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LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SOUTH EAST ASIA

Environmental Assessment Report and Environmental Monitoring Plan

Prepared by:

Dr. Ngo Kim Chi,

Center for Consultancy, Technological Transfer on Safe Water and Environment

EA team leader

August 2005

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E1187v 4

Executive Summary.........................................................................................................7

1. Introduction and Project Background................................................................101.1 PURPOSE OF THE REPORT.........................................................................................................101.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO THE EA REPORT...............................................................................10

1.2.1 Importance of the Project....................................................................................................101.2.2 Structure of the Report.........................................................................................................12

1.3 BASES OF ASSESSMENT.............................................................................................................121.3.1 Laws and Regulations..........................................................................................................121.3.2 Technical Documents...........................................................................................................141.3.3 Main Design Documents......................................................................................................141.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment..................................................................................14

1.5 RELATIONSHIP TO FEASIBILITY STUDY.....................................................................................151.6 EA TEAM...........................................................................................................................................161.7 ASSESSMENT SCOPE AND PERIODS COVERED..........................................................................17

1.7.1 Assessment Scope.................................................................................................................171.7.2 Periods Covered..................................................................................................................17

1.8 ASSESSMENT FACTORS.............................................................................................................171.9 ASSESSMENT CLASSIFICATION..........................................................................................................181.10 ASSESSMENT CRITERIA.............................................................................................................211.11 ASSESSMENT FOCUS AND CATEGORIZATION............................................................................211.12 ASSESSMENT PROCEDURE.........................................................................................................22

2 Policy, Legislation & Administration Framework.............................................232.1 ORGANIZATIONS & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK................................................................232.2 NATIONAL POLICY & STRATEGY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION....................................23

2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam..................................................................232.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam..............................................23

2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy.......24

2.2.3. The main activities in implementing environmental protection strategy.......252.2.4. The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS..................................................................25

2.3 WB REQUIREMENTS..........................................................................................................................27

3. Project description.....................................................................................................303.1 PROJECT GOALS................................................................................................................................313.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES.........................................................................................................................323.3 PROJECT COMPONENTS.............................................................................................................32

3.3.1 Description of Project components...........................................................................................323.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology......................................................343.3.3 Policy development...................................................................................................................353.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring.......................................................................................35

3.4 INDICATORS OF PROJECT SUCCESS..............................................................................................353.5 PROJECT AREA: HA TAY PROVINCE..........................................................................................36

3.5.1 Hatay province..........................................................................................................................363.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province............................................363.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district...............................................................................373.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay...................................37

3.6 PROJECT AREA: DONG NAI PROVINCE..............................................................................................393.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province.........................................................................................393.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city........................................................................................403.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology.................................................................41

3.7 PROJECT INVESTMENT.......................................................................................................................42

4 Description of Existing Environment..................................................................424.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI....................................................................................42

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4.1.1 Geography and Topography................................................................................................424.1.2 Soil.......................................................................................................................................434.1.3 Climate.................................................................................................................................434.1.4 Hydrology............................................................................................................................434.1.5 Surface Water Quality.........................................................................................................434.1.6 Groundwater Quality...........................................................................................................434.1.7 Atmospheric Environment...................................................................................................43

4.2 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI...................................................................................434.2.1 Flora....................................................................................................................................434.2.2 Fauna...................................................................................................................................434.2.3 Nature reserves....................................................................................................................43

4.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT, DONGNAI...........................................................................434.3.1 Population............................................................................................................................434.3.2 Cultural Background...........................................................................................................434.3.4 Cultural Heritage.................................................................................................................434.3.5 Infrastructure.......................................................................................................................434.3.6 Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use...............................................................434.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop...........................................................................................434.3.8 Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities........................................434.3.9 Socio-economic Development Plan.....................................................................................43

4.4. NATURAL CONDITION OF HATAY PROVINCE....................................................................................434.4.1. Geography and Topography....................................................................................................434.4.2 Soil condition............................................................................................................................434.4.3 Hydrographic............................................................................................................................434.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay.................................................................................................................434.4.5. Climate condition.....................................................................................................................43

4.5 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT OF HATAY PROVINCE.................................................................434.5.1. Fauna and Flora......................................................................................................................434.5.2. Forest situation........................................................................................................................43

4.6 SOCIO-CULTURAL CONDITION...........................................................................................................434.7. SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION..........................................................................................................43

5. Public Participation /consultancy............................................................................435.1 CONSULTATION METHOD AND SUBJECT...................................................................................43

5.1.1 Consultation with Family or Individual..............................................................................435.1.2 Inter-agency and NGO Consultation...................................................................................43

5.2 PUBLIC OPINION AND SUGGESTION..........................................................................................435.3 INFORMATION DISCLOSURES AND FEEDBACK..........................................................................43

5.1.3 Information Disclosure Plan...............................................................................................435.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure.............................................................................................43

5.4 BENEFICIAL PARTICIPATION PLAN............................................................................................43

6. Analysis of Alternatives..........................................................................................436.1 ANALYSIS OF “WITHOUT PROJECT” ALTERNATIVE..................................................................43

6.1.1 Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management...............................................436.1.2 Current Status of livestock waste management...................................................................436.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste..................................................................436.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas......................................................................436.1.6 Lacking manure management technology...........................................................................436.1.7 Existing constraints with manure management technology................................................43

6.2 ANALYSIS OF “WITH PROJECT” ALTERNATIVE.................................................................................43

7. Analysis of EA & Proposed Mitigation Measures..................................................437.1 POTENTIAL SOURCES OF EFFECT.......................................................................................................437.2 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES....................43

7.2.1 Flora and Fauna..................................................................................................................437.2.2 Soil Disturbance..................................................................................................................437.2.3 Acoustic Environment..........................................................................................................437.2.4 Air Quality...........................................................................................................................43

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7.2.5. Water Quality...........................................................................................................................437.2.6. Cultural Heritage.....................................................................................................................43

7.3 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES...................437.3.1 Lagoon System.....................................................................................................................437.3.2 Biogas production................................................................................................................43

8 Environmental Management Plan............................................................................438.1.1 Implementation Organizations............................................................................................438.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist......................................................................43Supervision Organization...................................................................................................................43

8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN...................................................................................438.2.1 Monitoring Items.................................................................................................................438.2.2 Monitoring Implementer......................................................................................................438.2.3 Monitoring Report System...................................................................................................438.2.4 Baseline Monitoring.................................................................................................................438.2.5 Monitoring during implementation/construction................................................................438.2.7 Monitoring Budget...............................................................................................................43

8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING/INSTITUTIONAL STRENGTHENING PLAN.....................................438.3.1 Training Objectives.............................................................................................................438.3.2 Training Courses.................................................................................................................43

8.4 BUDGETS...................................................................................................................................43

9. Conclusions and Recommendations........................................................................439.1 MAJOR CONCLUSIONS...............................................................................................................439.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................43

10 List of References..............................................................................................43

Annex A: TOR on EIAAnnex B: EA team Annex C: Safe Guard Policy and Disclosure InformationAnnex D: Public Health and Animal Health assessment

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List of table:

TABLE 1-1 PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION MATRIX FOR MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT FACTORS OF LWMP........................19

CAPACITY BUILDING.............................................................................................................................................................................34

TABLE 3.1. LIVESTOCK POPULATION AND LAND USE IN HA TAY IN 2002.........................................................................................36

TABLE 3.2. STATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION COMMUNES - THUONG TIN DIST. (2003)...............................................38

TABLE 3.3. LIVERSTOCK POPULATION IN DONG NAI PROVINCE (2003)*..........................................................................................39

TABLE 3.4. TOTAL AREA AND PIG POPULATION OF BIEN HOA CITY.................................................................................................39

TABLE 3.5. STATISTICAL DATA IN FIVE DEMONSTRATION WARDS......................................................................................................41

TABLE 4-1 THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF DONGNAI PROVINCE 2000-2003.....................................................................43

TABLE 4-2 THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS IN DONGNAI..................................................................................................43

TABLE 4-3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN THE PROJECT AREA IN DONGNAI PROVINCE................................................................43

TABLE 4-4: LAND USE IN DONG NAI....................................................................................................................................................43

TABLE 4-5 IMPORTANT NATURE RESERVE WITHIN THE PROVINCE...................................................................................................43

TABLE 4-6 THE POPULATION OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS IN DONGNAI PROVINCE....................................................................43

TABLE 4-8 TYPES AND NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK FARMS IN DONGNAI PROVINCE..........................................................................43

TABLE 4-9: LAND USE FOR CROP AND PLANTED AREA, YIELD OF THE CROP IN DONGNAI..........................................................43

EXISTING CONSTRAINTS........................................................................................................................................................................43

TABLE 6-1: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION AND SOLID WASTE IN VIETNAM, 2002...................................................................................43

TABLE 6-3: LIVESTOCK POPULATION OF REGION*.............................................................................................................................43

TABLE 6-4: LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION DURING THE YEARS 1993-2003 AND THE PREDICTION 2005-2010......................................43

TABLE 7-1 ESTIMATED NOISE VALUE OF CONSTRUCTION MACHINERY..........................................................................................43

TABLE 8-1 ENVIRONMENT MONITORING PLAN, LWMP AT VIETNAM............................................................................................43

TABLE 8-2 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LWMP.........................................................................................................43

TABLE 8-3 CONSTRUCTION AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM...............................................................................................43

TABLE 8-8 COST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TRAINING COURSE...........................................................................................................43

TABLE 8-9: COST FOR TRAINING COURSE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL OFFICERS..............................................................43

TABLE 8-10: WORKSHOP ON PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION...........................................................................................43

TABLE8-11 TOTAL COST ESTIMATION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMP) & EVALUATION AT DONGNAI, HATAY PROVINCES

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List of Abbreviations

AHB Animal Husbandry BureauBOD Biological Oxygen DemandCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandPMU/PMO Project Management Unit/Project Management OfficeCTC Center for Consultancy & Technology Transfer on Water and

EnvironmentDO Dissolved OxygenEA Environmental AssessmentEC Electrical ConductivityEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanEMS Environmental Monitoring StationEMD Environmental Management DivisionEP Environmental ProtectionEPS Environmental Protection StrategyVEPA Vietnam Environmental Protection AgencyFS Feasibility StudyIFA International Fund AssociationLWMP Livestock Waste Management ProjectMasl Meters above sea levelMoARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentPEMD/PEMO Provincial Environmental Management Division/Office NPCS National Pollution Control StrategyPC Pollution ControlPLG Project Leading GroupPPMO Provincial and district Project Management OfficeSRV Socialist Republic of VietnamSEI Significant Environmental IssueMPI Vietnam Ministry of Planning and InvestmentEPS Environmental Protection StrategyTSS Total Suspended SolidsTSP Total Suspended ParticulatesWB World BankTOR Terms of References

Exchange RateUS$ 1.0 = 15840 VND (As of July 31, 2005)

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Livestock waste management Project (LWMP), a GEF funded project, is an environmental project concentrating on livestock waste management manure recycling for agricultural development, and water protection. The project was formally authorized by the GEF Vietnam in 2003. The project was proposed by the Government of Vietnam as environmental development project to seek for the financial support from GEF.

The total investment of project is US 5.5 million, of which US$ 2.4 million will be from GEF. The proposed LWMP aims at improving the livelihood and health status of the livestock farmers in the project site in Dong Nai Province in the South and Hatay Province in the North through establishment of integrated and sustainable livestock waste management systems. The project hopes to be viewed as a demonstration project and other interested parties could use project’s findings with regards to sustainable development of livestock production in their own development systems. The project also aims at improving the overall living standards of farmers through improving cost effective methods of manure management, upgrading the quality of water resources and technological extension systems suitable for sustainable development of livestock sector, integrated with environmental protection.

The proposed project covers two densely populated provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay. The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the country and are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of livestock production in recent years.

The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C, ranging between the minimum of 3.30C and maximum of 390C. The average annual temperature in Dong Nai province is 27.00C varying from minimum of 24oC to a maximum of 28.6oC. The average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm, while in Dong Nai province it ranges from 1800mm to 2553mm. Majority of precipitation occurs between June and October accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation.

The project provinces have a typical tropical climate with warm and sunny climate. Long sunny days and high available degree-days provide a good climatic environment for agricultural and livestock production.

This environmental assessment report is prepared to satisfy relevant environment protection requirements of both Vietnam and the World Bank. The project is classified as World Bank’s Category B project, requiring discussion of significant environmental issues and preparation of an environmental management and monitoring plan (EMP). During environmental impact assessment, the production system is upheld as the mainstream while ecotypes serve as reference. In association with the river basin distribution in both provinces, the overall environmental impact of the project is assessed; especial emphasis is given to the assessment of impacts to water resources on which the sustainable development of the project depends.

The results of environmental impact assessment indicate that, in general, the proposed livestock waste management project in Vietnam has minimal negative environmental impact. The implementation of subcomponents of the project, if successfully

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implemented, is conducive to the improvement of the environment, and the project impacts on social environment are believed to be highly positive. If the recommended mitigation and control measures, presented in this report are adopted, the impact of the project on the environment should be positive. It is recommended that the World Bank and relevant departments in Vietnam support the implementation of this project and urge the earliest start of the project.

However, if the project locations are improperly selected, and/or if the proposed mitigation measures are not implemented, the project can have potential negative impact on the natural and social environment, which might jeopardize sustainable development of the project. On the other hand, if effective mitigation measures are implemented, the potential short and long term negative environmental impacts of the project will not be significant.

The negative impacts on the environment during implementation/construction phase of the project in both provinces are believed to be temporal and of low magnitude. The major potential impacts on the environment include: impact to vegetation due to temporary land occupation at the construction sites, pollution of waste of daily life at the construction site and noise and dust of the construction machinery. If the mitigation measures proposed in the EA report are implemented, the negative impact to the environment during implementation/construction phase will be minimized.

For most parts, implementation of the project should not cause any significant negative impact on the environment; on the contrary, it should generate positive impact on the ecological and social environment during project operation. The development of code of practice and conducive policies on livestock waste management (regulation on discharge of effluent, collection of the manure guideline, etc.) and dissemination of knowledge on cost effective preparation of organic manure, adaptive methodology on recycling (quantity and timing) of organic (livestock) solid and liquid manure in agricultural activities, etc are believed to assist the reduction of nutrient loading and environmental pollution pressure due to livestock waste. The improvement of manure management practices by using biogas digesters should have positive benefits by creating the energy source and should better quality of ecological environment within project areas.

At present manure management technologies used in the project areas, especially in livestock production areas dominated by farmer households and small-scale farms with 10 heads of animals or less are inappropriate and are causing significant negative impact on natural resources (soil, water and air). The problem is more serious in the Red River Delta where the land per farmer is only about 0.02 ha (including house and garden) and the natural system is suffering from significant nutrient overload. The cost-effective manure management technologies that will be created by the project, if successfully implemented, should have significant positive impact on the ecological system within the project and to downstream water users.

If the project is implemented as planned, project activities including capacity-building, awareness-raising, enforcement of policies and regulations through training of central and local government officials as well as farmers, and the development of national communication programs will generate positive impact to the ecological and social environment. The introduction of improved manure management practices should be environmentally beneficial and should provide a condition, conducive of bettering the ecological environmental quality within project areas. It should also improve health status of local communities and reduce incidence of zoonotic diseases. The respiratory

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diseases and water borne diseases should also be reduced. Since rational use of organic composting will reduce chemical fertilizer application, this should also produce positive impact on environment by improving soil inherent fertility, soil structure, and water holding capacity. In addition, the use of organic manure should increase soil faunal communities (both in number and variety), helping soil improvement and increased micro-faunal biodiversity.

In order to minimize potential negative environmental impacts and to enhance positive impacts, the EA report proposed prevention/mitigation measures in Chapter 7 to minimize potential environmental impacts. In addition an environment management plan is prepared and is detailed in Chapter 8, in which the responsibilities of the Project Management Unit and other related institutions, environment management training and capacity building requirement and environment monitoring plan and their respective costs have been clearly detailed.

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1. INTRODUCTION AND PROJECT BACKGROUND

Vietnam Government has prepared for the proposed GEF project for support to promote Livestock Waste Management in Vietnam and integrating with the livestock waste management in the South East Asia in order to reduce the negative local and global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in the watersheds in the coastal areas of Vietnam. The Project has been designed in order to lead to reduction of land-based pollution from livestock production of the international water of the South China Seas. The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam, covering the two Regions of Vietnam with 02 representative provinces: Ha Tay Province in the North and Dong Nai Province in the South that hereafter is called project provinces are the two selected site for the demonstration of the outcome of the Project.

1.1 Purpose of the Report

The proposed Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam (LWMP) aims at improving and supporting an integrated and comprehensive approach to managing and reducing livestock production waste load that is currently polluting the local and international waters, and to strengthen institutional capacity and decision-making systems for livestock management at the central and provincial levels in Vietnam.

The achievement of these objectives should lead to reduction of liquid and soil pollution, leading to improvement of public health and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock production. The project will create greater economic and social stability in the project areas as well as enhancing institutional tools for the project-selected areas and the whole country to implementation the Environmental Protection Plan.

The aims of this EA report include:

(i) To analyze and assess present natural environment and the socio-economic conditions in the project area and determine the scope and extent of future positive and negative impacts. The implementation of the project is reviewed and examined in terms of environmental protection;

(ii) To determine the potential environmental impacts and to disseminate the findings to the project development and implementation teams; and

(iii) To prepare mitigation measures to reduce/eliminate the identified negative impacts and prepare an environmental management plan (EMP) for pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation of the project.

The terms of reference (TOR) for compilation of the EA report between the Technical Consultant Organization here called FAO and the Local Consultant on EA is presented in Annex A.

1.2 Brief Introduction to the EA Report

1.2.1 Importance of the Project

Livestock growth rate has been increasing rapidly in the period of 1990-2003. The total amount of pig in the whole country has increased from 10 to 12.2 millions in ten years (1980-1990), an increase of about 18%. However the number of pigs reached 20.2 millions in 2000, an increase of some 39%, doubling of rate of animal increase in a

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decade. According the most recent data, the pig number has reached 23.3 millions in year 2002.

The 2002 statistical data indicate that the total number of poultry in Vietnam has been 233 millions of which 159 millions are chicken and 74 millions are ducks and geese. The average of poultry growing rate reached 6.4% /year during the year 1990-2002.

The growing rate of cattle reached 14%/year during 1990-2002. The total number of cattle was 11000 in 1990 and rapidly increased to 35000 in the year 2000 and to 55800 in the year 2002.

Urbanization and population increase and improvement of living standard in the whole country has increased the demand for meat products and provided the favorable economic condition for livestock development. Urbanization and increase in demand for animal products have been accompanied with the specification and intensification in animal production and disintegration of crop and animal producers. Majority of livestock production operations in Vietnam are based on household business and small private farms or enterprises. Due to high demands, household and farming income has been increasing steadily in the animal breeding areas and in nearby area places. However, the economic development has caused environmental pollution and poor health condition within high population density communities next to the big cities such as Hanoi, and Ho Chi Minh City, and especially in the surrounding provinces such as Hatay, Thai Binh, Hai duong, Haiphong, Nam dinh of the Red Delta River in the North and Tiengiang, Dong nai, Long An of Mekong Delta in the South. Surface and ground water quality data monitoring have shown appreciable increase in organic and nutrient loading of water resources and their bacterial contamination.

Biogas digester has been popular in small-scale farms of 5-100 pigs to treat livestock (pig) waste right at source. The National Strategy on Safe Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation has had programs to support the farmers in installation of biogas. Although techniques for building and operating biogas digesters are not difficult, but not all operations are appropriately implemented. Many constructed biogas tanks are now unused, broken down, waste material, and/or leaking gases that impact negatively on local inhabitants. In addition, the discharge leakage from biogas tanks have not met the discharge standards for the domestic wastewater as stipulated in TCVN6772:2000.

The main problem of livestock waste management in Vietnam is that there are limited methods of livestock waste recycle are being introduced and guided. The disintegration to some extent between animal production and cropping as well as the lack of economic analysis that strengthens the decision making of pomade’s in balancing the manure output, soil fertility and environment protection. The problems are serious at the medium scale farm and more difficult and more serious at the small scale or non point source. That is why one Project on Livestock Waste Management is urgent demand in term of planning and policy makers and of the finding the appropriate manure technology for Vietnam to be disseminated in the future.

