24genetics.com · Summary: Vincristine Patients with the TT genotype may have increased risk of...

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pharmag

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This is your personalized health report:

In this report you will see some of your genetic predispositions related to drugs.

As usual in our studies, in the first pages you will find an iconographic summaryof each of the analyzed values, which we develop more broadly in later pages.

We study your genetic predisposition towards certain medications. Dependingon the drug, your genetics can affect the level of toxicity, the effectiveness ofore dose needed, and more.

This report should never be used without a Medical Doctor supervision. Anydecision about drugs has to be taken by a Medical Doctor considering all factors.This report is not valid for clinical use so other diagnostic dna tests may beneeded.

The results of this report are personal, and not applicable to studies about othermembers of your family.

These reports, as well as the scientific research in the genetics field, may varyover time. New mutations are constantly being discovered and we know betterthe ones we are analyzing today. At 24Genetics we make a great effort toperiodically apply the consolidated scientific discoveries to our reports.

We remind you that any changes you want to make regarding your healthshould be guided by your doctor. From 24Genetics we recommend all our clientsto get a Genetic Counseling service to ensure a better understanding of thisgenetic report.

TU NUTRICIÓN MÁS SANA

Efectividad de la dieta baja en grasas

¿Qué dice tu genética?

Algunas de las publicaciones en las que se basa este apartado:

https://24genetics.com/es/




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Dolor sit amet consectetuer adipiscing elit sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt! Seacula quarta decima et quinta decima eodem modo typi qui nunc nobis videntur parum clari fiant! Feugait nulla facilisi nam liber tempor cum soluta, nobis eleifend option congue nihil imperdiet. Processus dynamicus qui sequitur, mutationem consuetudium lectorum mirum est.

This report is not valid for clinical or diagnostic use











Should I make drastic changes in my health management with the data ofthis test?

No at all, any changes you want to make in your health management shouldbe analyzed by an expert geneticist and the medical specialists. Any doubtsyou have about any genetic test should be checked by healthcare experts inGenetic Diagnosis.

Does it all depend on my genes?

No at all, our body responds to many conditions. Our genes are certainly animportant parameter. Lifestyle, sport, food, and many other circumstancesinfluence our body. Knowing yourself certainly helps to treat our body in themost appropriate way. And this is what these genetic reports aren all about:more information.

What is this report based on?

This test is based on different genetic studies internationally consolidatedand accepted by the scientific community. There are certain scientificdatabases where studies are published where there is a certain level ofconsensus. Our genetic tests are carried out by applying these studies to thegenotype of our clients. In each section you will see some of the studiespublications on which it is based. There are sections where more studies areused than the ones listed.

This report is not valid for clinical or diagnostic use

Summary:

Pharmacogenomics: Cardiology

Pravastatin

Patients with the AA genotype who are treated with statins may be more likely torespond as compared to patients with the AT or TT genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may also influence a patient's response when treated with statins.Simvastatin

Patients with the TT genotype may have a lower risk of simvastatin-relatedmyopathy as compared to patients with the CT or CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may also influence a patient's risk for toxicity.Warfarin

Patients with the TT genotype may require a lower dose of warfarin as compared topatients with the CC or TC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's warfarin dose requirement.Phenprocoumon

Patients with the TT genotype who are treated with acenocoumarol orphenprocoumon may require a lower dose as compared to patients with the TC or CCgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient'sHydrochlorothiazide

Patients with the CC genotype and hypertension who are treated withhydrochlorothiazide may have an increased response as compared to patients withthe TC or TT genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a

Pharmacogenomics: Neurology

Amitriptyline

Patients with the GG genotype who are treated with amitriptyline may haveincreased metabolism of amitriptyline (decreased amitriptyline plasmaconcentrations and increased nortriptyline plasma concentrations) as compared toAntidepressants

Patients with the TC genotype and Depressive Disorder or Depression may be lesslikely to respond to antidepressant treatment as compared to patients with the CCgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient's responseBupropion

Patients with the GG genotype who are treated with bupropion may be more likelyto quit smoking as compared to patients with the AA or AG genotypes, although thishas been contradicted in one study. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoCitalopram

Patients with the CC genotype may have decreased metabolism of citalopram orescitalopram as compared to patients with the TT or TC genotype. Othergeneticfactors, including other CYP2C19 alleles *2 rs4244285,*3 rs4986893, andClomipramine

Patients with the GG genotype may have an increased metabolism of clomipramineas compared to patients with the AG or AA genotype. Other genetic and clinicalfactors may also influence a patient's clomipramine metabolism.

