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© T. M. Whitmore
Today
•SE AsiaPhysical environmentsCultural historyPopulation
© T. M. Whitmore
Last time – Questions?•South Asia
CulturePopulationDevelopment & industry
© T. M. Whitmore
Southeast Asia
•Plate tectonics in SE Asia
•Earthquakes & Volcanoes
Banda Aceh before
Banda Aceh after
Tambora
© T. M. Whitmore
Southeast Asian environments II
•Other land formsIndochina (mainland) mountainsHighlands of Borneo and New Guinea
Coastal mangrove swamps of E Sumatra and parts of N Guinea and Borneo
Major rivers of Indochina
Mainland mountains
Mainland mountains
Mainland mountains
Red R.
Mekong R.
Cho Phraya
Irrawaddy
Salween
Mainland lowlands
Mainland lowlands
Mainland lowlands
Life on the water in mainland SE Asia
Life on the water in mainland SE Asia
Life on the water in mainland SE Asia
© T. M. Whitmore
Southeast Asian Climates
•Climate regimes Tropical wet/dry and equatorial climates (Af, Am) — warm and moist year around
Mainland highlands- Aw; more seasonal wet-dry
© T. M. Whitmore
Vegetation and soils•Highlands in Indochina •Lowland equatorial rainforest
Much of the most moist area under “classical” tropical rainforest
Huge trees; much biodiversity; high biomass/area
Yet — all this on poor soils mostly — how?— high temperatures and rainfall
Commercial threats to tropical rainforests increasing
•Volcanic Soils
Volcanoes in insular SE Asia produce fertile soils but also natural hazards.
Volcanoes in insular SE Asia produce fertile soils but also natural hazards.
Volcanoes in insular SE Asia produce fertile soils but also natural hazards.
© T. M. Whitmore
Agriculture in SE Asian soils
•1st Strategy: SwiddenMainland highlands
•2nd Strategy: Modification of Landscapes (paddy rice)Volcanic islands & river deltas
•3rd Strategy: PlantationsMalaysian peninsula
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Rice terraces, Java
© 2002 Manfred LeiterRice terraces, Java
© 2002 Manfred LeiterRice harvest, Java
© 2002 Manfred LeiterTea plantation, Malaysia
Export-oriented plantations
Export-oriented plantations
Oil Palm plantation in Malaysia © 2002 Manfred Leiter
© T. M. Whitmore
Mineral Resources
•“Tin Belt”
•Gas and OilS. China Sea (Spratly Islands)EEZ: Exclusive Economic Zones
© T. M. Whitmore
Pre-Colonial History•Early Cultural Groups
•Chinese InfluencesAncientModern Chinese Diaspora
•Indian Influences Buddhist & Hindu
•Islamic Influences
SE Asia is linguistically and culturally diverse. 737 languages are spoken in Indonesia alone.
© T. M. Whitmore
Southeast Asia by 1500s(pre-colonization)
•Buddhist KingdomsThai, Shan, Vietnamese, Lao, Burma, Cambodia (Khmer)
•Muslim AreasMalaccan in S. Malay peninsulaIndonesian Archipelago
•AnimistPhilippine Archipelago
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Buddhist influence, SE Asia
© 2002 Manfred LeiterBuddhist influence
© 2002 Manfred LeiterHindu influenced Angkor Wat
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Islamic influence, Malaysia
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
Chinese influence, Malaysia
© T. M. Whitmore
Colonization•European
PortugueseSpainBritishFrench
•Japanese
•USPhilippines
Japanese Empire in WW II
© T. M. Whitmore
The Vietnam War•The civil war ending French colonial rule
of Vietnam led to the division of the country between the Communist north and the Western-allied south.
•Beginning in 1963, the US sent troops to assist the south
•600,000 US troops, 60,000 US casualties, and millions of Vietnamese casualties.
•By 1973 the US was forced to withdraw and the south was later captured by the north.
Herbicides such as Agent Orange were used by US forces to defoliate large areas of South Vietnam. This released chemicals known as dioxins, leading to health effects and birth defects for US soldiers and Vietnamese.
Hundreds of thousands fled South Vietnam after the arrival of northern forces, many in small boats who became known as “boat people”.
© T. M. Whitmore
Current Population Issues
•Uneven Spatial Distribution
•Primate CitiesRangoon (Burma)Bangkok (Thailand)Manilla (Philippines)
•Chinese Minority Populations
© 2002 Manfred Leiter
China town in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
© T. M. Whitmore
Population Growth•Religion NOT a major factor•Higher Rates (~2 %/year)
Cambodia - BuddhistBrunei - MuslimMalaysia - MuslimPhilippines – Roman Catholic & Muslim
•Lower RatesVietnam - BuddhistSingapore – Muslim Thailand - BuddhistIndonesia - Muslim