Volume I issue 1.pdf

THE ANNALS OF THE

“ŞTEFAN CEL MARE” UNIVERSITY

Physical Education and Sport Section

The Science and Art of Movement

Volume I issue 1

ISSN - 1844-9131

SUCEAVA December 2008

THE ANNALS OF THE "STEFAN CEL MARE" UNIVERSITY ISSN – 1844 – 9131 Volum I issue 1/ 2008

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

THE ROLE OF THE VOLLEYBALL GAME AND SPECIFIC MEANS OF PREVENTION AN REHABILITATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR PATIENTS… …………………………………………………………………………............................9 Mihai Airinei THE BIOMECHANICAL STUDY ON FORCES AND MOMENTUM THAT ACT ON ANKLE JOINT WHEN STAMPING IN ATTACK AT VOLLEYBALL……………..18 Florian Benedek, Gougou Gramatopol, Roxana, Benedek, Mirela Benedek THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PRACTISING PHYSICAL EXERCISES WITH THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING A SEDENTARY, STRESSFUL AND DISCORDERED LIFE………………………………………………………………….25 Ioan Drăgoiu

A STUDY ABOUT THE IMPACT OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS` PARTICIPATION TO PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ACTIVITIES…………………………………………….32 Ioan Drăgoiu, Dumitru Irimia THE SELECTION IMPROVEMENT IN THE THIRD JUNIORS HANDBALL TEAM…………………………………………………………………………………...39 Iulian Dugan SLEEPING – AN EFFICIENT WAY OF PERFORMANCE SPORTSMEN RECOVERING………………………………………………………………………….45 Juravle Mariana OLYMPIC EDUCATION IN EXILE?............................................................................51 Juravle Mariana TEACHING AND PSYCHO – PEDAGOGICAL PRIORITIES IN THE REGULATION OF THE HANDBALL GAME FOR THE CATEGORY OF CHILDREN AND PLAYERS OF MINIHANDBALL………………………………...55 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc THE CONCEPT OF “SPORT FOR ALL” IN THE CURRENT CONTEXT……………………………………………………………….61 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc


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OLYMPIC PHENOMENON AS A COMPONENT OF EDUCATION……………….68 Virgil Moroşan Larionescu COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE COORDINATIVE ABILITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE RURAL VS. URBAN ENVIRONMENT ( SECOND GRADE).......................................................................................................................... 74 Alexandru Păcuraru, Carmen Preda THE REFEREE’S DUTY AND RESPONSIBILITY DURING SPORTIVE COMPETITIONS……………………………………………………………………….80 Victor Pancu THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SIXTH GRADE STUDENT’S PHYSICAL CONDITION SUPPORTED BY UTILITARIAN - APPLICATIVE WAYS………….85 Marius Pavaluc TRENDS IN THE GAME OF HANDBALL…………………………………………...90 Doru Tugurlan


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TABLE DES MATIÈRES

LE ROLE DU JEU DE VOLLEY-BALL ET DES MOYENS SPECIFIQUES DE LA PREVENTION UNE REHABILITATION DES PATIENTS CARDIOVASCULAIRES …………………………………………………………………………............................9 Mihai Airinei ETUDE BIOMECANIQUE DE LES FORCES ET LES MOMENTS DE ARTICULATION AGISSANT A LA CHEVILLE DANS LE CAS DE TRAC POUR L'ATTAQUE EN VOLLEY-BALL ………………………………………………..…..18 Florian Benedek, Gougou Gramatopol, Roxana, Benedek, Mirela Benedek LE ROLE ET LÌMPORTANCE DES EXERCICES PHYSIQUES DANS LA LUTTE CONTRE LA SEDENTARITE, LE STRESS ET LA VIE DESORDONNEE ……………………………………………………………………………………..……25 Ioan Drăgoiu

ETUDE SUR LÌMPACT DES CERTIFICATS MEDICAUX SUR LA PARTICIPATION DES ELEVES DU COLLEGE AUX CLASSES D` EDUCATION PHYSIQUE ET SPORT ……………………………………………………………..…32 Ioan Drăgoiu, Dumitru Irimia OPTIMIZE DE LA SELECTION DE L'EQUIPE DE HANDBALL JUNIOR III ………………………………………………………………………………………..…39 Iulian Dugan LE SOMMEIL, MILIEU EFFICIENT DES REDRESSEMENT DES SPORTIFS DE PERFORMANCE ………………………………………………………………………45 Juravle Mariana L'education olimpique scolaire dans l'exil?...............................................51 Juravle Mariana DES PRIORITES DIDACTIQUES ET PSYCHO-PEDAGOGIQUES AUX REGLES DU JEU DE HANDBALL POUR LA CATEGORIE DES ENFANTS ET DES JOUEURS DU MINIHADBALL ………………………………………………………55 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc LA NOTION DE «SPORT POUR TOUS» DANS LE CONTEXTE ACTUEL …………………………………………………………………………………………..61 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc


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LE PHENOMENE OLYMPIQUE COMME COMPOSANT DE L’EDUCATION ……………………………………………………………………………………..……68 Virgil Moroşan Larionescu ÉTUDE COMPARATIVE DE LA CAPACITE COORDONATIVE DES ELEVES DU PRIMAIRE DANS LES ZONES RURALES URBAINES…………………………….74 Alexandru Păcuraru, Carmen Preda LA RESPONSABILITE ET LE DEVOIR DE L’ARBITRE PENDANT LES COMPETITIONS SPORTIVES……………………………………………………...…80 Victor Pancu L‘OPTIMISATION DE LA PREPARATION PHYSIQUE DES ELEVES DE LA VI-EME CLASSE A LÁIDE DES TRACES APPLICATIVES UTILITAIRES ……...…85 Marius Pavaluc TENDANCES DE L’EVOLUTION DU JEU DE HANDBALL ……………………...90 Doru Tugurlan


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CUPRINS

ROLUL JOCULUI DE VOLEI SI A MIJLOACELOR SPECIFICE IN PREVENIREA SI REABILITAREA BOLNAVILOR CARDIOVASCULARI …………………….......9 Mihai Airinei STUDIU BIOMECANIC ASUPRA FORŢELOR ŞI MOMENTELOR CE ACŢIONEAZĂ LA NIVELUL ARTICULAŢIEI GLEZNEI ÎN CAZUL BĂTĂII PENTRU ATAC LA VOLEI ………………………………………………….………..18 Florian Benedek, Gougou Gramatopol, Roxana, Benedek, Mirela Benedek ROLUL ŞI IMPORTANŢA PRACTICĂRII EXERCIŢIILOR FIZICE ÎN COMBATEREA SEDENTARISMULUI, STRESSULUI ŞI A UNEI VIEŢI DEZORDONATE ………………………………………………………………………25 Ioan Drăgoiu

STUDIU PRIVIND IMPACTUL SCUTIRILOR MEDICALE ASUPRA PARTICIPĂRII ELEVILOR DIN CICLUL GIMNAZIAL LA ACTIVITĂŢILE DE EDUCAŢIE FIZICĂ ŞI SPORT ……………………………………………………….32 Ioan Drăgoiu, Dumitru Irimia OPTIMIZAREA SELECŢIEI LA ECHIPA DE HANDBAL JUNIORI III …………………………………………………………………………………………..39 Iulian Dugan SOMNUL, MIJLOC EFICIENT DE REFACERE LA SPORTIVII DE PERFORMANTA ………………………………………………………………………45 Juravle Mariana EDUCAŢIA OLIMPICĂ ŞCOLARĂ ÎN EXIL?............................................................ 51 Juravle Mariana PRIORITĂŢI DIDACTICE ŞI PSIHO-PEDAGOGICE LA REGULAMENTUL JOCULUI DE HANDBAL PENTRU CATEGORIA COPII ŞI PRACTICANŢI AI MINIHADBALULUI ……………………………………………………………..……55 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc CONCEPTUL „SPORTUL PENTRU TOTI” IN CONTEXUL ACTUAL …………………………………………………………………………...61 Florin-Valentin Leuciuc


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FENOMENUL OLIMPIC CA ŞI COMPONENTĂ A EDUCAŢIEI ………………….68 Virgil Moroşan Larionescu STUDIU COMPARATIV ASUPRA CAPACITATII COORDONATIVE A ELEVILOR DIN SCOALA PRIMARA DIN MEDIUL RURAL VERSUS MEDIUL URBAN……74 Alexandru Păcuraru, Carmen Preda RESPONSABILITATEA SI DATORIA ARBITRULUI IN CADRUL COMPETITIILOR SPORTIVE…………………………………………………….…..80 Victor Pancu OPTIMIZAREA PREGĂTIRII FIZICE A ELEVILOR DIN CLASA A VI –A CU AJUTORUL TRASEELOR APLICATIV – UTILITARE ……………………………..85 Marius Pavaluc TENDINTE IN EVOLUTIA JOCULUI DE HANDBAL ……………………………...90 Doru Tugurlan


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The role of the volleyball game and specific means of prevention an rehabilitation of cardiovascular patients

Prof.drd. Mihai Airinei National College „Petru Rareş” of Suceava Key words: practice of physical exercise, physical effort, cardiovascular, health. Summary: Practicing physical exercise plays an important role in preventing arterial wall structure changes during the process of atherosclerosis. Patients who after an accident coronial acute continue to provide a physical exercise and lead an active life, have a life quality much better, approximately normal integrating in the family and society than those who have abandoned the physical effort. So we can say that physical recovery is indispensable for all cardiac patients and especially patients with cardiac disease ischemic. This must be part of any therapeutic program prescribed to cardiac patients.

Introduction

In the contemporary society, in the context of mechanization and automation of all human activities with the diminishing locomotory work, man is asked increasingly less in terms of physical and invited it to sedentariness. The disagreement between the rapid transformation of the environment and human body's inability to adapt their pace, which is cousing the disease, has led to chronic proportions of the increasingly worrying. In less than 15 years mortality due to heart disease passed on third place in the first place, now representing more than 50% of all deaths. As a result, today we assist to a growing concern of society in which we live, and in particular of modern medicine for prevention of cardiovascular diseases, just appreciation of the work capacity of patients and their recovery, the formation of healthy habits for life and work, which involved ensure adequate capacity physical tasks more demanding professional.

The two aspects, the practice of physical exercise and total physical inactivity are followed in each part of the key changes, structural and functional, of course opposed to each other, and answer the principle of "development through the application". From a structural point of view, cause physical exercise increase the volume not only muscles but also of organs as the heart and the Mver. When immobilization of body cause decrease in volume of muscles and organs mentioned, it can even


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lead to phenomena of degeneration. Also, the practice of physical exercise cause changes in favor of function, circulatory, nervous system and endocrine, metabolic changes, which compete to determine the main features trained physically. Therefore, physical activity and inactivity has good influence, respectively a bad one, for bodies and their function. Material-method

It has been shown that the effects of exercise may interfere with clear mechanisms for the production of some pretty serious diseases, such as atherosclerosis and its complications. The whole program with the therapeutic effect of attacks, in order to physical rehabilitation and social reintegration of these patients, is based on the practice of physical exercise dose, well managed and adapted to every ill in part, depending on the tolerance to the effort, standardized in relation to evolution coronial acute accident. Practicing physical exercise plays an important role in preventing arterial wall structure changes during the process of atherosclerosis. Patients who after an accident coronial acute continue to provide a physical exercise and lead an active life, have a life quality much better, approximately normal integrating in the family and society than those who have abandoned the physical effort. So we can say that physical recovery is indispensable for all cardiac patients and especially patients with cardiac disease ischemic. This must be part of any therapeutic program prescribed to cardiac patients. Professor Dr. Ana Asian said that "sustained physical activity enhance longevity and that sport is a source of heath and freshness". Sanobeneflcal effects of practicing physical exercise include positive modifications from the psyche as well as positive influences on certain categories of diseases of the most redoubtable: lumbar suffering a series of endocrine diseases, cancer, but especially cardiovascular accidents. In practice, because of the frequency of occurrence at the age of increasingly young and because of all the conditions, it responds best to exercise physical action, ischemic cardio-patty must constitute the main objective of any program to move, regardless of age and sex, whether that person's activity takes place in the individual or organized and specialized supervision.

Results

Cardiovascular functional capacity has certain features depending on age. It is known that most of cardiovascular patients were aged over 40


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years. The indicator of the capacity of individual effort, especially the ability of the resistance to effort, given the maximum consumption of oxygen(aerobic capacity).This decrease with 5ml/min/kcorp(10-l 1%) per decade of age between 26 and 65 years. Once with the increasing age, is an increase of labor respiratory muscles, due to reduced elasticity of the lung and chest wall, a decrease of capacity distribution of oxygen level lungs\, and decrease of cardiac output up, so a decline of functional capacity of the transmission system of oxygen. To the low intake of oxygen are added some deficiencies in the distribution and use of it. As advance in age, during an intense effort, circulatory flow skin percentage increase compared to total traffic flow. This contributes to the decrease of oxygen artheriovenose difference, (the capacity of its use) with the passage of age. The capacity's utilization of oxygen in the skeletal muscles and in attack, decreases by reducing the number of capillary capacity and oxidative enzymes. In most organs increases the proportion of tissue. With the passing of the years after the age of 60 years, blood circulation tends to become hipokinetical. Lowers the maximum cardiac output, lowers the maximum frequency, thus decreasing the maximum oxygen consumption (VCh).At patients with ischemic cardio-patty, O2 consumption is reduced , as well as cardiac output maxim. The coronary infusion in muscle activity is identical with the individual normal, but is at high pressure system, peripheral resistance is also increased. Maximum performance of coronarial patients is limited by maximum Also, the volume of heart grow by a moderate hypertrophy and reglatory heart dilation, which leads to an increase in force contracts and the growth of the economy functioning heart. Practicing physical exercise alter the plasma concentration of various liquids, especiallyof the lipoproteins, preventing massive filing them in tunic intimate artery in the aterogenesis.. Prestigious cardiologists claim that, in modern society, sedentariness in combination with other noxious factors (smoking, hipercalorical diet, emotional stress) increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and practicing regular physical exercise has a protective effect and in case the disease was already installed, an recuperator effect.For effect relationship between ischemic cardiopathy and sedentariness were done research on static frequency of these diseases in population groups with various degrees of physical activity in their professional work or leisure. The results of these studies clearly show that the incidence of ischemic cardiopathy is considerably higher in sedentary people than those who do heavy physical work in training. Established ischemical heart disease is characterized by the narrowing of the coronary arterial lumen supplying


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oxygen attack and nutrients. People at who ischemic cardiopathy was already installed can achieve a number of therapeutic effects through the practice exercise: decreased heart rate and the flow of effort, accompanied by the increasing difference arterovene (using oxygen in the muscles of the scheme, diminishing the concentration of lactic acid in the blood ,the ischemic electrocardiographic changes and abnormal rhythm, left ventricular reduction labor, etc.).. Among the mechanisms that get prophylactic and therapeutic effects can be listed: ■ Saving heart economy by increasing locomotor function of the device. It improves muscle strength and coordination driver, with resulting decrease of oxygen needs in skeletal muscles and thus requiring less of the heart. ■Reducing the need oxygen to heart by influencing regulation neurovegetative its contractile function and metabolism and oxidative. ■ Increasing extraction of oxygen (a coefficient of use of oxygen). ■ Development of collateral circulation opening is a very important way to compensate for the coronaniene sclerosis. ■ Coagulation changes are: the maintenance of normal coagulabilitatii and prevent its growth and prone, to thrombosis ■ Adjusting lipid and carbohydrate Involving physical exercise to preserve health and its application in the prevention and recovery of heart patients have their source after thousands of years. Pythagoras and Alcmen displayed in the school of chintz as the disease is the result of vanishing harmony and healing the body is returning to the harmony of previous illness. Iccus of Tarentum sees in the practice of physical exercise a possibility of moral integration of individual personality. He is against violent efforts structures that distort the body and to recommend practical pentathlon, jumps, throwing the disc. Greco-Romans were connecting, from the second century, the idea of health with the practicing of the physical exercise. In our country there have been concerns for the use of physical exercise in therapeutic effect for a long time. In the meeting with cardiovascular rehabilitation issues, organized by the Society of Cardiology, in Cluj in 1970 he would organize a pilot stations for functional recovery of patients with ischemic cardiac disease and hypertension and have made recommendations regarding the method of testing sick at work and method of physical training. In Bucharest Medical Publishing, 1986 appears in the paper "Recovering patients with cardiovascular exercise" by Dr. Corneliu Obrascu.Profdr. Gheorghe Mogos show in his "high


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blood pressure and exercise" published in Sport-Tourism Publishing House, Bucharest, 1988, current views on the beneficial effects of practicing physical exercise on hypertension and other diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes , which co-partner hypertension increases the risk of death by disease in hypertension. In 1998, Dr. Obrascu same, in collaboration with Alexandrian Ovezea restore discussed favorable effects of practicing physical exercise, which can be obtained from cardiovascular patients in the work "Exercise for cardiovascular patients" Dr. Viorel Moga, published in 1990 work i Exercise in combat atherosclerosis, where, starting from the principles of sports training, looks like a systematic practice of physical exercises, various influences in a positive sense risk factors aterogenes, thereby limiting the development and worsening of atherosclerotic lesions. At the same time, he suggests that the practice of systematic exercise provides at least partial protection of vital organs (heart, brain, kidney) in fulminant evolution of atherosclerosis. Publishing Grammar Bucharest out in print the book in 1994 Mrs. Dr. Silvia Marcus, "The heart and physical effort," the book brings arguments in clear need for practicing physical exercise so as a way to prevent the occurrence of cardiovascular disease as well as a way of recovering cardiovascular patients. Recovering patients with myocardial infarction based on the finding, made many years ago, the adoption of an attitude of avoiding any physical effort, after an acute myocardial infarction, combined with rest in bed extended acute phase of infarction, made of these some sick "handicapped" wrongly dates of the performance targets of their heart. If 20 years ago, there were still units in the hospital with a heart attack patient was immobilized in bed for up to 4-6 weeks, currently, most cases of uncomplicated acute myocardial infarction, are external hospital after 8-14 days after the onset of the disease. Classic, the first stage of the recovery of MI conducted in seven steps of mobilization, whose scroll should take 3 days for each step. Currently, each step is covered in 2 days or less depending on the evolution of individual cases. In the first stage, the patient will be instructed to perform passive movements of the extremities, in bed, reaching as in the seventh stage, the patient to get down to single 1-2 floors being so ready to return home. Stage two is the largest recovery in physics because the ill person aims to restore as much of its capacity compatible with physical functional status of the body.


