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Western Migration & Immigration
Culture Clash on the prairie & in the city
Native Americans Great Plains: west-central portion of U.S
Tribal Life› Nomadic: move from
place to place› Trade with other tribes› War with other tribes
over hunting grounds Horse & Buffalo
Culture› Horse = mobility› Buffalo = food,
clothing, tools, shelter
Family Life› Traditional male & female roles› Believe in spirits› Communal land & lifestyle› Leaders rule by counsel, not
force
Settlers
Who were they?› Immigrants: Irish, German, Polish, Chinese› African Americans (freed slaves)› Civil War Veterans› Cattle barons
Why did they move?› Manifest Destiny/Railroads› Gold› Cheap Land/Escape from Civil War
Believed in land ownership
Fight for the Plains
Massacre at Sand Creek (1864)› U.S. Army Commander order attack on
Cheyenne & Arapaho: over 150 killed Bozeman Trail Violence (1866 - 1868)
› Treaty of Fort Laramie: force Sioux onto reservation
Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)› Sioux destroy Colonel Custer & 7th Cavalry› Sioux eventually defeated & surrender
Assimilation: Native Americans give up culture, live as white settlers
Battle of Western Settlement Ends Dawes Act 1887
› Divide reservation land› sell remainder: whites take 2/3 of land› No money given to Native Americans
Buffalo› Fur traders› 1800 = 65 million buffalo› 1890 = 1000 buffalo
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)› 7th Cavalry slaughters 300
unarmed Sioux› End of westward expansion
The Populist Movement Farmers Problems
› Railroads: high shipping & storage prices
› Low crop prices› Huge bank loans
Populism› Farmers unite to address common problems› Ideas become platform of Democratic Party
Legacy› Common people can unite & effect change› Many reforms enacted in 20th Century
Immigration in late 19th & early 20th Centuries
Why did people immigrate to the U.S.?
› Famine› Land & job shortages› Religious/political
persecution› Strike it Rich!› The “American Dream”
Where were they from?
Europe› 1870-1920: 20 million › Prior to 1890: western & northern Europe› After 1890: southern & eastern Europe
Asia› 1850-1883: 300,000 Chinese› 1884-1920: 200,000 Japanese
Mexico & West Indies› 1880-1920: 260,000 from West Indies› 1900-1930: 700,000 from Mexico
The Immigrant Experience
Voyage› 1-3 weeks on ship in steerage› Disease spreads quickly, death
Arrival› Ellis Island (New York Harbor)
Physical exam Document inspection & interview Requirements: not convicted of felony, able to work, at least $25
› Angel Island (San Francisco Harbor) Life
› Language barrier› Finding work/housing› Ethnic Communities = support system (Chinatown, Little Italy)
The Rise of Nativism
Nativism› Favoritism of native born Americans› Lead to anti-immigrant groups &
restrictions Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
› Prohibited most Chinese immigration› Not repealed until 1943
Why resistance to immigration?› Religious intolerance› Racism› Job competition (immigrants =
cheap labor)