Summary:

Escitalopram

Patients with the CC genotype may have decreased metabolism of citalopram orescitalopram as compared to patients with the TT or TC genotype. Othergeneticfactors, including other CYP2C19 alleles *2 rs4244285,*3 rs4986893, andCarbamazepine

Patients with the AG genotype may require an increased dose of carbamazepine ascompared to patients with the AA genotype, although this is contradicted in onestudy. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence dose of carbamazepine.Aripiprazole

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,Clozapine

Patients with the GG genotype may have decreased but not non-existant risk ofside effects including hyperprolactinemia and weight gain, but increased risk oftardive dyskinesia, during treatment with antipsychotic drugs as compared toHaloperidol

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,Olanzapine

Patients with the GG genotype may have decreased but not non-existant risk ofside effects including hyperprolactinemia and weight gain, but increased risk oftardive dyskinesia, during treatment with antipsychotic drugs as compared toPaliperidone

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,Risperidone

Patients with the TT genotype and schizophrenia who are treated with risperidonemay be more likely to have improvement in symptoms as compared to patients withthe CC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient'sZiprasidone

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,Amisulpride

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,Quetiapine

Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or autism spectrum disorderand genotype AC may have a decreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine,

Summary:

Pharmacogenomics: Pain

Meperidine

Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioid analgesic requirementsafter surgery. Other genetic and clinical factors may influence.

Morphine

Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioid analgesic requirementsafter surgery as compared to patients with the CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may influence a patient's opioid dose requirement.Pentazocine

Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioid analgesic requirementsafter surgery as compared to patients with the CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may influence a patient's opioid dose requirement.Aspirin

Patients with the AA genotype who are treated with aspirin may have a decreased,but not absent, risk for non-response to aspirin as compared to patients with the AGor GG genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient'sAlfentanil

Individuals with AA genotype may experience increased efficacy of opioids for painand opioid related drugs to treat addiction, and may require a decreased dose ofopioids as compared to individuals with AG and GG genotypes. However this hasBuprenorphine

Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioid analgesic requirementsafter surgery as compared to patients with the CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may influence a patient's opioid dose requirement.Fentanyl

Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioid analgesic requirementsafter surgery as compared to patients with the CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors may influence a patient's opioid dose requirement.Naltrexone

Individuals with the AA genotype may experience increased efficacy of opioids forpain and opioid related drugs to treat addiction, and may require a decreased dose ofopioids as compared to individuals with the AG and GG genotypes. However this hasTramadol

Individuals with the AA genotype may experience increased efficacy of opioidsandmay require a decreased dose. However this has been contradicted in some studies.Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence.

Pharmacogenomics: Onco

Methotrexate

Patients with the GG genotype and leukemia or lymphoma who are treated withmethotrexate: 1) may have better response to treatment 2) may be at decreasedrisk of toxicity 3) may require a higher dose of methotrexate, and 4) may be at lower

Summary:

Vincristine

Patients with the TT genotype may have increased risk of peripheral nervoussystem diseases when treated with vincristine may have as compared to patientswith the CC or TC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence aFluorouracil, capecitabine, pyrimidine analogues, tegafur and Neoplasms

Patients TT genotype treated with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy may have1) increased clearance of the drug and 2) decreased, but not absent, risk andreduced severity of drug toxicity as compared to patients with the AT genotype.Cisplatin

Patients with the GG genotype may have an increased risk for toxicity with cisplatintreatment, including hearing loss and neutropenia, as compared to patients with theTT genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient's risk forIrinotecan

Patients with the GG genotype with cancer who are treated with irinotecan-basedregimens may have a decreased risk of neutropenia as compared to patients withthe AA genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient'sMercaptopurine

Patients with CC genotype who are treated with thiopurines for inflammatory boweldiseases (IBD) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may have a reduced, but notabsent risk of developing leukopenia, neutropenia or alopecia as compared to TC orTamoxifen

The CC genotype in women with breast cancer who are treated with tamoxifen(with or without anastrozole, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin,exemestane, fluorouracil, letrozole, paclitaxel, radiotherapy) may have DECREASED

Pharmacogenomics: Other

Peginterferon Alpha-2b

Patients with the TC genotype and Hepatitis C genotype 1 may have decreasedresponse (sustained virological response, SVR) when administered peg interferonalpha (2a, 2b) and ribavirin as compared to patients with the CC genotype. PatientsRibavirin