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Stage three is the stage of maintaining a physical recovery and aims to maintain and possibly improve physical condition and cardiac functional parameters (Of the card parametres)obtained in the second phase. Is aimed at reducing labor heart for a given level of effort, raising the capacity of maximum effort, maximum cardiac performance improvement and, optionally, the development of the coronary collateral circulation. At the end of this phase, is estimated the capacity of the patient's effort to determine whether he can continue or not his previous professional activity. The patient's inclusion in the second phase of the physical recovery is preceded by a test effort. Before starting the exercise, heart patients should be subjected to functional tests to determine their ability of adapting to the effort of the cardiovascular device. For this purpose shall be taken into consideration subjective symptoms of the sick during testing (cardiac pain, stressed fatigue, dizziness, headaches) and a series of objective indices: heart rate, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, calculation of the systolic volume and the heart's debt, respiratory debt and oxygen consumption. It's undeniable that the long and systematic practice of physical exercise in the recovery lesson, determines in the body a series of changes leading to a functional economic response in rest and effort and a perfect effort adaptation resulting in favorable reaction of the body subjected to various requests. The physical recovery lesson changes the responses to requests, improving the yield of each system with almost 20-30% and 100% considering the global effects. The period of physical exercise is an important element. The effect of practicing physical exercise is obtained from the duration of the effort which takes 5 minutes and this effect grows progressively and directly proportional with the period of effort. It is necessary that the recovery lessons to be repeated by a number of times a week, currently, that are required at least 3-4 lessons per week, if possible separated by a day off. The lesson consists in 3 parts: physical heating, which is used in light training, the recovery itself which are used means of action to achieve the proposed purpose and the third part of recovering in which are used the relaxation exercises. Structures of the exercises used in the first stage of recovery from IMA medical gymnastics could be: • the flexion and extension of the foot(5-io times for 40-45 s) • opening and closing the hand's fingers(3-5 times for 30 s)


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• the bending and the extension of the arm from shoulder with a closed fist03-5 times for 30 s) • lifting of the arm vertically stretched and moving it down by the CFM trainer(3-5 times for 30 s) • the flexion and extension of the knee, made by the CFM trainer(3-5 times, for 30 s) • arms stretched forward, carrying them in side with inspiration, return and expiration(5-io times for 1 min) • from laying down, alternatively lifting of the stretched lower member, with inspiration, its return and expiration(io-i5 times for 1 min) • from standing with the legs distant, with the arms on hips, rotate your trunk(io-i5 times for l min). Between the structures from the medical gym exercises used in the second base of the IMA recovery, are included breathing exercises, exercises for muscle rength and endurance and the development of joint mobility and muscle imness. In the cardiac patients' recovery have been imposed structures ■om exercises taken from volleyball. Means of action of the game of Dlleyball were divided into two categories depending on the phase in which they :e used and the request on the patient. Thus, different simple and average Tuctures of exercises are distinguished. From the simple structures of exercises: • from laying down on the back, passing from the top with a hand • the same with two hands • the same 2-3 smaller passings, 4-5 bigger passings • the same, passings with a partner standing in front of the performer • the same, passings with a partner standing in the back of the performer • the same, in side right and left • from standing with the legs distant, rolling the ball with engaging • the same, but higher speed • the same, but increasing the height • the same, with the face on a corner, passings at the two walls • the same, increasing the distance • the same, combining the front passings with the ones in side right and left From the average structures of exercises: • from the hip, passings between 5-6 performers • the same, changing the direction of passing • from standing, passings between 2 partners • the same, increasing the distance • the same, with variation of the passings


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• from standing, passings between 2 partners with small jumps • the same, increasing the distance • the same, with variation of short and long passings for moving ahead-back-1-2 steps • on pairs, 2-3 control passings, from top, followed by a passing to the partner • the same, touching a line placed in side right and left • volleyball in the swimming pool The practice of physical exercises must be part of the complex of medical severity of ischemic cardio-patty and its manifestations are more smaller than the sedentary. The practice of systematic and long exercise leads to significant changes in the levels of various functions of the body, accompanied by raisin the capacity of effort. Aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen consumption) can reach values of 85-90ml/kcorp trained the man against the man unschooled 40-50ml Ch/kcorp. One of the modifications the early products of systematic practice of physical exercise is brahicardia(reduced heart rate). It is also noticed the decrease of oxygen consumption of heart during training effort. The heart's capillarisation is better. The unschooled heart does not use all available capillaries treatment measures that are taken for the recovery of cardiac patients. Physic recovery lesson manages to give to the patient a reconditioning of the locomotor apparatus and an economic functioning of the cardiovascular apparatus. The continuation in long time of practicing physical exercise after the convalescent period is to avoid the harmful effects of sedentariness, maintaining favorable effects already obtained, filling them with others that occur in longer periods of controlled effort (improving the cellular metabolism).

Discussions

The patient's education for the systematic practice of the exercise should be done in appropriate language, the subject should be advised and directed 'to go' on the road that leads to health, and learn to be restored, to recreate himself. Recovery does not mean absolute rest, but a good dose and conducted activity according to possibilities and preferences. Increasing of exercise capacity is particularly useful in coronary patients, on whom quality of life is precarious, with a number of limitations due to physical disease. The society loses serious material and moral values as a result of coronary illness. By practicing physical exercise dosed and well-controlled, it shall facilitates the returning to normal life, professional, but also recreational. It is recommended the introduction of cardiovascular


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patients in the programs offered by institutions of recovery and monitoring of patients. In the absence of such possibilities, the recovery can be done also by the physical education teacher, under the control of your regular doctor. Bibliography:

1. Bălteanu Veronica-“Kinetotherapy course”, Al.I.Cuza University` publishing, Iaşi, 1994

2. 2.I. Branea-„Actualities in the recovery of a cardiac patient”, Helicon Publishing,1993

3. Robert De Busk, M.D& C.Barr-“Exercising After a Heart Attack-Publishers Group West, San Francisco

4. A.Detemer-„ Physical Education and sport`s physiology and biochemistry, Sport-Turism Publishing, 1982

5. I. Drăgan,”Sports Medicine” Sport Turism Publishing, 1982 6. S.P.Fortmann, M.D-„Controlling High Blood Pressure with

Exercise” 7. I.Iacob-„Volley Course” Al.I. Cuza University`s publishing 8. C.Marcu-„ Evidence of effort in assessing myocardial ischemia”,

Junimea Publishing 9. S. Marcus-„ Heart and physical effort” Gramar Publishing 10. D. Zbrenghea, I.Branea-„ Recoverz of cardiovascular patiens,

Clusium Publishing, 1995 Titlu: Rolul jocului de volei si a mijloacelor specifice in prevenirea si reabilitarea bolnavilor cardiovasculari. Cuvinte cheie: practica exerciţiului fizic, efortul fizic, cardiovascular, sănătatea Rezumat: Practicarea exerciţiului fizic joacă un rol important in prevenirea modificărilor structurii pereţilor arteriali, in cursul procesului de arteroscleroză. Bolnavii care, după un accident coronian acut, continuă să presteze un exerciţiu fizic şi să ducă o viată activă, au o viaţă calitativ mult mai bună, integrându-se cvasinormal in familie şi societate decât cei care au abandonat efortul fizic. Putem spune deci că recuperarea fizică este indispensabilă tuturor bolnavilor cardiaci si mai ales bolnavilor cu cardiopatie ischemică. Ea trebuie să facă parte din orice program terapeutic prescris bolnavilor cardiaci. Titre: Le rôle du jeu de volley-ball et des moyens spécifiques de la prévention une réhabilitation des patients cardiovasculaires


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Mots-clés: la pratique d'exercice physique, L'effort physique, Cardiovasculaire, La santé. Résumé: La pratique de l’exercice physique joue une rôle important dans la prévention des changements de la structure de le paroi artérielle, durant le processus de arteroscleroze. Les malades qui, après un accident coronian aigué, continue de fournir un exercice et d’avoir une vie active, ont une vie bien meilleure en terms de qualité et s’integrent cvasinormal dans la famile et dans la société que ceux qui ont abandone l’effort physique. Mais, nous pouvons dire que la recuperation physique est indispensable pour tous les patients cardiques et, en particulier, pour les patients avec cardiopathie ischémique. Elle doit faire partie de tous les programs thérapeutique prescrits pour les malades caridiaques.

THE BIOMECHANICAL STUDY ON FORCES AND MOMENTUM THAT ACT ON ANKLE JOINT WHEN STAMPING

IN ATTACK AT VOLLEYBALL Florian Benedek

University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava Gougou Gramatopol University of Athens

Roxana, Benedek Mirela Bemedek

Key words: ankle joint, biomechanics, attack at volleyball Resumme: Modern research has shown that not only the mechanic factor by itself can influence the structural modifications but it must also be assisted by the tissual biochemical factor which creates the conditions for the disappearance of some structures and the appearance of others. Introduction

Till ancient times the animal body, human, respectively has been considered as a living machine, and biomechanics, a subject that has appeared -we can say it- quite “recently” (from the Greek words bios=life and mehane=machine), deals with the study of motions from the point of view of mechanics’ laws. The human or animal body or its segments are considered mobile, therefore moving.


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According to some authors [1, 2, 9, 10], biomechanics is a natural science which studies the objective laws of equilibrium and movement of living material bodies.

One can say that biomechanics deals with the study of the moving forms, of the forces that produce the motion, of the interaction between these forces and those which oppose to the motion. Due to these assertions one can conclude the fact that biomechanics is a method of analysing the motions anatomically and functionally in mechanical terms.

A definition of biomechanics which renders the connection between mechanics and anatomy is given by. [8] The latter asserts that: “biomechanics is the science that studies the repercussions of mechanic forces on functional structure of man, concerning his bone architecture, joints and muscles as factors that determine the motion.

As the above lines highlight, biomechanics deals not only with the mechanical analysis of motions but also with their effects on the structure of organs that make the movement.

As I have already outlined, biomechanics has various definitions in the reference books such as:

- the science that deals with the study of mechanical motion in animal bodies (human, respectively), its causes and manifestations. [6]

- the science that studies the connections and laws of mechanical and biological movement forms. [7]

- the science that studies the action and effect of internal and external forces on biological systems. [8]

- the science that studies how living creatures move, develop in relation with the mechanics principles. [9] - an application of mechanics laws on living organisms, for example the locomotory system. [5]

- the science that studies the human body’s movements as well as those of different segments together with the orthostatic activity of the body or its parts. [4]

Material-method:

The evolution of the motions study Modern research has shown that not only the mechanic factor by

itself can influence the structural modifications but it must also be assisted by the tissual biochemical factor which creates the conditions for the disappearance of some structures and the appearance of others.

As for the study of motions methodology, it has also evolved at the same time with the progresses achieved by science and technique following mainly the same three stages:


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a) The stage of using the mechanical installations. During these periods, dynagraphs, pneumographical recordings of the pressure of different segments have been used.

b) The photochemical stage. The chromophotography [11] and cyclogrammetry. [10] Later on the cinematography develops fact which gives the possibility of reproducing the movements on a screen; the use of slow motion to reproduce the images offers the possibility of studying attentively the different biomechanical characteristics of movement

c) The electrotechnical and electronic stage. Tension converters start to be used which are fixed on sports apparatus (platforms, oars, skis, dynagraphical skates) or on the sportsman’s equipment and through tension systems they transmit the information to some oscilloscopes which record the different followed parameters giving the possibility of having an electrical, biomechanical analysis of the sports moment. Therefore, electrographical and stereophotoelectronic devices. The electronic calculators make the minute mathematical transformation. [9]

Results:

The creation of the analytical model If one makes a simple analysis –from a mechanical point of view-

one can say that the ankle joint forms according to the movements that it affords a rotating kinematic coupling (cylindrical joint). The kinematic coupling can be defined as a mechanism formed of two elements in direct contact through a link that permits the mobility of at least one of them (figure 1).

c Figure 1. Kinematic coupling. a), b) lateral plane, c) sagital frontal

plane. 1 and 2 elements of the coupling In order to create a reliable analytical model of the ankle joint I

have started my judgment having in mind the fact that the joint is a cylindrical one. The cylindrical joint is a type of joint, as we have seen, (figure 1) that allows only the relative rotating movement round its longitudinal axis. The cylindrical joints can be as follows:


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- trochlear joints (such as: the humeral-cubital-radial joint that allows only the flex-extend movement of the forearm on the arm) or the joint articulation;

- the trochoid joints which allow only the pivoting motion. (such as the superior radial-cubital joint).

In the case of volleyball (the one taken into consideration) the time before jumping to attack can be sequenced in three phases:

- touching the court with both heels - moving from the heel to the whole sole - detaching from the court which means moving the sole

by pushing energetically the toes and the metatarsus.

Figure 3. The three phases of stamping for the attack at volleyball.

The present study focuses on the analysis of the first two phases of the time before jumping to attack that is: touching the court with the heel and touching it with the whole sole.

First I have designed the ankle joint as a system of two articulated bars and I have related it to a triorthogonal system of axes (figure 4).

a) b)

Figure 4. Mechanical decompose of ankle joint in the two articulated bars for the first phase and the second.


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As one can see in the figure, there is a series of forces that act on the heel which we can decompose according to the three axes: Ox, Oy, Oz, Ox being in a horizontal plane.

If we decomposed the joint in the two articulated bars and placed the joint’s forces on these two and then we wrote the equation of the forces in relation with the three axes we would get the following results:

Ox: xssfxax amFFF +−= (1)

while: mgFf µ= ; (2)

results that: xssxax ammgFF +−= µ (3)

Oz: zttzsscorpzaz gmgmGFF −−−= (4)

Oy: szasxaybysy lFlFMIM ⋅+⋅++Φ⋅= (5) When first touching the court with the heels the sole forms a third

type lever that can be drafted:

a) b) Figure 5. The level between the sole and the ground contact a), and b) schematic reprezentation of connecting with the ground. In the 5a, S stands for the support (in our case the contact heel-

ground), F is the muscular force of sole flexors that lowers the sole on the court and R is the resistance force represented by the sole’s weight..

For this first stage the frictional force that interferes between the heel and the sole is of major importance. Due to this friction between the footwear sole (sports shoe) and the court surface, the sportsman’s body, in a translation motion, after the two steps of the impetus is stopped and later on in the third stage, the horizontal transformation of the translation motion turns into a vertical ascending motion.

The above written details underline the idea that the frictional force is of utmost importance as, if the frictional coefficient between the foot sole and ground is not big enough the slide between the two surfaces may come up. This thing is extremely dangerous because it can lead to hurting the sportsman. In the industry of sportswear, footwear respectively, this aspect of friction is thoroughly studied trying to design a more reliable kit in order to get rid of sliding risks and so to avoid the possible traumatisms caused by it.


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The anthropometrical parameters specific to every segment were: length, mass, inertness momentum and the gravitational centre.

The length of the shank (lg) is measured from the lateral malleolus (external) to the femoral epicondyl. The length of the foot sole can be measured from the end of the 5th metatarsus to the lateral malleolus (lt).

In the other expressions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) the following notations have been used: Mly – the inertness momentum Myb – the rotating momentum in point b (in the ankle joint) Fxa, Fxb, Fza, Fzb – the forces that appear in the ankle joint decomposed after the axes Ox and Oz.

Discussions: It is very important to know precisely the forces and momentum

that act at the level of ankle joint as the latter takes 95-97% of the body weight, therefore it is intensively used.

By knowing the forces and momentum that act at the level of ankle joint one can determine the direction of maximum efforts and use in the trainings exercises which do nor overwork the joint.

The study emphasizes the importance and the role of the frictional force when doing the attack jump.

By knowing the data about the joint forces and momentum one can determine the best weight a sportsman can have in keeping with the sports he/she practices. (the study will be carried out for the volleyball player). In this particular case (volleyball) the maximum tasks are at the level of ankle joint and knee because it is a sport where the jumps are the predominant actions.

From a sporting point of view this paper is of interest as far as the following reasons are concerned :

- the modification and optimization of the training technique. Of a great importance can be considered the trainings with weights (workout trainings)

- the improvement of sportsmen’ technique - the improvement of the materials used in the sports training As for the industrial mechanics importance one can stress out:

- the creation of measuring apparatus for all the sports fields - the creation of new materials to replace the bones in case of

fractures - the production of new materials and techniques for the joint and

bone prostheses


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By continuing this study in the medical field the result can lead to the reduction of days in hospital and the improvement of the surgical technique for this segment. References [1] Amar J. – Le moteur humain, Dunod, Paris 1923. [2] Baciu C. – Biologia locomotiei umane, Educatie fizica si Sport, Bucuresti 1969. [3] Benedek F. – Studiu privind repartizarea fortelor si momentelor la nivelul articulatiei genunchiului, Rev. „Altius Citius” Iasi, dec, 2005. [4] Biotech’s Life Science Dictionary, http://biotech. Icmb. Utexas.edu/search/dict-search.html/. [5] Budescu E., Iacob I. – Bazele biomecanicii in sport. Ed. Universitatii „Al. I. Cuza” Iasi 2005. [6] Donskoi D. D. – Biomecanica exercitiilor fizice. Editura Tineretului, C.N.F.S. Bucuresti 1959. [7] Finley F. R. and Karpovich P. V. – Electrogoniometric analysis of normal and pathological gaits. Res. Quart. 35, 379-384. [8] Govaerts A. – La biomecanique. Nouvelle methode d’analyse des movements, Presses Universitaires de Bruxelles. 1962. [9] Ifrim M. – Anatomia si biomecanica educatiei fizice si sportului. E.D.P., Bucuresti, 1978. [10] Iliescu A. – Biomecanica exercitiilor fizice. Ed. Stadion 1970. [11] Maney E. J. – La machine animale. Bibl. Sci. Internat. Alcan., Paris. 1873.

Titlu: Studiu biomecanic asupra forţelor şi momentelor ce acţionează la nivelul articulaţiei gleznei în cazul bătăii pentru atac la volei Cuvinte cheie: articulaţia genunchiului, biomecanica, atacul în volei Rezumat: Se poate spune, că biomecanica se ocupă, cu studierea formelor de mişcare, a forţelor care produc mişcarea, a interacţiunii dintre aceste forţe şi forţele care se opun mişcării. În urma acestor afirmaţii, se poate concluziona faptul că biomecanica este o metodă de analiză anatomo-funcţională a mişcărilor, în termeni mecanici.

După cum reiese, din rândurile de mai sus, biomecanica se ocupă nu numai de analiza mecanică a mişcărilor, ci şi de efectele lor asupra structurii organelor ce realizează mişcarea.

Prin cunoaşterea datelor legate de forţe şi momente în articulaţie se poate determina şi greutatea optimă a sportivilor în funcţie de ramura de sport practicată (studiul se va efectua pentru modelul de voleibalist). În cazul cestui sport (volei), sarcinile maximale sunt la nivelul articulaţiei

http://biotech/


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gleznei şi genunchiului deoarece este un sport în care acţiunile preponderente sunt săriturile

Titre: Etude biomecanique de les forces et les moments de articulation agissant a la cheville dans le cas de trac pour l'attaque en volley-ball Mots cle: articulation genou, biomecanique, attac voleiball Resume: On peut affirmer que la biomecanique etude les formes de mouvement, les forces qui produisent la mouvement et les interactions entre ces forces et les forces qui s’opposent. On peut concluir en thermes mecaniques que la biomecanique este une methode d’analise anatomo-functionelle des mouvements. Meme, la biomecanique etude et les effets sur la structure des organs qui faits le mouvement. Par la connaissence des aspects liees des forces et moments dans l’articulations, on peut etablir la masse optimale pour les sportifs en function de leur specialite (on va etudie le model de voleiball). En ce cas les forces maximalles sont a niveau de genou parce que s’est un sport ou presque tous les actions ont a la base les sauts.

THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF PRACTISING PHYSICAL EXERCISES WITH THE PURPOSE OF PREVENTING A SEDENTARY, STRESSFUL AND DISCORDERED LIFE

Teacher: Ioan Drăgoiu

Şcoala cu clasele I-VIII Nr. 3 Suceava Key words: Physical education, Formative activity, Personality, dimension, Harmonious development, Body education, Sano-genesis, Physical and mental health, Social relationships, Childhood, Physical education classes, Life quality. Abstract: Physical education represents one of the oldest ways of the formative activity and it is a part of personality structuring. This part of the activity comprises a set of activities which contribute to the forming and developing of the human being, by valorising the psycho-physical dimensions of personality and by establishing a balance between physic and psychic, psycho-motion and the intellectual potential, emotionalism, affectivity and will.

Starting from this idea, we think it is necessary to reconsider the place of physical education classes at school. Despite the general aims of


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the physical education curriculum, we notice a decrease of the interest for physical exercise. Charmed by the computer, some students ignore the physical education class, and they are even encouraged by their parents to do it. But school can be an important factor which has to contribute to forming physical exercise abilities, in an organised environment and individually, too, if the right decision are taken by people who are able to do it.

Some steps have been done in this direction. Physical education has represented, lately, the topic of many meetings of several decision factors belonging to different fields, and the importance of this activity in getting and maintaining a high standard of life quality has always been admitted. If the programmes which have been initiated continue and if the number of physical education classes becomes bigger, there is hope that physical education will get the place it deserves in the life of the young generation. Motto:

“As a teacher, you join the child, not only in the adventure of the heart and spirit, but also in the adventure of harmonising their altar…the BODY.” Introduction:

To form the modern man means to help him develop from different points of view: physical, intellectual, ethical, aesthetic, etc., while taking into account the requirements of contemporary society, according to his real skills, which are the grounds of human personality.

