coin-blanks were cast i n moulds. After the 'cooling' process had taken place the coin-blanks were broken from t h e i r counterparts, and usually the edge often shows signs of shearing.

In the reign of Queen Anne the far thing appears t o be a l i t t l e contro- ve r s i a l i n tha t there were no copper coins issued f o r general c i rculat- ion, yet a number of pat tern pieces were d.esigned. Queen Anne died, how- ever, i n the e a r l i e r pa r t of 1714, and the copper farthings dated 1714 were not issued f o r general circulation. For many years these farthings were thought t o be rare , nevertheless they a re quite scarce, but obtain- able. Previously, I mentioned Britannia was shown with one l eg bare; on the 1714 farthing she i s engraved i n the likeness of Anne herself ; and Britannia 's l eg i s clothed t o the ankle.

Two copper far thing issues were made i n George 1 ' s reign. In the year rr 1717, on thick blanks, known as dumpe:' and again between 171 9 and 1724

on la rger blanks.

The farthing was again struck i n George 11's reign, and were made i n two issues. The 'young head' farthings were minted during 1730 and 1737, and again i n 1739, The second, or the 'old head' farthings were minted i n 1741, 1744, 1746, 1749, 1750, and 1754. No copper farthings were struck a f t e r 1754, o r i f they were they were not given a new date.

During the s ix ty year re ign of George 111 a considerable gap appears i n the regal copper farthings. Owing t o the high pr ice of copper fa r th- ings were not struck u n t i l 17709 and were again issued i n 1771, 1773, 1774, and 1775. However, there were three other copper far thing issues made i n 1799, 1806, and 1807 struck a t the Boulton and Watt's Soho Mint, i n Handsworth, Birmingham,

Copper became more readi ly available i n George IV's reign and copper farthings were once again issued between 1821 and 1823, and 1825 and 1830,- with a change i n design being made i n 1826. On the fa r th ing ' s reverse, Britannia i s shown seated facing r ight wearing a plumed helmet f o r the f i r s t time, and her ol ive spr ig tha t she had carried since the days of Charles I1 has been replaced with a t r iden t l i k e the l a t e r issues of George 111.

William IV a lso struck copper farthings i n 1831, and 1834 t o 1837 inclusive. Their reverse designs a re similar t o those of the previous reign.

In Queen ~ i c t o r i a ' s reign there a r e many f ine and beaut i ful farthings. C o ~ ~ e r f a r t h i n ~ s were i n f a c t minted between the gears 1838 and 1860,but because of t h e r r requirement and high r e l i e f theywdid not l a s t long in circulation, In 1860 a bronze far thing was introduced t o replace the copper, and t h i s bronze coin was found-more durable.

From 1860 u n t i l 1956 the s tory on the English far thing is well known

Page 52 English Farthing ... cont'd

among a l l numismatists. Eowever, as l a t e as iflorld War 11 t h i s small English coin did form a media of exchange. &ring the long war years it proved i t s usefulness i n the rat ioning system.

In l a t e r years owing t o r i s ing prices the far thing became v i r tua l ly worthless ; and they were demonetized on the 1 s t of January, 196 1 .

Membershf p-

Numbers 237 - 244 inclusive as published i n 'The Ontario Numismatist' August issue a re accepted as O.N.A. members in good standing.

New Members

The following applications f o r membership in the O.N.A. have been received, These applications a re subject t o the approval of the O.N.A. Executive, and i f there a r e no writ ten objections f i l e d p r i o r t o October 31, 1962, these applicants w i l l become members i n good standing, and not ice t o t h i s e f fec t w i l l be published i n 'The Ontario Numismatist' f o r December, 1962, The following numbers a re ten ta t ive and i s a lso subject t o the approval of the O.N.A. Executive.

245 M r . R o s s Allan Hunt, 68 Samuel Road, Hamilton, Ontario. 246 M r . Robert Graham, Kimberley, Ontario. 247 M r . Peter Soroka, 1063 Shepherd Drive, Burlington, Ontario. 248 Mrs. Josephine B. Champagne, 309 Prado Place, Riverside, Ontario. 249 M r . Ray Janisse, 884 Wellington St ree t , Windsor, Ontario. 250 N r . James S. Askin, 3872 Montcalm Avenue, Windsor, Ontario. 251 M r . W.M. Sponarski, 2885 Everts Avenue, Windsor, Ontario, 252 M r . Ronald Rewakoski, 1494 Benjamin Street , Windsor, Ontario. 253 M r . T . Dave Veighey, 424 Reaume Street , LaSalle, Ontario. 254 M r . Alan May, 568 Elm Avenue, Windsor, Ontario. 255 M r . Rick E Lavell, 2245 Queen Street East, Toronto 13, Ontario. 256 M r . Dane W. MacShara, 16615 Pierson St ree t , Detroit 19, Michigan