Patients with the TC genotype and Hepatitis C genotype 1 may have decreasedresponse (sustained virological response, SVR) when administered peg interferonalpha (2a, 2b) and ribavirin. They may also have lower spontaneous clearance inTacrolimus

Transplant recipients with the TT (CYP3A4 genotype may require a decreased doseof tacrolimus as compared to patients with the TC or CC genotype. Other geneticand clinical factors, such as CYP3A5 (rs776746), may also influence a patient's doseViagra (Sildenfail)

Patients with the CC genotype and erectile dysfunction who are treated withsildenafil may be less likely to have positive erectile response as compared topatients with the TT genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence

Phenprocoumon (marketed under the brand names Marcoumar,Marcumar and Falithrom) is a long-acting oral anticoagulantdrug, a derivative of coumarin. It is a vitamin K antagonist thatinhibits coagulation by blocking synthesis of coagulationfactors II, VII, IX and X.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: CARDIOLOGY

Phenprocoumon

Some of the publications in which this section is based:

How is your genetics?

Patients with the TT genotype who are treated withacenocoumarol or phenprocoumon may require a lower doseas compared to patients with the TC or CC genotype. Othergenetic and clinical factors may also influence a patient'sacenocoumarol or phenprocoumon maintenance doserequirement.











FN9

GenotypeGene

TTVKORC1

Your genetic map

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23423913

Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ or HCT) is a diuretic medicationoften used to treat high blood pressure and swelling due tofluid build up. Other uses include diabetes insipidus, renaltubular acidosis, and to decrease the risk of kidney stones inthose with high calcium level in the urine. For high bloodpressure it is often recommended as a first line treatment.


Hydrochlorothiazide



Patients with the CC genotype and hypertension who aretreated with hydrochlorothiazide may have an increasedresponse as compared to patients with the TC or TTgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to hydrochlorothiazide.











FC2

GenotypeGene

CCYEATS4

Your genetic map


Pravastatin is a cholesterol-lowering agent that belongs to aclass of medications known as statins. It was derived frommicrobial transformation of mevastatin, the first statindiscovered. It is a ring-opened dihydroxyacid with a 6’-hydroxylgroup that does not require in vivo activation. Pravastatin isone of the lower potency statins; however, its increasedhydrophilicity is thought to confer advantages such as minimalpenetration through lipophilic membranes of peripheral cells,increased selectivity for hepatic tissues, and a reduction in sideeffects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.


Pravastatin



Patients with the AA genotype who are treated with statinsmay be more likely to respond as compared to patients withthe AT or TT genotype. Other genetic and clinical factorsmay also influence a patient's response when treated withstatins.











FC-HFC3

GenotypeGene

AAHMGCR

Your genetic map


Simvastatin is a lipid-lowering agent that is derivedsynthetically from the fermentation of Aspergillus terreus. It isa potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase (hydroxymethylglutaryl COAreductases), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterolbiosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormoneproduction. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL receptors, itincreases breakdown of LDL cholesterol.


Simvastatin



Patients with the TT genotype may have a lower risk ofsimvastatin-related myopathy as compared to patients withthe CT or CC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factorsmay also influence a patient's risk for toxicity.











FC-HFC4

GenotypeGene

TTSLCO1B1

Your genetic map


Warfarin is an anticoagulant drug normally used to preventblood clot formation as well as migration. Although originallymarketed as a pesticide (d-Con, Rodex, among others), Warfarinhas since become the most frequently prescribed oralanticoagulant in North America. Warfarin has several propertiesthat should be noted when used medicinally, including itsability to cross the placental barrier during pregnancy which canresult in fetal bleeding, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth,stillbirth, and neonatal death. Additional adverse effects suchas necrosis, purple toe syndrome, osteoporosis, valve and arterycalcification, and drug interactions have also been documentedwith warfarin use. Warfarin does not actually affect bloodviscosity, rather, it inhibits vitamin-k dependent synthesis ofbiologically active forms of various clotting factors in additionto several regulatory factors.


Warfarin



Patients with the TT genotype may require a lower dose ofwarfarin as compared to patients with the CC or TCgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's warfarin dose requirement.