Physical education represents one of the oldest ways of the formative activity and it is a part of personality structuring. This part of the activity comprises a set of activities which contribute to the forming and developing of the human being, by valorising the psycho-physical dimensions of personality and by establishing a balance between physic and psychic, psycho-motion and the intellectual potential, emotionalism, affectivity and will. Materials and methods:

Physical through the nature of exercises, pedagogical through strategies, biological through its effects and social through its organisation forms, physical education cannot be regarded in an isolated way, as being a form of physical strength expression, but as a way of relating the personality dimensions and improving it.

The important role of physical education at present can also be seen in the general aims of the curriculum:


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1. To favour the maintenance and improvement of the general health condition and to ensure the harmonious evolution of physical development, according to age and sex particularities.

2. To develop personality features which are helpful to social integration.

3. To develop general motion skills. 4. To learn basic technical procedures and elementary individual and

collective tactic activities, which are necessary for the practice of sports at school or outside the school.

Unfortunately, the generations born after the fall of the communist regime drift apart from outdoor games, from sports and movement in general, and they prefer the enemy of correct and harmonious development, which is sedentariness/hypo-kinetics.

If we add to all this unhealthy food, stress, long hours in front of the computer, an incorrect position at the desk, table, etc., we get a very dark image of the physical health in our country.

An alternative to the absence of physical exercise is the stimulation of the interest among children in taking physical exercise, in practising sports. They are important at any age, but mostly during the growing period. Motion helps human beings to keep their physical and moral strength for as long as possible and it delays oldness.

Education, sports, health are basic notions of our daily life, and they are inter-related, as their common subject is the MAN, in his complex social and moral acceptance. Results:

It is not surprising to see that the history of humanity is a combination of these areas, which have aimed at transmitting experience to the next generations in the field of disease and environment resistance, the work ability and the survival, in other words the biologic efficiency and the man` s entire personality in his social development. Besides work and education, the game and other body activities have always concerned human beings. This is why they have looked for the best ways of improving physical and psychological abilities.

The body education has been a priority in educating the young generation, even if there has been little knowledge about its sano-genetic effects on some organs or body systems.

The discovery of the fact that sport has an important contribution in maintaining and growing work and fighting abilities has represented an important step in sano-genesis. Today, physical education and sports are accessible to everyone, and they can fight against the unwanted effects of


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the absence of movement, of sedentariness, of stress, of super-ponderousness, which are known as being the three negative “S` s”. Sport suggests an alternative to fight against them, the use of the three “R` s”: relaxation, refreshment, recreation. There is no doubt that today, sustained physical exercise is the main factor of maintaining and improving physical and mental health. Physical exercises represent the link between systematic movement, sport, health, recreation, education, socialisation, the most accessible antidote for the negative effects of technological developments and the rapid modernisation of life. Recent studies have shown that in the present society, dominated by the reduction of the body energy, by sedentariness and nervous pressure, the curative and sano-genetic value of physical exercises, mostly of those connected to the concrete necessities of the body, dictated by the conditions and the characteristics of the environment and work, and in accordance with the well-being of everyone, sometimes gets to absolute degrees, having an influence on the psycho-motion and socio-human area.

Unfortunately, many scientists have noticed that lately, more and more young people have given up the habit of frequently practising physical exercises in order to keep fit and to reinforce social relationships specific to their age. Most of them are interested, sometimes becoming addicted, in computer screen, in front of which they spend hours. These activities take most of the time necessary to rest and recover. It is more and more difficult to keep the balance between environment and individual, between physical and intellectual effort. Under these circumstances, the huge educational potential of physical education-what we call education through sport and movement-is necessary to diminish this way of life and to encourage and ensure resources for a more active way of life.

It is known that the physical education habits are formed during the childhood. This is way the family has am important part in directing and encouraging children to do exercises, in different ways, from pleasure sports to performance sports. We should blame the attitude of some parents who not only discourage children from doing sports, but also prevent them from taking part to the physical education classes at school by presenting medical certificates which usually have no real grounds.

School is another factor which has to contribute to forming physical exercise abilities, in an organised environment and individually, too. The simple existence of one or more physical education classes a week in the timetable is not enough for our purpose. We got to this conclusion after studying the results of some researches on the connection between the


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bio-motion state and the motivation of students` participation-non-participation to physical education activities. There has been a growth of medical certificates and the participation to sports events organised in the students` free time has diminished. In our school there has been an improvement of this situation, thanks to the involvement of all the physical education teachers in organising attractive physical education classes which make all the students want to get involved. Another good aspect is the fact that physical education teachers now teach at primary level, too, as we all know that some primary level teachers used to do other activities during the physical education class. It is equally important to have appropriate materials that allow teachers to raise the students ` interest for this activity. Discussions:

Physical education has represented, lately, the topic of many meetings of several decision factors belonging to different fields, and the importance of this activity in getting and maintaining a high standard of life quality has always been admitted. Nevertheless, the approaches which are necessary for good physical education programmes have always been slow or have even stopped. We can speak here about the Protocol between the Ministry of Education, the National Sports Agency and the Olympic Committee, which initiates the Physical Education Programme. This programme contains measures that should reinvigorate physical education and sports through objectives such as:

• the growth of education level, of socialisation and of health through physical exercises and sports

• improving the psycho-bio-motion and intellectual potential through the development of physical education activities

• the development of the activities in the programme “Sports for everyone”

This programme also contains the growth of physical education classes to at least three classes a week, 1-2 in the general programme, 1 class of sports assembly, 2 training classes of the representative school teams in different sports. These classes will be part of the physical education teacher` didactic norm. Taking into account all this, we appreciate the reconsideration of the place of physical education in the life of the young generation, as a basis for life quality and socio-professional success.


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Bibliography: • The Law of Physical Education and Sports, 2000 • The National Programme “Movement for health”, 2003 • Protocol about the collaboration frame with the purpose of

continuous development and functioning of the physical education and sport system, 2007

• Ways of applying the programmes “Sports as a means of socialisation for everybody”

• Săvescu I. School physical education and sports, Editura Aius, 2007

• Georgescu, F. –Physical education and sport as a social phenomenon,Editura Stadion, 1971

• Phillip, B. –Twelve weeks of physical education for a body to be envied, Editura Bic All, 2004

Titlu: Rolul şi importanţa practicării exerciţiilor fizice în combaterea sedentarismului, stressului şi a unei vieţi dezordonate Cuvinte-cheie: Educaţie fizică, Sănătatea corpului şi a minţii, Activitate formativă, Relaţii sociale, Dimensiunea personalităţii, Copilărie, Dezvoltare armonioasă, Ore de educaţie fizică, Educaţia corporală, Calitatea vieţii. Rezumat: Educaţia fizică reprezintă una din cele mai vechi activităţi formative şi o componentă importantă în formarea personalităţii. Ea cuprinde o serie de activităţi care contribuie la formarea şi dezvoltarea fiinţei umane, prin valorificarea dimensiunilor psihofizice ale personalităţii, şi prin stabilirea unui echilibru între fizic şi psihic, psihomotricitate şi potenţialul intelectual, emotivitate, afectivitate şi voinţă.

Plecând de la această idee, considerăm că este necesar să reconsiderăm locul orelor de educaţie fizică în şcoală. Chiar dacă obiectivele generale din curriculum la educaţie fizică plasează această disciplină pe o poziţie respectabilă, se constată un interes diminuat pentru exerciţiul fizic. Prinşi de computer, unii elevi ignoră orele de educaţie fizică, încurajaţi uneori chiar de proprii părinţi. Dar şcoala poate fi un factor important în formarea abilităţilor fizice, într-un cadru organizat şi individual, cu condiţia ca deciziile corecte pentru această disciplină să fie luate de cei în măsură să o facă.

S-au făcut paşi în această direcţie. În ultima vreme, educaţia fizică a constituit subiectul unor dezbateri la care au participat factori de decizie din diferite domenii, iar importanţa acestei activităţi în menţinerea


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standardelor înalte pentru calitatea vieţii este recunoscută. Dacă programele începute vor continua şi dacă numărul orelor de educaţie fizică va creşte, putem spera că educaţia fizică va avea rolul meritat în viaţa tinerei generaţii. Titre: Le rôle et lìmportance des exercices physiques dans la lutte contre la sédentarité, le stress et la vie désordonnée. Mots-clé: Education physique, Santé du corps et de lèsprit, Activité de formation, Relations socials. La dimension de la personnalité, Enfance, Développement harmonieux, Classes dèducation physique, Education du corps, La qualité de la vie, Sano-génétique. Résumé : L`éducation physique représente lùne des plus anciennes activités de formation et une partie de la formation de la personnalité. Elle comprend une série d` activités qui contribuent à la formation et au développement de l` être humain, par la valorisation des dimensions psycho-physiques de la personnalité et par l` établissement dùn équilibre entre physique et psychique, psycho-motilité et potential intellectual, émotivité, affectivité et volonté.

En partant de cette idée, nous considérons quìl est nécessaire de réconsidérer la place des classes dèducation physique à l` école. Malgré les objectifs généraux du curriculum pour l` education physique, qui placent cette discipline sur une position respectable, on constate une diminuation de l` intérêt pour l` exercice physique. Pris par l` ordinateur, certains élèves ignorent les classes d` éducation physique, démarche dans laquelles ils sont parfois encouragés par leurs parents. Mais, l` école peut être un facteur important dans la formation des habiletés physiques, dans un cadre organisé et individuellement, aussi, à condition que les decisions correctes soient prises par ceux qui peuvent le faire.

On a fait des pas dans cette direction. Dernièrement, l` éducation physique a représenté le sujet de débat dans les rencontres des facteurs décisifs de différents domaines et l` importance de cette activité pour maintenir de hauts standards de la qualité de la vie a été reconnue. Si les programmes qui ont été initiés continuent et le nombre des classes d` éducation physique deviant plus grand, on peut espérer que l` éducation physique va recevoir la place quèlle mérite dans la vie de la nouvelle generation.


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A STUDY ABOUT THE IMPACT OF MEDICAL CERTIFICATES ON SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS` PARTICIPATION TO

PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ACTIVITIES

Teacher, Ioan Drăgoiu Teacher, Dumitru Irimia

Şcoala cu clasele I-VIII Nr.3 Suceava Key-words: Physical education, Sedentariness; Healthy body, Physical exercise, Harmonious growth, Movement. Abstract: “Life is movement, repose is death” is the essence of the idea according to which it is necessary to habituate children and young people, through physical education and sport, with a healthy and organised life, based on hygienic, ethical and moral principles. Our love for the young and the responsibility for forming healthy young people who are harmoniously developed, both physically and mentally, made us approach this topic which is meant to be a signal for all the people involved in the education and teaching of tomorrow` s future: family, school, society, government.

The increasing number of the students who have medical certificates should worry us all and make us look for the causes and find the solutions to prevent this phenomenon from growing, find alternative and varied solutions to impede the effects of incipient diseases. It is well known that movement is one of the most important factors which builds, polishes and structurally maintains the organism. When we prevent a child from the physical education classes, we endanger the health of the teenager or growing young person, who is threatened by the whole spectre of physical and organic deficiencies. Physical exercise equally contributes to the forming of one` s strong personality, which is deprived of prejudices and inferiority complexes. MOTTO: “Our existence is movement, repose is death” Blaise Pascal Introduction :

The old and wise Latin saying “Mens sana in corpore sano” comprises essentially the idea of habituating children to practise physical exercises from an early age in order to grow harmoniously and have a healthy, organised life, based on hygienic, ethic and moral principles.

Any educational activity means, first of all, knowing the participants to the teaching and forming activity, both from a physical and mental point of view.


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Our love for the young and the responsibility for forming healthy young people who are harmoniously developed, both physically and mentally, responsibility we have as teachers, made us approach this topic which has a major impact in the present and in the future. This topic of medical certificates for the physical education classes is even more important in the context of our contemporary life, which is dominated by disturbing factors, such as sedentariness, stress, overweight, etc., factors which are the result of the absence of any physical exercise or form of movement.

Both physical education teachers and parents notice that many of our children are sedentary, obese or stressed because the psychic effort is bigger than the physical one, and the number of medical certificates is growing with every year.

For years, we have been facing two types of students excused from physical education classes: fake ones and real ones. In the first category, there are healthy students who say “I can` t” and get certificates, which are doubtful if we look at the diagnosis given by the doctors. Boys and girls who have a beautiful body prefer to do anything else than participate to physical education classes-insufficient in the school curriculum- even if youth and health, which are on their side, are maintained with physical exercises! We are not arguing about the reasons, as they belong to different factors, but we want to point out the gravity of the fact that their parents are unaware of the consequences of this attitude, encourage them and help them to get these certificates which are not justified in reality. The question is how such parents do not understand that such an approach can affect many generations by weakening the nation` s health estate.

Unfortunately, there is a second group of children who are really ill, suffering from serious diseases which destroy their bodies. Many of them can be praised, as, despite the fact that they are not allowed to do any physical exercise, they take part, emotionally, to the classes and support their classmates morally.

Starting from these observations, we wanted to make an analysis of the medical certificates presented by the students, but mostly of the diagnosis indicated by doctors. Materials and methods :

The study was made during the school year 2004-2005 and it took into account 37 secondary schools from town sand villages which belong to the Physical Education Teachers` Group from Suceava area.

There were 18,804 students in this study, 6,066 from the urban area and 4,638 from the rural one. There were 5,359 boys and 5,445 girls.


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After centralizing all the medical certificates, we identified 1,210 students who were excused from physical education classes, among whom 781 from the urban area and 429 from the rural area, while 347 students were partially excused from these classes: 201 in the urban area and 146 in the rural area.

We can notice that the number of students excused from physical education classes is bigger in the town, namely 64.5 % to 35.4 %, and most of the students are girls, 712 to 498 boys.

This study was made according to the “Methodology of issuing medical certificates for physical education to pupils and students and the Standard of the diseases that require such certificates” approved by the order of the Ministry of Health number 694 from 1997.

We centralized the medical certificates following the 15 disease groups and we noticed that the biggest number belonged to the group of endocrinal and metabolism diseases, namely 349 situations, which represented 28.8 % of the total number of medical certificates. The following ones came from the circulatory system field-15.4 % and then from respiratory diseases, 170 situations which represented 14.1 %. The diseases of the bone, articulation and muscular system were found in 85 cases, of the nervous system in 76 cases and of the digestive system and traumatic lesions in 64 cases. Results:

The analysis of these certificates and the discussion with the colleagues from the schools involved in the study led us to some conclusions:

1. Most of the medical certificates given by doctors are entirely justified as they reveal with objectivity the diagnosis of serious diseases and are accompanied by the doctors` recommendations which consist of a special exercises programme that can diminish or at least maintain the patient` s health condition at a level closed to the optimal one. On the other hand, there are situations in which these certificates have no real ground and such doctors have a very unprofessional attitude and show no respect for professional deontology.

Unfortunately, there are still people who have no confidence in the good effects of physical exercises, and most of the are unaware parents, who advise their children not to do physical education classes and thus they deprive them from the effects which movement has on body and mind. We have the duty to teach young students the love for body activity which ensures them a harmonious growth.


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2. The higher percentage of town students excused from physical education classes could be explained as a consequence of life conditions which are specific to this community. Our contemporary society is dominated by the explosion of technical and information progress, which creates some work facilities, but, at the same time, it restraints considerably physical effort in favour of intellectual effort. While their country mates do housework of work in the fields with their parents, town children spend hours in front of the computer, searching the internet and ignoring physical exercises and sports.

3. The number of medical certificates for endocrinal and metabolism diseases is alarmingly high. The dominant diagnosis are tetanus and spasm. A slight absence of calcium in the body is specific to the growing period between 11 and 15 years old, but major deficiencies should not be neglected, as they require special treatment. The number of circulator and respirator system is also quite high. Experience has shown that functional deficiencies disappear after rational practice of physical exercises and correct effort dosage.

4. Another explanation of the increased number of medical certificates could be associated with the limited offer of educational services for physical education and sports, which is not always attractive and varied or stimulating. This situation is caused by the precarious sport material resources in schools: no playgrounds, no gyms, few apparatuses and sports supplies.

5. In the country, the financial situation of some children does not allow them to get the necessary sport equipment, but we should not forget that sometimes, the parents` old mentality can be the cause of the students` absence from physical education classes.

6. There are also situations when some teachers` assessment of the students is too severe and does not take into account different skills of a class. In order to keep a high average, so important in the present high-school entrance exam, some students prefer medical certificates. The relationship teacher-student can also be a cause if the teacher does not show flexibility and pedagogical abilities to encourage the ones who are less talented.

7. The physical education teacher can and must act efficiently to maintain a correct segmentary and global attitude so that the number of bone-articulation system medical certificates (scoliosis, lordosis,) could be as small as possible and the correction of physical deficiencies which overcome the degree of vicious attitude and the recovery of those which have an organic nature could be done by specialists.


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Numarul subiectilor cuprinsi in studiu pe sexe

50.449.6

baieti

fete

Frecventa scutirilor pe afectiuni sau grupe de afectiuni

28.8

15.414.1

7.2

6.3

5.2

2.620.8

12345678

Situatia scutirilor comparativurban-rural, in procente

64.5

35.5

urban

rural

Numarul subiectilor cuprinsi in studiu urban-rural

56.1

43.9

urban

rural

Discussions: The fundamental duty of our job is to contribute to the harmonious

growth of the young generation and to turn the concept of medical certificate into an isolated and exceptional fact. Let` s not forget that movement is the most important factor which builds, forms and maintains our body from a structural and functional point of view. It does not only help to prevent or recover from some physical deficiencies, but also addresses the psychic, contributing to the forming of a strong personality, which is deprived of prejudices or inferiority complexes.

Interpretation of the data obtained

1 - Endocrine and metabolism diseases –– 334499 2 - Diseases of the cardio-vascular system –– 118822 3 - Diseases of the respiratory system -- 117700 4 - Diseases of bones and articulation system –– 8855 5 - Diseases of the neural system --7766 6 - Diseases of the digestive system--6644 7 - Traumatic lesions –– 3322 8 - Other diseases –– 225522

The number of subjects of the study urban-rural distinction

The sex distinction of the number of subjects of the study

The frequency of medical certificates following different diseases

The percentage of medical certificates in the comparison urban-rural


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Bibliography: 1. The secondary school physical education curriculum, classes 5th-

8th, Bucharest, 1999 2. The secondary school physical education curriculum, classes 5th-

8th, Bucharest, 2003 3. Methodological Guide for physical education curriculum in

secondary school, 2001 4. Methodology of issuing medical certificates for physical education

to pupils and students and the Standard of the diseases that require such certificates”-the Ministry of Health Order, no. 694/1997.

5. Bratu, A, Gymnastics to prevent and correct physical deficiencies, C.N.E.F.S. 1967

6. Ionescu, A.N, Medical gymnastics, EDP, 1964 7. Stăncioi, E, Harmonious physical development, Craiova 2002 8. School curricula for the optional school subject Health Education,

2004 Titlu: Studiu privind impactul scutirilor medicale asupra participării elevilor din ciclul gimnazial la activităţile de educaţie fizică şi sport Cuvinte cheie : educaţie fizică, corp sănătos, dezvoltare armonioasă, sedentarism, exerciţiu fizic, mişcare. Rezumat: Viaţa este mişcare, repausul reprezintă moartea” cuprinde în esenţă ideea necesităţii de a-i obişnui pe copii şi tineri, prin educaţie fizică şi sport, cu o viaţă sănătoasă şi organizată, bazată pe principii igienice, etice şi morale .Dragostea faţă de tânăra generaţie şi răspunderea pentru formarea unor tineri sănătoşi, dezvoltaţi armonios din toate punctele de vedere, fizic şi psihic, ne-a determinat să abordăm tema de faţă prin care vrem să tragem un semnal de alarmă celor implicaţi în educaţia şi instrucţia viitorului de mâine al naţiunii : familie, şcoală, societate, guvernanţi. Numărul crescând al elevilor cu scutiri medicale trebuie să ne pună pe gânduri, să căutăm cauzele şi să găsim soluţii de a preveni ca acest lucru să se perpetueze , să găsim soluţii alternative, diversificate pentru a combate efectele unor boli incipiente. Este binecunoscut faptul că mişcarea este unul din factorii cei mai importanţi care clădeşte, cizelează şi menţine structural organismul. Privândul pe copil de orele de educaţie fizică nu facem altceva decât să periclităm sănătatea adolescentului şi tânărului în formare , ameninţat de întregul spectru al deficienţelor fizice şi organice. Exerciţiul fizic contribuie şi la conturarea unei personalităţi ferme, lipsită de prejudecăţi şi de complexe de inferioritate.