U.S.A. 257 M r . Charles Slade 111, 388 No. Orange St ree t , Orlando Florida,

U.S.A. 258 M r . William T. Jense, 1273 Dundas Street , London, Ontario. 259 M r . Kenneth J. Ferguson, 2706 Detroit Avenue, Cleveland 13, Ohio,

U.S.A. . - -

260 M r . Brian Thrupp, 156 Deleware S t ree t , London, Ontario. 261 M r . Bob Fisher, 179 Ann St ree t , London, Ontario. 262 M r . Slavko Zarkovich, 433 Waterloo St ree t , London, Ontario. 253 M r . C.R. Lumley, 88 Curtis S t ree t , S t . Thomas, Ontario. 264 M r . William Ernest West, 55 Paddington Avenue, London, Ontario. 265 M r . Wm. T. McHugh, 105 Regent Street , London, Ontario. 266 M r . Donald Whetstone, 65 Glass Avenue, London, Ontario. 267 M r , Ted Rogers, 3933 Main Avenue, Norwood 12, Ohio, U.S.A. 268 M r . Dick Krotz, 1482 East 133 St ree t East, Cleveland 12, Ohio,

U.S.A, 269 M r , Ramon A. Sayer, 98 Wood Row Street , Sharon, P.A. U . S.A. 270 M r . T.L. Clarke, 69 Breton Park Crescent, London, Ontario. 271 M r . Jack Gofton, P l a t t s v i l l e , Ontario. 272 M r . Ralph Fleuelling, R.R. #2, Ingersoll, Ontario. 273 M r . Hubert Purdy, 139 Reynolds S t ree t North, Oakville, Ontario. 274 M r . John Stanley McGi11, 3205 S t ree t sv i l l e Road, Erindale, Ont.

Page 53 New Members . . . cont ' d

275 M r . Donald H. Flick, 1523 Constance Drive, Oakville, Ontario. 276 M r . Charles M. Manners, 51 Herald S t ree t , Oakville, Ontario. 277 M r . Martin Stocker, 45 Eln St ree t East, #01, Sudbury, Ontario. 278 M r . Donald E. McClure, R.R.$~, King, Ontario. 279 M r . Mac Richardson, 321 El lor S t ree t , Strathroy, Ontario, 280 M r . Forrest Kent, R . R . # ~ , St. Catharines, Ontario. 281 Sergeant Patrick K. Melligan, R. C.A. F. Station, Clinton, Ontario.

Change of Address - 89 M r . Franlr Rose, 3234 Lakeshore Blvd. West, Toronto 14, Ontario.

139 M r . Harold Rose, 3234 Lakeshore Blvd. West, Toronto 14, Ontario.

Resignation

21 M r . Walter Holmes, 494 Ridout S t ree t North, London, Ontario,

Coming Arents ... cont'd

The OWEN SOUND C O I N CLUB extends a cordial inv i ta t ion t o a l l numismat- i s t s t o attend t h e i r SECOND ANLNUAL BANQUET t o be held on Saturday, 3rd of November, 1962, a t St. Mary's Parish Hall, Owen Sound, Ontario. The doors w i l l open a t 1 :00 P.M., with bourse and displays during the a f te r - noon. The Banquet w i l l be held 6 :00 P.M., followed by a Guest Speaker and f loor auction.

Banquet t i cke t s a re by reservation only a t 42.50 per person. Further information may be acquired by writing d i r e c t to : OWEN SOUND C O I N CLUB c/o Wm. H. Reid -Sec.-treasurer, 1221 -4th Avenue West, Owen Sound, Ont. *

The GREATER TORONTO C O I N & STAMP EXHIBITION w i l l be held on November 22nd, 23rd, and 24th, 1962, a t the Club Kinsway 100 the &ueensway, Toronto 18, Ontario.

Any numismatist in terested i n obtaining l i t e r a t u r e on t h i s Exhibit ion may write d i r ec t to : GREATER TORONTO C O I N & STAMP E X H I B I T I O N LTD. 3234 Lakeshore Boulevard, West, Toronto 14, Ontario.

Q

O.N.A. LIBRARY

O.N.A. members may borrow numismatic l i t e r a t u r e f o r a period of two weeks. Books may be renewed f o r a fur ther two week period, i f there a re no other requests on hand. Postage both ways t o be paid by the borrower. Kindly address a l l 0mN.A. l i b r a r y correspondence t o : Claudia Pelkey(Mrs.: O.N.A. Librarian, 35 Brant S t ree t South, Oakville, Ontario.

D I D YOU KNOW. . . A well-known household appliance manufacturer i n London, England, is buying large stocks of English farthings a t face value, Why? They profess they a re 'blanks ' u n t i l a neat l i t t l e hole is placed i n the centre of these obsolete coins; then they a re assembled as washers' in t h e i r products.

I * I Next publication December 1962 I **%