© T. M. Whitmore

TODAY

•Urbanization in LACauses & consequences

•The urban dual economy

•Migration – the 3rd part of the population equationInternational within LAInternational to/from LA USA/LA migration

© T. M. Whitmore

LAST TIME- Questions?

•Population Geography of LAGrowthFertilityMortalityAge structure

•Urbanization in LASpatial patterns

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Roots of urban growth•Demographic

R—to—Urban migrationNatural increase

•EconomicIndustrializationRural stagnation

•Organizations Banks and governments

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Benefits from urban growth•Efficient provision of social services

•Cities are centers of information flow and knowledge

•Concentrated (and better educated?) labor pool

•Physical infrastructure often better

•Cities concentrate “human capital”

•Cities are a huge internal markets

•Easier linkages between industries

•Cities are often “better off”

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Urban growth I•Housing

First destination of poor migrants is the inner city slums

Elite often still in posh neighborhoods in inner city

Often close juxtaposition of rich and poor

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Elite housing, Santo Domingo

Mexico City country club

Mexican stock exchange

© T. M. WhitmoreWealthy homes in Morelia

© Pearson Education – Prentice HallElite house Cuidad Juarez

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

© T. M. Whitmore

Urban growth II•Planned developments•Self-help (often squatter) “slum” hous

ingFavelas (Brazil), colonias

proletarias, cuidades perdidas, etc.Seen as places of permanence25-40% of total pop in some citiesInitially settlements lack

infrastructureA main characteristic is

improvement•New purchased housing

Planned new housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl:Planned housing area in Mexico City

Nezahualcoyotl - 3 millon people

Squatter housing in Mexico City

Mexico City inner city

© Pearson Education – Prentice HallSquatters outside Lima

© W.H. Freeman & Co.

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo, DR

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. Whitmore

Self-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Lima

© T. M. WhitmoreSelf-help housing, Saltillo, Mexico

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Saltillo

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

© T. M. WhitmoreFormal sector housing, Tegucigalpa

300+ low income homes in Ixtapaluca, complex has more than 10,000!

© T. M. Whitmore

Urban growth III•Subsidy and Sink effects

•Congestion

•Pollution

•Loss of urban open space

•Poor provision of basic services

•Ecological impacts & export of problems

•Poverty generally

•Employment not always good

Mexico City on a rare clear day

More typical Mexico City day

© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreUrban water, Santo Domingo

© T. M. WhitmoreSubsidence in Mexico City

© T. M. Whitmore

Subsidence in Mexico City

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The urban economy•Dual system

Formalcorporate, government, commerce, and major businesses

Minority of jobs?Informal

services, local assembly and repair shops, family-run micro-businesses; day labor, domestics, etc.

Majority of jobs?

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Find the globalization! Tegucigalpa

Informal sector economy

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

© T. M. Whitmore

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal economy, tile making (for export to posh homes in USA), Saltillo

Informal sector, Mexico City dump scavengers

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Migration-the 3rd part of demography

•DefinitionsMore-or-less permanent change in

the locus of one’s lifeMust cross political boundary

•“Circulation” a temporary change in residence

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Migration — 4 major types

•1st type: International within Latin America

•2nd type: International to and from Latin America

•3rd type rural => rural migration

•4th type rural => urban migration

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International migration within

Latin America•Mostly labor circulation flows

•Industrial and urban destinations

•Rural origin to urban destination

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International to and from Latin America

•Colonial migrations100s of thousands of IberiansForced migration of ~10 m Africans

•19th century migrationsEuropeans to S Brazil, Argentina,

Uruguay, Costa RicaAsian indentured labor to Caribbean

& Guyana, Surinam, etc.•Contemporary migrations

Caribbean, Ecuador, “el Norte”

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Return migrant (remittance funded) housing in Ecuador© Brad Jokish

© T. M. Whitmore

Example of International migration: Mexicans to US

•N limits of MexicoLoss of ½ of Mexican territory to US in war of 1840s

•Post-Mexican war in 1880s

•1920s revolution and post-revolution chaos in Mexico plus demand for ag workers in WWI in US => >500kBut small % of all immigration

© T. M. Whitmore

Example of International migration: Mexicans to US

II•1940s -1960s => Bracero program

•1980s and beyondIssue of illegal (undocumented)

•Mexico — USA labor markets closely coupled since 1880s

•Spatial patterns of migration

• Issue of remittances