FC-HFC6

GenotypeGene

TTVKORC1

Your genetic map

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gtr/conditions/CN078029

Amisulpride, sold under the brand name Solian among others, isan antipsychotic medication used to treat schizophrenia. It isusually classed with the newer generation of antipsychotics,the so called atypical antipsychotics.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: NEUROLOGY

Amisulpride



Patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, orautism spectrum disorder and genotype AC may have adecreased likelihood of weight gain andhypertriglyceridemia when taking amisulpride, aripiprazole,clozapine, olanzapine, haloperidol, paliperidone, quetiapine,ziprasidone, or risperidone as compared to patients with theAA genotypes, although this is contradicted in one study.Other clinical and genetic factors may also influence.











FD4

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


Amitriptyline hydrochloride is a dibenzocycloheptene-derivativetricyclic antidepressant (TCA). TCAs are structurally similar tophenothiazines. They contain a tricyclic ring system with analkyl amine substituent on the central ring. In non-depressedindividuals, amitriptyline does not affect mood or arousal, butmay cause sedation. In depressed individuals, amitriptylineexerts a positive effect on mood. TCAs are potent inhibitors ofserotonin and norepinephrine reuptake. Tertiary amine TCAs,such as amitriptyline, are more potent inhibitors of serotoninreuptake than secondary amine TCAs, such as nortriptyline.TCAs also down-regulate cerebral cortical β-adrenergicreceptors and sensitize post-synaptic serotonergic receptorswith chronic use. The antidepressant effects of TCAs arethought to be due to an overall increase in serotonergicneurotransmission. TCAs also block histamine-H1 receptor**s,α1-adrenergic receptors and muscarinic receptors, whichaccounts for their sedative, hypotensive and anticholinergiceffects (e.g. blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, urinaryretention), respectively.


Amitriptyline



Patients with the GG genotype who are treated withamitriptyline may have increased metabolism ofamitriptyline (decreased amitriptyline plasmaconcentrations and increased nortriptyline plasmaconcentrations) as compared to patients with the AA or AGgenotype. Other genetic factors, including other CYP2C19alleles *17 rs12248560 and *3 rs4986893, along withclinical factors, may also influence.











FN-HFN1

GenotypeGene

GGCYP2C19

Your genetic map


It's thought that antidepressants work by increasing levels of agroup of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. Certainneurotransmitters, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, canimprove mood and emotion, although this process isn't fullyunderstood. Increasing levels of neurotransmitters can alsodisrupt pain signals sent by nerves, which may explain whysome antidepressants can help relieve long-term pain


Antidepressants



Patients with the TC genotype and Depressive Disorder orDepression may be less likely to respond to antidepressanttreatment as compared to patients with the CC genotype.Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence apatient's response to anti-depressants.











FN-HFN2

GenotypeGene

TCGRIK4

Your genetic map


Aripiprazole, sold under the brand name Abilify among others, isan atypical antipsychotic. It is recommended and primarily usedin the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.Otheruses include as an add-on treatment in major depressivedisorder, tic disorders, and irritability associated with autism.


Aripiprazole














FC5

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


A unicyclic, aminoketone antidepressant. The mechanism of itstherapeutic actions is not well understood, but it does appearto block dopamine uptake. The hydrochloride is available as anaid to smoking cessation treatment.


Bupropion



Patients with the GG genotype who are treated withbupropion may be more likely to quit smoking as comparedto patients with the AA or AG genotypes, although this hasbeen contradicted in one study. Other genetic and clinicalfactors may also influence a patient's chance for quittingsmoking.











FN-HFN3

GenotypeGene

GGANKK1

Your genetic map


Carbamazepine (CBZ), sold under the tradename Tegretolamong others, is a medication used primarily in the treatmentof epilepsy and neuropathic pain. It is not effective for absenceseizures or myoclonic seizures.It is used in schizophrenia alongwith other medications and as a second line agent in bipolardisorder.


Carbamazepine



Patients with the AG genotype may require an increaseddose of carbamazepine as compared to patients with the AAgenotype, although this is contradicted in one study. Othergenetic and clinical factors may also influence dose ofcarbamazepine.











FC1

GenotypeGene

AGEPHX1

Your genetic map


Citalopram (brand names: Celexa, Cipramil and others) is anantidepressant drug of the selective serotonin reuptakeinhibitor (SSRI) class.


Citalopram



Patients with the CC genotype may have decreasedmetabolism of citalopram or escitalopram as compared topatients with the TT or TC genotype. Other geneticfactors,including other CYP2C19 alleles *2 rs4244285,*3rs4986893, and clinical factors may also influence apatient's citalopram or escitalopram metabolism.