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Titre: Etude sur lìmpact des certificats médicaux sur la participation des élèves du collège aux classes d` éducation physique et sport Mots-clé: Education physique, Sédentarité, Corps sain, Ecercice physique, Développement harmonieux, Mouvement. Résumé: “La vie signifie mouvement, le repos, cèst la mort” est une phrase qui comprend lèssentiel de lìdée de la nécessité d` habituer les enfants et les jeunes gens, à travers l` éducation physique et le sport, à mener une vie saine et organisée, basée sur des principes hygiéniques, éthiques et moraux. Notre amour pour la génération jeune et la responsabilité pour la formation des gens sains, développés harmonieusement du point de vue physique et moral, nous a déterminés d` approcher ce thème qui veut être un signal pour tous ceux qui sont impliqués dans la formation de làvenir du pays: famille, école, société, gouvernement. Le nombre agrandi des élèves qui présentent des motivations médicales doit nous faire réfléchir et déterminer d` en chercher les causes et de trouver des solutions pour empêcher la perpetuation de ce phénomène, de trouver des solutions alternatives, diversifiées pour combattre les effets des maladies en état initial. On connaît bien le fait que le mouvement représente lùn des facteurs les plus importants de la construction et de la maintenance structurale de lòrganisme. Empêcher lènfant de participaer aux classes d` éducation physique signifie endommager la santé de làdolescent et du jeune home en formation, menacé par le spectre des déficiences physiques et organiques. L` exercice physique contribue également, à la formation dùne personnalité forte, dépourvue de préjugés et de complexes dìnfériorité.


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THE SELECTION IMPROVEMENT IN THE THIRD JUNIORS HANDBALL TEAM

Theacher, Dugan Iulian Sports High School, Suceava

Key words: somato-functional, psychological, motorial, particularities puberty, selection, handball game Sumary: From 10-14 years to the child through one of the most important stage of ontogenesis. Childhood ends and begins transformation of nature: somatic-functional-mental-driving. This processor is called puberty. Introduction Betwen the age of 10 and 14, the child crosses over important onthogenesis stages because childhood comes to an end and there begins the changes that lead to maturation. This conversion process is called pubertiy and in some authors vision , this process follows some stages:

-puberty or the very stage before puberty (10-12 year olds) -the prosper puberty stage (13-14 year olds) -the after puberty stage (14-15 year olds) that concludes the

biopsychical changes. Certainly, there are cases of puberty changes that may start at the of 9 or 10, due to the ,,speeding - up” phenomenon. Mmeanwhile, there are situations when puberty may go as far as the age of 16 or 17, especially when talking about boys. Material-method Puberty intervention leads to the quickening in height, increasing in such a rhythm that is superior to all other age stages, so that, afterwards, when reaching the age of 20 or 21, the process starts to diminish. The most intense development may be at the lower limbs, then at the upper limbs, this leading to many cases of impleasantness and ungracefulness, which become obvious when one must draw up growth charts. Due to this considerations, some authors talk about a ,,caricatural ” stage, when analyzing the elongation of bones and the insufficiently developed and lengthened muscles. The trunk is prolonged, the thorax is tight and the abdomen is emanciated. On account of these somatic changes, the internal organs from the thorax are not well developed and this thing generates intricacies in the


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adjustment process concerning the exertion by lacking the functional resistance. In keeping with the above things, the articular system is also feeble when going through the consolidation process. Taking into account the fact the girls puberty is earlier installed than in boys case, the girls are far superior in value of height and weight; as a matter of fact, this is the only ontogenesis stage when girls reach somatic values superior to boys, this being conveyed by the longer trunk, and the shorter lower limbs. As a result, this period of life may be described by functional morpho – psychic changes with a view to the gradual transition of youth. In concordance with the above mentioned morphological development peculiarities, it has been ascertained a low adaptation ability, and cardio-vascular and breathing apparata functional resistance to an intense physical striving. At the age of 12, the essential capacity is located at approximately 2000 cm (cubic centimetre), one to the fact that the lungs are undeveloped and it rises to 3000 cm at the age of 15. The breathing apparatus, especially lungs are not that resistant to infections. During physical effort, the heart sets down a great labour, in order to flood the organs and the systems because the vessels lumen is narrow and therefore there may be some phenomenon like fatique, dizziness, cardiac rhythm disorder that may come into sight. With respect to the nervous system it has been found that the size of brain hasn’t increased to much but the convolutions deepen and by the multiplication of the association fibres they increase the functional connexions among different areas. During this period of time there becomes obvious the differentiation between the sexes through the maturation of sexual characteristics. The whole superior and nervous activity develops at a high speed reaching a high level. As a result, the thinking processes, analysis, the synthesis, the abstracting etc improve themselves, all these leading to the solving of a questionable situation. Around the age of 11 – 12, there comes into view a new way of reasoning that doesn t refer exclusibly to object or illustrative realities, but to ,,hypothesis”, there is, to things that allow them to conclude without asking too many questions concerning the truthfulness or the falseness of the facts, before examining the result of these entailments. Relying on thr above said things, the whole teaching tehnology must be reshsped, especially the methats that bring up the physical education contents, working out on an active participation and deeply acknowledged by pupils.


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On account of the body development on several plans, especially the increasing of the cortex plasticity and the movability of the excitation and inhibition nervous processes ,there are also enhanced the possibilities of advancement of all the motility features, especially that of speed, the distinctions being present between the 12 year old girls and the 13 year old boys. At the age of 12, the velocity of girls is higher than that of boys, but from this age on, the index of speed goes higher for boys, outrunning the girls. On account of locomotive apparatus development, simultaneously with velocity, dexterity increases conspicuously, this leading 10calling puberty even, the age of deftness”. Being conversant with the disproportion among different segments of the body, while implementing the motility actions there may be pointed out a certain ,,clumsiness” , but the availabilities for skillfulness increasing are, yet, grown when this quality is simultaneously developed with the sense of spatial orientation, that around the age of 12 or 13 is nearing the age of an adult. In disagreement with all the motility has the most decreased values at the age of 12- 13 for girls and 13 – 14 for boys, which makes the moves to be fulfilled at the right amplitude, this thing laying down special measures during classes. By the improvement of muscles quality, especially that of functional side that conditions speed, the capacity of strength enhances under the shape of swing. As an outcome of the decreasing functional possibilities the capacity of resistance is low especially under its shape of cardiovascular endurance, which doesn’t kinder but imposes the systematic activity with well dosed methods for its advancement. The attention will be turned on the development of resistance as a matter of speed of strength, which gets into gear the large muscular groups and allows the unhampered activity of the cardio respiratory apparatus without eliciting it to its maximum means. With regard to the motility qualities of the secondary school pupils, especially around the age of 12 – 14, there needs to be mentioned the fact that it is necessary to claim attention concerning the careful methodic measures in the process of strength and toughness development, whit leads to the rise of this exquisite attributes.

As far as is concerned the age of secondary education, this thing doesn t show obvious distinction between boys and girls, but only some characteristics that must be taken into account for a different treating.


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These peculiarities are dwelled on the degree of motion maturity, their thrifty and fluency, their pace and expressiveness. Boys tend to do strength exercises, occasionally bringing them out carelessly, looking up for vanquish, guiding themselves towards the increasing of efficiency, while girls are in favour of suggestive moves. Some scientists say that the most applied habit is that of running. The volume of running decreases concurrently with the advancement in age. With regard to the throwings, these are approachable. The haps aren’t implemented properly efficacious because of the morphological development.

Results: Selection is a process of discovering, attracting and gearing into an organized activity is addressed to practicing sports abilities. The selection is found in every area of activity. Experience in practice shows us that in the case of an unwise and careful selection, sportsmen could not get over the limits that were placed more under the level of high performance. Therefore the later performance of a team really relies on the quality and a selection is made. Ascribing the selection process to a national scale, we can say that its quality depends a great deal on sports quality and in the same time it depends on the national school. The activity of selection was a reason for several specialists and technicians concern. Practical, experience and research made especially for this, improved gradually the selection activity aiming at the ensurance of a scientific basis. This thing offers a plus of objectivity and accuracy inselection actions The fastening of activities and selection process actions comes from the pattern of the future handball. As a consequence an outline, of the main characteristics of the player that we have in view, is required. Concerning this thing, the pattern already settled needs to be placed in its exact time. Having a clear vision of the things that we want to state, a vision of the future handball/ player, we shall come back to,, present days” and we shall lay down the type of young man that needs to be the subject of an adequate instructive and educative process, reaching the pattern earlier discusse. Discussions Sports school and high schools are educational institution with a special character whose main purpose is to work in the same time with


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children ability in sports and their education in school, in order to achieve high sports performances. Suceava Sports High school works with pupils from the first grade. Sports High schools following sports branches athletics, football, handball, volleyball, greco – Roman wrestling and swimming. This branches tally with the functioning rules of every sports high school and, in the same time the way sports school are organized, tend to avoid the sports brauches that are active in clubs and associations that have junior departments. The selection is made among the school from Suceava but there is always welcomed any sportsmen that come from other regions and towns. Admittance in secondary school and high school is made according to rules made by the Education and Research Ministry. Classes are led by teachers that are well trained, in most of the cases first degree teachers. Pupils that on the track of school evaluations don t prove to be valuable and a highly perspective are suggested to transfer in any other of the Suceava schools. Pupils transfers from sports classes is made according to the general of transferring pupils. The pupils, irrespective of the level of sport grounding, must take part in each and every of the sports classes that are stipulated in the education plan, for every level. Sportsmen from Suceava Sports High school take part in the National Championship for first, second and third Juniors. After graduating, most of the pupils attend the senior teams when admitted in universities, army, police etc. Bibliography: 1.Axinte, Alexandru., - Handbal. Noţiuni generale de fiziologie a handbalului de performanţă. 2.Axinte, Alexandru., - Biochemical and physiological changes in handball players during a specific training programme. 3.Acsinte Alexandru., Alexandru, Eftene., - Handbal de la iniţiere la marea performanţă. 4. Alexandru, Eftene., Acsinte, Alexandru., - Handbal mijloace de acţionare. 5.Axinte, Alexandru., - Handbal. Particularităţi psihofiziologice ale handbalului de performanţă, Bacău 2004. 6.Czerwinski, Janusz, Frantiseck Taborsky – Basic Handball, Methods/Tactics/Tehniques, Gutheil – Schoder – Gasse, Viena, 1997.


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7. Czerwinski, Janusz – Psychological aspects in the game of handball and coachs role in the work with a team,EHF periodical, 2/2000. 8. Kovacs, L. – Rules of the game from a coache s perspective, EHF Periodical, Nr.1. 9. Taborski, F. - Methodical aspects of handball training, EHF Periodicals,1/2000. 10. Kosik, Vladimir. – The essence of combining classic Handball with Beach Hansbdball, EHF Periodical, 2/2002. 11. Sevim Yassar – Modern aspects in planning the handball training and praxis relevant – EURO 2004. 12. Alexandru, Eftene – Principii ale modelării antrenamantului în handbal, junior I, Iaşi 2005. Titlu: Optimizarea selecţiei la echipa de handbal juniori III Cuvinte cheie: Particularităţi somato- funcţionale/psihice/motrice, pubertatea, selecţie, joc de handbal. Rezumat: Începînd de la 10-14 ani copilul parcurge una din cele mai importante etape din ontogeneză. Se încheie copilăria şi încep transformări de natură: -somatice -funcţionale -psihice -motrice Acest proces transformator este denumit pubertate. Titre: Optimize de la selection de l'equipe de handball junior III Mots cle: particularites, sommato-fonctionnelles/pshychiques/motrices, puberte, la selection, le jeu de handball. Resume: De 10 ans a 14 ans l enfant parcourt l une des plus importantes etape de l onthogenese.L enfance s acheve et on commence des transformations de nature :

- somatigues - fonctionnelles - psychiques - motrices

Ce processus de transformation est denomme puberte.


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SLEEPING – AN EFFICIENT WAY OF PERFORMANCE SPORTSMEN RECOVERING

Ph. D. Candidate, Juravle Mariana

Sports High School, Suceava Key words: Slow sleep, rapid sleep, active sleep, passive sleep, normal sleep, paradoxical sleep, sleeping shortage, sleep inducing. Summary: Sleeping is a brain activity state characterized by temporary interruption of conscient touch with the exterior and interior, being a reverse state.

The passing to sleep state and the other way around is made easily, in a few seconds, and wakeful state coincides with night-day cycle, that’s why it is also called circadian.

During sportsmen spontaneous restoration, profound and resting sleep, which has an important role in the intellectual and physical abilities, will lead to the development of psycho-motile performances during trainings and competitions. Introduction:

Sleeping is a periodic, reversible, physiological state, characterized by consciousness abolishment, demeanor inactivity (somatic – motile), lessening of the metabolism and reactivity. It is certain that sleeping steps in while the individual passes through the physic and psychic recovery, phenomenon. Unfortunately, a good sleep doesn’t always to be looked upon as a main rule for performance sportsmen, the cause of sleeping problems being most of the times multiple. First of all, the rhythm of life and the training schedule aren’t factors that ease an early bedtime and the time for sleeping is a really short one. The result of this is a “cut short” sleep; meanwhile researching showing that sportsman need of sleep is an outstanding one, comparing it to the rest of the population. This “alterated“, “cut short” sleep is later put on to the decrease of the cognitive, physic and psycho-motile abilities. There is a risk of concentration difficulties, attention upholding, memorizing etc. The absence or shortening of sleep-time also takes actions on their state of mind (nervousness, aggressivity, phobia, physic exhaustion, etc.) affecting it. During spontaneous recovering, profound sleeping has an important role on the intellectual and physic capacities all this due to inhibition provoked by the irradiative protection on the cortex that is


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induced by the nervous cells regeneration. The role of the adults grown hormone is already known in the increase and regeneration of cells , as well as the fact that its secretion is produced during sleep , any sleeping leading do the decrease of this hormone in the blood and the diminish its recovery . Experiments made on sportsmen that where deprived of sleep demonstrated that pilled up fatigue has transformed itself into an imperative need of sleep together with loss of tonus and muscle strength and also great difficulties of focusing. Neuro - physiologically sleep is described as either a slow stage or paradoxical one. Material-method:

The most important sleep is the night sleep, day sleeping being less relaxing because of the fact that the paradoxical sleep periods are diminished (during the regular night sleep every 90 min the slow sleeping is interpolated with paradoxical sleep periods) and implicitly the making up of the neuron phases, restoration that is achieved through paradoxical night sleep. Slow sleeping has restoring, resting and tonifying role; it plays an important part in the development and renewing of the tissues role in the protein synthesis. The paradoxical sleep has an essential role in the metabolic ionic and protein restoration of the neurons, as well as the short term and the long term memory stabilization. In contrast with the wakefulness state characterized by psychic activism and clearness and identifiable as consciousness, sleep made may be defined as reverse state of the body, associated with the decrease till the level of disappearance of superior adapted reactions, of connections and sensory, motile reactions with and against the environment (it is the state that makes the human being, completely helpless). Sleeping fulfills two major roles in human’s life: a biological are consisting in a body resting assurance an a psychological one, materialized in the decrease of the interest for the exterior world. The fact that sleep has such major roles in human being existence is demonstrated by the “sleeping depriving” periods which due to their over-challenging actions, exhausts the functional body stocks. In the same time they are associated with changes of the psycho-demeanor, picture of the human being interfering with confusion, irritation and bewilderment. During sleep time, as a rule, vegetative (respiration, circulation, digestion) and metabolic functions diminish is produced. The frequency of respiratory movements, ventilator and cardiac flow, as well as the arterial tension values has a significant


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decrease. Urinary apparatus function lessens, muscle tonus is reduced and the activity of the locomotive apparatus is ceased. It is of utmost importance the passing from a state of mind to another one, from the wakeful state to that of falling asleep or napping or the other way around. This phenomenon takes place really easy, in a few seconds time. The rhythm sleep awakening coincides with the day-night cycle, that’s why it is also called circadian rhythm. Results

The comparative analysis of the two states the sleeping one and the wakeful one shows that they are in opposition. This way during the wakeful state the electric activity of the cortex recorded with the help of electroencephalography (E.E.G.) shows frequent rhythms and low amplitude, which is desynchronized, the exception being the case of the profound sleep when the rhythms are relatively the same. The periods of drowsiness and sleep are really long at human beings during the sensorial depriving states. Sleeping set up, as a result of suppressing outcome or sensorial information decrease, explain the passive “sleeping”. Besides these, there is also an “active sleeping”, produced by the spreading in the cortex of an active, inhibiting process that is distributed closer and closer. The term of “active sleep” has a double meaning it marks the opposition against “passive sleep” owed, to the tonus fall down as a result of the specific adherent lack and it suggests the fact that sleeping can be included intentionally in experimental conditions or during daily life. The producing of active sleep may be obtained by sensorial receiver stimulation this way, many specialists emitting a series of physiological theories concerning the producing and explaining of the active sleep. More that, the wide spreads sleeping “chemical theories” show that, the responsibility of sleep coming out, is taken by a series of chemical elements and the dynamic of these substances, that are placed inside the cerebrospinal fluid, produce the “appetite” for sleep. Modern research shows that none of these explanations is truly satisfactory. Together with the purely physiological and biochemical mechanism there must be taken in account the psychic mechanisms as well (especially the justifiable ones), that are able to create inhibition or nervous structures deactivation, this way maintaining either the wakeful state or the sleeping one. A scientific sleeping theory must explain several aspects: the stepping in the sleep device (asleep), the getting out of the sleep device (the awake), the maintaining of sleep mechanism, and the contrivance of perverting sleep. The neuron-mediators that control neuron-physiological


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alternative between sleep and wakeful state, seem to be serotonin – in the case of napping and falling asleep, and, noradrenalin dopamine – when talking about awakening Sleeping or falling asleep isn’t achieved unexpectedly but seldom, in the case of children or adults that came after a really important physical effort. As a rule, it is preceded by several reactions (yawn decrease of muscle tonus, pulse interval, lessening of blood pressure, increase of termination temperature).

Definitive wakeful state is perfectly similar to the state of falling asleep but in the opposite direction. It is achieved in a progressive manner, but the signs that accompany it are opposed to those concerning sleeping (pulse increase and breathing). Maintenance of sleep is owed to the getting out of function of the ascendant activating system, to the inhibition spreading out, into a big nervous quantity and coming into effect of some chemical inhibitory mediators. Sleep encumber takes place on the account of the intervening of some unexpected factors (noise, verbal interdiction, etc.) and direct or indirect stimulus of the activating system. Research showed that there are five stages of sleep:

• phase A – is characterized through the decline of the somnolent state, by transition from a relaxed vigilant state to a drowsy one;

• phase B – is described by the napping state; • phase C – the medium sound sleep state; • phase D and E – deep sleep state.

These five sleep stages don’t become visible in any sleeping type but the slow one. It has been demonstrated that besides slow sleep, which represents approximately 60-70 % of the ensemble sleep conduct, there is also a rapid sleeping state marked by specific behavior appearances. Quick sleep, which recurs at regular intervals during slow sleep, describes approximately 18-22% of the total sleep length, comes into sight at 90 to 120 minutes and it occurs for about 5-10 minutes. Author’s opinion concerning the nature, structure and the mechanisms of these two types of sleep are divided among them, but yet they agree on the fact that rapid sleep is the expression of the psychic, delirious (raving) activities as well as the fact that the two types of sleep have contradictory effects:

• show sleep fulfills especially a repairing, resting, restoring, fortifying part of the organism and partially for the brain;


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• rapid sleep owns effects directed on the brain renewal, contributing to the long term memory.

Discussions Psychic reactivity of the human being sustains during sleep some

changes. This way, the sensorial threshold are modified (being increased), the time of reactions grows up while falling asleep, conditioned reactions evolve, some of them being possible to have fulfillment during sleep although after awakening the individual being unable to remember anything.

In some cases of sportsmen sleep shortage, there must be taken into account a training schedule, the contents and the steadiness of timetables (a carbohydrate diet makes possible sleep occurrence).