The Livestock Waste Management Project in Vietnam has been designed to implement in Vietnam located in South of China where the ecological and social environment is rather sensitive. There are 64 provinces and over 54 minorities in Vietnam (but Kinh people make up about over 96% of the total population of Vietnam).

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Livestock production in Vietnam economically less developed compared to other countries in the Region. Integrated project could have significant effect in creating the good opportunities for improving of the livestock-breeding farmers, increasing the quality of the livestock (especially pig and poultry). Implementation of the proposed project, although not in a large scale, but at a pilot level could have significant impact on methodology used to improve the status and quality of livestock and livestock environment and related natural resources (protection of water resources, water use efficiency, protection of soil resources). In addition, the livestock farmers, living within the neighboring district and provinces, could also adapt the lessons learned from the project implementation site that could provide additional intangible project benefits.

The Project is seeking a win-win approach, i.e. to both develop livestock through hygienic environmental improvement, and assure sustainable reutilization of manure resources through nutrient balance for cropping. The capacity building for the whole country will create better and sustainable livestock waste management, more efficient cost - benefit methods for stimulating the pubic participation in the field of livestock waste management.

1.2.2 Structure of the Report

The report provides an assessment of the environmental impacts of the Implementation of the Project. It is arranged in the format provided by the World Bank for rural development projects. Section 2 describes the institutional and administrative framework and the national policies and strategies in relation to such development schemes. Section 3 provides a description of the proposed development project, while Section 4 provides a description of the existing physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical environment, which is specific to the proposed project and neighboring areas. Section 5 describes the public participation whereas Section 6 describes the alternatives that have been considered in the project planning process, mainly with or without the project. Section 7 identifies the potential impacts that could be expected from the proposed project both during construction and operation and proposes viable mitigation measures for to minimize these impacts. Section 8 is devoted to the presentation of an environmental management plan (EMP) for the proposed project including the implementation framework, a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan for the pre-implementation, implementation/construction and operation periods and a training plan, while section 9 presents the general conclusions and recommendations.

1.3 Bases of Assessment

This assessment was carried out according to the laws and regulations of the Republic and Socialism of Vietnam (RSV) and the World Bank technical documents. A list of the material used for the preparation of this report is presented below.

1.3.1 Laws and Regulations

The current legal EIA procedure in Vietnam is described in the following documents:- The Law on Environmental Protection passed by the National Assembly on 27 December 1993 and promulgated by the President by Order No 29L/CTN on 10 January 1994.

- Decree No 175/CP dated 18 October 1994, providing guidance in the implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection and promulgated by the President.

- A series of important subordinate legal documents promulgated by the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE), including:

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+ Circular No 1420/MTg dated 26 November 1994 guiding EIA for operating establishments

+ Circular No 715/MTg dated 3 April 1995 guiding EIA for foreign direct investment projects.

+ Circular No 1100/TT-MTg dated 20 August 1997 guiding the preparation and appraisal of EIA reports for investment projects.

+ Circular No 490/1998-TT-BKHCNMT guiding the preparation and appraisal of EIA reports for investment projects (replacement for the Circular No 1100/TT-MTg).

- Other subordinate legal documents of important care:

+ Decision No 1806-QD/Mtg and Ordinance No 1807-QD/Mtg dated 31 December 1994, promulgating organizational and activity regulation of Council on appraising EIA reports and to issue the Certification “Register for compliance with the environmental standards”, promulgated by the MoSTE.

+ Official letter No 714-Mtg dated 3 April 1995, promulgating the appraisal form to EIA reports promulgated by MoSTE.

+ Official letter No 812-Mtg dated 17 April 1996, promulgating the application form and decision to ratify EIA reports, promulgated by MoSTE

+ Decree No 26/CP dated 26 April 1996, defining the charge of the administrative violation on environmental protection, promulgated by the President of the Government.

+ Circular No 276-TT/Mtg dated 6 March 1997, guiding the environmental pollution monitoring for production and commercial facilities after their EIS is ratified, promulgated by MoSTE.

+ Circular No 10/2000/TT-BXD dated 8 August 2000, guiding the preparation of EIA reports for the construction planning designs, promulgated by the Ministry of Construction (MoC).

+ Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP - Governmental Decree, dated 11 November 2002, defining the functions, tasks, areas of competence and organization of the Ministry of Resources and Environment.

+ Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT dated 31 December 2002 defining function, task, and authority of the Department of Appraisal and EIA, promulgated by the Ministry of Resources and Environment.

+ Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02 April 2003, promulgating the foundation of the Department of Resources and Environment (DoRE), renaming the Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) to the Department of Science and Technology (DoST). DoST and DoRE belong directly to the provinces/cities’ People Committee that are under control of the Central Authority.

+ Joint Circular No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV between the Ministry of Resources and Environment and the Ministry of Interior, guiding functions, tasks, areas of competence and organisation of the professional agencies in supporting the People Committee in state management of resources and environment in the local area.

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Some latest changes:

In November 2002, a reform of Government took place in Vietnam. The Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoSTE) was divided into the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MoNRE) and the Ministry of Science and Technology (MoST) (Decree No 91/2002/ND-CP). In this new organization, MoNRE (the Department of Appraisal and EIA, Decision No 111/2002/QT-BTNMT) is responsible for environmental management in general and appraisal of EIA in particular. For projects handled by the provincial and district authorities, the Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) in the provinces or cities temporally are responsible to appraise the EIS.

In April 2003, the Vietnamese President issued Decision No 45/2003/QD-TTg dated 02 April 2003, promulgating the foundation of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DoNRE), renaming the Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) to the Department of Science and Technology (DoSTE). (DoNRE) and (DoST) directly belong to the Provinces/Cities’ People Committee that is under control of the central authority.

After that, in 15 July 2003, Joint Circular (between MoNRE and the Ministry of Interior) No 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV promulgated that DoNRE are responsible for appraisal EIS on projects/units according to gradation (Section 2.8.3).

Therefore, any function, tasks, and areas of competence of MoSTE and DoSTE that are mentioned in the following sections will be considered those of MoNRE and DoNRE, respectively after the above documents become into force.

1.3.2 Technical Documents

- The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.10;

- The World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information

- Terms of References (TOR) for an Environmental Assessment of the Project.

1.3.3 Main Design Documents

- Proposal for Project with the GEF Fund;

- Feasibility Study Report for Project with GEF Fund;

- Area-wide integration (AWI) of specialized crop and livestock activities in Vietnam funded by LEAD (FAO) - Final Project report, July 2003

All the above documents are available at the Department of Environment-MONRE or FAO representative office in Hanoi, World Bank Office in Hanoi.

1.3.4 Principles of Environmental Assessment

This EA has been prepared to satisfy the requirements of both the World Bank and Vietnamese Regulation on environmental impact assessment of development projects. The principles of the sustainable development objective and scientific evaluation are followed in the EIA and design of the environmental management plan for the two project sites. The same attention is paid to both sustainable economic development and environmental protection through the use of appropriate livestock waste treatment technology and environment protection so that the “handling without harm” and agriculture growth can keep pace with the environmental protection and does not cause

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significant negative environmental impacts. Special attention is paid in this study to ensure that livestock wastes within project areas are reduced as much as possible, and the produced wastes (liquid and solid manure) is reused in farms to reduce to use of inorganic fertilizers in crop production. The special attention is made to ensure that project is developed in a sustainable manner and detailed environmental management plans are developed to minimize/prevent any potential damage that project might cause on the natural (ecological) or social environment. As soon as specific project areas (sub-catchments) are identified within each province, more detailed environmental assessment of such component should be made to ensure that potential negative impacts on ecological and social environment are kept to minimum. For activities that could potentially cause environmental pollution (soil/water/air), more detailed and project specific measures will be developed in order to provide basic documents of environment protection to be used during project implementation. To prevent duplication of effort and to reduce the project preparation cost, as much as possible the EA team has made full use of the available data and findings in preparation of this report.

Since the project is generally a livestock waste management project and does not include any major land clearing or big construction activities, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01). Therefore, the EA is carried out in a “simplified way” with main attention of the study being on the significant environmental issues (SEI) likely to be caused by the project. This assessment was made based on the consultations with the World Bank consultants, Vietnamese Environmental specialists and Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency.

An assessment method of environmental matrices is used for this EA. This method has been widely used in the environmental assessment of various projects since proposed by Leopold, et al.1 (1971). An environmental matrix employs a list of project activities and a list of environmental parameters or impact indicators. The two are related in a matrix in order to identify cause–effect relationships. Column headings generally list the project activities while the row headings show the environmental parameters of the affected system. Entries in the resulting matrix cells may simply show that an interaction takes place or they may be qualitative or quantitative estimates of the interaction. Table 1-1 represents the preliminary identification matrix, prepared for the LWMP.

1.5 Relationship to Feasibility Study

According to the Environmental Protection Regulations for Construction Projects, project construction unit should submit its EA report to the pertinent environmental protection agency with authority to review and approve, and the approval should be obtained during the feasibility study of the project. In the preliminary design report, a specific chapter should cover environmental protection, inclusive of related national environmental standards, environmental impact mitigations and relevant design. In addition, it should also cover the possible environmental impact from the project, mitigative or preventive measures to reduce/prevent environmental impact and potential causes of environmental pollution.

As required by the World Bank, the EA report was prepared simultaneously with project preparation. Report was prepared in close cooperation with the local PMU, the

1 Source: Leopold, L.B., Clarke, F.E., Manshaw, B.B. and Balsley, J.R. (1971), A Procedure for Evaluating Environmental Impacts, U.S. Geological Survey Circular No. 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.

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social assessment (SA) teams, other project teams working on different project components, review of the feasibility study report and consultation with the local communities, and farmers. The EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the SA teams and prepared questionnaires related to environmental issues to be asked by the SA team during their field visits. This EA was prepared in close association with the study teams and should be considered as an integral part of the study. A section must be added in the final project report to cover all environmental issues discussed in this report and the environmental management plan costs should also be included in the project budget.

In a bid to off-set or mitigate the potential impact to the environment at the design stage, the EA team has already provided the PMU with the draft working guidelines to satisfy the needs for environmental protection, and discussed with the feasibility team as how to ensure coordination between environmental protection and economic development. As was mentioned earlier, the EA team has conducted extensive discussions with the social assessment (SA) teams and has held in-depth discussions with the said team as to define the questionnaire related to environmental management, and submitted the questionnaire to the SA team. The EA team has used the main findings of the SA team in the EA report. The project could impact farm sizes, waste management methods, fertilizer application rates and sources on farmlands, and water use methods that are in use within the project areas. The EA team discussed such issues in detail with the study teams and their comments were reviewed in detail. The possible environmental issues were analyzed and necessary mitigation measures were considered and costed in the EMP. In summary, the EA team has prepared the EA report, in close collaboration with other technical teams involved in the preparation of the feasibility study reports for the LWM Project.

1.6 EA Team

The EA team is composed of 2 senior specialists and 6 experts for environmental impact assessment, with some 10 supporting staff. The team members are primarily pertinent researchers from CTC and secondarily staff from National University, consulting firms familiar with the Vietnam ecological environment. The posts of each EA team member, specialties, and tasks in this EA and the man-months used by each member are listed in Annex B.

The Center for Consultancy and Technology on Water Supply and Environment –(CTC) the Organization for carrying out the services on environmental sciences, environmental technology development in Vietnam. CTC is currently staffed with approximately 60 research personnel, among which 2 are academicians of Vietnamese Academy of Science & Technology, some 10 researchers and 30 environmental engineers.

CTC has carried out a number of in-depth environmental research studies. Achievements from the studies have offered scientific basis and technical approach for the decision-makers in defining the national environmental standards for domestic wastewater discharge. CTC is the member of the Steering Committee for the Implementation of the Environmental Protection fee on Wastewater. CTC is also a standing member of the Cau River Basin Protection Program, and is involved in developing the national environmental management policies for different regions and sectors. In terms of international cooperation, the CTC has established long-term relationship for cooperation with International institutions in more than 10 countries. At present, CTC has eight projects in cooperation with Japan, USA, Denmark, Sweden,

16

Canada, Spain and South Korea in Prevention of pollution from the industrial and domestic wastes.

In addition to the basic and applied research, CTC has carried out a series of environmental impact assessments for development projects, including review of hygiene production, and design of environmental engineering projects. CTC has also undertaken a number of environmental impact assessment assignments such as: EA for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Thanh Tri district – Hanoi capital, EA for Municipal Solid Waste Treatment Plant at Tam Ky Town- Quang Nam Province, EA for the development of Open economic Zone of Chu Lai – Quang Nam province, EA for industrial waste treatment and landfill at Dung Quat Industrial park. CTC has participated in number of EA with international funding agencies such as the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank, CIDA and DANIDA.

1.7 Assessment Scope and Periods Covered

1.7.1 Assessment Scope

The study area covered in the EA study covers in Vietnam, especially for the two high pollution density zones, one located in the North and other located in the South. The two provinces have been selected as the pilot project sites.

The project province in the North is Hatay including 05 selected communes.

The project province in the South is Dong Nai including 05 selected districts.

1.7.2 Periods Covered

The environmental assessment covers different phases of project implementation including:

1) Design Stage

2) Implementation/Construction period (02 years: 2005-2006)

3) Operation Period (03 Years: 2007-2009)

1.8 Assessment Factors

The proposed project is a Livestock Waste Management development project, comprising institutional improvement, policy enforcement, manure technology demonstration in order to mitigating livestock waste environmental impact, capacity building and extension at the central and local levels, and manure market mechanism development. Therefore, the environmental impacts and their interactions are complex. The assessment factors are identified using an environmental interactive matrix (Table 1-1) based on collection of secondary data, consultation with other study teams, the environmental sensitivities of the project areas, and lessons learned from other similar livestock waste management projects. The identified environmental factors include:

1) Social Environment: public health, land use, socio-economy, downstream water users, and potentially minorities and disadvantaged people;

2) Ecological Environment: flora, fauna, nature reserves, freshwater fisheries; and

3) Physical (natural) Environment:

- Water environment: surface and groundwater hydrology, surface and groundwater quality (including pH, CODMn, nutrients such as TN and TP, and heavy metals, total coliforms, and algal bloom);

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- Ambient Air: Odor, H2S, NH3, SOX, NOX, total suspended particulates (TSP);

- Soil erosion; and

- Solid and liquid waste (manure):

1.9 Assessment Classification

The special topic assessment category and basis for classification of environment set by Vietnam Environmental Protection Agency (before 2002) and the Department of Appraisal and EIS – MoNRE. The assessment focuses project impacts on the ecological environment, water environment and social environment during implementation and operation phases. Furthermore, water quality; land use, soil erosion, solid waste and ambient air are identified as the main factors of this EA based on potential environmental impacts. The water quality assessment focuses on the impact of farmyard manure on surface and ground water and project impact on nutrient migration (TN, TP) to the South China Sea. In special cases where large number of animals are confined in relatively small areas (intensive pig fattening, intensive poultry farms), while land use assessment focuses on the changes in land use practices through spatial analysis.

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Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP

Project Components

Environmental ParametersPhysical Environment Ecological Environment Social Environment

Wat

er h

ydro

logy

Wat

er q

ualit

y

Noi

se

Soil

eros

ion

Am

bien

t air

Solid

was

te

Flor

a an

d Fa

una

Nat

ure

rese

rves

Fore

st

Wet

land

Bio

dive

rsity

Soil

char

acte

ristic

sLa

nd u

se

Soci

al-e

cono

my

Cul

tura

l and

N

atur

al H

erita

gePu

blic

hea

lth

Empl

oym

ent

Dow

nstre

am

wat

er u

sers

Policy and Institutional DevelopmentDevelopment and enforcement of policies 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

Capacity-building, awareness-raising; policy regulation enforcement 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1

Livestock Waste Impact MitigationArea wide Planning with GIS techniques 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1Design survey and Investment preparation 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0Improved Waste Management at non point source 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Improved Waste Management at point source 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Manure technology demonstrationBiogas digester 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Land use of manure and Composting 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1Centralisation wastewater treatment/Lagoon 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1Local capacity-building and campaign, communication program at local level 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact -1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact –3=Significant negative impact* If native seed mix is applied, otherwise the effect is –2+ If there is no competition for feed between wild animals and livestock, the impact is zero.

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Table 1-1 Preliminary Identification Matrix for Main Environmental Impact Factors of LWMP

Project Components

Environmental Parameters

Physical Environment Ecological Environment Social Environment

Wat

er h

ydro

logy

Wat

er q

ualit

y

Noi

se

Soil

eros

ion

Am

bien

t air

Solid

was

te

Flor

a an

d Fa

una

Nat

ure

rese

rves

Fore

st

Wet

land

Bio

dive

rsity

Soil

char

acte

ristic

s

Land

use

Soci

al-e

cono

my

Cul

tura

l and

Nat

ural

H

erita

gePu

blic

hea

lth

Empl

oym

ent

Dow

nstre

am w

ater

us

ers

Decision support tools development and regional co-ordination

Preparation of tools relevant in the three countries. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Training and Capacity Building 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Regional co-ordination, Information sharing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Project Management and MonitoringProject Management 0 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0Training environmental staff and lab 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1Analytical works in labs 0 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Extension 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

Notes: 0= No Impact 1 = Slight positive impact 2 = Medium positive impact 3 = Significant positive impact -1= Slight negative impact -2=Medium negative impact –3=Significant negative impact

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1.10 Assessment Criteria

According to the environmental function of the environmental protection administrative departments in the provinces, the following standards will be adopted for this assessment. The assessment standards include quality standards and discharge standards. For quality standards, those required for protection of the functions in the recipient environment zone in view of pollution inflow will be applied. As to discharge standards, the discharge standard of livestock wastewater effluent is not available in Vietnam at the moment; corresponding discharge standards of domestic wastewater for the sector will be applied. If standards are not available, pertinent discharge standards will be applied for each special pollutant. Based on the geographical distribution and environmental features in the project areas, the following standards will be applied.

1.10.1. Water Quality Standard

Class A of the Environmental Water Quality - Surface Water quality standard (TCVN5942:1995) for drinking water source protection area;

Water quality – Ground water quality standard (TCVN5945:1995)

The Water Quality Standard for Coastal water Quality Standard (TCVN5943:1995);

Class III and IV of the Environmental Quality Standard for Domestic Wastewater (TCVN 6772:2000) will be adopted for the assessment of wastewater quality from the livestock production sites to identified water body. (Class IV and III designed for the hotel or guess house having up to 50 guesses and from 50-250 guesses)

Class B of Environmental Quality Standard for Industrial wastewater TCVN5945:1995. Class B for industrial wastewater to be discharged to the water source that could be used for irrigation (this standard has been used before 2000)

Water quality – Water quality guideline for irrigation (TCVN6773:2000)

B. Drinking Water Quality Standard

(i) Sanitary standard for Drinking Water Quality QD1329/2002/BYT/QD

C. Ambient Air Quality Standard

Air Quality - Ambient Air Quality Standard (TCVN5937:1996) for the residential areas;

(ii) Air quality – Maximum allowable Concentration of hazardous substances in ambient air (TCVN5938:1995).

D. Noise Quality Standard

Acoustic – Noise in public and residental areas- Maximum permited noise level (TCVN5449:1998)

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1.11 Assessment Focus and Categorization

Since the project is generally an environmental improvement project dealing with livestock waste management improvement and focuses on institutional strengthening, policy development, improvement of livestock waste management plans, project management and monitoring, and regional information sharing, and does not include any major land clearing or construction activities, it is classified as a Category B project according to the World Bank Operational Policy (OP 4.01).

The goals of this study are to ensure that the project does not cause any significant impact on the physical, ecological and/or social environment of project provinces. The study focuses on the potential impact of the project, especially on the manure technology management demonstration sites and focuses on soil and water environment, the health of human inhabitants, domesticated and wild animals in project areas, and the biodiversity to ensure the sustainable growth within the project areas.

1.12 Assessment Procedure

The procedure for this assessment and EA methodology is presented in Figure 1-1.

Assignment of EA Task

Field Studies

Identification of Objectives of Environmental Assessment

Selection of Environmental Impact Factors

Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment

Social Environment Ecological Environment Physical Environment

Alternative AnalysisEnvironmental Impact Analysis

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Fig. 1-1 EA methodology of LWM Project

2 POLICY, LEGISLATION & ADMINISTRATION FRAMEWORKAs requested in the Notice on Strengthening the EA work for Rural Development Project with Loans from International Financial Institutions (Document NO.324), LWMP has to implement the Vietnamese laws, regulations & standards on environmental protection (EP) and EA regulations and requirements. In addition to the relevant Vietnamese regulations on EA and being one proposed project to GEF Fund, the project should also follow the technical requirements of the World Bank. The EA report is subjected to review and approval of the Department of Appraisal and EIS, MONRE and the World Bank Safeguard Group.

