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+ The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3
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Page 1: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+

The Chemistry of Carbon

Ch 1.3

Page 2: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Introduction

Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds

Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules in biological systems because carbon forms the backbone of so many of the large molecules in these systems.

Page 3: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon…

Carbon is a very special element and is the main element of organic molecules.

Can form so many shapes and structures like rings, diamonds, long-chains and acts as a branching point for other molecules to branch off from.

 

Page 4: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon

How is carbon so unique and useful in biological systems?

Carbon has 4 electrons in its valence shell (which is the outer shell of electrons)

Carbon atomic number: 66 protons and 6 neutrons within the nucleas and 6 electrons total: 2 on the inner ring and 4 on the outer ring or valence shell

Page 5: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

The 4 valence electrons of Carbon allow for many bonding options and make carbon capable of bonding with many other elements to form a variety of organic compounds. Each electron is like a connecting point. 4 Valence electrons = 4 bonds

can form single, double or triple bonds.

The elements that most frequently bond with carbon in organic molecules are nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur.

Carbon atoms can also bond to each other which creates long chains, rings or branched structures.

Page 6: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

Page 7: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+

example of carbon-carbon bonds and also carbon hydrogen bonds.

Page 8: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

Hydrocarbons organic molecules that consists of carbon bonded only to hydrogen.

 

Page 9: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Hydrocarbons

The smallest hydrocarbon = methane (CH4)

Page 10: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+ Monomer a single molecule (such as methane)

Polymer many small subunits or monomers joined together to form a larger molecule

Linear Polymer

Branched Polymer

Page 11: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+

Ring Structures

When carbons are joined into these carbon backbones, the chemical symbol (C) is left out when drawing the structures. Each point in the structure represents a carbon.

Hydrogens are also left out when drawing organic molecules for simplicity.

Page 12: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

This is a carbon carbon single bond. Each carbon has 3 bonding sites.

Page 13: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

This is a carbon carbon double bond. It leaves each carbon with only two bonding sites rather than three.

Page 14: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Bonding

This is a carbon carbon triple bonds. It leaves each carbon with only one bonding spot rather than three.

Page 15: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Nitrogen Bonding

Nitrogen is found to have 5 valence electrons and lies at the top of Group 5 on the periodic table.

Nitrogen usually forms 3 bonds because it has 5 valence electrons.

3 bonds would give nitrogen a complete octet.

Page 16: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Nitrogen Bonding

Ma

3 bonds, 2 lone pair electrons = complete octet

Page 17: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Oxygen Bonding

Oxygen is found in group 6 of the periodic table and has 6 valence electrons. There is space for two more electrons around the oxygen atom.

Oxygen needs two electrons to complete its octet. Oxygen forms two bonds.

Page 18: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Oxygen Bonding

2 bonds, 4 lone pair electrons = complete octet

Page 19: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Sulfur Bonding

Sulfur is found in group 6 of the periodic table and has 6 valence electrons. There is space for two more electrons around the sulfur atom.

Sulfur needs two electrons to complete its octet. Sulfur forms two bonds(but can sometimes form up to 6!! H2SO4

Page 20: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Sulfur Bonding

Range between 2-6 bonds formed between sulfur and neighboring molecules

Page 21: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Hydrogen Bonding

Oxygen is found in group 1 of the periodic table and has 1 valence electron

Hydrogen can form one bond with other atoms

Page 22: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+

Page 23: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carbon Containing Molecules

Biological molecules in the body have different functional properties and give rise to the four main categories of biological molecules: Carbohydrates (CHO) Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Functional Groups Various elemental groups that join to carbon in a molecule allow that molecule special properties to undergo chemical reactions.

Page 24: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Functional Groups

These groups attach to long hydrocarbon chains which allow for interaction in chemical reactions.

Usually ionic or very polar unlike the non-polar hydrocarbon chain.

These very polar functional groups act as the hook which allows the hydrocarbons to react!

Fig. 4 Pg. 26 – Common Functional Groups in biological molecules

Memorize these common functional groups, their classes and be able to give an example.

Page 25: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+

Polar molecules are able to dissolve in water, while non polar hydrocarbons cannot!

Ex- ETHANE compared (C2H6) to ETHANOL (C2H5OH)

The hydroxyl group is very polar which allows this molecule to dissolve in water and it can therefore be dissolved in the cytosol of the cell.

Polar Functional Groups

Page 26: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Carboxyl Groups

-COOH

Can release proton in solution and become a negatively charged, acidic molecule (-COO-)

Acts like an ACID

Page 27: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Amino Group

-NH2

Can bond to, and gain an H+ proton to become NH3+ which turns the acid into a weak base

Acts like a BASE

Page 28: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Phosphate Groups

-PO42-

These are acidic and make up nucleic acids which compose DNA.

Can lose their H+ ions to become negatively charged (phosphate groups have 2 H+ to loose)

acts like an ACID

Page 29: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+Dehydration and Hydrolysis Rxns. Dehydration removes a water molecule (HOH)

usually during the assembly of a larger molecule from smaller subunits.

Also knows as a Dehydration Synthesis Reaction

Ex- the formation of large sugar molecules from glucose monomersThe hydroxyl groups interact and the oxygen atom forms a link between the two cyclic monomer sugars.

Page 30: + The Chemistry of Carbon Ch 1.3. + Introduction Compounds that contain carbon Organic Compounds Organic molecules are the most prevalent molecules.

+ATP ~ Anhydride Linkage


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