Sleep disorder may also be caused by an inadequate hygienic life and the desinchronization of the biologic rhythm. This desynchronism that produces the sleep shortage is created mostly by competition stress associated with time difference.

Due to the fact that sleep disorder (insomnia), or sleep shortage discharges negative effects on sportsmen body and behavior, a present time problem is represented by the sleep inference that may be accomplished through three methods that favor and maintain sleep: the inducing of sleep on a medicinal way, by hypnotic suggestion (sleeping trance) and by electric means (electro sleep)

Before any therapeutic actions or any specific treatment, it is important to make sure that the need of restoration is not linked to sleep disorder or biological rhythm.

The systematic control over sportsmen hygienic life, especially concerning sleep, deserves to be amplified in the future. This may be the meaning of initialization of a preventing campaigned, coordinated by specialists that can make sportsmen be acquaintance with themselves better, that could make them think and better understand the disfunctionalities that occur during lack or shortage of sleep and, meanwhile, the need of adopting a healthy lifestyle, all these being a contribution addressed to the increasing of effort capability and, implicitly, of the individual performance. Bibliography:

1. Danailă L., Golu M. - „Tratat de neuropsihologie”. Volumul II, Editura Medicală, Bucureşti, 2006.

2. Epuran M., Holdevici I., Toniţa F. – „Psihologia sportului de performanţă. Teorie şi practică.”, Editura Fest, Bucureşti, 2008.


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3. Gheorghiu C. – „Fiziologie generală”. Curs, Universitatea “Al. I. Cuza “ Iaşi, 2002.

4. Miclea M. – „Psihologie cognitivă”, Editura Polirom, Iaşi, 1999. 5. Neculau A., Curelaru M., Boza M. – „Psihologia sportului”. Curs,

Universitatea „Al. I. Cuza “ Iaşi, 2002. 6. Străchinaru, I. – „Devierile de conduită la copii”, Editura

Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti, 1969. Titlu: Somnul, mijloc eficient de refacere la sportivii de performanţă Cuvinte cheie: Somn lent, somn rapid, somn activ, somn pasiv, somn normal, somn paradoxal, „deprivarea de somn”, inducerea somnului. Rezumat: Somnul este o stare de activitate cerebrală, caracterizată prin întreruperea temporară a contactului conştient cu interiorul şi cu exteriorul, având caracter reversibil.

Trecerea de la veghe la somn şi invers are loc cu uşurinţă, în câteva secunde, iar ritmul somn-veghe coincide cu ciclul noapte-zi, de aceea se mai numeşte ritm circadian.

În cadrul refacerii spontane la sportivi, somnul profund, odihnitor cu rol deosebit asupra capacităţii fizice şi intelectuale, va conduce la creşterea performanţelor psiho-motrice în antrenamente şi concursuri. Titre: Le sommeil, milieu efficient des redressement des sportifs de performance Mots-clés: Sommeil lente, sommeil rapide, sommeil actif, sommeil passif, sommeil normal, sommeilparadoxal, “deprivée de sommeil”, l'introduction de sommeil Résumé: Le sommeil est un état d'activite cérébrale, caractérisé par l'interuption temporelle du contact couxient avec l'interieur et avec l'exterieur, ayant un caractère reversible. Le passage de la veille au sommeil et inverse a lieu facilement, en quelques secondes, et le rythme sommeil-veille coincide avec le cycle nuit-journée aussi nomme-t-on rythme cyrcadien. Au cadre de la redressement spontaine au sportifs, le sommeil profond, reposant avec un rôle particulier sur la capacite physique et intelectuelle, va conduire a la croissance des performances psycho-motriques dans les entrainements et les coucours.


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OLYMPIC EDUCATION IN EXILE?

Ph. D. Candidate, Juravle Mariana Sports High School, Suceava

Key words: Olympic education, Olympics, curriculum, school, youngsters, Olympic values Summary: Olympic education is not just a problem that concerns the Olympic family but a problem concerning education, sports, research, governments, and media with its huge role in creating a methodological environment that passes on information.

The curriculum must comprise Olympic education in its content, in order to integrate the Olympic values in human behaviour and school must last as the main institution which develops the basis of a systematic Olympic education.

Introduction

Cultured and educated Olympic values may become behaviour rules and standards for nowadays young people. These days ones physical, intellectual and moral education is an extremely important constituent.

On its way to educating youngsters, humanity needed and still needs this complex civilizing factor – “education”. “The most important thing in a nation’s life is education” baron Pierre de Coubertin was writing, the object of the entire Olympic philosophy.

The process of bringing this philosophy in school’s life, by absorption and knowledge of Olympic values and ideals, is a really long and almost impossible one, unfortunately, only through sports and physical education or culture.

Reality showed that the Olympic paradigm horizon cannot be included in the physical or cultural education perimeter. The pattern of cognition, feeling and living in the Olympic manner is a multidimensional one. It is made of educational values of many other disciplines. This pattern becomes more and more an interdisciplinary and co-disciplinary one, on its spreading way out.

As any educational instructive process, Olympic education aims for the development and perpetuation of the main society values. It is a modern scientific guide that emphasizes multiculturalism, direction and awareness, mostly concerning the youngsters, and guiding them towards Olympic classical ideas and foresights from the Olympic Charta.


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There has been made huge progress on the international level concerning Olympic education in schedule implementation on each of the education system stage and outside it. A large number of historic, psycho-pedagogic, sociologic etc. arguments embrace Olympic education promotion. One cannot consider himself an educated person unless he knows and understands the Olympic act phenomenon, the reasons, the Olympic values, the Olympic cultural routine, that make possible the ego commendation, the self knowledge, the reference to Olympic standard values that must be blend naturally in our way of being and behaving.

Material-method

Olympic education also has the virtue of knowing the culture, the costumes and traditions, and the nature concern of those that, along the years, through abnegation and sacrifice, which brought glory to the country, in our case Hungarians, Germans, Macedo-Romanians, Lippovans, Jews, Turks, Tartars, Gipsies etc, all of them thinking about one and the same thing: creating strong connections and new community of interests type that shall lead to the understanding of the other’s traditions and to the nationality specific and confession respectability. The pupil educated in this manner gets a good start, being able to continue his education by himself. More than that, it is not the degree of pure intellectual grounding that assures quality in education but its level of value complementarities having in view not only culture and spirituality but also human being accomplishment.

Physical education teachers and trainers, who think that they are the only ones capable of fulfilling Olympic education, are wrong. Their specialization is not enough in order to automatically grant themselves psycho pedagogic proficiency in this vast Olympic education problem. Its wide spectre, the value aggregate that makes it, is opened towards areas, which go beyond the traditional physical education, like: history, ethics, anthropology, philosophy, aesthetics, etc.

What would be the structure of such a systematic training in the civic, hygienic, physical, intellectual and moral perspective, being part of the “new educations” (an already well-known syntagm)? Who, where and how will be the Olympic education made? The problem of implementing new educational strategies generates lots of debates. Should Olympic education be introduced in the curriculum? Should it be taught along with physical education?

Unalterable cultivation, even from the first grades of indulgence meaning and fair-play, point out a high responsibility in the educational


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process. More than that the Olympic phenomenon and the sports one patronize education and the training of the new generation.

School and Olympic education go after “the same purpose – that of setting up the comprehensive human being on the intellectual, physical and feature level”, J.A. Samaranch was underlining while receiving the title Doctor Honoris Causa, in Romania, in 1994. Results

A first rate place in Olympic education is taken by pupil’s insertion in the history of Olympics. This process enriches the knowledge, and life is approached more optimistic and much more based on fair-play in each and every circumstance. Olympics isn’t learnt just for the sake of knowing what it means and assimilating civilizing ideas, but for the discovering of practical ways and relations found out in a new education – one that surrounds the world among its values that make a contribution to the human well-being.

Truthfulness, the sense of respecting the rules, honesty, selflessness, tolerance, fair-play and sociability are some of the features specific to this age, an age of piling up that makes the Olympics take them and cultivate its development to the maximum.

It may not be something to ramble the problem of teamwork: the physical education teacher/trainer, alongside with the history teachers, geography teachers, philosophy teachers this way being achieved an all-embracing hermeneutics including the educational class and the civic education class.

The Olympic conferences and the great Olympic champions meetings, that could share from their educational and training experience, along with other representatives of the Olympic family, may be as persuasive as any seminar or course. The only problem that is raised is that of the type of discourse (exposition), that of educational approach that is suggested “The great sportsmen, the great sports personalities and Olympic movement are examples to follow”– as the former Education Minister, Andrei Marga was once saying.

Those that make possible this “new education” must act in a pedagogic manner and they must be joined up by teachers that should indirectly round Olympic education through literature, arts, history, geography etc. In an informational society, the sequel of this Olympic education system and its amplification are made up by another group of factors: radio, television, press, literature, internet, competent members of the Olympic family or Olympic upholders from the Olympic Academy rows, politicians, managers and other associating forms, that prove to be


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in an acquaintance with the psycho pedagogic culture and may be of service as a model to the Olympic objectives.

Discussions

Olympic education isn’t just a matter of the Olympic family, but also one that concerns education, sports, research, governments, media with its huge role in creating the methodological background and transmitting the qualified information proceeded only from professionals.

Educational programmes should comprise in their content the Olympic education in order to incorporate the Olympic values in human behaviour.

School must remain the basic institution that promotes a systematic Olympic education, whose essential feature is made up of history, knowledge moulding on an existing situation of Olympic Games, of Olympic Movement, of Olympic ideals and values. Considering this perspective, Andrei Marga thought it necessary that the superior educational institutions, university sports clubs and regional Education Board must create “the functional and structural environment that should provide an organized feature of the actions which have as a main reason Olympic promotion.

If Olympics were introduced in schools, it could enrich the human heritage and it would inspire the young generation in accomplishing other human values, which will provide a different future to the Earth.

Bibliography:

1. C.I.O. – “Charte Olympique”, Lausanne, 2001 2. Dragnea, A., Teodorescu, S., Păunescu, A. – „Pregătire sportivă

teoretică”, Editura CD PRESS, Bucureşti, 2006 3. Drâmba O. – “Istoria culturii şi a civilizaţiei”. Vol.1, Editura

Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, bucureşti, 1984. 4. Iacob I., - “Înţelepciunea sportului”, Casa Editorială Demiurg,

Iaşi, 2006. 5. Papiru T. – “Jocurile Olimpice – imagine culturală şi istorică”,

Editura Alma, Galaţi, 2000. 6. Postolache N. – “Olimpismul în istoria civilizaţiei”, Editura

SAECULUM I.O., Bucureşti, 2004. Titlu: Educaţia olimpică şcolară în exil? Cuvinte cheie: Educaţie olimpică, olimpism, programe şcolare, şcoală, tineri, valori olimpice.


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Rezumat: Educaţia olimpică nu este numai o chestiune a familiei olimpice, ci una a învăţământului, educaţiei, sportului, cercetării, guvernelor, instanţele mediatice cu rol foarte mare în crearea unui cadru metodologic de transmitere a informaţiilor.

Programele şcolare trebuie să cuprindă în conţinutul lor educaţia olimpică pentru a integra valorile olimpismului în comportamentul uman, iar şcoala trebuie să rămână instituţia fundamentală în care se pun bazele unei educaţii olimpice sistematice. Titre: L'education olimpique scolaire dans l'exil? Mots-clés: Éducation olimpique, olympisme, Émploi de temps, École, feunes, Valeurs olimpiques Résumé: L'education olimpique n'est que seulement une question de la famille olympique, mais une de l'enseignement, de l'éducation, du sport, de la recherche, des gouvernes, les instances mediatiques out un rôle très grand dans la création d'un cadre métodologique de transmission d'informations. Les programs scolaires doivent coutenir dans leur coutenu l'éducation olimpique pour entegrer les valeurs de l'olympisme dans la conduite humaine, et l'école dait rester l'institution fondamentale dans laquelle on pose les bases d'une éducation olympique systematique

TEACHING AND PSYCHO – PEDAGOGICAL PRIORITIES IN THE REGULATION OF THE HANDBALL GAME

FOR THE CATEGORY OF CHILDREN AND PLAYERS OF MINIHANDBALL

Leuciuc Florin-Valentin – Assistant Lecturer (PhD.)

The University “Stefan cel Mare” of Suceava Key words: teaching and psycho-pedagogic regulation, minihandball, children, game regulation Summary: Reducing the age scale when it comes to selection and the practice of the minihandball by children requires teaching and psycho-pedagogical completions concerning the regulation of the handball game. The teaching and psycho - pedagogical aspects must be taken into account when we talk about the minihandball players (players who are between 7 and 10 years old) and children between 11 and 14 years old. The training


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of young sportsmen must be carried out in accordance with the particularities of the age, and when it comes to the match we should take into account the technical and psycho-pedagogical aspects presented in this article. Introduction Reducing the age scale when it comes to selection and the practice of the minihandball by children requires teaching and psycho-pedagogical completions concerning the regulation of the handball game. The teaching and psycho – pedagogical aspects must be taken into account when we talk about players who are between 7 and 14 years old. This regulation has three basic ideas:

1. Enriching the game technically and tactically; 2. Achieving a spectacular and motivating game; 3. Achieving a concise and practical training, adapted to the

particularities of every player. In practice, these ideas become reality only if all the factors

involved in the teaching process (players, coaches, referees) understand the “spirit” of the game and discover the qualities that contribute to the psycho – motorial development and to the shaping of the players’ personality.

One of the negative factors improperly used by most coaches is the desire or “obsession” to achieve performances in a period of time as short as possible. This is highlighted to adults (parents and coaches) who are interested in immediate results of the team, to the detriment of improving skills and developing specific features of the handball game, which will negatively influence the future matches of the team due to lack of particular motorial basis. The results of this short-term strategy will have adverse repercussions for the training and the obtaining of good results in competitions for a long period of time.

Material-Method

The effects of short-term strategy are: - Not using all the players during the match; - Existence of players with the status of reserve; - Lack of experience in competitions of the reserve players that

will crack in official and very important matches, fact that has negative effects for them, psychologically speaking;

- Players do not play on various positions to see their potential, aspect that leads to the formation of unilateral trained players;


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- Maintaining on the playing ground the players with good psycho – motorial skills that are specific to the handball game and provide technical and tactical solutions to solve the attack and defense situations;

- Lack of a team strategy that leads to a randomize match without organization.

A long-term strategy should include the following aspects: - Always using all the players, in this way contributing to the

development of competitive experience; - Using the players on many positions to see their sporting skills in

various situations, this will in future be relevant in establishing a basic post for the players and a secondary one;

- Establishing a specific game conception for the team to be accepted and shared by all the players in order to apply it in competitions;

- Creating a proper working climate within the team and strengthening the interpersonal relationships between the players;

- Creating a positive “competition” between the players in order to establish the first seven competition that will increase the level of training with beneficial effects for the matches of the team;

This set of factors leads creating of prerequisites to obtain notable performance for a long period, which is one of the objectives of performance sports and of high performance sports.

Results

To attract children in playing handball, they should be motivated in making this choice by practicing it in a spectacular, entertaining, stimulating way. This requires an “enrichment” of the game technically, tactically and strategically. The main ways to achieve are:

- Adapting the rules to the skills of young players (duration of the rounds, reducing the size of the playing ground, decreasing the number of players, reducing the duration of elimination, having a simplified regulation, using the “pedagogical replacement”). These adjustments mean fewer conflict situations during the match, simplify the strategy, having a contribution to enhancing its quality.

- Using the defense systems individually and in the area, on two or three lines –creating the possibility of interceptions, demarcations and situations from 1 to 1, all these leading to the practice of a spectacular match.

- There is not recommended the use of defense systems in line and combined which do not contribute to a dynamic and active defense.


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- Restoring the ball at the line of 4 m after receiving the goal to encourage the counter – attacks and the defensive catchings of the ball. Discussion The implementation of all the means outlined above leads to increasing the number of shares, the number of goals, the rythme of the actions, intensifying the pace of the game, making handball more attractive and motivating for young players, and also, being adapted to the particularities of the age. The teaching and psycho – pedagogical regulation prevents the coach from using collective strategies which are “difficult” for the players’ age (combined defense, prolonged attacks, technical and tactical combinations) that make the game better off with a large number of issues to be resolved, requiring a large number of mental problems and a large number of decisions to be taken quickly. Starting from this premise that must be applied in training and matches, training must be given a more concrete feature by the coaches of children teams – by developing technical, tactical and strategic individual skills in accordance with the age of the players. Games are typical for children who are between 7 and 14 years old, therefore their training should be like a game. Not taking into account this idea, we will have a decreasing interest and motivation for handball, making the children to choose other sports. Practice shows us something else - in order to obtain victory, the coaches use only the best players, forgetting the reserves, this being a mistake of their teaching activity. A good coach is one who respects the teaching and psycho – pedagogical rules by using all the players on various positions during the match without making changes between the phase of attack and that of defense. Teaching and psycho – pedagogical characteristics of the game regulation for the players of minihandball (children who are 7 – 10 years old)

1. Properly, there are not organized competitions, but festivals of minihandball;

2. The circumference of the ball should allow an easy handling of it - less than 50 m;

3. The dimensions of the playing ground are 20 x 13 m (one third of the size of a handball standard playing ground) and 20 x 20 m (half the size of handball playing ground).


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4. The dimensions of the buts (between 2 x 1,5 m and 2,5 x 1,8 m), the first semicircle being marked at 4 – 4, 5 - 5 m from the goal line.

5. The teams count 5-8 players. It can be mixed teams, consisting of boys and girls.

6. The match consists of 2 rounds of 15 minutes each, with a 5 minutes break, and preferably no time-outs.

7. Restoring the ball in the game is in the but area, when it is heard the whistle decision of the referee.

8. The exchange area corresponds to the lateral line length. 9. There is applied the pedagogical replacement when a player is

eliminated. 10. The players are sent out of the playing ground for 1 minute. 11. The referee’s activity is informal, thus only one referee is needed.

He must lead the match in a teaching way, by avoiding the application of sanctions, but in the case this is necessary, he should suggest to the coach the replacement of the player in question (teaching replacement), to avoid delicate situations. The data related to the size of the playing ground, the buts, the duration of the rounds and the number of players have an informative characteristic, they could be adapted to the current conditions. Teaching and psycho – pedagogical characteristics of the game regulation for children who are 11 – 14 years old

1. There are organized competitions for these age groups. 2. The circumference of the ball should allow an easy handling

of it – between 50 and 52 m. 3. The whole playing ground is used during the match, its

dimensions being in accordance with the regulation. 4. The teams count a maximum of 14 players registered in the

game sheet. 5. The match has 2 rounds of 20 or 25 minutes each, with a 10

minutes break; the rounds could be divided in two other rounds of 10 – 12 minutes each. No time-outs.

6. Restoring the ball in the game is in the but area, when it is heard the whistle decision of the referee.

7. There is applied the pedagogical replacement when a player is eliminated.

8. During the four rounds of the match they should alternate the defensive used systems (man to man or in the area) avoiding the combined and in line systems.

9. The referee’s activity is informal, thus only one or two young referees are needed. They must lead the match in a teaching way,


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without applying sanctions, but in the case these are necessary, they should suggest to the coach the replacement of the player in question (teaching replacement), to avoid delicate situations. The data related to the size of the playing ground, the buts, the duration of the match have an informative characteristic, they could be adapted to the current conditions. MINIHANDBALL – Sinthesis

Bibliography:

1. Federação de Andebol Portugal - Regulamentos Técnico-Pedagógicos (RTP’s), Lisboa, 2002.

2. Garcia Carlos – The coach and the Mini-Handball (EHF Periodical), Avis Werbung, Wien, 1999.

3. Real Federacion Espaniol de Balonmano – Minibal, Madrid, 2001.

4. Claude Rinck and colab. - Minihandball, AVIS – Werbung, Stockerau, Austria, 1997.

5. Federaţia Română de Handbal – Statut şi regulamente, Risoprint, Bucureşti, 2002. Titlu: Priorităţi didactice şi psiho-pedagogice la regulamentul jocului de handbal pentru categoria copii şi practicanţi ai minihadbalului Cuvinte cheie: regulament didactic şi psiho-pedagogic, minihandbal, copii, regulile jocului

Concise and practical

UNDERSTANDING “THE SPIRIT” OF THE GAME

Motivating and spectacular

Teaching and psycho – pedagogical

Handball game regulation

Enriching tactics and techniques

of the handball game


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Rezumat: Scăderea vârstei de selecţie în handbal, cât şi practicarea minihandbalului de către copii necesită aducerea unor completări de natură didactică şi psiho-pedagogică la “Regulamentul jocului de handbal”. De aspectele didactice şi psiho-pedagogice trebuie să se ţină seama la practicanţii minihandbalului (7-10 ani) şi la categoria copii (11-14 ani). Pregătirea tinerilor sportivi trebuie să se facă în conformitate cu particularităţile vârstei, iar în joc să se ţină cont de aspectele didactice şi psiho-pedagogice prezentate.