2.1 Organizations & Administrative Framework

At present, a system of uniform environmental supervision and management is in place in Vietnam that is practiced by MONRE and local/provincial environmental management Department of the Department of Natural Resource and Environment ( EMP of DONRE) under the direction of the Provincial People Committee. In addition to MONRE, each concerned ministry and commission has a separate environmental protection department that is responsible for sector environmental projects within their areas of interest. They are also ultimately under the supervision of MONRE and VEPA. The organizational structure of environmental administrative is presented in Fig. 2-1.

2.2 National Policy & Strategy for Environmental Protection

The environmental protection is considered as one of the major national policies in Vietnam. The long-term strategy is to develop projects that are both economically and environmentally sound.

Vietnam has established an integrated legislative system for environmental protection. The Vietnam legislation, regulations are as follow:

Environmental Impact Assessment

Environmental Standard

Mitigation Measures Compilation of EA Report

Compilation of Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan

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2.2.1 Main issues of environmental pollution in Vietnam

Many significant environmental problems in Vietnam have not been solved while the pollution levels (foreseen) are increasing

Significant challenges with having a sustainable development (having a balance between environmental, social and economic development benefits);

Infrastructure for environmental protection is still inadequate, and capacity for environmental protection of the government and industries is limited

Population growth and out of controlled immigration, poverty; Awareness of importance of environmental protection is limited Institutional organization and capacity for environmental protection is inadequate Requirement for higher environmental standards to join International Economic

Integration and The global and regional environmental impacts are larger and more complex.

2.2.2 Main contents of environmental protection strategy of Vietnam

Pollution Prevention and Control

To solve severe environmental pollution and degradation situation

Sustainable natural resources

Environmental Protection of significant environmental sites

Biodiversity preservation

Fig 2.1: Environmental Organization Chart

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1. 2.2.3. THE MAIN ACTIVITIES IN IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION STRATEGY

Awareness rising on environmental issues

Develop and enforce environmental Legislations and Regulations

Implement economic tools in environmental management

Take basic improvements in investing in environmental protection

Capacity building in management, research and implementation in environmental management

Implementation of environmental protection work

Development of international cooperation in environmental protection

2.2.4. The Pollution Control Strategy of Vietnam_NPCS

Vietnam has developed a draft document for pollution and prevention control under the environmental protection strategy. Bellows are the main issues of the draft document.

Pollution Prevention

A consistent framework of legal instruments and policies should be developed to support pollution control (prevention, treatment and remedy actions). It is necessary a sets of national environmental standards that should be completed. The awareness of pollution control should be raised among communities. Environmental considerations should be integrated with all provincial and ministerial/sectoral development plans and planning. The compliance with EIA procedures should be enforced; larger and medium sized production industries should be encouraged to adopt cleaner production; pollution monitoring and scientific research and information should be better improved; and relevant financial mechanisms and policies should be appropriately developed.

Legislation and Standards

Legislation is a major and effective tool to support a successful implementation of the NSPC. Any laws and regulations must ensure all the people to be entitled to live in a healthy environment. A consistency of pollution control measures to support sustainable development of the society, pollution and/or environmental accident prevention, treatment, and remedy; and an adoption of principles that users of the environment contribute their financial resources and polluters pay to pollution control. Legislation and standards are mainly pollution prevention driven, and there is a need to develop some other instruments dealing with the treatment and remedy of pollution.

It is time to review the established legal system, ranging from the Law on Environmental Protection (1993) to other relevant laws and ordinances passed by the National Assembly, the Government decrees and decisions, and circulars issued by ministries relating pollution control to remove possible duplications through their additions, amendments and deletions. By-law statutes should be developed to support environmental/pollution control fund raising, use and inspection. Further studies on pollution control legislation should be carried out at regional level. Specific guidelines for specific pollution treatments should be developed as the case of oil spill treatment or livestock waste treatment. Specific guidance should be developed for specific treatments given to pollution occurred in urban, rural areas, marine, air, water, soil environments, and others with biological pollutants, solid and hazardous wastes, etc. Environmental assessments and this guidance are considered one among pollution control activities.

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There is a need to develop relevant laws and regulations dealing with specific characteristics of each environmental component, providing specific joint cooperative provisions in the field of Tran boundary pollution control with other regional countries. In addition, other provisions should be made, dealing with reservation of rights to take self-protection of the environment on the basis of the sovereignty and the territorial integrity of the countries. There is also an absence of any regulations dealing with compensations to damages and costs caused by transboudary pollution from the neighboring countries, etc.

The “Polluter Pays Principle” should be recognized as grounds for establishing use fees, tradable emissions, direct and/or indirect responsibilities for compensation, and costs of cleaning-up, treatment and remedy of environmental accidents.

These legal documents should ensure the publicity, democracy and community participation in the decision-making of policies, project formulation and planning.

While environmental protection requirements are already stipulated in the licensing process of construction, means of transport use, production and services, but these licensing procedures are still duplicated and complicated, and the monitoring, supervision and inspection have not been enforced leading to less effective environmental performance.

There are a larger number of environmental fees applied in Vietnam, namely pollution charge, discharge fee, administrative fee, resource use fee, product fee, review fee, and environmental protection charge. These are levied on those organizations and individuals who use environmental components for their production and business activities, and administrative fines are imposed on violations against environmental protection laws and regulations.

Environmental Standards: The established environmental standards should be improved (through additions and amendments, if necessary). New standards should be developed and issued, especially the discharge standard from livestock farm. These include new standards dealing with soils, sediments, fishery products, foods (particularly those for export), disposal and dumping of solid wastes and waste materials, food hygiene, production safety, techniques and technologies for specific sectors (such as oil and gas sector). New standards for emissions emitted from mobile sources and production line and technology need to be established and ultimately more stringent standards should be developed and applied for a number of specific provinces and river basins.

Education and Awareness Raised to Involve community Participation

Awareness of pollution prevention should be raised among communities and political leaders through mass media and campaigns launched by the people’s associations (Youth, Women, and Children), grassroots units of villages and communes, schools, and enterprises in order to build up their consciousness, and change their attitude toward pollution prevention.

Pollution prevention in particular and environmental protection in general, must be included into curricula of all educational levels, from primary to tertiary education.

To facilitate community participation in environmental protection in general and pollution control in particular, is a necessary and constant business. It is necessary to develop relevant plans to help the local people establish their own organizations to manage the environment themselves, and networks of environmental collaborators who can timely notify any sign of violations against the environmental standards, and EIA commitments to

27

the local people for their information and monitoring. Any environmental initiatives and movements launched by the local people must be encouraged and facilitated.

National, Regional and Sectoral Environmental Planning, Strategic and “Post EIAs”

While the Law on Environmental Protection stipulates that all socio-economic development policies, strategies and plans are subject to environmental impact assessment requirements, and must include environmental considerations with the goal of ensuring sustainable development of the country, but as previously discussed, this has not been complied at all. Partly this can be attributable to a poor environmental awareness of decision-makers, and a strategic EIA guidance that has been recently introduced on the other hand (2001). U to the year 2010 will ensure all these “strategies” ensured to undergo EIA procedures, which mean environmental considerations must be integrated into these strategies.

Industrial production units and craft villages should be concentrated in to separate areas where waste treatment facilities are provided.

It is noticed that this is the most effective and overall pollution prevention measure well consolidated by developed countries.

Cleaner Production: is viewed as one of the most effective measures of pollution prevention. Awareness of cleaner production should be raised among all the production units to understand more savings in energy and raw material consumption, and less waste generation they can win through the adoption of cleaner production. By 2010, it is strived that two-third of large, medium and small sized production units will adopt cleaner production.

Pollution Monitoring

Often, pollution monitoring is closely linked to environmental quality monitoring programs, including monitoring of baseline environmental quality, impacted environments (consisting of biodiversity and forest cover loss, increased soil erosion, etc.). Excessive permissible levels for specific parameters have been identified in the past, but are not fully enforced. Specific monitoring plans need to be developed and undertaken to ensure enforcement of environmental standards. In Vietnam, no monitoring plans or programs have been developed to measure other factors beside physical characteristics, chemical parameters, and a number of relevant biological parameters such as microorganisms, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos. No specific monitoring plans and/or programs are specifically developed for LWM pollution monitoring. This type of monitoring needs to be developed to accurately identify pollutants, their spatial/temporal magnitudes and polluting sources. Thus, the monitoring scope and frequency must be widened and increased, respectively. The national (DoNRE) inspectoral networks should carry out these monitoring activities. At present, there is an absence of monitoring parameters for soil and sediment quality, pollution indicators, Tran boundary pollution monitoring, and groundwater quality monitoring. It is necessary to review all the established monitoring parameters and indicators in order to determine the monitoring frequencies and parameters to be consistent with financial and technical resources available in the country.

2.3 WB Requirements

According to the WB requirements, the EIA report for LWMP should satisfy the following Bank policies:

Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment

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Operational Policy 4.04 Natural Habitat

Operational Policy 4.20 Indigenous People

WB Procedures on Information Disclosure

EA team has reviewed and understood the above policies and would follow the technical requirements of the WB as outlined in the WB EA Source Book.

29

Fig 2.1: Curent EA procedure in Vietnam

Feasibility study

Screening

No EIA needed

No significant impact

Appraisal of preliminary EIS

Obvious serious and adverse impacts

Significant impact

Scoping

Preparation of detailed EIS

Review of detailed EIS by appraisal committee*

Preliminary EIS

Review of detailed EIS by experts of EMA (no appraisal committee

needed)

Simple EIS Complex EIS

Appraisal conclusion and Decision

Incomplete EIS Serious and adverse impacts, unacceptable

solutionsRequired supplement of EIS

Cancel projectRegister for compliance with the environmental

standards

Need of detailed EIS

Complete EIS

Decision on EIS approval

EIA compulsory

Review of Registration

Certification: Register for compliance with the environmental standards Appraisal*

Project can be implemented Sub steps of EIA

Results of EIA

Level of complexity

Major steps of EIA

Monitoring

* With public participationResponsibility of Provincial Environmental Management Division (PEMD)Or Department of Apprai and EIS – MoNRE by categorized projectResponsibility of Project Proponent and EIA personnel

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3. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONThe proposed project is located in two selected province; Hatay Province in the North and Dong Nai Province in the South (Fig 3-1 and 3-2, respectively). LWMP, is a GEF funded project requested by MoNRE of Vietnam in coordination with GEF office in Vietnam. FAO of the UN is selected as the executing agency for LWMP. The GEF portion of the project investment is estimated at approximately 3 millions USD. The project covers five communes in Thuong Tin district, Hatay Province and five wards of Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai province.

Fig. 3-1 Map of Dong Nai project province

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http://www.dongnai.gov.vn/image/b_maphc.gif

Figure 3-2 Map of Ha Tay Project province

3.1 Project Goals

The main goal of LWMP is to reduce land-based pollution from livestock production of the international water of the South China Seas. The project plans to demonstrate the effectiveness of better manure management technologies in reducing the negative local and global environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production in selected watersheds. Through monitoring the impacts of project proposed interventions in manure management activities and enforcement of manure related environmental policies and identification of best management practices, project aims at developing adaptive manure management technology modules for dissemination in other parts of Vietnam and in other countries bordering the South China Sea. The project replication should lead to an improvement of water quality in the South China Sea and seduction in manure related pollution levels in coastal waters.

The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should lead to an environmentally sound geographic distribution of livestock production in Vietnam and the following global and regional environmental benefits:

A consequent reduction of livestock production related waste load (animal waste currently contributes more than half of the total organic waste loads) that is currently polluting international waters (South China Sea).

More effective conservation of freshwater and coastal marine aquatic biodiversity as a result of reduced wastewater discharges into riverine and other wetland habitats.

A reduction of land degradation from excessive nutrient contents in areas surrounding intensive livestock production systems.

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http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay.jpg

A significant reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (methane, nitrous oxides) and gases of local importance (ammonia and organic volatile) released from livestock waste.

Reduction of public health hazards and a more equitable distribution of benefits generated from the rapidly growing livestock industry.

To increase the knowledge, skills of farmers and line agencies through capacity building to facilitate betterment of economic and environmental condition of livestock production areas.

3.2 Project objectives

The project’s objectives are to improve the living condition of the livestock farming communities in the project areas through the establishment of sustainable livestock waste management and reduction of nutrient loading of natural resources (soil and water). Achieving project objectives will not only lead to reduction of water resource pollution, it will also ensures better public health and zoonotic disease prevention. The main objectives of the project are:1. To support sustainable development of livestock production in Viet Nam by reducing

livestock waste induced environmental pollution within project area of influence through institutional development, policy enforcement and raising public awareness of livestock waste management related issues.

2. To enhance living standards of livestock farmers (especially pig farmers) through improvement of living conditions and sanitation environment. To promote socio-economic development and environmental protection of project beneficiaries through use of improved manure management technologies at the community level, by reusing livestock manure based on its nutrient value, and by using biological energy through biological treatment of wastewater from the pig raising farms.

3. To improve the regional cooperation through increased awareness of decision-makers in the field of livestock waste management and the need for nutrient load reduction of water resources.

4. To improve the surface water quality as well as to prevent soil degradation by promoting proper livestock waste management technologies based on cost –benefit analysis and appropriate monitoring of project activities.

3.3 Project Components

3.3.1 Description of Project components

In order to reach the project objectives four main project components are identified. An integrated approach is followed by the project. Therefore, all project components and activities to be financed under these components are interrelated with the desired outcome of improved social and environmental condition within project areas. As a consequence, most of the activities are closely linked together. The main project components and activities of the Livestock waste management Project in Vietnam are:

Project Component 1: Livestock waste management Technology Demonstration

(a) demonstration of improved waste management techniques (including fund management, public participation and technical assistance)

(b) Capacity building of local officials, extension workers and farmers in manure and nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of livestock waste on public health, water pollution on public health

33

(c) Capacity building of local official, extention workers and farmer in manure management technique (cost-effective solution: small biogas, composting…, decentralisation technology and centralisation livestock manure management technology).

d) Applying of appropriate livestock waste treatment technology biogas digester, anaerobic/arerobic manure treatment, cover lagoon, lagoon, composting or land use of solid manure

In which criteria of project demonstration site selection is most importance for technology demonstration. M & O cost of pilot technology is key factor for disseminating technology, as well as learning and adaptation process.

Project Component 2: Development of conductive policy for improved livestock waste management

(a) development of policies consist of regulation on environmental protection in livestock production, development of livestock waste discharge standards, master planing of livestock production, policies for promotion of organic fertilizers and clean meats.

(b) capacity-building, awareness-raising and policy testing.

(c) Enforcement of relevant policies and regulations; test of policy measures at local level

Project Component 3: Project management and monitoring

(a) Project Management

PMO/PIU operation and regional co-ordination;

Project Management Training.

(b) Project Monitoring & Evaluation

Implementation Progress Monitoring;

Water pollution, nutrient-balances and other monitoring activities (e.g. rate of compliance);

Performance evaluation of demonstration sites.

c) Regional support services

Activities for evaluation of project outcomes

Development of common decision support tools and standards

Capacity building, regional knowledge exchanges, facilitations, workshops.

The Project Component 1 is accounting for about 50% of the total investment of the LWMP in Vietnam. This component will be implemented based on the specifics of livestock waste of the two regions: Hatay in the North and Dongnai in the South: livestock production from small scale livestock farming with limited land in the North and medium and large scale livestock farming in the South. 3.3.1 Prevention of livestock waste and Conductive Policy

34

3.3.2 Demonstration of livestock waste management technology

(i) Design and implementation of improved waste management techniques in selected sub-watersheds. Establishment of improved waste collection, transportation and handling processes with final aim of using partially treated solid and liquid manure for irrigation on croplands.

(iii) Application of adaptive manure management technologies in demonstration sites.

(iv) Training farmers in appropriate (adaptive) manure treatment technologies.

(v) Organize public awareness campaigns.

Selection of the demonstration sites will be dependent on the density of the livestock and population density. The selected district/city should have the total amount of waste of 100,000 livestock heads and have medium/large scale of livestock farms and small-scale farms. It means that the project will not only concentrate on point source pollution, but will also consider non point pollution sources to have a comprehensive impact and to provide appropriate recommendation for nutrient load reduction in water resources.

Technical assistance of this component will include the following solutions:

Waste minisation

Waste minimization by reasonable use of water/breeding aliments;

Through training courses, animal husbandry technique will be introduced to livestock farmers to reduce the waste generation at source.

End-of-Pipe Options

Based on the practical experiences in livestock waste treatment in Vietnam, the corresponding FS report will emphasize the need for pollution reduction at source. It has also suggested various end-of-pipe treatment options:

1) Solid waste treatment: Construct of the manure storage and guide the farmers make compost at small farms, construct composting holes at the commune level (for those with available land and where manure market is developed). Using locally available materials such as dry straw, straw ash and worm- earth to compost solid manure. Treat wastewater at commune level by using sediment tank and available ponds.

2) Installation of small biogas digesters (less than 20 m3) at household farms (twin sharing for backyard raisers that are close to each other); Wastewater then will be treated at commune level by biological treatment: anaerobic, aerobic, anoxic processes. Treated wastewater then can be used for irrigation or flow to the water bodies (ponds, rivers, etc) as long as discharge standards are met.

3) Centralized (public) livestock waste treatment plant, consisting of sediment tank, anaerobic tank process, aerobic tank process and/or biological ponds

4) Centralized Biogas plant.

Capacity building

The objectives of the training program are to assist the sustainable development and technology transfer to farmers, and provide technical and environmental management support during project implementation.

The training activities can be divided into various categories including:

35

(i) management training for local officers and farmers (including study tours) on variety of subjects such as nutrient balance management, environmental issues, prevention of water pollution from livestock waste, environmental protection law and regulation, livestock spatial planning, safe water supply and environmental sanitation;

(ii) training of trainers on the maintenance and operation of the livestock waste treatment systems

(iii) Technical training (including study tours). This training sub-component is to facilitate and supply technical and management knowledge on livestock waste treatment systems to ensure sustainability.

(iv) Carrying out the communication program at local level

3.3.3 Policy development

Policy development insist of many activities related to making regulation, regulation testing, zoning and planing in livestock production.

3.3.4 Project Management and Monitoring

A well-designed monitoring and evaluation system will not only ensure project's successful and timely implementation, but also in enhancing project impact by systematically analyzing the lessons learned and their effective dissemination. The main activities for project monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by the project management office (PMO or Project PIU) in each project country. Annual monitoring and evaluation reports will be prepared that detail the Project implementation, progress of activities, and finances for each subcomponent and the performance indicators. In additional, implementation of the EMP is one major part of this component.

3.4 Indicators of Project Success

The project success will be measures based on the following output and outcome indicators:

(i) Reduction in total amount of livestock waste and diseases related to livestock waste transmition in the project site, especially in the demonstration sites;

(i) Rate of adoption of livestock waste management guideline on technology, regulations, discharge quality of the livestock wastewater and provincial policies on livestock waste management;

(ii) Number of community based livestock manure treatment systems that are prepared and implemented livestock waste management technology (collection and transportation of waste, storage and manure treatment or land use of treated manures).

(iii) Water quality: N, P, BOD, COD, and total coliforms of water resources and nutrient balances in soils compared against baseline data gathered during initial project implementation

(iv) Demand and interest for project intervention by farmers outside pilot watershed areas

(v) Establishment of the manure trade and transport mechanisms and relevant extension plans;

36

(vi) The overall increase in the income and health of participating pig raising farmers.

3.5 Project area: Ha Tay Province

3.5.1 Hatay province

Although the proposed LWMP covers the whole country, two provinces, Ha Tay and Dong Nai, have been selected as project provinces to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies. Description of the project will be divided into two separate sections to simplify further analysis of the information.

Ha Tây in the area of 2192 km2 is located in Red River Delta, near Ha Noi, capital of Vietnam. The total population of Ha Tay is 2,473,000, living in two provincial towns and 12 districts. Ha Tay’s topography gradually slopes from Northwest to Southwest and it is divided into two main areas. Plain area is in the East of the province that occupies two-third of total land and is about 5 to 7 m above sea level (masl). Hilly areas ares in the West at about 25 to 50 masl. Moutainous areas with elevations of over 300 masl occupy about 17,000 ha of the province, of which Ba Vi mountain is the highest at 1,282 masl.