FN13

GenotypeGene

CCCYP2C19

Your genetic map


Clomipramine, sold under the brand name Anafranil amongothers, is a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA).It is used for thetreatment of obsessive–compulsive disorder, panic disorder,major depressive disorder, and chronic pain. It may decrease therisk of suicide in those over the age of 65.


Clomipramine



Patients with the GG genotype may have an increasedmetabolism of clomipramine as compared to patients withthe AG or AA genotype. Other genetic and clinical factorsmay also influence a patient's clomipramine metabolism.











FN14

GenotypeGene

GGCYP2C19

Your genetic map


Clozapine, sold under the brand name Clozaril among others, isan atypical antipsychotic medication. It is mainly used forschizophrenia that does not improve following the use of otherantipsychotic medications.In those with schizophrenia andschizoaffective disorder it may decrease the rate of suicidalbehavior.


Clozapine



Patients with the GG genotype may have decreased but notnon-existant risk of side effects includinghyperprolactinemia and weight gain, but increased risk oftardive dyskinesia, during treatment with antipsychoticdrugs as compared to patients with the AA or AG genotype.Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence apatient's risk for side effects.











FC6

GenotypeGene

GGANKK1

Your genetic map


Escitalopram, also known by the brand names Lexapro andCipralex among others, is an antidepressant of the selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class. It is approved by theU.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment ofadults and children over 12 years of age with major depressivedisorder (MDD) or generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).


Escitalopram



Patients with the CC genotype may have decreasedmetabolism of citalopram or escitalopram as compared topatients with the TT or TC genotype. Other geneticfactors,including other CYP2C19 alleles *2 rs4244285,*3rs4986893, and clinical factors may also influence apatient's citalopram or escitalopram metabolism.











FN15

GenotypeGene

CCCYP2C19

Your genetic map


Haloperidol, marketed under the trade name Haldol amongothers, is a typical antipsychotic medication. Haloperidol is usedin the treatment of schizophrenia, tics in Tourette syndrome,mania in bipolar disorder, nausea and vomiting, delirium, acutepsychosis, and hallucinations in alcohol withdrawal.


Haloperidol














FC7

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


Olanzapine (originally branded Zyprexa) is an antipsychoticmedication used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It isusually classed with the atypical antipsychotics, the newergeneration of antipsychotics. It appears to have slightly greatereffectiveness in treating schizophrenia (especially the negativesymptoms) and a lower risk of causing movement disordersthan typical antipsychotics.


Olanzapine



Patients with the GG genotype may have decreased but notnon-existant risk of side effects includinghyperprolactinemia and weight gain, but increased risk oftardive dyskinesia, during treatment with antipsychoticdrugs as compared to patients with the AA or AG genotype.Other genetic and clinical factors may also influence apatient's risk for side effects.











FC8

GenotypeGene

GGANKK1

Your genetic map


Paliperidone, sold under the trade name Invega among others,is a dopamine antagonist and 5-HT2A antagonist of theatypical antipsychotic class of medications. Invega is anextended release formulation of paliperidone that usesextended release system to allow for once-daily dosing.


Paliperidone














FD1

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


Quetiapine, marketed as Seroquel among others, is an atypicalantipsychotic used for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolardisorder, and major depressive disorder.


Quetiapine














FD5

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


Risperidone, sold under the trade name Risperdal among others,is an antipsychotic medication.It is mainly used to treatschizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and irritability in people withautism. It is taken either by mouth or by injection into a muscle.


Risperidone



Patients with the TT genotype and schizophrenia who aretreated with risperidone may be more likely to haveimprovement in symptoms as compared to patients with theCC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to risperidone.











FD2

GenotypeGene

TTDRD2

Your genetic map


Ziprasidone, sold under the brand name Geodon among others,is an atypical antipsychotic which is used for the treatment ofschizophrenia as well as acute mania and mixed statesassociated with bipolar disorder.


Ziprasidone














FD3

GenotypeGene

ACMC4R

Your genetic map


Alfentanil (R-39209, trade name Alfenta, Rapifen in Australia)is a potent but short-acting synthetic opioid analgesic drug,used for anaesthesia in surgery.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: PAIN

Alfentanil



Individuals with AA genotype may experience increasedefficacy of opioids for pain and opioid related drugs to treataddiction, and may require a decreased dose of opioids ascompared to individuals with AG and GG genotypes.However this has been contradicted in some studies. Insome studies, AA and AG genotypes were found to have aincreased efficacy, and to require a decreased dose ascompared to GG genotype. Other factors may influence.