Titre: Des priorités didactiques et psycho-pédagogiques aux règles du jeu de handball pour la catégorie des enfants et des joueurs du minihadball Mots clefs: règlement didactique et psycho – pédagogique, minihandball, enfants, règles du jeu Résumé: La réduction de l'âge escalade quand il vient à la sélection et la pratique du minihandball par les enfants exigent l'enseignement et les achèvements psycho-pédagogiques concernant le règlement du jeu de handball. On doit tenir compte des aspects didactiques et psycho-pédagogiques lorsqu’ il s’ agit des praticiens de minihandball (qui ont entre 7 et 10 ans) et des enfant qui ont entre 11 et 14 ans. La formation des jeunes sportis doit être en conformité avec les caractéristiques de l'âge, quand au jeu on doit tenir compte des particularités didactiques et psycho-pédagogiques présentées dans cet article.

LA NOTION DE «SPORT POUR TOUS» DANS LE CONTEXTE ACTUEL

Leuciuc Florin-Valentin – Lecteur universitaire dr.

Université ”Ştefan cel Mare” de Suceava Mots clefs: sport pour tous, organismes nationaux et internationaux, cadre législatif et organisationnel

Résumé: En pratiquant des exercices physiques sous des formes diverses, pendant les loisirs, en respectant certains critères a des effets bénéfiques sur la santé de l’ homme. La preuve de cette affirmation est soutenue par de nombreuses enquêtes menées par plusieurs spécialistes du monde entier.


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Mécontent que le sport était pratiqué seulement par un groupe restreint de personnes, un groupe d' élite, le Baron Pierre de Coubertin, fondateur des Jeux Olympiques modernes, a proposé en 1900 la notion de «sport pour tous». L'essence de la notion de «sport pour tous» est que cette forme d'activité motrice est adressée à toutes les catégories de citoyens, en utilisant les critères d'âge, de sexe, de profession, tant dans les zones urbaines et les zones rurales afin de répondre le plus efficacement possible aux besoins de chaque catégorie.

Les grands organismes internationaux tels que UNESCO, le Conseil de l'Europe, Comité International Olympique (CIO) ont des préoccupations majeures pour organiser et étendre le sport pour tous au monde entier.

Introduction

Les effets sanogétiques de l’exercice physique ont été reconnus dès l’Antiquité. Les Grecs le considéraient un élément principal, indispensable pour la réalisation de l’harmonie de l’être humain, idéal visé par l’éducation hellénne des catégories privilegiées, brièvement exprimé par le syntagme “Kalos kai agathos”. D’ailleurs, d’autres peuples antiques (l’Egypte, l’Indie, la Chine, le Japon) utilisaient les exercices physiques pour une visée hygiénique et médicale. La nécessité de l’éducation physique pour la réalisation d’une éducation complète des jeunes a été aussi la préoccupation des Romans, qui accordaient aux exercices physiques une importance particulière, fait remarqué dans le vers de D.J. Juvenalis: “Optamdum est ut sic mens sana in corpore sano”.

Les effets favorables de la pratique des exercices physiques ont été mentionnés par nombreuses personnalités, pendant chaque époque historique. Dès Aristotel à Platon, qui pratiquaient les exercices physiques en palestres et les empereurs romans Néro et Caligula, qui participaient aux courses de chars, aux pédagogues de la Renaissance et du courant illuministe, aux créateurs de systèmes, tous mentionnent l’importance de l’exercice physique pour le développement de la capacité motrice, le maintien d’un état optime de santé et la formation de la personnalité humaine.

Matériel-méthode

La pratique des exercices physiques pendant les loisirs, sous n’importe quelle forme, en respectant certains critères, a des effets bénéfiques pour la santé de l’homme. La preuve de cette affirmation est


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soutenue par de nombreuses recherches effectuées par plusieurs spécialistes du monde entier.

N’étant pas d’accord avec la pratique du sport seulement par un groupe restreint, un “groupe d’élite”, le baron Pierre de Coubertin, le fondateur des Jeux Olympiques modernes, propose, en 1900, le concepte de “sport pour tous”.

Le sport pour tous a comme but la réalisation d’une politique efficiente, en vue du développement de sa contribution à un niveau correspondant au potentiel biomotrice de la population et à l’amélioration progressive de la qualité de la vie.

Le sport pour tous est issu du désir des hommes pour pratiquer les exercices physiques sans tenant compte de la classe sociale, de l’âge, de la nation ou de la couleur. C’est une proposition à la recherche de la récréation, de la communication, de l’activité en général, pendant les loisirs.

L’essence du concept de “sport pour tous” est que cette forme d’activité s’adresse à toutes les catégories de citoyens, d’après les critères d’âge, sexe, profession, dans le cadre rural et urbain, pour satisfaire le plus efficace possible les demandes de chaque catégorie.

Les organisations internationales de grande importance, U.N.E.S.C.O., le Conseil de l’Europe, le Comité International Olympique (C.I.O.) ont des préoccupations majeures pour l’organisation et pour l’extension du sport pour tous dans tout le monde.

Au cadre du Conseil de l’Europe fonctionne “Le Comité pour le développement du sport” dont l’activité est dirigée vers la démocratisation du sport “qui doit devenir accessible à chaque citoyen de ce continent”.

La Carte Internationale de l’Education Physique, adoptée depuis la XX-ème Conférence U.N.E.S.C.O. marque : “La pratique de l’éducation physique et du sport est un droit fondamental pour tous ”. Dans le deuxième article de la Carte, on précise : le terme sport désigne “la somme des formes d’activité physique qui, par une participation individuelle ou organisée, vise: l’amélioration de la condition physique (le fitness physique) et de l’état mental du bien, la formation des relations sociales, l’obtention de résultats sportifs dans des compétitions à certains niveaux”.

Pendant les dernières décennies du XX-ème siécle, « le sport pour tous » a attiré aussi l’attention du Comité International Olympique.

Le sport pour tous, dans la perspective actuelle du Comité International Olympique est présenté comme un ensemble d’activités


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sportives accessibles à tous, c’est à dire aux enfants, aux adolescents, aux adultes, aux âgés, à ceux fortes ou faibles, en bonne santé ou handicapés.

Le Comité International Olympique « encourage la coordination, l’organisation et le développement du sport et des compétitions sportives (…), collabore avec les organisations et les autorités publiques ou privées compétentes, pour mettre le sport au service de l’humanité, (…) encourage le développement du sport pour tous qui représente l’une des bases du sport de haut niveau et qui, à son tour, contribue au développement du Sport pour Tous. »

Le Sport pour Tous cultive l’idéal olympique qui affirme que le sport est un droit de tous les hommes, sans faire la différence entre les races, les classes, les réligions ou les affinités politiques. Cette demarche a pour but la promotion de la santé, de la condition physique par l’intermédiaire des activités physiques qui peuvent être pratiquées par des personnes de sexe, âge, conditions sociales et économiques différentes, en dépit de cultures sociales et régionales.

En 1983, pour répondre à l’intérêt de la population, toujours en surnombre, pour le sport vu à travers la santé et le fitness physique, le Comité International Olympique a crée « Le Groupe Executif du Sport pour Tous ». L’objectif de ce groupe de travail est de trouver les moyens avec lesquels le Mouvement Olympique puisse soutenir et promouvoir les activités sportives pour la population.

Résultats

Un autre objectif du Comité du Sport pour Tous réside dans la propagation des connaissances sur ce mouvement, sous la protéction des Congrés Nationaux du Sport pour Tous. Ces manifestations représentent l’endroit idéal pour changer des opinions et des expériences, à un niveau international, dans ce domaine.

Les congrès internationaux du Sport pour Tous ont abordé la thématique suivante :

- Frankfurt, Allemagne, 1986 : « Les principes fondamentaux du Sport pour Tous »

- Prague, Tchéque, 1988 : « La solidarité mondiale en faveur du développement du Sport pour Tous »

- Tampere, Finlande, 1990 : « Le Sport pour Tous jusqu’au 2000 »

- Varna, Bulgarie, 1992 : « Le Sport pour Tous dans la société contemporaine »

- Punta del Este, Uruguay, 1994 : « Le Sport pour Tous, santé pour tous »


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- Seul, Corée, 1996 : « La famille mondiale et le sport au XXI-ème siécle »

- Barcelone, Espagne, 1998 : « Le Sport pour Tous et la promotion de l’éducation par le biais du sport au niveau mondial »

- Québec, Canada, 2000 : « Le Sport pour Tous et les politiques gouvernamentales »

- Arnhem, Hollande, 2002 : « Le Sport pour Tous et le sport de performance : rivaux ou partenaires »

« Le Sport pour Tous » doit être compris comme un ensemble d’actions déroulées pendant toute la vie. L’assurance de ce continuum éducationnel motrice revient à la famille, à l’école, aux professeurs de spécialité, aux institutions qui forment des spécialistes, des associations, des clubs.

Les formes de pratique du Sport pour Tous sont nombreuses, diversifiées et dépendent de plusiers facteurs. Chaque pays, fonction des préférences de ses citoyens, organise des programmes de réalisation de la condition physique, c’est à dire du fitness. Malgré la diversité des termes employés, l’objectif reste le même: l’équilibre, l’état agréable et la santé par la pratique continue des exercices corporaux.

On présente synthétiquement l’étude du professeur allemand Jürgen Dieckert concernant les caractéristiques du Sport pour Tous:

0BLe Sport pour Tous

1. Buts, motivations, besoins, intérêts

− La joie, le plaisir, la communication, la détente, le repos, la santé

2. Moyens et formes

− Les jeux, les compétitions et les exercices avec des régles flexibles (moins fixes), la pratique de plusieurs disciplines, des groupes non-homogènes

3. Conditions de participation

− L’accessibilité pour tous les âges et niveaux de préparation

4. Conséquences et résultats

− L’individualisation, la mise en valeur de la personnalité individuelle, la spontanéité, la créativité, la communication, la solidarité

Discussion

Dans notre pays, jusqu’en 1990, au cadre du « sport de masse » on a organisé et déroulé, beaucoup d’activités sportives variées aux écoles, aux facultés, aux associations sportives ou entreprises. Les cross-country,


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les expéditions de documentation, les randonnées à la montagne, les caravanes cyclotouristiques, l’orientation touristique, la gymnastique d’entretien en sont seulement quelques exemples. Le développement et la valorisation de l’éducation physique et du sport, entièrement soumises aux exigénces et à l’état de l’évolution de la société roumaine, ont imposé, comme nécessité, l’intégration de ces activités particulièrement importantes dans le processus de l’éducation du peuple entier, ayant comme point de départ le principe selon lequel une éducation complète et une santé forte ne peuvent pas être réalisées sans la contribution de l’exercice physique pratiqué systématiquement.

Le sport de masse peut être considéré un précurseur du Sport pour Tous si on prend en compte les objectifs poursuivis. On considère, quand même, que ces deux formes d’activité motrice ont une identité distincte, qui résulte à partir des caractéristiques envisagées.

En 1992, le Ministère de la Jeunesse et du Sport transforme La Direction des Programmes Sportifs pour le Publique en La Fédération Roumaine du Sport pour Tous qui soutient l’organisation des activités physiques et sportives pour toutes les catégories de population, ayant pour objectif l’amélioration de leur santé, comme moyen d’intégration sociale et de développement de la personnalité humaine.

L’existence d’un cadre législatif et organisateur, la corrélation des activités des institutions centrales et locales avec des préoccupations pour la qualité de la vie, de l’éducation, de la protéction sociale sont nécessaires pour créer les conditions favorables à la pratique libre des exercices physiques et sportifs dans un cadre propre et sûr, organisé ou indépendant, selon les besoins, les capacités et les préférences.

Bibliographie:

1. Federaţia Română “Sportul pentru Toţi”, Materialele pentru întâlnirea M.T.S. – F.R.S.P.T., D.J.T.S.-uri, cu privire la aplicarea Hotărârii Guvernului României privind aprobarea Programului Naţional “Sportul pentru Toţi – România 2000”.

2. Monitorul Oficial al României, Partea I, anul X – NR. 383 din 8-X-1998.

3. Lăzărescu, Al. Sportul pentru toţi – concepţii şi direcţii de acţiune în România. M.T.S. – F.R.S.P.T. – Simpozionul Sportul pentru toţi, Buşteni, 1992.

4. Le sport pour tous et le Comite Internationale Olympique, Laussanne, 1997.

5. Cârstea Gh. Educaţie fizică. Teoria şi bazele metodicii, ed. A.N.E.F.S., Bucureşti, 1996.


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Titlu: Conceptul „sportul pentru toţi” în contexul actual Cuvinte cheie: sportul pentru toţi, organizaţii naţionale şi internaţionale, cadru legislativ şi organizatoric Rezumat: Practicarea exerciţiilor fizice sub diferite forme, în timpul liber, respectând anumite criterii are efecte benefice asupra sănătăţii omului. Dovada acestei afirmaţii este susţinută de numeroase cercetări efectuate de tot mai mulţi specialişti din întreaga lume.

Nemulţumit de practicarea sportului numai de către un grup restrâns, un grup de “elită”, baronul Pierre de Coubertin, întemeietorul Jocurilor Olimpice moderne, propune în 1900 conceptul de „sportul pentru toţi”. Esenţa concepţiei “sportul pentru toţi” este că această formă de activitate motrică se adresează tuturor categoriilor de cetăţeni, după criteriile de vârstă, sex, profesiune, atât în mediul urban cât şi cel rural pentru a satisface cât mai eficient posibil necesităţile fiecărei categorii.

Organizaţiile internaţionale de mare importanţă precum U.N.E.S.C.O., Consiliul Europei, Comitetul Internaţional Olimpic (C.I.O.) au preocupări majore pentru organizarea şi extinderea sportului pentru toţi în întreaga lume. Title: The concept of “sport for all” in the current context Key words: sport for all, national and international organizations, concept, legislative and organizational framework Summary: The practice of physical exercise in loisirs, respecting certain criteria, has beneficial effects on human health. The proof of this statement is supported by numerous researches conducted by more and more specialists from the entire world.

Being dissatisfied that sports were practiced only by a restricted group, the elite group, Baron Pierre de Coubertain, the founder of the modern Olympics, proposed in 1900 the concept sport for all. The essence of this concept is that this type of activity is for all categories of citizens, depending on age, sex, profession, both in urban and in rural areas, in order to fulfill more effectively the needs of each category.

The international organizations of great importance such as U.N.E.S.C.O., Council of Europe, International Olympic Committee are interested in organizing and expanding sports practice in the whole world.


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OLYMPIC PHENOMENON AS A COMPONENT OF EDUCATION

Moroşan Larionescu Virgil, Assistant Lecturer (PhD. candidate)

The University “Stefan cel Mare” of Suceava.

Key words: olympism, humanism, sport, education, culture, principles. Summary: The major and extensive changes taking place today as a result of globalization have also, unavoidably, affected the educational process. Many people are talking more often about the need to change something in the educational process and to strengthen the pedagogical role of school in community. The accent is put on the lifelong learning, respect for cultural diversity and development of the man skills to give proper responses in our dynamic and changeable , contemporary society. Finding ways to integrate in education the innovations offered by the Olympic educations programs will require will, logistics and a great mobilization to include the Olympism as a discipline in each country school. Introduction: In ancient times, sports contributed a great deal to peace and international understanding as the Olympic Truce was the most important tradition, which contributed to the cease of armed conflict. Today, unfortunately, our planet was become a much more complicated place, and the Olympics have become a worldwide event rather than one four members of a similar culture. In modern times, outside forces have influenced the outcome of some of the Games by means of boycotts, acts of violence, political and strategic influences and also terrorism, which contradict the Olympic spirit.

Olympism appears, first of all, as a myth with a system of representations that attempts to explain and justify a human practice or institutions by linking it to an age-old and at the same time sacred origin. The myth is essentially based on the symbolism of ancient Greece, tales, heroes and legends.

We owe the neologism “Olympism” to Pierre de Coubertin who replied to the question “What is Olympism” with the following definition: “It is the religion of energy, the cult of a strong will that is developed through the practice of virile sports based on hygiene and civic mindedness and supported by art and though”. For Pierre de Coubertin, Olympism is a tool that must be used to educate young people and not


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only with double practice of sport and intellectual activity. This ambitions program’s aim is to create a balance between the mind and the body. Material-method:

If we take a good look to the main principles of Olympism, we can and certainly we should change the approach with our students, in order to accomplish the sentence “Mens fervida in corpore lacertoso” (a passionate mind into a trained body). Fundamental Principles of Olympism:

1. Olympism is a philosophy of life, exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, will and mind. Blending sport with culture and education, Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy of effort, the educational value of good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles.

2. The goal of Olympism is to place sport at the service of the harmonious development of man, with a view to promoting a peaceful society concerned with the preservation of human dignity.

3. The Olympic Movement is the concerted, organized, universal and permanent action, carried out under the supreme authority of the IOC, of all individuals and entities who are inspired by the values of Olympism. It covers the five continents. It reaches its peak with the bringing together of the world’s athletes at the great sports festival, the Olympic Games. Its symbol is five interlaced rings.

4. The practice of sport is a human right. Every individual must have the possibility of practicing sport, without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires mutual understanding with a spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play. The organization, administration and management of sport must be controlled by independent sports organizations.

5. Any form of discrimination with regard to a country or a person on grounds of race, religion, politics, gender, or otherwise is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement.

6. Belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC. Pierre de Coubertin drew upon the admiration of ancient Greek

culture that prevailed at the end of the 19th century in Europe, in order to impose his educational and pedagogical theories. This help us to understand better why modern Olympism’s origins are derived from the of ancient Greece. The Olympic movement’s actions today are


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underpinned by the principles set forth in the Olympic Charter. These principles enable us to understand the challenges and the IOC’s ambition to carry out successfully this universal education program. It is very important to promote Olympism and trying in the same time to avoid the false value. Through the promotion of Olympism we must be aware of the potential of false values or misleading information that can be presented. The purity and idealistic nature of Olympism promotes fair play, sportsmanship and sport for all. This brings a high level of integrity emphasized on those that are involved with this principle. However, due to potential corruption in governmental and nongovernmental agencies, there is the possibility that the values of Olympism will be diluted or not expressed at all. Olympism must to be promoted through governmental policies, not only from within the sport area. School outreach programs, teacher training and the support of the International Olympic Committee are crucial for maintaining a high level of development. Teacher and personnel should attend proper training so they can speak knowledgeably and passionately about the power of Olympism It must be our concern how will introduce the Olympic values to someone that has never heard of them before. Education and outreach are vital to the development of sport and the Olympic values. However, there lies a problem in teaching these values to individuals unaware of the Olympic Movement and what it stands for. For having a true impact in a individual, it is important that this individual is reached by others who themselves have a strong passion for sport and the power of the Olympic Values. Unfortunately, sport has gone into a hibernation period in many countries e.g. a child does not know all the rules of the game and what the rules mean in detail. Maybe the outreach techniques or programs used to involve the child in the beginning were not very well organized or planned beforehand. We should concentrate our attention to attract the pupils in sport activities and Olympic movement, and in my opinion a very good opportunity could be the computer games, who was spread allover the world very fast. So the governmental agencies must to develop games were instead violence and crimes the child can discover many useful things about sports, Olympism, history etc. Another way is to educate parents on the value of sport, along with the Olympic values, because this will engage the parents and help keep the child more involved. We must keep improving Olympic Education within all country regions because is vital for the growth of the Olympic Movement in our country. Promoting it as a special subject within the nation to learn about


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the Olympism and Olympics will allow individuals to have a direct interaction with the Olympic Movement. International exchange programs can also be applied so that the students can learn more on other countries and once they return have an outreach of the different cultures. We must promote a better understanding of Olympism and the Olympic ideals on a long term basis prior to sporting games to reemphasis the connection. These values should be promoted in all sport but not just in the Olympic disciplines. New outreach opportunities need to be developed to reach the youth in practical ways in entertainment opportunities such as comic books, animation movies and computer games. The foundation needs to be laid by people closer to the player, for example, coaches, parents, and administrators to involve the people from young. By Olympic education we can achieve several goals in our work with pupils especially sportive culture, history, geography, fine arts and others with benefic influences over the culture level of each individual. The concepts and ideals of Olympism coexist as part of education’s broader objectives in many educations systems. In most European countries, despite existing differences, the main objective of education is the moral, social, physical and intellectual development of youth for a healthy, fair and democratic society with a robust economy that promotes sustainable development. Results: Implementing Olympic education programs in education is therefore recommended as it gives emphasis to educational trends and endeavors and is associated with education’s socio-psychological dimension. After Mr. Konstantinos Georgiadis the inclusion of Olympic education courses on the curriculum varies among countries, however, that in 45,5% of cases these programs were presented through the physical education course, in 29,9% through all the courses on the curriculum, in 40,3% as an autonomous course and in 27,3% as another course or activity (seminars, workshops, NOA programs, Olympic Clubs, etc.) as is illustrated in Graph. no.1.