Ha Tay has many rivers and large lakes. A number of major rivers flow through the province including Red River (127 km), Da River (32 km), Day River (103 km), Tich River (10 km), Nhue River (47 km), and Bui River (7 km). Nhue River is the main waste receiving river within the province. The larger lakes within the province are Dong Mo-Ngai Son with an area of 1,260 ha and Suoi Hai 671 ha.

3.5.2 Demonstration district - Thuong Tin district of Ha Tay province

The proposed demonstration district is located West of Ha Tay province and borders with Ha Noi in the North and Red River in the East. The total area is 12,770 ha, of which 8,051 ha is in agricultural use. There are 28 communes and one town with 201,100 residents with 48,965 families. Two rivers flow through the district – Red river (16 km) in the East and Nhue river (18 km) in the West. The Nhue River is considered the main receptor of livestock wastes in the district. Water supply for human consumption is taken from 20-30 m deep wells.

Table 3-1 presents the 12 districts of Hatay province, their river basins and their focus livestock production information.

Table 3.1. Livestock population and land use in Ha Tay in 2002

District Cattle

(heads)

Buffalo(heads)

Pig

(heads)

Poultry/duck

Rice (ha)

Corn (ha)

Sweet potato (ha)

Soybean (ha)

River

basin

Ha Dong town

105 76 8360 64230 1392 2 21 17 Nhue

Son Tay town

6401 2550 29556 452966 3963 97 595 669 Red

Ba Vi 20694 10121 109659 1150724 14575 3177 1930 2040 Red

Phuc Tho 7653 821 83386 780050 9487 1682 783 3903 Red

Dan Phuong 3654 114 80788 369324 4879 1601 284 2244 Red

Thach That 5184 2704 61193 696550 9489 231 916 1054 Red

Hoai Duc 4537 634 122278 491660 8924 1084 940 176 Day,Nhue

Quoc Oai 6859 2515 71088 533814 10577 1061 925 409 Day,Nhue

37

Chuong My 13209 3565 106725 1226670 19436 1418 1780 1516 Day,Nhue

Thanh Oai 5477 1252 104059 1005460 16571 574 1037 260 Nhue

Thuong Tin 2612 469 91804 681794 13099 816 311 1057 Red,Nhue

My Duc 7880 1696 74794 690672 14771 735 273 1242 Day,Nhue

Ung Hoa 8803 1283 81145 753415 22471 1350 449 841 Day,Nhue

Phu Xuyen 3066 534 90361 949862 18323 826 553 4236 Day,Nhue

Quoc Doanh 2032 270 2226 65000 516 46 10 - Day,Nhue

Total 98,166 28,604 1,117,422 9,912,191 168473 14700 10807 19664

Source: Statistics of Ha Tay, 2003

3.5.3 Demonstration sites in Thuong Tin district

Five communes are selected for project implementation – Van Phu, Van Tao, Chuong Duong, Le Loi and To Hieu. Table 3.2 presents general information about 5 selected communes:

(1) Van Phu commune has small area of land and 80% of households are involved in livestock production. Manually processed by-products from brewery and rice noodle operations are used as pig feed; therefore, 70% of households prepare and mix pig meal themselves. Pig production has been developed partly due to the availability of processing industry by-products. About 90% of households also utilize composted night soil.

(2) Van Tao commune – 7 km far from Nhue River, is known for flower production and cropping. However, manure is not widely applied because of the difficulty of manure transportation to the field. There is one beer factory in the area that usesg 40 ton of raw materials per day.

(3) Chuong Duong commune has minimal expertise in manure management such as use of biogas technology. One farm of 500 pigs, using biogas, was visited. Manure is sold for as fish feed, and biogas effluent is discharged directly into drainage canal. Presence of large area of cropland in comparison with other communes is an advantage for pollution control if manure is composted and used in crop production.

(4) Le Loi commune – 4 km far from Nhue River, is widely recognized in the district due to switching from paddy to fish pond and integration of livestock and fish pond operations. There is one wholesale market for poultry/duck at the commune and livestock is also slaughtered at individual households that might add to the environmental pollution.

(5) To Hieu commune – 7 km far from the district town and 2 km from Nhue River, where 90% of household raise pigs. Feeding fish with manure is common is a common practice.

3.5.4 Demonstration manure management technology, Thuong Tin- Ha Tay

3.5.4.1 Installation of small bio digesters ( 9-10m3) in households which have available land (in residence land) and raise over 30 pigs is recommended.

Bio digesters supply gas to farms at low cost, replacing costly fossil fuel. Farmers could also use most of the solid manures for crops as fertilizer.

3.5.4.2 Improvement of animal pens is needed.

3.5.4.3 Strength of manure treatment by composting in small farms:

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Installation of settlement tanks for manure storage is deemed necessary (capacity of 2-4 m3) so that manure can be used as crop need for fertilizer arises.

It is preferred to locate a place outside the village for manure composting, with easy access for manure transport by farmers that could also be used as manure market.

Table 3.2. Statistical data in five demonstration communes - Thuong Tin Dist. (2003)

Item Van Phu Van Tao Chuong Duong Le Loi To HieuTotal area, haNumber of villages

308.572

5228

391.326

5093

Population 6,564 9,180 4,350 7,162 10,000Number of householdsNo. hh in livestock prod.

1,4191,277

1,8781,502

1,005900

1,5091,297

2,9002,610

Land for agriculture, ha Paddy Fish pond

232.7 2275.7

36022352.2

214168.9

27

31624057

401358.832.4

Fertilizer (tons/yr) N K P Manure

10080

200180,000

660360297

270,000

201020

400

13040

1502,700

Number of pig 6,000 7,890 4,045 10,000 11,000

Household with pig size 3-5 5-10 15-20 20-50 50-100 > 100

> 1,00010040

---

> 1,000--

922816

Most hh--

2031

Most hh--

1675216

Most hh

240

Cattle/buffalo 70PoultryDuck

7,00013,000

22,0006,000

35,000(Combined)

20,000(Combined)

80,00050,000

Households with biogas 2 2 5 28 30Manure management Composting, % Feeding fish, % Drained out, %

800

20

400

60

651025

798

13

305020

Source of water for hh Well, % River, %

1000

8119

4060

1000

1000

3.5.4.4 Installation of effluent collection schemes: Installation of pipe-work across the commune to collect effluent. Underground drainage pipes or concrete covered canals are needed to be installed to transfer liquid manure and wash waters to centralized collection point for treatment. Main canal (with 400mm wide x 500mm deep) is introduced in the commune level and sub- canal (250mm wide x 300mm deep) is from households to main canal.

3.5.4.6 Public treatment: In some communes the pollution of animal wastes has reached high levels and installation of large communal biodigester is preferable. All effluences will be delivered to the communal digester with a capacity of 50 to 100 m3. Produced gas will be supplied to farmers and the nutrient rich effluence can be used as crop nutrient.

Another option that is considered is the installation of sedimentation tanks (100 –200 m3) and ponds for aerobic treatment (300-500 m3) or ponds for bio-treatment (300- 400m2). The effluent should then be used as fertilizer for crop production. This option might need to use a pump to transfer the effluent to the irrigation canals.

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3.6 Project area: Dong Nai Province

Dong Nai is midland province at an average elevation of 100 masl and slopes of less than 80. The population of the province is 2,140,030. Its topography consists of four main areas: (1) low mountainous area has some high mounts such as mount Chua Chan (837 masl) and May Tau (700 masl), (2) hilly area forming the major part of Dong Naiprovince with average elevation of 45 to 200 masl, (3) ancient silt area at an elevation of 10 to 45 masl, and (4) plain area including rivers terraces and floodplains. The province has a biggest national forest, Cat Tien (73,878 ha) in the North, 38,100 ha of which belongsto Tan Phu rural district of the province. The province has 40 rivers and springs, of which the largest are Dong Nai River, Be River and La Nga River.

The proposed LWMP in Dong Nai Province covers Bien Hoa City and five demonstration wards. Hydrographically, the project district is within the catchment of Dong Nai, Thi Vai and Be Rivers.

Table 3.3 presents the livestock population in project districts, Bien Hoa city, and in other livestock production areas of Dong Nai province.

Table 3.3. Liverstock population in Dong Nai province (2003)*

District Cattle Buffalo Pig

Bien Hoa

Vinh Cuu

Tan Phu

Dinh Quan

Xuan Loc

Long Khanh

Thong Nhat**

Long Thanh

Nhon Trach

3,317

5,221

4,243

3,298

20,934

4,814

3,992

10,107

5,363

76

923

813

543

1,219

19

354

687

1,412

156,370

42,818

45,025

58,049

123,270

74,131

185,003

61,251

25,547

* Poultry flock was 15 million in 2003

** Now is divided into two districts (Trang Bom and Thong Nhat)

3.6.1 Bien Hoa City of Dong nai province

The city is located in an ancient Fluvisol area of some 154.67 km2. The major crops are vegetables (2,969 ha) and paddy rice (1,198 ha).

Table 3.4. Total area and pig population of Bien Hoa City

No Ward/commune Total area (ha) Swine herd Swine density (pig/ha)

1 Long Binh 3,461.80 54,092 15.6

2 Ho Nai 389.50 24,500 62.9

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3 Trang Dai 1,444.65 24,500 17.0

4 Tan Phong 1,678.75 6,875 4.1

5 Tan Bien 612.88 6,500 10.6

6 Long Binh Tan 1,187.08 6,420 5.4

7 Tan Hoa 396.18 6,000 15.1

8 An Binh 1,042.29 5,200 4.9

9 Tan Hiep 341.40 3,950 11.5

10 Tam Hoa 122.30 3,200 26.1

11 Tam Hiep 217.00 2,850 13.1

12 Hoa An 682.39 2,151 3.1

13 Hiep Hoa 693.24 1,700 2.4

14 Tan Mai 137.40 1,500 10.9

15 Buu Hoa 416.34 1,300 3.1

16 Tan Hanh 610.66 1,200 1.9

17 Tan Tien 130.54 1,195 9.1

18 Thong Nhat 341.30 1,095 3.2

19 Buu Long 578.45 1,000 1.7

20 Binh Da 124.40 668 5.3

21 Tan Van 442.30 352 0.8

22 Trung Dung 81.98 93 1.1

23 Quang Vinh 110.45 22 0.2

24 Quyet Thang 139.61 7 0.1

25 Thanh Binh 34.80 0 0

26 Hoa Binh 55.71 0 0

Total 15,474.4 156,370 10.1

3.6.2 Demonstration sites in Bien Hoa city

Five wards are selected for project implementation: Long Binh, Ho Nai, Trang Dai, Tan Phong and Tan Bien:

(1) Long Binh ward has the largest number of pig. One farm has 3,000 pig and 24 farms raise 200-500 pig. About 50% of farms establish biogas but the biogas cannot treat all animal waste. Linh stream passes through 1.2 km of the commune and a large volume of manure is drained in it.

(2) Ho Nai ward is surrounded by San Mau stream flowing to Dong Nai River. About 75% of farms buy commercial mixed feed.

(3) San Mau stream passes through 1.8 km of Trang Dai commune. The ward grows mainly vegetables and cassava.

(4) Bao Hang River and San Mau stream pass Tan Phong ward.

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(5) Phat Trien stream passes the Tan Bien ward.

Table 3.5. Statistical data in five demonstration wards

Item Long Binh Ho Nai Trang Dai Tan Phong Tan BienTotal area, haNumber of villages

3,5008

289.5 14,0006

1,68610

61412

Population 38,000 7,645 25,153 30,695 30,309Number of householdNo. hh in livestock prod.

4,000631

5,6571,529

5,612183

5,335224

5,267265

Land for agri., ha Annual plants, of which vegetable Fish pond

314.07114.3646.3129.48

17.2

10.34-

79190503

165

51.51.44

123.286.7

285.3

Fertilizer (ton/yr) N K P Manure

43.6 NPK

220Number of pig 54,150 24,500 24,500 6,875 6,500 Household with pig size 20-50 50-100 100-1000 > 1000

150 1,52045

160-

23-

7 198 (<200 pig)1

Cattle/buffalo 1,725 57 350 386 -PoultryQuail

163,000 25,000315,000

96,00040,000

43,000*35,000*

115,000620,000

Number of household installing biogas 50% 10% 10%Manure management Composting, % Sell, % Drained out, %

4050

-

305

45Water source for hh Well, % River, %

1000

1000

1000

1000

* Data of 20023.6.4 Demonstration of manure management technology

3.6.4.1 Installation of biodigesters (20- 100m3) in households with 50 –300 pigs or over 300 pigs is recommended. Solid manures can be collected for sale. The effluent can be better treated in the digesters. Bio digesters can supply low cost gas to farms to replace fossil fuels for cooking, lighting and/or selling to other farmers.

3.6.4.2 Lagoon System (400- 1000 pig farms): In larger farms with 400-1000 pigs, installation of a sedimentary tank (15-20 m3) and settlement vessel (15-20 m3) for separating and storing manures are proposed to separate and store solid manures. Solid manures could then be transported for sale to local farmers. Since a number of industrial crop growing farms (rubber tree, cotton, coffee, etc) are located nearby the project areas with a steady demand for manure as crop nutrients - good market for solid manure.

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3.6.4.3 Installation of effluent collection schemes: There are two canal systems that can be used: a main canal (with 400mm wide x 500mm deep) in the commune and another as sub- canal (250mm wide x 300mm deep) from households to main canal.

3.6.4.4 Public treatment: In communes high levels of pigs, a need for installation of large treatment plan is preferable. In these communes the installation of sedimentary tank (100- 200 m 3) is recommended. Suspended organic matter will be separated and liquids will be partially treated by aerobic process in a pond (200- 500 m3). The partially treated effluent should then be used as fertilizer for crop production. Number of pigs in Bien Hoa city is large but limited agricultural land for direct use of liquid manure. The need for either provision for transportation of effluents by tankers to agricultural areas is key demand for LWM. In addition, the use of rather expensive full treatment of the effluent before discharging to natural water bodies is needed to be considered. It is also possible to mix effluent and suspended organic matter with chopped rice straw and/or rice husk for composting (30-40 days duration). Rice straw and rice husks are agricultural byproducts that are readily available in the project area. The optimum straw to slurry ratio is 1:1.5. The composted material can then be easily transported to agricultural land.

3.7 Project Investment

Total investment for LWMP is 7,5 millions $US in which GEF contribute 2 millions and Vietnamese Government will contribute 3,4 millions $US and private sector will contribute over 2 millions $US as showed in the table 3.6

Table 3.6: Project investmentGEF GOVT Farmer Total

LWM Technology demo 1192 1418 2030 4640Technology Demo 1000 1000 2000 4000Training & Extension 192 418 30 640Policy development 501.3 1134.7 35 1671Policy Development 183 427 610Policy testing 57 133 190Awareness raising 261.3 574.7 35 871Project management & Monitoring 306.7 863.9 20 1190.6Project management 82.4 360.6 443M & E 224.3 503.3 20 747.6Total baseline cost 2000 3416.6 2085 7501.6

4 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTDONGNAI and HATAY are two of the selected provinces that are known as the biggest livestock production provinces. These two provinces have different physical characteristics with specific variation of climatic, topographic and physiographic characteristics. The following sections describe the major physical, ecological and socio-cultural conditions within the two project areas. The EA study area in DONGNAI covers 8 districts and one city (Bienhoa city). The EA study area in HATAY covers 12 districts. Description of various features of the physical (natural), ecological and socio-economical environments are presented in the following sections.

4.1 Physical Environment, DONGNAI

4.1.1 Geography and Topography

* Geographical

Dong Nai province is in the South-east of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam with the area of 5,894.74 km2 taking up 1.76% and 25.5 % of total natural area of the country and the Southeastern region respectively. Dong Nai province is surrounded by Binh Duong

43

province and Binh Phuoc province to the North-west, Lam Dong province to the Northeast, Binh Thuan province to the East and Ho Chi Minh city to the South-west.

* Administration

Dong Nai is located in the Southern economic development area of concentration with one provincial city and 8 districts. Bien Hoa provincial city is the political, economic and cultural center of the province. The 8 districts include Tan Phu, Dinh Quan, Long Khanh, Xuan Loc, Nhon Trach, Long Thanh, Vinh Cuu, Thong Nhat.

* Topography

Dong Nai is characterized by midland topography between that of the Central South highland and the South plain. Generally, its land is rather flat in which 82.09% is of less than 8° slope; 92 % less than 15° slope and only 8% more than 15° slope. Specifically:

Alluvial, gley and sandy soil are flat and lowlands are flooded all year.

Most of black, brown and gray soils occur on less than 8° slope while red soil occur on 15° slope

Shallow and pumice stone soils are present on steeper slopes.

The project areas divided mainly into two parts, the north area, and southern area.

A) The north area inludes Vinh Cuu, Tanphu, Dinhquan and one part on Thongnhat district. Trian Lake, one of the biggest lakes in the South, is in the middle of Dongnai province.

B) The western and southern areas include Nhontrach, Longthanh, Longkhanh, Xuanloc districts.

Agricultural land covers over 302,846 ha (51.38% of total land area) of which 21.48% is under annual crops, 170,800 ha or 28.97% is under permanent trees, 1,069 ha (0.18%) is grassland pasture and 4345 ha (0.74%) is flooded that is used for fishery (aquaculture). Only 7% of the land is used for residential purposes and forest covers 30.5% (179,808ha). The land area for specific use is 11.54%. Rivers and creeks account for 3.04%. Non use land is about 1.75%.

Data from DONRE in DONGNAI Province indicates that DONGNAI has only 3,111ha urban area and 7,435 ha of rural area.

The major river systems (Dongnai, Thivai) originate from the Lamdong province. The general slope gradient is from North to west and south.

4.1.2 Soil

A number of different soil types are present within the province. The majority of soils in southern part of DONGNAI are of alluvial origin. Soil in the north are mainly classified as Yellow Brown Earths. Most soils in the province are considered to be fertile.

4.1.3 Climate

Dong Nai is a tropical and equatorial province influenced by monsoons with 2 distinct main seasons (dry and rainy seasons). The temperature stays high most of the year and climatic condition favors development of tropical crops, especially industrial trees of high export value. Temperature averages 25-26 °C, and temperature difference between hottest and coldest months is 4.2 °C (iso-hyperthermic temperature regime). Sunshine hours per day are 5-9, 6-8 on average. Rainfall is relatively high varying beween 1500 to 2700mm per year between different areas. Humidity level stays high most of the year.

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The reported year 2003 climatic indicators are: annual average temperature of 26.05 oC, annual average humidity of 80.5%, number of sunshine hours of 2364.6 hours/year, and average rainfall of 2155.9mm.

Table 4-1 presents the “typical” climatic data for Dongnai province.

4.1.4 Hydrology

Surface Water: The hydrology of the province is related to Dongnai river basin. The main rivers in the province include Dongnai and Thivai Rivers. Beside that the provincial creeks play an important role in providing water supply in the province. Some water scarce areas are reported to the north of the province. The water level of Dongnai River, the main river in the province, has reduced from 109.98m in the year 2000 to 102.5 m in the year 2003. However, rivers of DONGNAI province are generally characterized as having rather stable distribution of the river discharge over the course of the year.

The discharge of Dongnai and Thivai Rivers are stable throughout the year.

Table 4-1 The Climatic Characteristics of DONGNAI province 2000-2003

Indicator 2000 2001 2002 2003

Average temperature C 25.6 25.9 26.2 26.02

Number of sunshine hours 2,035 2,245 2,458 2,364

Annual rainfall mm 2,555 2,094 1,984 2,155.9

Average humidity (%) 85 83 80 80.5

Low water level (m) 109.98 109.93 109.54 102.5

High water level (m) 113.57 113.88 114.04 113.68

Table 4-2 The Characteristics of the rivers in DONGNAI River system River Basin Area Total flow

Total, km2

% in Vietnam Total (109cum/yr

)

% of total

% formed in

Vietnam

% from outside

Vietnam

Dong nai – Sai gon 42.655 36.261(85%) 30.60 3.48 95 5

Groundwater: The available 2000 groundwater data for DONGNAI province indicated that the total available groundwater resources amount to over 500,000 cum, of which the ground water used for Bien hoa city is over 56,000cum that is expected to increase to more than 83,000cum by the year 2010.

Dongnai groundwater is contained in quaternary sediments, in two main aquifers. The Pleistocene aquifer or upper aquifer and the lower aquifer, the Holocene aquifer is made up of various sand layers, at times mixed with gravel that occur at different depths from about 1-2 m to 60-70 m.