FN1

GenotypeGene

AAOPRM1

Your genetic map


Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a medicationused to treat pain, fever, or inflammation. Specific inflammatoryconditions in which aspirin is used include Kawasaki disease,pericarditis, and rheumatic fever. Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and works similar to other NSAIDsbut also suppresses the normal functioning of platelets.


Aspirin



Patients with the AA genotype who are treated with aspirinmay have a decreased, but not absent, risk for non-responseto aspirin as compared to patients with the AG or GGgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to aspirin.











FD-HFD4

GenotypeGene

AAPTGS1

Your genetic map


Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex, amongothers, is an opioid used to treat moderate acute pain andmoderate chronic pain.


Buprenorphine



Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioidanalgesic requirements after surgery as compared topatients with the CC genotype. Other genetic and clinicalfactors may influence a patient's opioid dose requirement.











FN2

GenotypeGene

TCCREB1

Your genetic map


Fentanyl, also known as fentanil, is an opioid pain medicationwith a rapid onset and short duration of action


Fentanyl














FN3

GenotypeGene

TCCREB1

Your genetic map


A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of mosttypes of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative painand the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence ofthe morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidlythan with morphine and are of shorter duration.


Meperidine



Patients with the TC genotype may have decreased opioidanalgesic requirements after surgery. Other genetic andclinical factors may influence.











FD-HFD1

GenotypeGene

TCCREB1

Your genetic map


The principal alkaloid in opium and the prototype opiateanalgesic and narcotic. Morphine has widespread effects in thecentral nervous system and on smooth muscle. In January,2017, morphine was approved for the treatment of chronicpain.


Morphine














FD-HFD2

GenotypeGene

TCCREB1

Your genetic map


Naltrexone is a medication primarily used in the managementof alcohol dependence and opioid dependence. Naltrexone is apure opioid antagonist and works by blocking the activity ofopioids


Naltrexone



Individuals with the AA genotype may experience increasedefficacy of opioids for pain and opioid related drugs to treataddiction, and may require a decreased dose of opioids ascompared to individuals with the AG and GG genotypes.However this has been contradicted in some studies. Insome studies, the AA and AG genotypes were found to havea increased efficacy, and to require a decreased dose ascompared to the GG genotype. Other factors may alsoinfluence.











FN6

GenotypeGene

AAOPRM1

Your genetic map


The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. Itis an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has aweak antagonist action at the mu receptor


Pentazocine














FD-HFD3

GenotypeGene

TCCREB1

Your genetic map


Tramadol, sold under the brand name Ultram among others, isan opioid pain medication used to treat moderate to moderatelysevere pain.


Tramadol



Individuals with the AA genotype may experience increasedefficacy of opioidsand may require a decreased dose.However this has been contradicted in some studies. Othergenetic and clinical factors may also influence.











FN8

GenotypeGene

AAOPRM1

Your genetic map


Cisplatin is a chemotherapy medication used to treat a numberof cancers. This includes testicular cancer, ovarian cancer,cervical cancer, breast cancer, bladder cancer, head and neckcancer, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, mesothelioma, braintumors and neuroblastoma.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: ONCO

Cisplatin



Patients with the GG genotype may have an increased riskfor toxicity with cisplatin treatment, including hearing lossand neutropenia, as compared to patients with the TTgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's risk for toxicity.











FO-HFO6

GenotypeGene

GGXPC

Your genetic map


Fluorouracil (5-FU), sold under the brand name Adrucil amongothers, is a medication used to treat cancer. By injection into avein it is used for colon cancer, esophageal cancer, stomachcancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, and cervical cancer. Asa cream it is used for actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma.

It is a potent antimetabolite used in the treatment of cancer. Itis a drug that blocks the methylation reaction of deoxyuridicacid to convert it into thymidylic acid by inhibiting an enzymethat is important for the synthesis of thymidine, which beingpart of the DNA molecule stops its formation. The drug isspecific to the cell phase cycle, S phase. 5-Fluorouracilintervenes in the synthesis of DNA and inhibits to a smalldegree the formation of RNA. Both actions combine to promotea metabolic imbalance that results in cell death. The inhibitoryactivity of the drug, by its analogy with uracil, has an effect onthe rapid growth of the neoplastic cells that preferentially takeadvantage of the uracil molecule for nucleic acid biosynthesis.The effects of a deprivation of DNA and RNA attack more cellsthat grow and multiply uncontrollably than normal.