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Percentage of Olympic Education courses on the curriculum

45,5

29,940,3

27,3

Graph 1. The inclusion of Olympic Education courses on the curriculum

Olympic education is not the same in all countries, because existing differences among each nation education program. The differences between those are the result of five factors:

1. cultural 2. religious or ideological 3. politics 4. economical 5. social Each one of this factors contributes to implementation of Olympic

Education all over the world, but in the last period of time the economical factor seem to be more and more important and the future consequences is very hard to predict. We must engage in this struggle with “power of money” and succeed to use the financial resources in our benefit. Innovative actions like Olympic Education in the education process counterbalance is like a oxygen cure, thanks to their proactive methodology and thematic freedom who encourage and promote creativity, good will, initiative, diversity and correct behavior in society for both, teachers and students. Discussions

The sports are an expression of culture. Their history is linked by different country, different cultures, and bringing them together will result a humanity celebration of peace, respect and understanding like Olympic

autonomous course another course or activity

physical education course courses on the curriculum


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Games do. The Olympic Village and the opening and closing ceremonies are ways to allow the exchange of different cultures because they give athletes a chance to live together as a community. We can say that the planet is whole again and Olympic Games are the most higher expression of joy of the human been, expecting a perpetual truce and no more wars, conflicts, selfishness - only humanism and humanity.

We have a chance to improve universal culture with new directions and horizon’s, we can affirm that we made the culture, so in my opinion, let’s made it well.

Bibliography:

1. Eric Monnin – Olympism and Humanism: Practices and Representations at School, 48-th International Session for Young Participants, Greece 2008;

2. Konstantinos Georgiadis – The implementation of Olympic Education Programs at World Level, 48-th International Session for Young Participants, Greece 2008;

3. Olympia Vikatou – Olympia, the archaeological site and the museum, Ektodike Athenon S.A. Greece 2006;

4. Lamartine DaCosta – Sport and Poverty, 46-th International Session for Young Participants, Greece 2006;

Titlu: Fenomenul olimpic ca şi componentă a educaţiei Cuvinte cheie: olimpism, umanism, sport, educaţie, cultură, principii. Rezumat: Schimbările majore şi extensive care au loc astazi ca şi rezultat al globalizării, au afectat de asemenea, inevitabil, şi procesul educaţional. Mulţi oameni discută tot mai des despre nevoia de a schimba ceva în procesul educaţional şi de a întări rolul pedagogic al şcolii în comunitate. Accentul este pus pe învăţare durabilă, respect pentru diversitatea culturală şi dezvoltarea priceperilor pentru a da răspunsuri potrivite în a noastră dinamică şi schimbătoare societate contemporană. Găsirea căilor de a integra în cadrul educaţiei inovaţiile oferite de programele de educaţie Olimpică vor necesita voinţă şi o mare mobilizare pentru a include Olimpismul ca şi disciplină în şcolile din fiecare ţară. Titre: Le phénomène olympique comme composant de l’éducation. Mots- clé: olympisme, humanisme, sport, éducation, culture, principes. Résumé: Les changements principaux et étendus, ayant lieu aujourd’hui en raison de la globalisation, ont inévitablement affecté le processus éducatif. Beaucoup de personnes parlent plus souvent au sujet de la nécessité de changer quelque chose dans le processus éducatif et de


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renforcer le rôle pédagogique de l'école dans la communauté. L'accent est mis sur la formation permanente, le respect pour la diversité culturelle et le développement des qualifications d'homme pour donner des réponses appropriées dans notre société dynamique et variable, contemporaine. Trouver des moyens d'intégrer dans l'éducation les innovations offertes par les programmes d'éducation Olympique exigera volonté et une grande mobilisation pour inclure l'Olympism comme discipline dans chaque école de campagne.

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE COORDINATIVE ABILITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN THE RURAL VS. URBAN

ENVIRONMENT ( SECOND GRADE)

Prof. univ . dr Alexandru Păcuraru

Prep .univ. drd. Carmen Preda Universitatea „Dunărea de Jos” Galaţi

Key words: coordinative capacity, primary school, primary grades, physical education Summary:

The paper deals with a constative study, i.e. the manifestation of coordinative ability in small schoolchildren. The applied tests and events constitute means of detecting several types of coordination. The subjects of the study are children in primary school (second grade), aged 7-9 from two schools, one in the countryside, the other in the city. Nine tests were administered in order to test the coordinative ability, in the halls of the two school, with the following results:

• Coordinative ability displays different manifestation indices in children from the rural environment as compared to children in the urban environment.

• The environment and lifestyle of most children has led to the reduction of their motor activity, as they live in small spaces and lack the proper playing conditions.

• The environment prompts the child to steadily adapt to new motor situations, thus stimulating new processes of motor acquisition. The children become aware of their progress and can measure function of their


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environment. They are animated by a number of motivational factors which arouse their curiosity and prepare them for play and study, stimulating performance. Introduction:

Nowadays we are witnessing a phenomenon of acceleration in terms of physical and mental development of the young generation, which compels us to reconsider the characteristics of the age 7-9.

Specialised literature treats coordination as an ”orderly activity of various organs and systems of the body, conditioned by the excitation and inhibition occurring in the central nervous system” (Georgescu F. , 1971: 97). Shepard R. J.(1994: 7 ) defines coordination as ”an integral process of actual management of the movement in accordance with the purpose, the environment conditions, the athlete’s state and his personal characteristics” .

Therefore, the coordinative ability is the core of ability which is considered the ”spine of motiveness” (Epuran M., 1996: 239). M. Epuran considers that skill as a factor of physical performance with a direct bearing upon the efficient valuation o the other motive skills: speed, strength, endurance. The author opines that the study of ability, due to its complexity , has not gone over the analytical stage yet (Epuran M., 1996 : 239). The objective of the paper

The main purpose of our research is the determination of coordinative ability in second grade pupils in the rural and urban environments.

This paper is part of an ampler study focusing on the coordinative capacity of pupils in the first to fourth grades, in two different environments: the countryside and the city. Working hypothesis

As there are discrepancies between the existing theoretical knowledge and the practice proper on te topic of research, it is imperative to carry out a study of the rural vs. urban environment able to develop the need to exercise in children at this age. Material – method:

The subjects of this study are represented by the pupils of the primary school in Movilita , the county of Vrancea, and School no. 12 Galaţi, enrolled in the primary education system. Two classes in the rural environment and two classes in the urban environment were tested, with a total number of 89 pupils, 42 girls and 47 boys, aged 7- 9. A number of 9 tests were operated in order to test the coordinative ability, in the halls of


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the two schools mentioned above ( 20/40 m), employng the following measurement instruments: the stopwatch and the geometric protractor. Tests and events applied

1. The test of sensory-motive coordination; 2. The Matorin test; 3. The Romberg test; 4. The Tapping test - variant I; 5. The Tapping test –variant II; 6. The “square” test; 7. Leading the basketball (with the able hand), while running and

changing the motion direction ; 8. Determining the ability of movement coordination –the figurative

way ; 9. Marking leap.

Results: 1. Table of results obtained by the pupils in the rural and urban environments

2nd grade

Sensory-motive coordination

Matorin test left/right

Romberg test

Tapping test var 1

Tapping Test var 2

Square test sec/errors

Leading the ball

Figurative way

Marking leap

Boys rural classes

17,16

319,04/ 306,17

19,83

114,17

19,02

17,86 2,01(errors)

17,89

6,36 (errors)

1,79

Boys urban classes

20,42

254,27/ 242,13

16,15

112,57

34,09

20,83 4,05(errors)

20,08

4,21 (errors)

1,91

2. Table of results obtained by the pupils in the rural and urban environments

2nd grade

Sensory-motive coordination

Matorin test left/right

Romberg test

Tapping test var 1

Tapping Test var 2

Square test sec/errors

Leading the ball

Figurative way

Marking leap

Girls rural classes

15,17 318,20/ 304,07

20,25 122,35 20,21 18,06 2,81(error)

18,53

6,06 (errors)

1,73

Girls urban classes

21,13 214,12/ 202,51

14,65 113,09 34,16 27,99 4,09(errors)

23,07

5,03 (errors)

1,84


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Interpretation of the data obtained The value of the Matorin test rotation left/ right was 319º/306º for the lrural environment pupils, the asessment and qualitative evaluation scale is the GOOD qualification (B). For the same

test, both boys and girls in the urban environment were given the SUFFICIENT qualification (S), the value of the test being 254º/243º(boys) şi 214º/202º(girls). The GOOD qualification (B) was also obtained by the girls in te rural environment, where the Matorin test measured 318º/304º.

In the two tests aimed at determining rhytmicity , pupils in the rural environment obtained satisfactory results, both boys and girls registering higher values than in the urban environment. Besides, the approximate steadiness in the movement frequency in the last squares, i.e. 4( var 1) and 3 (var 2) evinced the stability of

nervous processes for boys/ girls in the rural environment . In the classes in the urban environment, a reduction of the number

of points was noticed from a square to another, wich is indicative of insufficient stability.

In the Romberg test, the pupils in the rural environment obtained higher values in the test of balance, being again superior to the pupils in the urban environment.

050

100150200250300350

testulMatorinrotarestanga

testulMatorinrotare

dreapta

elevi mediul rural elevi mediul urbaneleve mediul rural eleve mediul urban

0

50

100

150

tappingtest var 1

tappingtest var 2

testulRomberg



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The errors centralised in the coordination test of hand movements in the “figurative way” are lower for boys/ girls in the urban environment. The duration of 45 ” is easier to cover the trajectory by pencil, and a better hand coordination not conditioned by time is observed in urban environment pupils. This is the only test in which pupils in the urban environment got better results than the ones in the rural environment.

In the marking leap, even if the rural environment pupils had a better result, the diference was not too wide between the classes, the error ranging between +/-1,76 cm over line 0 for the rural environment pupils and +/-1,87 for the urban environment pupils. Also, the differences were not too signficant in the sensory-motive coordination test (tab .1/2) , where the value of the test was +/- 16,16 for the rural environment pupils , appreciated with the GOOD qualification, +/- 20,77 for the ones in the urban environment, who got the same qualification. Discussions:

Coordinative ability is diferently represented in children belonging to the rural environment as compared to children living in the urban environment. The different living standard of most children has led to diminishing their motive activity, as they live in confined spaces, and without proper playing conditions. Coordinative ability is the central nucleus of skill, considered the spine of motiveness. And motiveness is the form in which intellect and life are manifested. A child with a poor visual-motive coordination will have difficulties in adapting to the requirements of the environment (difficulties in motion, dressing, adapting to collective games with his mates, modeling,

6,36

1,79

4,21

1,91

6,06

1,73

5,03

1,84

0 5 10 15 20 25

drumul figurat

saritura la marcare



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drawing). Learning is in turn affected by this difficulty, especially as far as writing is concerned. His relationship with the adults and other children is also impaired.

Restricting the vital space, by urbanisation and the invasion of concrete results in disturbances in the motive development of children in the urban environment.

The environment compels children to constantly adapt to new motor situations, thus stimulating new processes ofmotive learning. Children are thus animated by a series of motivational factors, arousing their curiosity, preparing them for play and study, stimulating performance at all levels.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Epuran M. Metodologia cercetării activităţilor corporale în educaţie fizică şi sport. - vol. II. - A.N.E.F.S. - Bucureşti, 1996. -P. 239-316, 451-459.

2. Georgescu F. Educaţia fizică şi sportul - fenomen social. - Stadion. - Bucureşti, 1971. - P. 97.

3. Manolache A. şi colab. Dicţionar de pedagogie. - Didactică şi Pedagogică. -

Bucureşti, 1979, P. 37-73. 4. Shepard R. J. Fiziologia exerciţiului şi performanţa sportivă //

Fiziologia sportului. - C.C.P.S. - Bucureşti, 1994. - P. 4-17 Titlu: Studiu comparativ asupra capacităţii coordonative a elevilor din şcoala primară din mediul rural versus mediul urban. Cuvinte cheie: capacitate coordonativă, şcoală primară, grad primar, educaţie fizică Rezumat: Articolul prezintă un studiu constatativ asupra manifestărilor abilităţilor de coordonare la elevii de şcoală primară. Testele aplicate constituie mijloace pentru detectarea celor câteva tipuri de coordonare. Subiecţii studiului sunt elevi de şcoală primară, gradul doi, cu vârste cuprinse între 7 şi 9 ani de la două şcoli, una de la ţară şi una de la oraş. Au fost parcurse 9 teste în vederea testării abilităţii coordonative, în sălile de sport ale celor două şcoli. Titre: Étude comparative de la capacité coordonative des élèves du primaire dans les zones rurales urbaines


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Mots-clés: capacité coordonativă, école primaire, année du primaire, l'éducation physique Résumé: L'article présente une étude sur la coordination des manifestations constatatif compétences des élèves du primaire. Are moyens tests pour détecter plusieurs types de coordination. Sujets de l'étude sont des étudiants de l'école primaire, la classe deux, âgés de 7 et 9 ans à deux écoles, un pays et un de la ville. 9 essais ont été réalisés pour tester la capacité coordonative dans les salles de sport des deux écoles.

THE REFEREE’S DUTY AND RESPONSIBILITY DURING SPORTIVE COMPETITIONS

Teacher Victor Pancu

Highschool with Sportive Programme Suceava

Key words: arbitration, volleyball and regulation Summary: During this study there are certain basic ideas, some qualities that a referee must have in order to appreciate all the actions that happen in sport, especially in volleyball (using his own eyes and the regulations) Introduction: The referee’s duty and responsibility during sportive competitions A referee’s decisions (a referee who doesn’t take the decisions with the help of a measuring band or a chronometer, but with the help of his own eyes, with his own findings and above all with his own consciousness) might be often criticized, because his decisions might not suit all the circumstances, so his decisions may be challenged. Enthusiasm, idealism, abnegation and exuberance are replaced with sketchiness, with unilateral specialization, with blind fanaticism and selfish ingenuity. Sport does not only mean measuring your forces without interest, but it also means courage. To be or not to be, to be or to say are also determinant. Corruption and merit are the leitmotifs that dominate today sports. Sportsmen, including the professionals, are becoming the slaves of their clubs, mercenaries of Maecenas and thereby their very slaves. They degrade themselves, being hired by contract, and their performance should guarantee an income greater than the costs of maintenance, or exchange rate falls. Background means always ”business” and only the


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contribution to advertising brings income. The field thus becomes the market and the gym becomes the dealing floor. Material – method:

It’s high time we realized the real content of game and of sport. We should advocate real sport goals and in the same time we should combat dishonesty and untruth. We all know that no one has as much enthusiasm as the youngsters do. So it’s grown ups’ duty to give the youth a real pleasure through sport. Our youngsters should be led on dignified paths, even if these paths are steep. We should teach them to desire a goal which will make them play fairly so they will learn how to lose and how to win – as in real life. Everybody knows that referees are responsible for what is on the field; in the same time they must respect the game rules and also the players and the audience. If there is something wrong, a measure should be taken to restore sports on the good way. Results:

Being a referee means: leadership, education and guidance. A referee must have certain qualities: he should be an educator, a psychologist and a judge. A referee may be threatened by both the players and the audience. Against the claims, the wishes and the requirements of sometimes wild gallery, the referee must not be influenced or led by the audience – even if he is scared by them. On the contrary, he may become the playing ball of the men who have been irritated by his disability. His uncertainty may light unwished instincts; this uncertainty may violate decency, tolerance, fair play and chivalry. Each referee must know how to lead a game till its end. Each referee has the duty to show an absolute and objective capacity of judging. He couldn’t be influenced, independent and outside prejudices. These treats of character show him as an uncorrupted personality. At these human values we must add specific spiritual skills, consciousness (which may have helped a referee learn the exact regulations) and a continuing documentation. Referees must mind the international competitions in order to align the spirit of the regulation with the game appreciation. The necessary prerequisites are: a good knowledge of the point between regulation and rules’ interpretation – for a real appreciation of the game - and experience. All these things happen in profession too. Vocational and career training courses are compulsory for the referee. He should have the courage to self criticize his own activity. The idea is to learn not only from the others’ mistakes, but from his own failures, because referees are human beings too and they may make mistakes. Only


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those who had learnt their own limits would become better and better. A referee position (with players and audience) would be better if he succeeds in his professional life. This is the meaning and essence of any referee activity. A referee performance means: years of hard work, learning, determination and responsibility. Anyone who gains all these should never give up. The one who has the power and exercise the power should keep in mind that this power could become very dangerous. We all know that those who have the power, will still have the power if they combine severity with justice. So the field should become the arena of truth and justice for every referee. If a referee wants to be fair he should have the courage to take uncompromised decisions, even if they are troublesome for the players and the audience. The ones who can’t deal with this unpopularity, or don’t have the inner silence, or don’t protect the sportive truth don’t correspond to this mission from the very start. When they are afraid that their decisions will find resistance they should not touch the whistle because they won’t be successful. It is known that justice and truth can be contagious, but the referees who can’t decide to eliminate a player, who can’t avoid all the difficulties or whistle unfairly will quickly lose their reputation.

These clarifications are needed because the danger of commercialization has been felt among referees too, not few of them had whistled for money. These are from “the home referee” category.

There is another category, that of the referees who wear their equipment only in order to see their names written in newspapers. These referees have a short and unsuccessful activity. This ”newspaper” appearance is usually followed by some critical descriptions; descriptions which make them feel really embarrassed.

As the leading players are sometimes in the middle of heated, contradictory discussions so will only “the powerful” referees impose themselves. A referee must always face both the players and the audience, so it is more and more difficult for them. In order to get out well of this situation some elements are compulsory: determination and courage. The referee’s behaviour can’t be decided by the teams, the managers, the audience or the media. The referee himself must decide his sportive behaviour.

A referee who doesn’t have the courage to take difficult decisions, someone who can’t face the excesses which always appear is not able to have the referee responsibilities.


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To be cautious at first is another principle that is valid. The one that does not include the core problem with security and essential instinct lacks the appreciation of the situation. From the very beginning referees have the duty to notice everything that does not correspond to ideals in sport and to act with determination. Audience’s idols, famous sportsmen, masters, none of them should be excluded from punishment. For certain offenses none must be forgiven. Media has a lot of work facing the foreign financial influences, influences which may diminish newspaper objectivity. So a referee must be very determinant to support the justice interests in sport. A referee must be always neutral and must show sportive consciousness. If he wants to be a winner, his arbitration must irreproachable. Each referee should understand that a perfect collaboration between him and the players will exert a positive influence on the game. This means a future development and better games. The mutual understanding and the respect between the referee and the players influence the game itself. Respect must be shown even if we have another opinion, different from the one the referee or the player have. From this mutual respect both sides have certain advantages. Each game is a competition; hate must not be present; so, from the very beginning, the referee must not forgive any mistake; he must be fair, honest and correct. With a similar behaviour the referee give the players and the audience a certain calm.