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In 1999 the groundwater level of Dongnai river basin decreased by an average of 0.013m, the available groundwater decreased, and the groundwater depth starts from over 50 m in alluvial fans and is gradually decreasing, indicating over exploitation of groundwater within the basin.

Aquatic resources: Dong Nai develops sea products mainly basing on a big system of lakes, rivers and canals including Tri An lake (323 km2) and more than 60 rivers and canals which are very favourable for development of aquaculture for producing shrimps, fish, etc.

Water resources: Dong Nai has rich surface water resources, especially Dong Nai lake. It supplies water for agriculture, industry as well as for the city dwellers. There are 23 lakes of which Tri An is the biggest one with the capacity of nearly 2.8 billion cum of freshwater. The surface water is the most important source in supplying water for both Dong Nai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau and HCM city.

The potential of underground water here is also large with 5 water layers within 45- to 140 m depth. Static capacity is more than 1,940,000m3/day, while active capacity is more than 3,000,000 m3/ day, which can help to supplement available surface water resources to meet the growing demand for production, construction and urban living of small and medium size communities.

4.1.5 Surface Water Quality

Urban Surface Water2: According to the statistical data obtained for 2001 rivers, creeks and lakes of the province that attain the required standards, are upstream of Dongnai River and serval lakes. The main elevated environmental indicators are chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia (NH4) in the two main observation Rivers. In addition, water in the lakes also shows signs of NH4 pollution. Table 4-3 presents the water quality index of the main river systems in the project area.

2 Data Sources: Environmental Indicator Report of Dongnai Province, PPC of Dongnai, May 2005

46

Table 4-3 Surface water quality in the project area in DONGNAI ProvinceRiver System

River/County Year pH DO

mg/l

CODCr

mg/lBOD

mg/l

NH3-N

mg/l

Dongnai River

Section 1: Be river confluence to Hoa An Bridge (Dry season)

2001 7.0-7.3 6.3-7.0 5.8-12.5 2.6-6.3 0.17-0.39

Section 1: Be river confluence to Hoa An Bridge (Rainy season)

2001 6.9-7.1 6.0-7.4 6.9-21.8 2.9-6.1 0.17-0.54

Section 2: Dogngnai Bridge to Dong Tranh confluence (Dry season)

2001 7.0-8.1 4.4-5.6 11.6-323 2.2-6.2 0.39-0.79

Section 2: Dogngnai Bridge to Dong Tranh confluence (Rainy season)

2001 6.9-7.5 4.2-6.9 5.5-136.5 2.0-4.0 0.18-0.49

Section 3: Dongnai Bridge to Hoa An Bridge (Dry season)

2001 7.2-8.8 4.8-6.8 4.8-46.4 2-12.2 0.12-0.66

Section 3: Dongnai Bridge to Hoa An Bridge (Rainy season)5/3/01

2001 6.5-6.9 4.9-6.65

3.9-27.3 2.0-13 0.11-4.9

Thivai River

Dry season 2001 7.4-7.9 2.3-5.4 2.6-13.4

0.24-3.78

Rainy season 2001 6.9-7.5 2.3-5.6 3.1-10 11.2-4.26

TriAn Lake

Dry season 2001 7.4-7.8 3.7-7.7 9.9-35.6 2.3-4.8 0.17-0.45

TriAn Lake

Rainy season 2001 7.0-7.2 5.2-6.3 5.1-13.7 3.7-6.8 0.29-0.36

LongAn Lake

Dry season 2001 8.0 5.5 30.6 6.3 0.5

Rainy season 2001 8.8 6.2 18.9 3.2 0.35

NuiLe Lake

Dry 2001 8.0 5.27 8.4 2.9 0.46

Rainy season 2001 7.4 9.03 6.9 2.0 0.22

DaTon Lake

Dry 2001 7.0 7.1 6.8 2.7 0.61

Rainy season 2001 7.2 7.66 5.7 2.3 0.45

4.1.6 Groundwater Quality

Urban groundwater3: The year 2001 statistical data, obtained for groundwater water quality in Bien Hoa city of Dongnai province indicates that the groundwater quality in Bien Hoa city is quite poor. The main pollutants exceeding the standards are ammonia and nitrogen. The main source of pollutants is believed to be the domestic and industrial sources and agricultural production activities.

Due to limited accessibility of pertinent water quality data within the project site, a more general review of available water quality data based on different rivers and lakes are presented in this section. No details of water quality data was availed to the EA team due to limited availability of relevant data for review.

4.1.7 Atmospheric Environment

Urban atmospheric environment4: In the year 2001 the value of urban sulfur dioxide in Bien Hoa City is ranged from 0.030-0.314 mg/m3 in dry season and 0.066 to 0.246 mg/m3 in rainy season and the value of nitrogen dioxide is 0.004 to 0.148 mg/m3 in dry season and 0.012 to 0.168 mg/m3. The value of both sulfur dioxide and total suspended particulate matter in Bien Hoa all exceeded the average number of Ambient Air Quality Standards. The total suspended particulate matter Bien Hoa in exceeded average number of Ambient Air Quality Standards stipulated in TCVN5937:1995.

3 Data Sources: Environmental Quality Report in Dongnai Province, 2001.4 Data Sources: Environmental Indicator Report in DongNai Province, 2001.

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The project areas are located in the country, where the atmospheric environment quality meets the requirement air quality.

4.2 Ecological Environment, Dongnai

4.2.1 Flora

Most of the vegetation of Dongnai province belongs to tropical.

In terms of plants, 1610 species are identified of which 31 species are identified as rare and precious belonging to 13 families. There are 23 endemic genus and plants belonging to 11 families. The main plant species are presented in appendix. Most endemic plants and animals are only found in Cat Tien National Park, Dong Nai Province.

Table 4-4: Land use in Dong Nai

Indicator 1999 2000 2001

1 Land use area (ha) 586,202 586,030 586,030

2 Forestry and forest land 185,784 178,274 178,274

3 Ratio 31.69% 30.4% 30.4%

4 Natural forest 112,925 110,678 110,678

5 Planted forest 48,907 39,596 41,875

6 Land for Fruit trees 19,986 22,757 22,412

7 Land for Perennial industrial trees

103,063 113,326 112,870

8 Land for Other perennial trees 1,050 1,250 2,000

9 Ratio of forestry cover 48.77% 49.77% 49.46%

Source: Environmental Indicator Report of Dong Nai Province, 2001

There are 178,274 ha of forestland, of which 110,678 ha are natural forest and 41,875 ha are planted forest.

4.2.2 Fauna

Dongnai is the one of the richest provinces in Vietnam in terms of biodiversity. There are 348 species of birds, 103 species of mammals, 120 species of reptiles, 133 species of fishes, and 457 species of butterflies.

4.2.3 Nature reserves

In order to protect the flora and fauna biodiversity in the province, Dongnai has successively instituted a number of measures, bylaws and ordinances, such as “the measures for implementing the Wild Animal Protection, the Management Ordinance for Dongnai Provincial Nature Reserves, and the Management Ordinances for Wild Animal Protection in Dongnai Province.

Cat Tien National Park of various significance levels has been founded in Dongnai province, covering an area of over 0.7 km2, which accounts for over 10% of the provincial total area.

Cat Tien National Park: The park is located within three provinces: Dong Nai, Lam Dong and Binh Phuoc; 150 km from Ho Chi Minh city, with total area of 73,878 ha. IThe

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park is one of the largest national parks in Vietnam and has an abundance of diversified natural resources.

There are about 1,800 species of plants including 151 tontines and 73 gaits, typical to the south-east vegetation system, with many species of valuable timber such as Sao Dau, Tu Vi, Dau tontines. There are a number of plant species that have both economic and biological value such as purple wood, Brian kingwood, hung wood.

A number of modal forests and biotopes are present in the national park including evergreen tree with wide leaf, fallen leaf, semi-fallen leaf, complex forest of wood, bamboo, marsh vegetation cover. Fauna in Cat Tien Park

According to available statistics, Cat Tien National Park now has 77 types of mammals, 326 types of birds, 82 types of fresh-water fishes, 40 types of reptiles, 14 types of amphibian and hundreds of insects.

Number of precious and rare species in the Cat Tien National Park that are cited in the Vietnam Redbook includes 18 mammals, 20 species and subspecies of birds, 12 reptiles, and 1 amphibian species.

Java rhinoceros is the animal with the highest distinction in the world. Nowadays, there are only two wild populations in the world; one in Ujung Kulon National Park (Java, Indonesia) and the other the Cat Tien National Park. Rhinoceros in Cat Tien national park remains of about 7-8 individuals. With over 90 km of Dong Nai River surrounding the national park, systems of pond, rammer and imposing landscapes, the park is well protected and forest holds many natural mysteries that bring about extremely beautiful landscape.

* Cultural & historical

Cat Tien- religious city of Phu Nam ancient kingdom, has the territory spreading from India, Burma through Indonesia, Philippines, south of Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, south of China with Oc Eo culture founded about II AD. Cat Tien National Park was part of the D strategic war theatre before, a famous revolutionary base in fighting for independece and national liberation. This is also the father land of Stieng and Chau Ma races, with revolutionary tradition and the habits and customs of rich character of national literary circles. In Cat Tien National Park, there are many things to see including ancient trees, typical primary forest, and wild life. Visiting cultural archaeological site of Oc Eo, participating in festivals of Ta Lai ethnic group is another cultural activity within the area.

4.3 Socio-cultural Environment, Dongnai

4.3.1 Population

The year 2003 statistical data indicate that the total population of Dongnai province is 2,149,030 of which 1,473,876 (68.57%) lives in rural areas. Women are accounting for 50.5% of the total population. Most of the people are Kinh nationality. People engaged in large farms animal husbandry are mainly in Bien Hoa City. Table 4-6 presents the population data for the Dongnai.

Table 4-5 important Nature Reserve within the province

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Name of Reserve

Project districts

Use Items preserved Remarks

Cat Tien None Area ofPreservation zone

The park is protecting in rare animal such as rhinoceros

14 kinds of endemic plants were founded only in Cat Tien National Park. 31 rare and precious species in Cat Tien. 23 endemic genuses.31 endemic animals.

Table 4-6 The population of the project districts in DONGNAI province

Project location Total Area(km2)

Administrative Commune Total

Population

Population density per/sq km

AgriculturalPopulation

Bien Hoa City 154.67 26 521,580 3,372 31,093

Vinh Cuu district

1,091.99

12 105,304 96 76,397

Tan Phu district 773.74 18 163,066 211 142,470

Dinh Quan district 966.50 14 212,893 220 190,312

Xuan Loc district 954.21 21 297,250 312 283,375

Long Khanh district

497.21 18 215,136 433 155,668

Thong nhat district 510.70 25 315,570 618 300,922

Long Thanh district

534.82 19 203,121 380 178,169

Nhon Trach district

410.89 12 115,110 280 115,110

Total

5,894.73

165 2,149,030 365 1,473,876

4.3.2 Cultural Background

Public Health &Health service

Medical network in the province consists of 5 general hospitals at provincal and regional levels, 3 specialized hospitals and 6 others at district level. Other medical units include 11 regional offices, 1 centre of preventive medicine, 1 centre of medicine for the IZ, 163 medical stations at commune, ward and town levels and 12 diagnostic units. The total number of hospital beds is 3,260. In addition, there are also 3 other hospitals under the central hospital administration such as mental hospital, hospital 7B and hospital at Dong Nai Rubber company.

There are 3,200 medical staff by the year 2000 of which 477 are doctors and 820 are physicians, making the ratio of 1.57 doctor and physician per 10,000 people. Physicians present at 100% of communes and wards, meanwhile 61% is the rate of doctors being.

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Dong Nai is still conducting the medical system especially at unit levels. National medical programs are fundamentally well performed. Annually, more than 90% of children are vaccinated sufficiently with 6 types of vaccines.

Disease prevention activities have gained some achievements, particularly in preventing malaria, fever, tetanus, typhoid, etc. Presently the province is conducting a program of fighting against goiter disease and soon eliminating paralyzing disease among the entire people.

4.3.4 Cultural Heritage

Scenic Spots and Tourism

Bac Son Resort: Located at Bac Son commune, Thong Nhat district and 1 km from National highway No.1, Bac Son resort is a wonderful position to develop tourism. The resort is 254,000 km2 areas with investment of 25 bil. VND. Bac Son is a very beautiful sight where you can see up and down hills, natural lakes and green springs.

Song Trau Resort: With 300 hectares site, the resort is with low hills, attractive waterfall to swim in all seasons, beautiful forest sights for camping and exploring. Song May: Belongs to Trang Bom town, Thong Nhat district, Song May hamlet Club is a 235-hectare zone which is invested by Bo Chang - Donatours. This is a beautiful landscape with Song May Lake at the centre of two green hills. The zone also has a 27-hole golf course which meets international standards, luxurious hotels, bars and restaurants. In the future, Song May hamlet Club plans to invest additional funds to become a large resort for domestic and foreign travelers.

Tri An lake: Tri an Lake is located in Vinh An town, Vinh Cuu district, Dong Nai province, 65 km from HCMC and 30 km from Bien Hoa City. This is a 32,000-hectare lake with fresh water and 36 islands. Above of the other islands, there are two adjacent attractive ones: Falcon Island and Dong Truong Island. These two islands resort have beautiful, poetic and charming sights with fresh air. Tri An lake is a wonderful place for nature lovers. There is a development project under consideration with a total estimated investment of over 5 bill. VND.

Da Ba Chong: Located in the centre of Dinh Quan, a crowded town, and not far from National highway No.20. The land is the life-line of communication from Lam Dong highland of Bao Loc to Southwest region. This is an imposing and diversified landscape with green and immense valleys of tropical trees.

The land also has pure and fresh lakes which are sourced by winding springs. All the lakes and springs make the sight a poetic, imposing and lyrical place for sightseeing and relaxation.

Mai Waterfall: Mai waterfall and warm lake resort, Tan Phu plantation

The resort is located in Dinh Quan district, Dong Nai province and midway of the Ho Chi Minh City-Da Lat road. It is located 111 km from HCMC or 190.5 km from Da Lat. The resort is a natural forest of 13,734-hectare zone which is preferred by nature lovers and for its tropical climate. In the resort, there are beautiful sights with green forested hills, waterfalls, caves, etc.

Mo spring: Being in Tra Co commune of Tan Phu district, this place is wild but beautiful with refreshing streams looming in the green forest. The resort is suitable for several kinds of tourism such as camping, sightseeing and exploring. Dong Nai is carrying out a detailed plan for calling for domestic and international investment projects.

Ho Nui Le: The resort is located in Gia Rai town, Xuan Loc district and is about 25 hectares next to a 100-hectare lake and 837-metre-high mountain in the Southest region. At

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the top of the mountain, there are 5 nice streams flowing to a natural lake. At 660 metres high, Gia Lao pagoda is a wonderful sight for pilgrimages, sightseeing and entertainment. Under a development project a total estimated investment of 14 bill. VND is planned.

Hoa Binh Cultural Park: Is an original and beautiful park which is created by skilful hands, creative minds and hard working spirits. The park's architectural feature is traditional style with the lake, a water pavilion, hotels, restaurants, fruit gardens.

Suoi Tre cultural center: Located in Suoi Tre commune of Long Khanh district, the centre belongs to Dong Nai Rubber Company, which was previously a resort for French rubber-plantation owners. It's up and down hills with a petty spring running around. The French style of villas is circled by Pine Hills and grass cover which gives the resort a special character and fresh air. Tre spring cultural centre is a poetic place as well as Da Lat City to entertain, relax and camp.

Hang Gon Grave: Hang Gon is graded as a national historical vestige. The Temple was built of granite over 2,500 years ago. This is an ancient area of wild land and ideal place for sightseeing, researching and outing.

Long Thanh & Nhon Trach districts are known for their tropical fruits: Durian, rambutan, mangosteen, mango, pomelo, etc. Tourists can enjoy these fresh fruits from the trees at low-cost and with warmly welcomed farmers.

4.3.5 Infrastructure

*Transportation: National highway system (244.5km) has been improving and widening up to delta highway level 1 and 2 standard (National Highways No 5 and 6) or up to third grade like National Highway No 20 to Da Lat, (A total of 75 kilometers in the province territory had been developed to this standard). Roads system in the province covers 3.339 kilometers, of which nearly 700 kilometers is tar surface roads. In addition, there are also rural and trunk road system under commune and ward management, farm roads and roads within industrial parks that provide a continuous system to local inhabitants. It is believed that 100 percent of communes and wards have roads for cars to their center.

Under provincial scheme in the near future, high speed transportation system to Ba Ria Vung Tau and Ho Chi Minh City, Bien Hoa - Vung Tau railway system, upgraded provincial roads No 726 and connecting national highway No 20 and No 1 with national highway No 51 will be developed that should create a complete system, serving the socio economic development demands, both locally and regionally.

There are five (05) ports in the province in which Long Binh Tan port and Go Dau A port are the biggest. Phu Huu, Phuoc An ports-building projects have been establishing.

Railway station system in the province spreads 87.5 kilometers long with 12 station: Gia Huynh, Trang Tao, Gia Ray, Bao Chanh, Xuan Loc, An Loc, Dau Giay, Bau Ca, Trang Bom, Long Lac, Ho Nai and Bien Hoa . This line is the important transport blood vessel linking Dong Nai with The North and HCMC.

* Telephone and post-office: By 2000, over 79.7% of villages had telephone connection and has post-offices. Over 98.5% of the commune’s People Committee is accessible by telephone. The number of telephones in the province has reached 98,207 and there are 33,835 household’s telephones accounting for 11.67% of the total households.

* Electricity: Electricity reaches 100% of the communes of which over 89.35% of the villages in the whole province have access to electricity1. In total, there are 219,823

1 Result of the 2001 rural, agricultural and fishery census. Statistical publishing house. Hanoi, 2003

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households with access to electricity accounting for 75.82% of the total households. The average electritical price per kwh is 660 VND.

* Water supply: Households accessing to tap water are mainly in the city with the number of 8,761 households accounting for 3.02% of the total household number.

During past five years, the urban water supply industry has investing in the construction, improvement, and upgrading of water supply. The water supply capacity has increased from 39.500 cum per day in 1993 up to 73,400 cum per day in 1998. This has achieved through construction of Long Binh water supply factory with the first phase capacity of 15,000 cum per day, Gia Ray water supply factory with 2,400 cum per day, and Hoa An pumping station with capacity of 6,000 cum per day. In addition they are increasing the Long Khanh water supply factory capacity to 5,000 cum per day and preparing to build Long Binh water supply factory with first phase capacity of 15,000 cum per day, Thien Tan with capacity of 100,000 cum per day, Nhon Trach water supply factory with capacity of 200.000 cum per day, serving for production and people life.

4.3.6 Land Tenure and Land Ownership and Land use

Except for the residential land possessed by the habitants, almost all the land in the project areas has been contracted out to farmer households or private or state organizations on either a 30-year lease basis or 50-year lease basis for the purpose of agricultural or industrial development. It is expected that the land use rights will provide additional incentives and positive impact on development of the commercial farm as well as development of large scale farm and support the spatial planning of livestock production in the province.

The status of land use in Dongnai is listed in table 4-7.

Table 4-7: Status of land area in Dong Nai province1.

Scale Total area

Agricultural land

Forestry land covered by trees

Specially used land

Homestead land

ha 589.5 302.8 179.8 68 10.6% 100 51.4 30.5 11.5 1.8

The agricultural land accounts for 51.45% of the total land areas of the province that is almost double the national average of 28.4%. Population density of Dongnai Province is 365 persons per square km.

* Land resources: There are 10 groups of land in Dong Nai:

Grey land is accounting for more than 40.05% of natural land and favorable for agricultural cultivation and construction.

Black land is accosting for more than 22.44% of natural land and suitable for yearly cultivated trees.

Gley land is accounting for more than 19.27% of natural land and suitable for long-term industrial trees.

Alluvium (4.76%) mainly used for rice and fruits on earth.

Gley land (4.56%) is mainly used for planting rice and other hydrophilic crops.

1

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Although land use has changed in the past few years, Dong Nai Province still has the largest area of agricultural land in the South East.

4.3.7 Land use for livestock and crop

Land use for livestock production: Use of land for livestock production is still limited since livestock is mainly established in small farms and is based in the residential areas.