Fluorouracil, capecitabine, pyrimidine analogues, tegafurand Neoplasms



Patients TT genotype treated with fluoropyrimidine-basedchemotherapy may have 1) increased clearance of the drugand 2) decreased, but not absent, risk and reduced severityof drug toxicity as compared to patients with the ATgenotype. The combination (FOLFOX, FOLFIRI or FEC) anddelivery of the drug may influence risk for toxicity. Othergenetic and clinical factors may also influence.











FO-HFO8

GenotypeGene

TTDPYD

Your genetic map


Irinotecan, sold under the brand name Camptosar among others,is a medication used to treat colon cancer and small cell lungcancer.For colon cancer it is used either alone or withfluorouracil. For small cell lung cancer it is used with cisplatin.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: ONCOLOGY

Irinotecan



Patients with the GG genotype with cancer who are treatedwith irinotecan-based regimens may have a decreased riskof neutropenia as compared to patients with the AAgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's risk of neutropenia.











FO1

GenotypeGene

GGUGT1A1

Your genetic map


Mercaptopurine (6-MP), sold under the brand name Purinetholamong others, is a medication used for cancer and autoimmunediseases. Specifically it is used to treat acute lymphocyticleukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn'sdisease, and ulcerative colitis.For ALL it is generally used withmethotrexate.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: ONCOLOGY

Mercaptopurine



Patients with CC genotype who are treated with thiopurinesfor inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) or acutelymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may have a reduced, but notabsent risk of developing leukopenia, neutropenia oralopecia as compared to TC or TT. Patients may alsotolerate higher doses of thiopurines and be less likely todiscontinue thiopurine treatment as compared to TC or TT,possibly due to the reduced risk for adverse effects. Otherfactors may influence.











FO2

GenotypeGene

CCNUDT15

Your genetic map


An antineoplastic antimetabolite with immunosuppressantproperties. It is an inhibitor of tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenaseand prevents the formation of tetrahydrofolate, necessary forsynthesis of thymidylate, an essential component of DNA.


Methotrexate



Patients with the GG genotype and leukemia or lymphomawho are treated with methotrexate: 1) may have betterresponse to treatment 2) may be at decreased risk oftoxicity 3) may require a higher dose of methotrexate, and4) may be at lower risk of folate deficiency as compared topatients with the AA or AG genotype. This association hasbeen contradicted or not found in multiple studies. Othergenetic and clinical factors may also influence.











FO-HFO3

GenotypeGene

GGMTHFR

Your genetic map


Tamoxifen is a drug that is used as a complementary therapyfor breast cancer. It is used for a long period after the end ofsurgery and chemotherapy and has been shown in differentstudies to significantly reduce the likelihood of a recurrence ofthe tumor.

Technically, it is classified as a selective modulator of estrogenreceptors. Its mechanism of action is based on itsantiestrogenic effect, that is, it blocks the action of thishormone that stimulates the development of tumor cells. It isnot useful in all breast cancers, but only in those whose cellshave specific estrogen receptors. Its action is not limited to thebreast, because different organs have receptors for estrogen.


Tamoxifen



The CC genotype in women with breast cancer who aretreated with tamoxifen (with or without anastrozole,cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, epirubicin,exemestane, fluorouracil, letrozole, paclitaxel, radiotherapy)may have DECREASED treatment EFFICACY in PRE-MENOPAUSAL women and INCREASED treatment EFFICACYin POST-MENOPAUSAL women as compared to patientswith the AA genotypes. Other genetic and clinical factorsmay also influence.











FO-HFO7

GenotypeGene

CCCYP19A1

Your genetic map


Vincristine is an antitumor vinca alkaloid isolated from VincaRosea. It is marketed under several brand names, many ofwhich have different formulations such as Marqibo (liposomalinjection) and Vincasar. Vincristine is indicated for thetreatment of acute leukaemia, malignant lymphoma, Hodgkin'sdisease, acute erythraemia, and acute panmyelosis. vincristinesulfate is often chosen as part of polychemotherapy because oflack of significant bone–marrow suppression (at recommendeddoses) and of unique clinical toxicity (neuropathy).


Vincristine



Patients with the TT genotype may have increased risk ofperipheral nervous system diseases when treated withvincristine may have as compared to patients with the CC orTC genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to vincristine.