Our motto must be: decision, courageous interventions whenever necessary.

Another important matter is the necessity of admitting that there should be a contract between the referee and the coach. This matter should be carefully analysed because the influence that a coach has on his team shouldn’t be neglected. The technical committee is highly interested in the fact that the referees must understand how important the relationship between a coach and his players is. This matter should be included in the psychological training of a referee before a match.

The team’s leader is also very important. He has a great influence on his team so on the game itself. An unsportsmanlike challenge must be immediately punished. None, even if he’s the team’s leader, has the right to behave improperly near the playing field. Such behaviour will never have a positive effect. Any interference of the coach in the referee’s decisions must be immediately stopped, ending the game and warning the guilty person.

More energy is required when the leader, the coach or other persons who have certain responsibilities in the team engage on the


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ground when the game is not stopped or those persons aren’t from the medical crew.

Discussions:

So the referee must watch, besides the players, all the persons who are next to the field or when the situation requires the referee interference. Referees must be very determinant.

Team and club leaders must be punished if they cross the line. Repeated excess and abuses lead to sport’s damaging.

Sport is the preoccupation of more and more people nowadays. Media, radio, television connect the sport with the people. Family, school, every social field are engaged in this phenomenon. Sport means spare time, sport defines lifestyles. A superior lifestyle implies the necessity of sport. Therefore we need people who have certain goals; we can fight for the sport rights and targets.

We must be morally clean, sort of messengers of truth. Incidents, tensions, mismatching will always exist; they couldn’t be avoided. Important is the way we face, master and eliminate them.

We must act in the spirit of justice and truth.

Bibliography 1. Sports Science Magazine 2. Certain publications at the Research Institute in Sport, 2004 –

2006 3. Sports Directory – 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998 4. Sport Magazine – 1960 – 1980 5. Newspapers collection – 1960 – 1985 – 2000 - 2005

Titlu: Responsabilitatea şi datoria arbitrului in cadrul competiţiilor sportive Cuvinte cheie: arbitraj, volei, regulament Rezumat: In acest referat sunt prezentate câteva idei de bază, calităţi pe care trebuie să le aibă un arbitru pentru a lua cele mai bune decizii in sport, in special in volei (folosindu-şi proprii ochi şi regulamentul). Titre : La responsabilité et le devoir de l’arbitre pendant les compétitions sportives Mot-clé: l’arbitrage, le volley-ball, le règlement Résumé: Dans cet exposé on vous présente quelques idées de base, qualités que l’arbitre doit posséder pour qu’il puisse prendre les meilleures décisions dans le sport, et particulièrement dans le volley-ball (en employant ses propres yeux et le règlement).


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THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE SIXTH GRADE STUDENT’S PHYSICAL CONDITION SUPPORTED BY UTILITARIAN - APPLICATIVE WAYS

Teacher : Marius Pavaluc

School No. 7 „Grigore Ghica Voievod”, Suceava Key words : Physical education, motive attainments, lesson Summary: Lesson of physical education is an important component in the process of child’s education. This essay wants to relieve the importance of aplicative- utilitarian ranges at this age. Introduction Physical education is one of the principal components of education contributing to complement at menticulture and it is in connection with moral education . The children’s interest for moving and body exercises is bigger in gymnasium classes. And for good results on this line , for more valuable , is necessary an approach of efficient problem of moving and of applied range in the physical hour at this level.Through my participation at the other hours, at the other schools, I discover , in other cases , that the lessons didn’t create stimulative conditions, was boring, hunger for abdication, avoidance at that lesson moment. I consider that in the future must find forms and ways for organisating the physical education hours, most attractive and variates, for enrichment the instructive-educative process and for children stimulations. This considerations constitute the fact that I choose this theme. So, the objective spotted by this is that I want to mention the roll and importance of moving games and of utilitarian – aplicative ranges in students activities at physical lesson. Objective of this essay consists in physical preparation of the students through aplicative ranges at the sixth grade. Assumption of this experiment is that the aplicative ranges used like measure for solving the objectives of the lesson of sixth grade, subscribe the amelioration of the effort capacity of the organism reflected through motive qualities level testated through control probes for making sure of practice efficiency on large range Of utilitarian- aplicative range in physical lesson at little students , I made an experiment last year, 2007-2008, on 20 students, from the sixth grade. In schoolyard it is a handball court and a pitfall for leaping. Inial examinations on the court was made in the first week of March, and the


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final examinations in the second week of May. At the examination participate all the students from the sixth grade. Material – methods: experimental method, observation method, graphical representation method. Results of initial examination No. SEX Name and

surname initials

Motive probes Fastness race 25m(sec)

Back resistance (freq1,5uency)

Long jump (m )

The discuss throw 1kg ( m)

1. F P.M 5,6 15 1,27 6,05 2. M V.V 5,4 19 1,40 6,20 3. F C.R 5,7 17 1,32 5,35 4. F R.M 5,8 17 1,20 5,80 5. F M.E 5,8 18 1,24 5,87 6. F N.L 5,6 15 1,27 6,12 7. F V.A 5,9 16 1,19 5,85 8. M B.M 5,5 22 1,35 6,58 9. M C.M 5,3 23 1,44 6,25 10. M M.G 5,5 21 1,40 6,98 11. M F.G 5,2 23 1,45 6,90 12. M T.S 5,7 18 1,36 6,05 13. M D.G 5,1 28 1,47 7,35 14. F P.T 6,0 4 1,16 4,90 15. M G.F 5,6 21 1,36 6,80 16. M M.M 5,5 20 1,40 6,44 17. M G.P 5,6 22 1,35 6,15 18. F P.A 5,9 11 1,20 5,90 19. F P.A 5,7 12 1,32 5,74 20. F N.M 5,8 13 1,30 5,90 X 5,6 17,7 1,32 6,16


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Results of final examination No. SEX Name and

surname initials

Motive probes

Fastness race 25m(sec)

Back resistance (frequency)

Long jump (m )


1. F P.M 5,5 15 1,27 6,05 2. M V.V 5,2 19 1,40 6,20 3. F C.R 5,4 17 1,32 5,35 4. F R.M 5,5 17 1,20 5,80 5. F M.E 5,7 18 1,24 5,87 6. F N.L 5,5 15 1,27 6,12 7. F V.A 5,7 16 1,19 5,85 8. M B.M 5,2 22 1,35 6,58 9. M C.M 5,0 25 1,51 6,80 10. M M.G 5,3 22 1,46 7,64 11. M F.G 5,0 29 1,54 7,48 12. M T.S 5,5 26 1,40 6,20 13. M D.G 5,0 30 1,50 7,88 14. F P.T 5,8 6 1,21 5,22 15. M G.F 5,3 25 1,42 7,08 16. M M.M 5,4 29 1,40 6,75 17. M G.P 5,3 25 1,41 6,90 18. F P.A 5,7 16 1,28 6,42 19. F P.A 5,5 24 1,36 6,17 20. F N.M 5,7 15 1,33 6,05 X 5,5 21 1,37 6,58 At the fastness race on 25 m, at the initial examination , it get the arithmetic mean 5, 6 seconds ; at the final examination – 5,5 seconds. We know that fastness is the least perfect motive quality, the progress of 0,1 seconds, achivement in short time, is important.


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FASTNESS RACE 25 m ( seconds)

Initial examination

Final examination At the initial examination, it field test “resistance of muscular

force groups of the back” , and get a mean of 18 executions. Values of arithmetic means of the two examinations – initial and final – presents at this trial match a diference of three executions ( X 1 = 18 executions ; X 2 = 21 executions ). This result confirms that at this trial it get after the experiment qualitative leaps by the tested groups, 9 persons registering values bigger than the maxim result of the trial indicated by the rough guide which centralize all the country. BACK RESISTANCE ( Frequency )

Initial examination Final examination

Substantial reclaims can be obtains by experimental group at this

initial and final examination of the others motive probes . In fact , I want to make a global vision about the results obtained by the person that I choose the motive probes to be tested ( initial and final). I will present a road post with this dates:


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Systematic Tested Trial

Mark Arithmetic Mean

Very Good

Good Enough Insufficient

X1 X2 X1 X2 X1 X2 X1 X2 X1 X2

Fastness race 25m(sec)

3 10 13 10 4 - - - 5,6 5,5

Back resistance (frequency)

11 17 6 2 2 - 1 1 17,7 21

Long jump (m )

4 12 12 7 4 1 - - 1,32 1,37


5 10 7 7 6 2 2 1 6,16 6,58

Discussions: Objectives of this essay consist in physical preparation of the students through utilitarian - aplicative ranges at the sixth grade. In this essay, I followed the roll and importance of moving games and utilitarian -aplicative ranges in students activities improvement at physical lesson. Bibliography: ALEXANDRU, A. - Igiena educaţiei fizice şi sportului , Editura Sport

Turism, Bucureşti , 1977 CARSTEA, GHE. – Teoria şi metodica educaţiei fizice şi sportului , Editura AN-DA , Bucureşti , 2000 CHIRITA, G. – Educaţia prin jocuri de mişcare , Editura Sport- Turism , Bucureşti , 1983 Optimizarea lecţiei de educaţie fizică, Editura Stadion, Bucureşti , 1972 IONESCU, A. – Creşterea normală şi dezvoltarea armonioasă a copilului , Editura Consiliului pentru Educaţie fizică si sport , Bucureşti , 1968 MARINESCU, I. T. – Metodica predării educaţiei fizice la grădiniţă şi la clasele I – IV , Editura AS ‘S, Iaşi , 2000 SOLOMON M. – Dezvoltarea capacităţii motrice a elevilor TUDUSCIUC I. prin exerciţii combinate , Bucureşti , Ed. Sport

Turism , 1984 VADUVA D. – Curs de psihologia copilului , Colegiul Universitar

de Institutori , Suceava, 2000


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Titlu: Optimizarea pregătirii fizice a elevilor din clasa a VI –a cu ajutorul traseelor aplicativ – utilitare Cuvinte cheie: Educaţia fzică, deprinderi motrice, lecţie. Rezumat: Lecţia de educaţie fizică este o componentă importantă in cadrul procesului de educaţie a copilului. Această lucrare vrea să scoată in evidenţă importanţa utilizării traseelor utilitar – aplicative la această vîrstă. Titre: L‘optimisation de la préparation physique des éléves de la VI-ème classe à láide des tracès applicatives utilitaires Mots clès: education, physique , habilitès, motrices , leçon. Résumé: La leçon d’education physique es un élément dans le proces pour l’education de l’enfant. Cette épreuve veut montre l’importance des tracés aplicative-utilitaire a cette âge.

TRENDS IN THE GAME OF HANDBALL

Teacher Doru Tugurlan Highschool with Sportive Programme Suceava

Key words: Handball, skill, competition, team, training Summary: The main targets in the discipline called Sports Practice Training are to develop bio-psycho-motive skills and to form certain abilities so that pupils could use these abilities at maximum value in competitions (these competitions should fit the pupils’ age and the training level, eventually giving them a good health, a harmonious physical development for a proper social and professional orientation).

The discipline called Sports Practice Training, through different types of exercises, contributes to pupils’ preparation in key areas of competence, defined at European level: speaking in their mother language, speaking in a foreign language, mathematics and science, IT and communication, learning how to learn, interpersonal, intercultural and civil competences, entrepreneurial spirit and sensitivity to culture. Trends in the game of handball Introduction:

Handball may be considered one of the sport games which can influence human being multilateral development. The game takes place


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under considerable request of the nervous system, with vegetative reactions which facilitate appropriate skills development.

During the game, certain types of movements are used, claiming a rapid appreciation of the situation, taking important decisions, having reactions that are appropriate to the situation.

Handball supposes a physical contact, very close to the adversary. Because of this handball has become very popular.

Among other countries which have a tradition in handball, Romania has imposed itself and has succeeded in dominating the international handball, making its own school – whose characteristics have been studied, analysed and applied by many of our adversaries. Material – method:

Exactingness in game design and training is one of the factors which led to the maturation of Romanian handball school in establishing a concrete content and unit.

Long practice theorization through the eyes of our technicians resulted in our evolving conception of the game, in concordance with the nowadays handball requests, learned from the analysis of major international competitions. Unfortunately, as it was proved in many international competitions, lately, few Romanian trainers have tried to implement the principles of this concept in daily activities of their teams. This has naturally resulted in the orientation of scratchy methods of instruction, the gap created between the demands that are in front of our representative teams and the level at which some club teams perform in domestic competitions. Results:

The tendency for high average players is remarked at all the teams, both in national and international competitions. Male teams tend to have an average of 190-195 cm and also to have 3 or 4 players near 2 m. Female teams tend to an average of 175 cm, having 3 or 4 players of 180 cm or more. It should be pointed out that besides size, players must have excellent driving skills and also remarkable technical and practical knowledge. Sports performance largely depends on the quality of human material, the selection of players, selection which is made after a well formalized system. For this reason, the Federation has imposed to the junior and senior teams waist requirements, rules of evidence and control


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without which they have no right to perform in the domestic championship. A series of criteria have been established: medical biological criteria, overall functional status criteria, etc.

Taking into consideration the defensive game, the teams play very actively and rebounding, attacking the forward player with the ball aggressively and keep hold opponents until it becomes a player without the ball. Defensive game tends to improve the application of more accurate account of the game systems, depending on the particularities of the opponent team.

Individual defensive game has become athletic, masculine, with a total physical commitment. The defenders’ movements on the field are in evident progress, but without achieving the speed of reaction and execution that are necessary to annihilate the adversary.

Individual technique needed to achieve the correct marking has improved a lot. Compared with specific technical game of attack, defence technology is still lagging behind.

The defenders are able to lead the fight directly to the opponent individually. Defence is established in different forms depending on the opponent, the tactical situation of the moment, the solutions that take the team to counter the actions of the adversaries.

The defence game is tough, the referees being tolerant to the players who want to possess the ball by technical and tactical means. Following the ball and not the man the defender uses his gauge and his qualities. Regardless of the defence that a team practice, there is a tendency for an active and an advanced game, with an evident individual responsibility.

In attack most teams play a realistic game, subordinated to the final goal. The players’ technique is complex, sure, without useless things and highly adaptable to the game. The improving technique contributed to the occurrence of high fineness combinations. The attack final phase is well prepared with the circulation of balls and of players prior to the right tactical means of completion, and disposal at the gate executed by surprise.

The tactical combinations are used in an appropriate manner with the aim of creating relationship numbers in favour of the player and the emergence of clear situations to throw at the gate.

The rhythm of the game is varied, triggering and sustaining the counter attack is carried out in high-speed, the same happens in the 2nd, the 3rd and then the 4th phase.

Each team has players who want to take responsibilities on their own – this means individual actions.


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General notions about physical, technical, tactical and psychological trainings Physical training

In a scheduled programme, the physical training is developed as follows:

• The general physical training; • Specific physical training; • Improve specific driving skills.

The general physical training. The sportsmen improve the first two phases during the training period, when they build a solid base. The 3rd phase is specific to competitions, when the goals are to maintain what has been won before and to improve the required qualities.

The longer the 1st phase, the better the performance. A large amount of moderate intensity training must predominate. As the program progresses, the intensity increases, depending on the needs of handball.

The physical training main goal is to improve the effort capacity. The specific physical training is built on the foundation of the

general physical preparation. The specific physical training main goal is to continue the sportsman’s development in concordance with handball particularities. The selection of the right training means is extremely important for the final success. The tasks and duties of this phase require a reduction in volume and an increase in the intensity and complexity.

Improve of specific driving skills are required during competitions. The main training methods will be applied in terms of increase or decrease of the load conditions. If the tasks get bigger, the force develops.

Technical training Technique is a set of driving skills specific in form and content, which refers to the ball handling and the players’ movements. Technique is formed by very efficient structures and actions - which were previously established – resulting in certain technical elements. Handball technical elements are fundamental movement actions which characterize the attack or the defence games. Some examples: throwing at the gate, passing the ball, etc. Each technical element contains a number of technical procedures.

The technical training has a concrete execution and it can be executed with or without the ball.

Training tactics Handball tactics consist of organizing and coordinating the actions

of the players so that success could be reached.


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In the same time the regulation must be respected. Tactics has a decisive role in handball, especially when the two

teams are equally valued. Individual tactics is the amount of principles and rules that are followed by a player when he meets a defender or when he collaborates with one or two of his mates.

Individuality leads to a collective game. This feature is very important nowadays because in order to sustain a collective game each player should perform individually.

Collective tactics in defence sum up the rules and principles which are being followed by the players in order to stop the adversaries’ actions.

Psychological training The psychological training includes an overview of general and specific measures that aim to develop psychological features that are required in sport. The psychological training sums up all the psychological influences made intentionally during sportsman’s training. It generally confined to sporadic actions, and the information about them is quite small. The handball player has to know how to adapt himself to different things: inside the team, with his mates, with his adversaries, referee and public. The training ends with the sportsman’s knowledge of the post he will play in. This information is provided after the final training.

The topic in literature For a better background of the theme we need to study the literature which deals with the topic. Therefore I studied some a series of works (with Romanian and foreign authors), certain magazines. All the works have provided a scientific content and have been the selective bibliography of this paper. The specialists in the field consider that the remarkable performances could be obtained only by a permanent raise of the training efficiency and if the body has been adapted to different types of effort. Bibliography: Paul Cercel, Handball - Optional Course, Iasi, 1978 Paul Cercel, Handball, male teams training, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1983 Paul Cercel, Handball, phases of the game exercises, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1980 Paul Cercel, Driving skills in handball, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1975


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Ioan Kungst Ghermanescu, Handball – course, M.E.I. – I.E.F.S., Bucharest, 1977 Ioan Bota, Maria Bota, Handball – 500 exercises to learn the game, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1987 Ioan Bota, Maria Bota, Handball, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1987 Ioan Bota, Bogdan Macovei, Handball – the goalkeeper training, Sport Turism, Bucharest, 1983 Titlu: Tendinţe în evoluţia jocului de handbal Cuvinte cheie: Handbal, abilitate, competiţie, echipă, antrenament Rezumat: Obiectivul general al disciplinei Pregatire sportivă practică intr-o disciplină sportivă constă in dezvoltarea aptitudinilor bio-psiho-motrice si formarea capacităţii elevilor de a acţiona asupra acestora in vederea valorificării lor la nivel maxim in activitatea sportivă competiţională, specifică categoriei de vârstă şi nivelul de instruire, pe fondul menţinerii permanente a stării optime de sănătate, asigurării unei dezvoltări fizice armonioase şi manifestării unei capacităţi motrice favorabile inserţiei profesionale şi sociale. Disciplina Pregatire sportivă practică contribuie, prin exersarea cunostintelor, abilităţilor şi atitudinilor pe care le dezvoltă, la pregatirea elevilor in domeniile de competenţă cheie, definite la nivel european: comunicarea intr-o limba maternă, comunicarea intr-o limbă straină, matematică şi ştiinte, tehnologia informaţiei şi a comunicaţiilor, a invaţa să inveţi, competenţe interpersonale, interculturale, sociale şi civice, spirit antreprenorial şi sensibilitate la cultură. Titre: Tendances de l’évolution du jeu de handball Mot-clé : handball, habileté, compétition, équipe, entraînement Résumé : L’objectif général de la discipline « Préparation sportive pratique »dans une discipline sportive consiste dans le développement des aptitudes bio-psiho-motrices et la formation de la capacité des élèves d’agir sur celles-ci pour les mettre en valeur su plus haut niveau, pour assurer un développement physique harmonieux et manifester une capacité motrice favorable a l’insertion professionnelle et sociale. La discipline « Préparation sportive pratique » contribue, par l’étude des connaissances, des habiletés et des attitudes qu’elle développe, a la préparation des élèves dans des domaines de compétences-clé, définis au niveau européen : communication dans une langue maternelle, dans une langue étrangère, mathématiques et sciences, technologie de l’information et de la communication, apprendre a apprendre,


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compétences interpersonnelles, interculturelles, sociales et civiques, esprit d’entrepreneur et sensibilité a la culture.

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