Table 4-8 Types and number of livestock farms in DONGNAI Province

Farm Type Total Number

By head size of buffalo and cattle

10-50 50-100 101-200 201-300

Buffalo and cattle 21 11 9 1

Dairy cattle 12 10 2


By head size of pig100-200 201-300 301-500 >500

Piggery 316 242 42 21 11


By head size of poultry

2000-3000 3001-5000 5001-10000 >10000

Poultry 215 103 42 31 39

Source: Result of the 2001 rural, agricultural and fishery census. Statistics publishing house. Hanoi, 2003, page 461-469.

Land use for cropping: Among different cropland in the project areas (about 224,606ha), the area of paddy and maize is the largest and most widely distributed with 148,935ha . The average annual output of paddy is 3.7tons per ha and of maize is 3.95 tons/ha. The vegetation area is the second with 27,678 ha. Annual industrial crops are 25,766 ha with soybean (7,584ha), peanut (1,366ha), sugar cane (11,521ha), tobacco (3,584ha) and cotton (1,262ha). The root crops are planted in 18,818ha with sweet potato, cassava and others. In order to increase crop productivity, Dongnai province in recent years has implemented various measures to improve crops yield through use of improved seeds, fertilizer application, irrigation, pest and -insect control and have undertaken integrated crop and pest management. The use of manure application on land is encouraged in the province.

The details of land use for crops in Dongnai are listed in Table 4-9.

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Table 4-9: Land use for crop and planted area, yield of the crop in DONGNAI

Paddy Maize Cassava S.Potato Vegetable Soyabean Peanut Sugar cane Tobaco Cotton

ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha ha tons/ha

Bien Hoa 1,198 3.65 30 4.0 23 7.7 2,969 14.98 34 1.32

Vinh Cuu 8,685 3.88 2,793 3.63 2,600 16 354 5.77 45 0.8 328 0.88 1,355 50 61 14.43

Tan Phu 13,033 3.52 7,107 3.45 32 14.5 20 6 1,187 9.33 430 0.6 12 1 467 53.15 20 10

Dinh Quan 8,876 3.43 15,047 3.54 699 18.1 1 8 1,586 12.02 6,022 0.8 74 0.89 4,000 56.43 639 0.43 169 10

Xuan Loc 16,242 4.2 25,393 4.19 3,798 24.1 283 5.9 2,708 10.2 481 1.18 619 0.94 2,078 56.18 1,587 0.6 837 15.87

Long Khanh 3,294 4.31 2,592 4.42 306 13.5 120 1.3 30 1.3 07 57.2 1,211 1.29 115 13.33

Thong Nhat 10,137 3.8 11,858 4.23 3,979 21.4 8.11 2,061 11.59 426 1.1 153 0.84 1,177 51.94 64 14.22

Long Thanh 8,413 3.5 4,024 3.94 4,450 18.82 79 5 369 7.15 60 1 78 0.85 83 48 97 0.753 96 12.29

Nhon Trach 10,183 3.39 30 3.17 1,588 15.75 105 7.9 759 8.3 38 1.21 2,254 78.56 51 1.373

Total 80,061 3.74 68,874 3.95 17,259 19.8 524 6.34 12,299 11.48 7584 0.84 1,366 0.93 11,521 59.31 3,584 0.819 1,262 14.54

Source: Annual statistics year books of Dong Nai, 2003

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4.3.8 Labor source/Other Employment/Manufacturing Opportunities

Labor source: In accordance with the results of the aggregate population check of 1 April 1999, there have been 1,989,541 people (993,039 men and 996,502 women) living in Dong Nai.

In 1990, Dong Nai had 838,000 people at working ages and this number is estimated to have increased to 1,703,000 people in the year 2000. Its industry and service sectors have grown rapidly, thus attracting many new labours: 12,000 in 1990 and 65,000, the estimated numbers in 2000.

From the figure gained in the population check of 1999, Dong Nai had 607,128 urban habitants (30.5%) that are higher than the average in Viet Nam (23.5%). Urban habitants have been increaseing by an average of 2.78% annual in the past 5 years.

Table: 4-10: Labor source in Dong Nai

Items 2000 2005 2010 Increase from 2001-2005

Increase from 2006-2010

A- Aggregate population

2,044 2,215 2,374 1.7% 1.4%

-Urban 641 (31,5%)

797 (36%)

956 (40%)

4.5% 3.7%

-Rural 1,395 (68,5%)

1,418 (64%)

1,478 (60%)

0.3% (slow urbanization)

0.8% (slow urbanization)

B- Population at working ages

1,073 1,275 1,442 3.0% 2.5%

Living standards: DONGNAI is an economically developed province located in the Dongnai –Sai Gon River basin. Living standards have been remarkably improved in the last few years: GDP per capita has increased from 755,000 VND in 1990 to 3,700,000 VND in 1995 and 6,700,000 in 2000.

Housing conditions have also been upgraded with 80% made of solid, semi-solid and durable wooden frame houses, equivalent to the average level of the South East and better than that of Viet Nam (in VN there are up to 25% of families living in raw houses). Nearly 50% of families in Dong Nai are now living with an average area of more than 10m2 per capita (as much as that of Ha Noi or HCM city), and 80% are able to use electricity as targeted.

4.3.9 Socio-economic Development Plan

During the "tenth five-year plan", the major objectives of economic and social development in Dongnai Province are to maintain sustained and rapid development of national economy, to strive for GDP growth rate greater than the national average, to further optimize the economic structure, to significantly improve the quality of economic growth, to maintain coordinated growth in financial revenue and economic development to lay a solid foundation to double the GDP in 10 years (by the year 2010). The proposed infrastructure development should meet the demands of social and economic development. It is to accelerate the pace of system renovation and to better improve the market economic system. According to the tenth five-year plan, the level of urbanization and industrialization will be greatly improved and process of information system development will be accelerated. It is further planned to improve employment opportunities while maintaining sustainable growth of income of citizens both in urban and rural areas. Education will be further developed and the capacity of science and technology will be strengthened. It is to achieve significant results in both socialist spiritual civilization and

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democratic legislation development so as to ensure all round development of the social sector.

4.4. Natural condition of Hatay Province

4.4.1. Geography and Topography

Ha Tay province is in the Red River delta - In the North of Vietnam, having the geographical coordinate with latitude 20,340 - 20,170 North, longitude 105,170-1060 East. Ha Tay borders with Hanoi capital in the East, http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay.jpgwith Hung Yen province in the Southeast, with Ha Nam province in the South, with Hoa Binh province in the West, with Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces in the North.

Terrain of Ha Tay is divided into three relatively distinct regions. The first is high mountain region which is long rocky mountain system and connect to Tay Bac Mountains. The highest peak in this mountain range is Ba Vi Mountain at 1,297 meters above sea level (masl). The height of the mountain range gradually reduces toward South-west. The transition area is at mound-hill midland where the average height reduces to 50 masl. is the elevation gradually reduces in the South-West direction toward the Red River delta that is specific to Bac Bo delta province.

4.4.2 Soil condition

In Ha Tay, soils are classified into two main groups:

- Group of soil is developed in on the spot weathered product (sedentary soils), which is specific to mound-hill soil geography of midland and high mountain. Feralittic soil are developed from metamorphic and sedimentary parent rocks such as schist, limestone and sandstone etc are found on 40 percent the land. Since this soil type is located on highlands with sloping topography, the vegetative cover is highly degraded due to over-exploitation by local inhabitants and the landscape is highly eroded by water. Therefore, soil laterization, plinthic, and lateritic soils, highly capable of phosphorus fixation, are quite common in Ba Vi, Thach That, Quoc Oai, Chuong My districts.

- Group of soil is developed in moving area with agglomerated sediment, which is specific to delta geography. Those are old alluvial soils; and have very poor nutrient content, and are acidic in nature, and are gleyic (high water table) alluvial soils. These soils cover about 60 percent the natural area. This is the soil group that is strongly affected by the human activities, mainly agricultural production activities.

4.4.3 Hydrographic

Hydrology and surface water:

Geological condition and geographical characteristics affect hydrographic in Ha Tay. Waterways, lakes and pound system are relatively dense in comparison to other provinces in the Bac Bo delta. The river system running across the province has a total length of 420 km that include Red (Hong) river (127 km), Da river (32 km), Day river (103 km), Nhue river (47 km), Tich river (110 km), and Bui river (7 km).

Aquatic resources:

Ha Tay has a number of lakes and lagoons with large volume and surface area. The main water bodies include Hai lake – spring, Dong Mo Lake, and Ngai Son Lake. Other lakes have smaller water surface area but attract a large number of tourists and aquatic products. An example of such water bodies includes Xuan Khanh Lake, Quan Son Lake and Hoc Cua Lake, etc.

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http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay.jpg

Water resource: Total water storage area (rivers, lakes, ponds, etc.) in Ha Tay is 145.2 km2, total volume of water is 51.3 billion m3.

Surface water quality:

Table 4-11: Surface water quality in Ha TayParameter Site of sampling

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Colour Pure Slight opaque

Slight opaque

Slight opaque

Opaque Pure Pure Opaque Opaque None

Smell None None None None Slight stinking

Slight stinking

Slight stinking

stinking None None

Taste None None None None None None None None None NoneCOD (mg/l)

12 25 18 28 57 32 42 57 42 37

BOD5 (mg/l)

8 7 11 19 32 31 28 32 27 23

DO (mg/l) 5.7 4.2 5.1 3.7 3.5 4.2 5.1 3.5 4.1 5.3SS (mg/l) 147 260 189 275 145 125 95 257 143 167pH 7.5 7.3 7.8 7.1 7.2 7.8 7.1 7.0 6.9 7.2Fe (mg/l) 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.09 0.15 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.27 0.42Cu (mg/l) 0.02 0.31 0.56 0.07 0.32 0.91 1.00 0.78 0.92 0.77Coliform MPN/100 ml

900 470 560 780 460 370 452 371 567 478

Notes: 1 Surface water in Trung Ha area2 Surface water in My Duc district3 Surface water in Quan Son lake4 Surface water in Huong Son area5 Surface water in Ha Dong township6 Surface water in Xuan Mai area7 Surface water in Thanh Oai area8 Surface water in Hoai Duc area9 Surface water in Thuong Tin area10 Surface water in Quoc Oai area(Source: Surface water quality of HaTay)

4.4.4 Air quality of Ha Tay

4.4.5. Climate condition

Geographical characteristic affects the climatic condition in Ha Tay. The most notable feature is the opposite between winter and summer in scope of activity as well as intensity of atmospheric pressure centers, popular gas mass and climate system.

Ha Tay has monsoon tropical climate, which has cool and dry winter and hot and humid summer. In the winter, there is sometimes frost and in the summer there are frequent rainstorms.General wind direction is North-east in the winter and South-west in the summer. There is about 1,500 – 1,700 sunshine hours per year. The average temperature of Ha Tay is relatively high over cultivated areas with average annual temperature of 23oC, correlating to annual total temperature of 8,500oC, that is above average of the topical norm. The average temperature in summer is high with an average temperature of 29 oC in July, the hottest month. Winter months are cool with an average temperature of 15 oC in January, the coldest month. The absolute lowest recorded temperature in Ha Tay is 5 oC, and the absolute highest recorded temperature is 40 oC. Total number of sunny days is 1399 a year. The average annual rainfall is 2000-2200 mm, and annual relative humidity is 82 to 83%.

Table 4-12: Air quality of HaTay

No Site of sampling Parameters Remark

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Noise level (dB)

Dust (mg/m3)

CO NO2 SO2

1 Ha Dong township 65 0.51 24.57 0.23 0.11 Accepted level:- Dust: 0.3 mg/m3- CO: 40 mg/m3- NO2: 0.4 mg/m3- SO2: 0.5 mg/m3During 1 hour in averageVietnamese standard TCVN 5942-1999, TCVN 5937-1999.

2 Ba La 62 0.62 27.12 0.31 0.183 Son Tay Citadel 50 0.17 4.12 0.07 0.104 La Thanh Dyke 58 0.28 12.16 0.12 0.215 Trung Ha area 56 0.21 10.12 0.08 0.136 Ba Vi District 77 0.31 18.12 0.27 0.237 Market No. 312 50 0.15 8013 0.10 0.048 Da Chong 58 0.32 4.26 0.21 0.289 Dan Phuong 65 0.43 17.15 0.31 0.16

10 Hoai Duc 60 0.29 1.10 0.49 0.1311 Quoc Oai 58 0.45 6027 0.15 0.1712 Thach That 67 0.37 8.06 0.27 0.2013 Xuan Mai 55 0.25 4.67 0.12 0.1714 Hoa Lac 57 0.36 7.10 0.23 0.1915 My Duc 63 0.41 6.01 0.31 0.2916 Thanh Oai 65 0.43 12.17 0.27 0.1817 Van Dinh 68 0.37 5.72 0.31 0.2718 Thuong Tin 67 0.30 8.10 0.28 0.1619 Phu Xuyen 58 0.32 7.02 0.26 0.27

(Source: Air quality of Ha Tay, 1998)

4.5 Ecological Environment of Hatay Province

4.5.1. Fauna and Flora

Ha Tay is transition area between Tay Bac high mountain and Bac Bo delta area. Due to her geographic location, Ha Tay has mountain forest, midland mounds, and deltaic ecosystems, and therefore enjoys a very diverse fauna and flora species belonging to different ecosystems.

Ha Tay has five distinct ecosystems including:

- The tropical big leave evergreen ecosystem that includes Ba Vi, Huong Son, and My Duc. Although the forest is basically a secondary forest due to extensive human activities, the flora and fauna communities present the characteristics of primary forests. This ecosystem is located at about of 400 masl elevation and has a rich fauna and flora species.

- The secondary shrub ecosystem: is originated from the big leave thick forest which had been cut exhaustedly. The area is representative of fallowed slash and burn agricultural areas. After stoppage of slash and burn agriculture, the shrubby plants have developed and have become predominant. This ecosystem locates in mound area at around 400 masl elevation.

- The milpa mound system: predominant flora and fauna in this ecosystem are secondary grasslands and scrub-shrub and fauna include reptiles, birds, and mammals. However this exosystem is relatively poor in variety of flora and fauna compared with the other ecosystems in the province.

- The resident ecosystem: is the ecosystem of ethnic group community, including Dao, Muong, Kinh. The main crops grown are cassava, potato, maize, and beans. Main fruit trees are orange, mandarin, litchi, and longan. Major forest trees are eucalyptus and textured wood. The main animal raised is poultry.

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- The delta rice field system: is expansive and fertile. Waterways, lakes, pounds and Kinh peoples’ mountain hamlets and villages are developed and are long-standing communities. Here, people mostly cultivate paddy rice and grow aquatic products, and breed cattle and poultry. This area is an important area in Ha Tay province.

Development of ecological areas, fauna and flora communities mentioned above govern biodiversity in the region. There are 872 species of high level flora belonging to 427 genera, and 90 families, in which 170 species have high biologically active elements that are used as medicinal plants.

In total, 44 mammal species are identified, belonging to 23 families in 9 orders. Birds have 114 species belonging to 45 families in 14 orders, while amphibian reptiles have 25 species. In addition many different species of fish are living in pounds, lakes, and rivers throughout the province.

Waterway-delta ecological area, formed within the previous ly existing river courses, lake and pound systems has many species of fresh water fish and shrimps. Some species of eel, frogs, trionychid turtles and tortoise that were very common within these areas are now nearly extinct.

In the past 10 years, biodiversity of Ha Tay has been negatively affected and many species are reducing at alarming rates due to forest over cutting. In addition to overexploitation of species, other factors such as excessive use of herbicides and chemical fertilizers, and wastewater with high toxicity levels from industries have also negatively impacted the population and diversity of species of aquatic flora and fauna within the province.

4.5.2. Forest situation

Natural conditions have considerable effects on generation and development of vegetative cover in Ha Tay. Ba Vi mountain with differentiation of climate depending on height has anuall temperature of about 20oC, that is an ideal temperature for growth and development of many species of plants and animals. According to Ha Tay Branch of Forestry in 1998, forestry land area of the Province is 25,580 ha, including: 3,380 ha of natural forest, 13,408 ha of artificial forest, and 8,792 ha of bre hill land. Total capacity of wood is 375,772 m3, of which 172,144 m3 is natural forest wood, 203,628 m3 is artificial forest wood, and 5,226,000 m3 is bamboo.

4.6 Socio-Cultural condition

4.6.1Festival:

Some festivals in Ha Tay province are well known throughout Vietnam and internationally of which Perfume (Huong) pagoda is the most noteworthy because it is the longest and most interesting, attracting about half a million visitors every year. Another major festival is the Do singing Festival in Quoc Oai district which is organised only once every 36 years. Chinese Cheo singing Festival is performed once every 30 years. Other famous festivals are Thay pagoda festival, Kite flying festival in Bac Giang- Dan Phuong, Tay Phuong Pagoda festival, Dau Pagoda festival, Va temple festival, and Hat Mon temple festival.

Ha Yay province is an old province with a long history that leads to the appearance of 2388 cultural, historical, and religious relics of which 12 relics are classified by the Ministry of Culture, and Information as especially important. These are: Perfume pagoda with the most wonderful cave in Vietnam; Thay pagoda being closely linked to name, age of a famous Monk Tu Dao Hanh; Boi Khe pagoda, Tram Gian (100 rooms) pagoda being stick to the hero Nguyen Binh An; Tay Phuong pagoda - cultural essence of Tay Son regime time; Mia pagoda, which has the highest number of Buddhist statues in Vietnam

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(287 statues); Dau pagoda is unique in the sense that it has two real (corpse) statues of two Monks; several renowned communal houses: Tay Dang, Chu Quyen, Dai Phu, Hoa Xa.

4.6.2 Handicraft villages.

Ha Tay province has 120 handicraft villages (accounting for 10% of total handicraft villages of the country) with products being special and cherished by customers including Van Phuc silk, Chuong hat, hand fan of Vac, pearl inlaying of Chuyen My, bamboo article of Phu Vinh, carpentry products of Chang Son, Son Dong wood statues.

4.6.3 Natural economical place

Ha Tay province has great natural Ecosystem Tourist attraction. The major sites include: Bavi National Park, King pond, and Nga fall. Present of fairy stream with picturesque scenaries, abundance of variety of fauna and flora, and pleasant climate also attracts many tourists to the area. For years, these locations have become ideal places for holidays, and recreation. Additionally the system of natural lakes such as Suoi Hai, Dong Mo, Quan Son, Dong Suong, and Van Son with large water surface areas - a pleasing environment for visitors to come and enjoy different activities such as water sports, golf fishing, etc.

4.7. Socio-economic condition

Ha Tay is the land region that connects the Northwest region and central hilly region of the North with the Red River delta provinces; having diverse terrain: Mountainous, hills and delta that are very ideal for the development of agriculture, industry, tourism and services. It is also one of the provinces in the country having very developed systems of transportation, telecommunication, power and water supply.

4.7.1. Population

According to survey data in 1994, population of Ha Tay is approximately 2.2 million. After implementing policy on birth control, natural population growth rate of Ha Tay is reduced from 2.2 % to less than 1.5 %. However, present population of Ha Tay remain high (2.382 million), being the forth highest compared to those of the other provinces in Vietnam. In which:

- Urban population: 193.000 people.

- Rural population: 2.2 million people

The population in Ha Tay is not distributed equally between rural and urban area, or between agricultural and non-agriculture area. The population distribution is as follows:

Population of rural area: 93.35 %

Population of urban area: 6.65 %

Population of agricultural area: 86.89 %

Population of non-agricultural area: 13.11 %.

Average population density: 1,091people/km2

Red riverside delta area: 1,000 people/km2

Half-mountain half-plain area: 900 people/km2

West, South-west area: density: 520 people/km2

Ha Dong town is political, economic, cultural centre of the Province, having highest

density of 5,000people/ km2.

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Natural population growth rate: 1.39%

The labour force: 1,422,000 persons

The labor distribution:

In Agriculture: 1,280,000 persons

In Industry: 93,757 persons

In Tourism and Services: 29,044 persons

The labour classification with respect to:

University/ College degree: 231,500 persons

Technical school: 10,440 persons

Untrained: 1,190,000 persons

4.7.2. Administration units

Presently, Ha Tay includes 12 districts, 2 townships, 14 towns and 300 villages.

Provincial Capital city: Hadong Township, Sontay Township.

12 districts: Ba Vi, Phu Tho, Thach That, Dan Phuong, Quoc Oai, Hoai Duc, Thuong Tin,

Phu Xuyen, Thanh Oai, Chuong My, My Duc, Ung Hoa.