FO-HFO4

GenotypeGene

TTLOC100996325

Your genetic map


Peginterferon alfa-2b is a form of recombinant interferon usedas part of combination therapy to treat chronic Hepatitis C, aninfectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis CVirus (HCV). HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that iscategorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1being the most common in the United States, and affecting72% of all chronic HCV patients. Treatment options for chronicHepatitis C have advanced significantly since 2011, with thedevelopment of Direct Acting Antivirals (DAAs) resulting in lessuse of Peginterferon alfa-2b. Peginterferon alfa-2b is derivedfrom the alfa-2b moeity of recombinant human interferon andacts by binding to human type 1 interferon receptors.Activation and dimerization of this receptor induces the body'sinnate antiviral response by activating the janus kinase/signaltransducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway.

PHARMACOGENOMICS: OTHER

Peginterferon Alpha-2b



Patients with the TC genotype and Hepatitis C genotype 1may have decreased response (sustained virologicalresponse, SVR) when administered peg interferon alpha (2a,2b) and ribavirin as compared to patients with the CCgenotype. Patients with the TC genotype may also havelower spontaneous clearance in acute HCV infections thanpatients with the CC genotype. Other genetic and clinicalfactors may also influence.











FR-HFR1

GenotypeGene

TCIFNL3

Your genetic map


Producing a broad-spectrum activity against several RNA andDNA viruses, Ribavirin is a synthetic guanosine nucleoside andantiviral agent that interferes with the synthesis of viral mRNA.It is primarily indicated for use in treating hepatitis C and viralhemorrhagic fevers. HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that iscategorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1being the most common in the United States, and affecting72% of all chronic HCV patients. It is reported that ribavirinmight be only effective in early stages of viral hemorrhagicfevers including Lasser fever, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagicfever, Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever, and Hantavirus infection.Ribavirin is a prodrug that is metabolized into nucleosideanalogs that blocks viral RNA synthesis and viral mRNAcapping. Before the development of newer drugs, ribavirin andPeginterferon alfa-2a/Peginterferon alfa-2b dual therapy wasconsidered the first-generation and standard antiviraltreatment. Newer drugs developed as Hepatitis C viral infectiontreatments can be used to reduce or eliminate the use ofribavirin, which are associated with serious adverse effects.


Ribavirin



Patients with the TC genotype and Hepatitis C genotype 1may have decreased response (sustained virologicalresponse, SVR) when administered peg interferon alpha (2a,2b) and ribavirin. They may also have lower spontaneousclearance in acute HCV infections than patients with the CCgenotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to peg interferon andribavirin.











FR-HFR2

GenotypeGene

TCIFNL3IFNL4

Your genetic map


Tacrolimus (also FK-506 or Fujimycin) is an immunosuppressivedrug whose main use is after organ transplant to reduce theactivity of the patient's immune system and so the risk of organrejection. It is also used in a topical preparation in thetreatment of severe atopic dermatitis, severe refractory uveitisafter bone marrow transplants, and the skin condition vitiligo. Itwas discovered in 1984 from the fermentation broth of aJapanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomycestsukubaensis. Tacrolimus is chemically known as a macrolide. Itreduces peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity by binding to theimmunophilin FKBP-12 (FK506 binding protein) creating a newcomplex. This FKBP12-FK506 complex interacts with andinhibits calcineurin thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signaltransduction and IL-2 transcription.


Tacrolimus



Transplant recipients with the TT (CYP3A4 genotype mayrequire a decreased dose of tacrolimus as compared topatients with the TC or CC genotype. Other genetic andclinical factors, such as CYP3A5 (rs776746), may alsoinfluence a patient's dose requirements.











FR-HFR3

GenotypeGene

TTCYP3A5

Your genetic map

Sildenfail is a vasoactive agent used to treat erectiledysfunction and reduce symptoms in patients with pulmonaryarterial hypertension (PAH). Sildenafil elevates levels of thesecond messenger, cGMP, by inhibiting its breakdown viaphosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5). PDE5 is found in particularlyhigh concentrations in the corpus cavernosum, erectile tissue ofthe penis. It is also found in the retina and vascularendothelium. Increased cGMP results in vasodilation whichfacilitates generation and maintenance of an erection.


Viagra (Sildenfail)



Patients with the CC genotype and erectile dysfunction whoare treated with sildenafil may be less likely to havepositive erectile response as compared to patients with theTT genotype. Other genetic and clinical factors may alsoinfluence a patient's response to sildenafil.











FR-HFR4

GenotypeGene

CCGNB3

Your genetic map


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24genetics.com · Summary: Vincristine Patients with the TT genotype may have increased risk of...

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