4.7.3. Transport

http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay_2.jpgHa Tay province is situated in the Red River delta of the North of Vietnam. It borders with Hanoi, the Capital of Vietnam in the East, with Hung Yen Province in the Southeast, Hoa Binh Province in the West, and Phu Tho and Vinh Phuc provinces in the North. Ha Tay generally has a good transportation system and almost surrounds Ha Noi with 4 (four) highways linking these two localities.

Hai Phong international Seaport is located 110km from Ha Tay and can be reached by expressway No. 5, while Noi Bai international airport is only 35 km away. The distance between Ha Tay capital city (Ha Dong) to the center of Hanoi capital is only 10 km.

Being situated in the middle of the North, bordering Hanoi capital from the North to the South, Ha Tay province has a well developed traffic system. It is believed that the transportation system has been, is, and will be the major driving force for the fast socio-economic development of the province. Ha Tay province is connected with the whole country by 5 National roads. The highway No.1 has the length of about 30 km, linking to the North and South Provinces. The highway No.6 links to Hanoi, Ha Tay with North-west provinces bordering with Lao and China. Ho Chi Minh highway bridging Ha Tay with all the provinces located along the border between Vietnam, Lao and Cambodia. The national highways No.32-31 are important arteries, which connect delta, midland and mountain districts together. Besides, with 426 km waterway of the Red river, Day river, Nhue river, Tich river and Da river system, Ha Tay has a favorable road-waterway network, which create good condition for the socio-economic development of the province.

There are two waterways in the province: Red river connecting Ha Tay with most of the North coastal provinces and the North mountainous provinces, and the Da river linking Ha Tay with the Northwest region.

One National railway (North - South) further connects Ha Tay with the rest of the country.

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http://www.hatay.gov.vn/images/bando_hatay_2.jpg

Economic development in Hatay: According to statistic data in 1999, GDP of Ha Tay province is 4,654 billion VND, including:

- Manufactured Goods (agricultural, forestry and fish processing, industry and construction): 3,391 billion VND

- Services (commercial activity, tourism, transport, information): 1,263 billion VND.

Over the past years, annual average growth rate of GDP at around 8%, Education, health care and social works have achieved considerable progresses, and working and living standards of the people have been upgraded clearly. The Government has planned and implemented a number of strategically important development projects for Ha Tay province in the fields of transportation system, urbanization, science and technology, education and training, industry, tourism and services.

*Electric power supplies

The national electric power distribution centre is situated in Ha Tay province. Therefore, the supply of this important power is always ensured, satisfying the increasing demand of the fast socio-economic development of the province. The National power line has reached every corner of the province, guaranteeing stable power supply, 24 hours a day.

* Water supply

The groundwater reserve of Ha Tay province is very great being located within Red river basin. The water resource is expected to be able to fully meet the long term, growing demand created by the process of industrialization and urbanization. At present, tap water is available in two towns and a number of townships in the province.

Two water supply plants are being upgraded through projects funded by ODA of the Government of France and Denmark. At present, pre-feasibility studies for a project in the form of BOT with an estimated investment capital of about 250 million USD is being conducted to supply fresh water for both Ha Tay and Hanoi.

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5. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION /CONSULTANCY

The LWMP is a project, aiming at reducing negative environmental impacts of rapidly increasing livestock production through introduction of innovative and adaptive waste management technologies as well as improving and enforcing environmental policies related to livestock production.

The PMO/NSC has officially informed the purpose of the project to the concerning provinces. Ten provinces have voluntarily send letters of interest to be included in the project to the national consultant team and create favorable condition for the field trips survey to choice the most pertinent project sites to implement the LWMP. In addition, the mentioned above Provincial People Committees (PPCs) have the strong support for the Project. In case the province is be selected, the provincial project management offices (PPMOs) will be established and participate in the preparation and implementation of the sub-project. During the field trip survey at the provinces the province delegation have made many constructive suggestions and supplied much useful information.

5.1 Consultation Method and Subject

In accordance with the Vietnamese State environmental protection laws, the World Bank requirements, and to better learn the opinions and suggestions of the public in the areas affected by the project development, PMO and national consultants have made every attempt during the preliminary project preparation period by means of:

- meetings, farmer household contacts

- focus group discussion, consultation with the responsible persons

- in depth interview.

The EA team also made 20 field trips to the project areas and visited a number of project district and villages in Thuong Tin and Bien Hoa demonstration sites. Talks were held with the staffs from DONRE, DoARD, Department of planning and investment, Water resources Division, and environmental protection association, farmer representatives. Their opinions and views on the project were solicited. Visits were also made to some farmer households to have an understanding of the status of manure/fertilizer use, livestock production, crop situation, crop practices, living standard, public health and their understanding and attitudes toward the project. In additions, certain questions were prepared by the EA team and the local consultant team and submitted to the social assessment teams to be asked from the project affected people.

5.1.1 Consultation with Family or Individual

The EA team and social assessment consulted 80 “typical” farmer households in the field trips to learn their opinions and suggestions on the project development plans. During the consultations the team first gave a short introduction to the proposed project and projects components to the consulted farmers, and then requested for their opinions and suggestions with regard to the proposed project development and recorded their opinions.

The social assessment team conducted more detailed and systematic questionnaire survey using the prepared questionnaires.

5.1.2 Inter-agency and NGO Consultation

During the field visits, the EA team visited local officials and questions were asked so that their opinions and comments toward the proposed project could be recorded. Consultation meetings were also arranged with specialist within lined agencies in VEPA,MARD to hear

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their concerns and comments with regard to the proposed project. Letters were sent to relevant and potentially interested non-government organizations describing the proposed activities and objectives/goals of the proposed project and to seek their opinions/comments. A sample of the letter mailed to the NGOs, the list of the NGOs, and their responses are attached to this report as an Annex 4.

5.2 Public Opinion and Suggestion

The following findings are based on the consultation made by the EA team during the field trips to the 10 communes, the analysis of questionnaires sent to more than 100 farmers, and the results conducted by the social assessment teams in. The main findings are as follows:

- Most of the farmers interviewed support the project. Majority of the interviewed farmers (97% in demonstration sites according to the SA study) would like to implement the project;

-Most interviewed farmers have the basic information on the importance of the safe water supply and environmental sanitation on communities’ health and the major concern that looking forward to hearing from the project is the technical guidance on how to reuse the manure for the cropping.

As the same time, how to make the biogas from the manure to save money for buying fuel is one of farmer’s concerns. The farmers have expressed their desires on having subsidizes from the Government or the Project to share the construction cost of building the biogas digester. They are well aware of using the fresh manure or discharge the waste directly to the water bodies will bring the bad impact on their community health but to change the behaviors takes time and continuous public awareness.

Some scientists have showed their concern on the heavy metal concentration in the biogas sludge when this solid waste is used for crop. The risk of pathogen transferred from manure recycling to food chain in case the animal waste is not properly treated.

One additional suggestion is that pig manure often contains as phosphorous surplus for typical crop rotations on pig farms, cattle manure often contains a potassium surplus for typical crop rotations on cattle farms. Therefore, the digested manure mix is more suitable for crop rotations on both pig and cattle breeding farms.

Majority of interviewed lined agency scientist considers the project as an effective environmental improvement project. They believe that the project could effectively monitor the number of animals within land use and the nutrient balance for agricultural soil to prevent over breeding and environmental degradation, the impact of the project on the environment should be positive;

The response from the contacted NGOs (list is presented in Annex …) indicate that the majority approve the project because the project regarding to improve the quality of water resources and mitigate the bad effect of the livestock waste for the community health as well as to improve the livestock environment and reduce the livestock diseases and water-borne diseases for human.. They also highlighted that the suggested manure management technology based on very low cost of initial investment and low operation cost will be feasible. They recommended integrate solution between biological treatment and natural treatment by hyacinth, duck week, or wetland with reed that could also be effectively used in Vietnam and suitable to tropical climate. They bitterly worry about land price expensive in Vietnam and the land management is very complicated and should be the main obstacles for the application of several low price of manure treatment methods in Vietnam.

Concerning to the using of lagoon (cost –effective operation should base on anaerobic lagoon), all most of Vietnamese environmentalists consider that it is the best way of taking

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advantage of natural processes. All livestock manure, will be digested by anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic lagoons for livestock manure have several main advantages:

Odors are reduced in treated manure for application.

Volume is reduced due to conversion of solids to methane gas and carbon dioxide.

Anaerobic lagoons for livestock manures also have several limitations.

Lagoons create odors.

Ammonia nitrogen is lost.

Large size is necessary

Emission of CH4.

In an anaerobic lagoon, bacteria break down the waste in a two-step process. One group of bacteria converts organic wastes to organic acids. The second group converts the organic acids to methane gas and carbon dioxide. The second group of bacteria, the methane formers, is very sensitive to upset. The management requirements of an anaerobic lagoon are primarily concerned with creating the right environment for the methane-forming bacteria. They are upset by sudden changes in temperature, a drop in pH, "slug loads" of organic waste, or toxic substances.

Anaerobic lagoons work best in warm weather. Adjustment of pH’s lagoon is most importance indicator of the well-operated lagoon. Certain compounds are toxic to the organisms in an anaerobic lagoon such as arsenic, copper, and antibiotics. Safety feeding of animal is one-importance factors. All the mentioned about is very precious opinion for the recommendation of the appropriate manure treatment that can be mitigation the risk of environmental impact of the project.

In general, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and city project offices, staff of the livestock bureaus at provincial and district levels and officers of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development who were interviewed strongly support the implementation of the project. They view this project as a very good opportunity, which will strongly promote the right livestock development regarding to the environmental protection. This project will create the good basement for development of the medium and large scale of livestock production in the project area as well as in the whole Vietnam.

5.3 Information Disclosures and Feedback

Information disclosure bulletins will post in 1st September at provincial project site in each demonstration sites by Midle of September 2004. The bulletins include information on the project briefing, potential environmental impacts possibly brought about by the proposed project and solicitation for comments and suggestions from the local farmers and the public; The PMO stored the draft and final EA report in English and Vietnamese version. The EA reports have been transferred to the provinces in March, 2005. The public can read it without the permission of local authorities.

5.1.3 Information Disclosure Plan

The EIA Report will be available to the public. The PMO have agreed to make these documents available in the library of each project sites concerned, and the names of the places where such documents are available to the public will be published in newspapers. In this case, the public can have access to the information concerned without going through a governmental procedure.

The PMO will set up complaint telephone in each provincial level, gathering and recording the public’s complaint on environmental issues. Upon receiving the complaint, the PMO

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should make arrangement with local governmental bodies to solve the issues on site along with local environmental managers belong to DoNRE and other relevant authorities.

5.2.2 Information on Public Disclosure

(See annex C)

5.4 Beneficial Participation Plan

In order for the farmers to participate in the project preparation and design more actively, during project preparation it was at least 5 working meetings with national steering committee. It is suggested to the PMO/NSC to follow the list of project site criteria and widely inform to the provincial DoNREs about the proposed projects. The provincial DoNREs have the internal meeting with the relative local departments to select the districts and submitted to the PMO/NSC. Up to now, there are 10 provinces participate to the project. The PMO/NSC has select the 3 province to investigate and then choice the most appropriate one in the North and one in the Southern. A detailed beneficial participation plan has been discussed and prepared before going to the proposal project site. Presently, the local beneficial participation plans for LWMP has been prepared by the respective DoNREs, the plans have discussed at the district and provincial level. As informed, before inviting the national consultant working group comes to visit the project site they have asked the community’s leaders and the farmers for their voluntary approval the project. The plans detail participating activities in each stage of project implementation and participants including farmers, government organizations, NGOs. Since no specific sites and dates of participating activities are specified in this plan, it is suggested that the PMO develop a concrete schedule based on the plan to guarantee a smooth implementation of the plan during project implementation.

In addition, according to the Bank requirements, social assessment teams have prepared Social Impact Analyses and Minorities National Development Plans (MNDP) for project site. The questionnaires concern to the Environmental Impact Assessment also included.

5.5 Summary of Public Participation

The LWMP has won strong support from the governmental and local level and grass roots that will play a role of administrative guaranteeing in the successful implementation of the project. In addition, the majority of consulted livestock farmers, public consultation and scientist’s suggestion are willing to positively contribute and participate in the project. It is expected that the project will benefit from it, which lays a solid foundation for project implementation.

The PMO/NSC is attaching and plays an important role to the public consultation. Detailed beneficial participation plans and concrete plans for information disclosure of the LWMP, which is favorable for livestock farmers to know the project will be implemented in their area, propose constructive suggestions and actively participate in the project preparation/plan and design. The project has integrated the proposed suggestions into the design of the project, which will play a role in safeguarding the livestock farmers’ benefit from the project.

As to the environmental concerns caused by the proposed project, the EA team and designers of all project components have worked out corresponding mitigation measures, which have been incorporated into the project design documents.

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6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES The proposed LWMP is mainly an environmental sanitation improvement project through policy framework development to reduce environmental impact from the livestock production in term of institutional development, as well as promotion of best management practices, cost–effective technical measures and increasing public awareness. The aims of the project output are sustainable livestock waste management, improvement of water source quality, and protection of environment, while enhancing livestock production and public health. Therefore, the project study team decided to only review the “with” and “without” project scenarios and no other alternatives were considered. This chapter will discuss the “with project” and “without project” alternatives.

6.1 Analysis of “Without Project” Alternative

6.1.1 Lacking policy framework for livestock waste management

Policy framework on livestock production development and environmental protection:

The Agricultural Development Master Plan (2000-2010) clearly shows that the government is planning to raise living standards of the inhabitants through socio-economic development and one of the targets is to increase livestock production from the present 23 million animals to 30 million by the year 2010.

The Government has issued many Decisions and Decrees in the past 10 years regarding improvement of livestock breeds, feeding and management but not in the field of environmental sanitation and livestock waste management (LWM). At the same time, a resolution on farming development and restructuring of agricultural production system toward increasing the animal development has been stipulated to shift the value of agricultural production.

At present, the national environmental policy framework is not focusing on reducing /preventing serious livestock waste pollution of natural resources. Facing the urgent needs of people for safe drinking water and hygienic sanitation environment, the Government has promulgated the Instruction 200/TTg (1994) to ensure availability of safe water and hygienic sanitation. The National Program on safe water and sanitation environment in rural areas of Vietnam has been established since 1994. The Government has also approved (25 August 2000) the National Strategy and National Program on Safe Water Supply and Sanitation Environment in Rural areas up to the year 2020.

The National Strategy for Environmental Protection up to the year 2010 as well as the Vietnamese standards systems mainly concentrates on common environmental issues. Although high density swine farms are presently located in 64 provinces/cities, the public and private sectors environmental management concerns focus only on the industrial sector and do not consider the agricultural sector, especially the livestock production. It appears that there is not an effective local statute to regulate the livestock operations, although this issue still needs to be investigated.

Present agricultural policies dealing with environmental concerns are general and unspecific and usually refer to environmental legislation. The environmental policies, however, are designed for environmental protection in general, and relate to more visible environmental issues, and thus, their focus is mainly on the industrial rather than the agricultural sector and particularly not on livestock production.

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At the provincial level, some southern provinces have already recognised the livestock waste pollution problems and have issued appropriate policies. However, there are still some shortcomings in these policies and they should be considered as the pioneers in environmental protection legislation for livestock production in Vietnam. Some treatment techniques for animal waste are also included in local regulations but the major constraint of local regulators is the capacity to effectively monitor and to enforce these regulations.

The principal government agencies responsible for regulating livestock related environmental issues at national level are the sub-sector of the Animal Husbandry Section within the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) and the Departments of Environment in the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). The capacity of these agencies to effectively regulate the livestock sub-sector is also unclear. Although Vietnam has the Strategy on Solid waste management up to the year 2010 and the NSEP, but the livestock waste has not been considered in the above strategy. Therefore, the role of agriculture and particularly livestock production and development and environmental protection is not appropriately mentioned.

The annual documents on “State of the Environment in Vietnam” for the recent years have made no mention of livestock development as a major pollution source in rural areas. There is only one independent report on the State of Environment in Vietnam, prepared by the Association of Environmental Protection, (Vietnam: Life and Environment) that has discussed the environmental impact of livestock waste and has raised the issue of livestock waste as a source of significant environmental pollution. Several scientific papers discussing the environmental impacts of effluents from food processing in handicraft villages have also mentioned livestock waste as potential source of environmental pollution, mainly because small-scale pig farming and food processing businesses are generally combined.

Lacking technical guidance or standards on livestock waste:

The most recent statistics (2003) indicates that some 516,500 sanitary livestock breeding facilities and some 15,000 small biogas systems, of which 12,000 are plastic biogas bags have been constructed in the country through NPWATSAN guidance. The available standards for technical design, operation and construction are limited. In addition, the requirements for distribution and utilization of gas, and health and safety procedures for the small size biogas tanks have not yet been developed. At present, the discharge of biogas effluent is not regulated and no guidance for further treatment of effluent before discharge to the water bodies or application as plant nutrient source is developed.

The Ordinance on Veterinary Medicine, approved in 1993, only mentions that it is necessary to prevent animal transmitted diseases and that quality of animal products and the ecological environment should be improved, but no regulations/methodologies to achieve these goals are provided. There are several regulations on animal waste treatment but none mention the ways to implement/enforce the regulations.

Existing constraints

No organization(s) has been identified with the capacity to carrying out the project’s activities including: the required training courses and technical transfers of manure management technologies to improve the sanitation environment. Several Agricultural Promotion Associations have been providing services on livestock waste management issues. The present capacity of these agencies to effectively regulate the livestock sub-sector is still weak and need to reinforce their capacity to meet the increasing needs and requirements.

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Government has given limited attention to assess environmental policies, review policy options, and requirements for relevant capacity building and promotion of adaptive manure management technological options. Enough attention has not been given to other relevant issues such as land use planning, or decision making in assigning different geographical focus areas for development of large-, medium- and small- (more family oriented) scale operations. The existing information on liquid and solid (composted) manure markets, produced by family operations and/or mixed farms is also quite weak.

6.1.2 Current Status of livestock waste management

The present status of livestock waste management is quite limited due to lack of strong and enforceable policy framework and availability of adaptive manure management technologies. While there are no subsidies for manure collection and/or transportation, especially liquid manure, chemical fertilizers are availed to the farmers at subsidized prices.

Although use of composted manure can provide proven benefits to farmers and soil physical, chemical and biological properties, there are no official extension programs or stimulation campaigns to promote use of animal manure to supplement chemical fertilizers. Training programs and delivery of license for manure middlemen are not sufficiently provided. Cost sharing programs for waste treatment facilities among small holders is not developed and there is not any appropriate communicative negotiation program between them to facilitate efficient treatment and use of manure. In addition, the standards for manure management are still quite limited. Poor manure management in Vietnam leads to continued waste of locally available nutrient sources from the animal waste (please see the Table 6.1 on solid waste amount), increased surface and groundwater pollution and increased public health problems due to zoonotic pathogens throughout the country.

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Table 6-1: Livestock production and solid waste in Vietnam, 2002

Waste from livestock

production

Buffalo Cattle Pig Poultry

Heads Waste (kg)

min

waste (kg)

max

Heads waste (kg)

min

waste (kg)

max

Heads waste (kg)

min

Waste (kg)

max

Heads

x1000

Waste (kg)

min

Waste (kg)

max

Red Delta 125,785 1,886,775 2,264,130 350,043 3,500,430 5,250,645 5,396,580 8,094,870 13,491,450 50,662 5,066,200 101,32,400

North Est. 1,267,758 19,016,370 22,819,644 695,946 6,959,460 10,439,190 4,917,873 7,376,810 12,294,683 47,334 4,733,400 94,66,800

North West 390,354 5,855,310 7,026,372 181,960 1,819,600 2,729,400 1,050,924 1,576,386 2,627,310 7,114 711,400 14,22,800

North Middle Land 689,355 10,340,325 12,408,390 855,862 8,558,620 12,837,930 3,569,892 5,354,838 8,924,730 29,786 2,978,600 59,57,200

Coastal area S. Middle Land 129,887 1,948,305 2,337,966 793,590 7,935,900 11,903,850 2,028,743 3,043,115 5,071,858 15,365 1,536,500 30,73,000

Tay nguyen 47,609 714,135 856,962 391,000 3,910,000 5,865,000 951,010 1,426,515 2,377,525 6,256 625,600 12,51,200

Est South 126,438 1,896,570 2,275,884 516,312 5,163,120 7,744,680 2,103,039 3,154,559 5,257,598 26,779 2,677,900 53,55,800

Mekong Delta 37,266 558,990 670,788 278,253 2,782,530 4,173,795 3,151,471 4,727,207 7,878,678 49,991 4,999,100 99,98,200

Total animal-whole country 2,814,452 4,062,966 23,169,532 233,287

(Source: Statistics year book 2002, the number of animal 2002 and prediction based on 1.5-1.8 kg of solid waste/head of buffalo, 10-15kg of solid waste/head of cattle, 1.5 – 2.5kg of solid waste/ head of pig, 0.1-0.2 kg of solid waste /head of chicken [ 8])

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6.1.3 Environmental pollution caused by livestock waste

The main environmental pollution caused by livestock farming include nutrient pollution of surface waters, groundwater and soils by solid and liquid wastes, air pollution (methane, NOX, odor) and health (zoonotic and water-borne diseases, flies). One of the major livestock farming operations in Vietnam that cause significant environment pollution is swine farming (See Tables 6.1 and 6.3). The problem is heightened due to ongoing expansion of urban communities towards rural areas and the high farm concentration and ongoing expansion of farms near the rivers. According to VEPA data (1999), 23 percent of Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) loading in Cau River and Nhue River were caused by swine farming, presumably due to the high concentration of swine farms along the Rivers and lack of adequate manure treatment processes. In the past, it was believed that small farms do not cause significant pollution. However, due to rapid development of piggeries, and significant increase in the number of animal raising households, the pollution trend has changed. Consequently, in 2003, MONRE added livestock farms, but only large-scale farms, in the list of regulated industries and they now have to pay environmental fees.

The small and medium scale pig farms that have been operating for a long time are becoming a source of conflict between farms and neighboring communities. In the visited districts in Northern provinces, complaints have frequently been filed regarding the pollution from farms. Farms being restrained by limited land availability have not developed any appropriate waste treatment facilities such as simple biogas, lagoons, aeration ponds, etc of any kinds to ameliorate farm waste slurry. The farms simply discharge wastewater directly into public waterways, leading to endless friction between livestock farmers, especially small-scale farms without any additional land to be used for waste treatment, and local communities due to water pollution and odor issues. Thuong tin district, Ha Tay Province has a high population density (0.06ha/per capital). In 2003, the district had 101,274 pig, 3,157 cattle, and 724,000 chickens. The water quality data indicates that levels of NH3-N, COD and BOD in water bodies are well over the accepted national standards. This is believed to be mainly due to presence of over 850 farms in this district, producing over 300 tons of animal solid waste and over 500 tons of liquid waste per day.

One of the methods used frequently in the project area to treat the farm waste is biogas production. However, it is estimated that less than 5% of livestock breeding farms are using biogas digesters for treatment of animal waste (piggery waste). The rest of the farms, especially in areas with limited land availability per capita, farmers directly discharge the waste into nearby land/water bodies. Only a small portion of livestock manure, mainly solids, is applied as plant nutrient. Most local farmers use animal manure on their farms based on traditional practices during cropping season. Fresh, untreated manure is normally applied to the crops. Use of untreated manure in farmlands and general practice of discharge of untreated animal waste to surface water bodies are leading to degradation of living environment and public health standards in the rural areas of Vietnam. The statistical data on the water borne diseases (Table 6-2) indicates

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Table 6-2: Statistical data on water borne diseases in Vietnam

Cases 1995 1996 1999 2000 2001 2002

Cholera 4886 491 219 176 16 317Typhoid 30900 23310 6874 4367 9614 7090Dysentery 48350 57860 138259 149180 169610 174722Diarrhea 573300 598700 975200 984617 1055178 1062440Virus fever 80447 89963 35868 25269 42878 28728Malaria 666153 532806 31529 293016 257793 185529(Source: Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health, 2002)

Table 6-3: Livestock population of region*

Economic region Buffalo Cattle Pig Poultry

& duck head thousand

Density head/km2

head thousand

Density head/km2

head thousand

Density

head/ km2

head thousand

Red river delta 171.8 11.6 502.1 33.9 6307.1 426 50,662North east 1223.1 18.7 543.9 8.3 4007.4 61 47,334 North west 390.2 10.9 182.0 5.1 1050.9 29 7,114North central coast

689.0 13.4 855.9 16.6 3569.9 69 29,786

South central coast

129.5 3.9 793.5 23.9 2028.7 61 15,365

Central highlands 62.2 1.1 432.5 7.9 1191.2 22 6,256South East 112.0 3.2 474.8 13.7 1862.7 54 26,779Mekong river delta

36.6 0.9 278.2 7.0 3151.6 79 49,991

Total 2814.4 4062.9 23 169.5 233,287*** Statistical yearbook, 2002. The total number of duck was 74 million.

that although great efforts have been made to raise public awareness of preventive healthcare, curb the incidents of water-borne diseases, and reduce mortality and morbidity rates due to infectious diseases, the success rates are not satisfactory due to poor hygiene standards and sanitation environment.

The health sector strategy aims at increasing life expectancy and reducing mortality rates in newborn babies. These goals cannot be achieved if Vietnam does not solve the problem of water pollution and environmental degradation.

6.1.4 Complaints of habitants in pig production areas

Odor and accompanying airborne diseases: Most households near piggeries that were interviewed have said that they were affected by odor from pig wastes. The most common health effects that are believed by the locals were those related to respiratory diseases such as asthma, bronchitis and pneumonia. Ailments such as diarrhea, influenza and skin allergies were also reported.

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Water bodies have become unusable: Almost 95% of the backyard and small farms in the in high livestock density areas, deposit their waste products into local creeks and canals that flow directly to surface water bodies (rivers, canals, ponds, etc). According to the information from interviewed farmers, rate of manure production per pig head was about 1.5 to 1.8 kg/pig head. The swine produces about 2.5 kg of manure/head.

According to the available statistical data, the surface waters do not pass the standards set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources for the Class B waters.

In most visited villages, the village leaders and the residents claimed that the quality of ground water had also deteriorated since piggery farms came into the region and that the dug wells that once provided potable drinking and domestic water now is polluted, is turbid (cloudy) and have bad smell.

6.1.5 Current status of soil nutrient balance

Most of the provinces such as Hatay, Thai Binh, Dong Nai, and Tien Giang have high animal density that is located in the main river basins with high population and limited land for cropping. Inadequacy of effective agricultural extension support and poor practical skills of local farmers in area of intensive and specialized crop farming have led to over application of chemical fertilizers without due attention to physical and biological characteristic of soils, leading to degradation of a large tracts of agricultural land. The main reasons for poor soil characteristics are believed to be lack or low rates of organic manure application that has led to low organic matter content in the soil, poor soil structure, increased soil compaction, increased bulk density, poor water holding capacity, and low permeability. Poor soil physical characteristics have led to reduction in root volume and water availability to the plants. In addition, over application of macronutrients, present in available chemical fertilizers, especially nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) fertilizers, has caused imbalances in available macro- and micronutrients such as P to Zn, Ca to Mg, and k to Mg ratios.

6.1.6 Lacking manure management technology

In Vietnam, use of biogas digester has been promoted in the whole country for many years. Many scientific Institutions, Universities, Institutes, and Associations,as well as some private individuals have designed a variety of biogas tanks. Biogas tanks have contributed to utilization of animal manure, human excreta and farm wastes and have somewhat improved local sanitation condition. Although each biogas tank designs have their own disadvantages and advantages, but all of them have met the main government requirements, i.e., simplicity of operation, low cost, and capacity to produce a good quality fuel for farmers. However, most of the available designs are better suited to small farm conditions and biogas designs and available technologies are not well suited to medium and large scale livestock farms.

6.1.7 Existing constraints with manure management technology

The AWI studies conducted by LEAD and Nong Lam University in 2002 and many others have shown that in most provinces manure treatment and utilization need to be improved. Biogas digester is considered by many as cost-effective solution to the pollution problem. However, although such treatment reduces the odor problem of manure, biogas effluent and livestock liquid waste does not meet the environmental standards and should not be directly discharged to canals, rivers, or other water bodies without further treatment. Biogas tank potentially can reduce up to 60-65% of organic matter and P (through settlement). However, nitrogen will not be removed in biogas tanks and further treatment

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of the effluent will be required before discharge. The cost of such treatments appears to be prohibitive and, presently, farmers do not have the will or adequate financial resources to invest in manure management (transportation, storage and treatment).

6.2 Analysis of “With Project” Alternative

The proposed project, if fully implemented, should not only lead to reduction of environmental impact from livestock waste in project areas and improvement of downstream surface and groundwater quality, but it should also enhance public health standards. Results of project implementation in pilot areas should also assist in improving/enforcing livestock waste management policies and regulation at local and national levels.

The proposed project could have significant positive impact on development of adaptive and cost effective manure treatment technologies. If successfully implemented, project demonstration sites can have positive impact on the socio-economic status of the project beneficiaries.

The proposed project will provide supportive tools to strengthen the capacity of lined agencies in application of spatial planning in livestock development, modeling of nutrient loading and appropriate and adaptive manure management and treatment technologies. Proposed project should also strengthen the capacity of national and local environmental management officers in livestock production and environmental management and monitoring. The project monitoring component is designed to show the impact of adaptive waste management technologies, both for multiple-point source pollution (a large number of small producers) and point source pollution (selected large farms). The monitoring program will determine the project impact and success rate in improving quality of surface and groundwater within pilot areas and the effect of land application of treated manure (solid and liquid) on agricultural lands within small sub-watersheds.

Livestock production in Vietnam has developed rapidly during the past few years. It is playing an important role in the structure of agricultural production. In 2003 livestock products have accounted for over 22,000 billion VND of the total value of agricultural products, accounting for 22.93% of total agricultural production. The proposed livestock production development strategy to the year 2010 has estimated the growth rate of over 10.4% per year for pigs, and 11.9% per year for poultry. If the proposed plans are fully implemented, there will be an average countrywide increase in pig manure from 140kg/km2 to 180 kg/km2.

Table 6-4 shows the number of hogs will be increased from the present 25.61 millions hogs to 33 millions hogs by the year 2010. This will cause an increase in hog manure from approximately 46,000 tons per year to 60,000 tons by the year 2010. The situation is more serious in the regions within the River deltas where the density of hog is very high and available land is limited (Table 6.3). The density of hog manure per km2 in Red Delta River is approximately 0.7 ton/km2 of pig manure but the proposed target is over 1 ton/km2

by the year 2010.

The proposed project, if properly implemented, should provide the livestock farmers suitable, cost effective, and adaptable manure treatment and use technologies. It is expected that several manure treatment modules will be developed and availed to the local farmers in the demonstration areas. During project implementation the project aims at reducing the amount of untreated hog manure in the project areas by some 40%.

The proposed project plans to apply findings and recommendations of the AWI project and adapt them to the environmental and climatic conditions of the study areas. The AWI

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studies have been applied in four cities/provinces in the Southern Vietnam, including Binh duong, Dong Nai, Ho Chi Minh City and Long An during 2002-2003. AWI project strongly recommend the use of solid and liquid pig manure as plant nutrient to be used for agricultural crops to not only reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, but to also reduce nutrient loading of water resources.

There is a large gap between the available scientific knowledge and what is available to the livestock farmers. The inadequate number of well-trained and experienced extension personnel makes it difficult to launch systematic farmer training. During field visits by the EA team, both extension personnel and the livestock farmers expressed strong desire for being trained in manure and nutrient management, animal health, and the impacts of water pollution on public health.

The project implementation should bring a number of positive impacts such as reducing the use of chemical fertilizers and fresh manure that can negatively impact terrestrial and aquatic environment. Project, if successfully implemented, should have no or minor negative environmental impacts. Potential negative impacts are potential land occupancy (land for manure treatment lagoons/tanks), and some minor impacts on local farmers during construction of infrastructures for pilot manure treatment demonstration sites. Better watershed management and incorporation of best management practices in livestock development, livestock waste management, and farming activities are also included in the project development plans.

The EA team has developed an environmental management plan that has been incorporated into the project design documents and includes effective mitigation measures and environmental monitoring program to enhance project positive environmental impacts and reduce potential negative impacts to minimum.

Table 6-4: Livestock production during the years 1993-2003 and the prediction 2005-2010

Livestock production 1993-2003 Prediction 2005-2010

Livestock products Unit 1993 2003 Rate % 2005 2010Pigs 1000 head 14,873 25,610 5.5 27,000 33,000pork meat 1000 tons 878.3 1,795.44 10.4 2,050 2,740Chicken 1000

heads95,087 185,222 6.8 297,000 380,000

Ducks 1000 heads

31,312 68,835 8.5

Chicken, poultry meat

ton 169.8 372.72 11.9 500 700

Buffalo 1000 heads

2,960 2,835 -0.03

Cattle 1000 heads

3,333,000

4,394 3.15

Beef and buffalo meat

1000 tons 123.2 160.6 3.05 250 400

Dairy cattle 1000 Head 15 80 20.5Source: Report of the Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development, 2003

The proposed project should also provide officials at lined agencies and decision makers with appropriate information and decision support tools and capabilities for enforcement of

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livestock waste management policies. Project will encourage use of treated/composted manure as plant nutrient at appropriate time during crop production that should significantly reduce the use of highly energy consumptive, imported chemical fertilizers. The proposed project aims at bringing innovative and adaptive ideas on livestock production, establishing new policies for improving infrastructure of breeding facilities, use of land use planning standards and spatial planning in potential relocation of livestock production activities, and developing appropriate standards for livestock production. As was mentioned before, one of the proposed outputs of the project is to introduce and enforce standards for manure management and to establish and enforce effluent discharge standard from livestock production.

To sum up, if successfully implemented, the proposed project would not only mitigate the negative impact of livestock development and produced waste on environment (soil and water resources), but will also promote social and economic development at local level by providing useful demonstration of adaptive technologies in manure management and livestock development to local farmers. The proposed project should also help to increase the living and public health standards within project areas. In the “with project” scenario, the impacts of the project on the natural environment are believed to be highly positive, while the social and economic impacts appear to be positive.

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7. ANALYSIS OF EA & PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURESEnvironmental impacts and risks can occur during construction, implementation, and operation of the project. This section identifies potential sources of environmental impacts and risks for different phases of the proposed project. Possible environmental impacts from activities of the project are predicted and described. Recommendations for appropriate mitigation measures that should be adopted to minimize the potential negative impacts and environmental risks are followed.

The EA team has identified potential environmental impacts of the project based on review of the pre-feasibility study report, discussions with project proponents and beneficiaries, and relevant line agencies. In addition, a field survey was conducted in Cat Que commune in Ha Tay Province, a representative pig raising village in the proximity of a large city (Hanoi) in Vietnam with typical problems of concentrated pig production by home-based, small farms to determine state of present environmental problems and potential environmental impacts and risks of the proposed project. A number of available studies on previously developed livestock production project in Vietnam were also reviewed to assist in determining environmental impacts and risks.

Since the project will be developed in sequence and exact location, size and type of manure management technologies that will be applied for the proposed projects and fields to apply the liquid and solid manure are not finalized yet, a more generic review of potential impacts is presented in this section. As sites and manure management techniques are finalized, more detailed EA review will be required.

The environmental impacts of the project can be divided into direct and indirect or primary and secondary, cumulative and latent, reversible and irreversible impacts according to the nature of the impact, and into the short-term and long-term impacts according to the temporal horizon. The irreversible impact is mainly the permanent occupancy of land that might be brought about by the proposed project, potentially for the development of manure management facilities, especially if a communal facility is proposed. The short-term impacts include the temporary land occupancy, water pollution during construction of the facilities, and minor noise and air pollution, sediment loading, etc. occurring mainly during construction phase. The long-term impacts would mainly consist of cumulative and residual impact of medium to large-scale manure treatment plants (aerobic/anaerobic ponds), potential risk of point source pollution of nutrient rich runoff in case of breakage or overflow, and non-point source nutrient pollution (mainly N and P) from leaching, surface runoff from areas of land application that could impact water quality, flora and fauna within the river catchments within the project area.

7.1 Potential Sources of Effect

Potential sources of effect are identified through review of available project documents and field visits by the EA team to the project areas. The available information was also analyzed to determine if any construction, implementation or operation activities of the project can potentially cause any environmental impact. The main identified issues are described as follows:

Access Roads: Although it has not been identified in any project documents, it might be necessary to build short access roads to the project sites where centralized or single biogas reactors or aerobic/anaerobic lagoons or facilities are planned to be constructed for livestock manure treatment. Since the actual locations of the above facilities are not decided yet, the actual needs and total length of the access roads, if any, will only be

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known after finalization of the sites. There might also be a need for road upgrades on a small scale even if access roads are available in order to allow machinery, equipment and materials to be transported to the proposed biogas, lagoon and/or manure treatment facility sites.

Machinery: Machinery for construction work and operation activities, especially for construction of biogas, lagoon and treatment facilities, includes cement mixer, excavator, vibrator, and trucks.

Temporary and long term Land Occupancy: During project construction, temporary land occupancy for labor camps, storage of construction material, equipment house, parking site etc. may be unavoidable. However, it is assumed that these units during construction phase will be within the perimeter of the area earmarked for construction of treatment facilities and no additional land will be occupied by the above units involved in construction of the projects. Long term occupancy cannot be avoided for development of project structures such as biogas reactors. Aerobic and anaerobic lagoons, livestock manure treatment facilities, controlling stations, and possible canal system for drainage (particularly in case of lagoon system) for the life of the project.

Public Water Supply: Water supply (including potable water) is certainly needed during all phases of the project. Since most construction sites are believed to be not far from residential areas or presently have potable water sources, potable water supply can be supplied by the water wells and other water resources used by the project beneficiaries.

7.2 Analysis of Environmental Impact & Proposed Mitigation Measures

In general, the main environmental impacts of the project and the respective mitigation measures are similar between the proposed projects in Ha Tay (in the North region of Vietnam) and Dong Nai (in the South region of Vietnam). The main difference between the two project provinces is mainly climatic condition, potentially leading to minor differences in the environmental impacts of the projects as well as mitigation measure proposal for negative impacts during construction and implementation.

During the construction phase, most of negative impacts of the project are short-term ones such as temporary land occupancy, ecological disturbance, water pollution (potential sediment load increase), and minor noise and dust pollution. These impacts mostly are insignificant and therefore, if appropriate general design and construction practices are followed, no significant negative impact mitigation is envisaged. However, if environmentally sound management is not implemented by the project contractors/proponents, a number of proposed construction activities could cause significant environmental impacts. The major potential environmental impacts and proposed mitigation measures are provided below:

7.2.1 Flora and Fauna

Impact Analysis:

The evaluation of impacts should follow the following primary criteria (Petts, 1994):

1) The quality of all potentially affected habitats

2) The amount of habitat and species loss, damage, or disturbance which could occur.

3) The importance of affected species.

4) The intensity and duration of impacts (including longer-term effects upon populations and productivity).

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During implementation/construction phase of the project, a certain amount of vegetation could be permanently or temporarily removed or disturbed due to construction of biogas reactors, lagoon or livestock manure treatment facilities, construction/rehabilitation of drainage canals, construction or upgrading of access roads, etc. These impacts mostly are direct (or primary) and usually temporary in nature. In most of the visited communes such as Cat Que Commune, To Hieu Commune, Van Phu Commune in Ha Tay Province, or Dong Hung district, and Kien Xuong district in Thai Binh Province, vegetation cover is mostly cropland dominated by with rice paddies. However, exact type and amount of vegetation that would be disturbed are not known at this stage of the project development. The dominant species of wildlife in Thuong Tin are believed to be various mice species, and other rodents usually of low protection levels. This situation of wildlife in this area is similar to that in most of other crowded rural areas and suburban Vietnam with the exception of areas in close proximity of specific nature reserves or conservation areas. Therefore, it is not believed that project activities will have any significant impact on present flora and fauna.

Only a portion of Cat Tien National Park is within Dong Nai province. However, the proposed project sub-catchment areas in Dong Nai Province are over 75 km from Cat Tien National Park. No other natural parks or nature reserves exist within national reserves in the proposed project areas. In case any of the future project areas (future development) is in close proximity of a nature reserve or national park, it is mandatory to ensure that no identified project demonstration sites are located within areas that could potentially impact the nature reserves. Therefore, before deciding any new project demonstration sites, the project proponents must contact the responsible agencies (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment etc.,) to confirm the actual relative location of the proposed project to the natural reserve and adjust the project location accordingly.

In case the proposed project site is near natural reserves or significant wildlife habitats, the potential negative impacts caused by activities during the construction/implementation phase are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1) Increase possibilities of encroaching to the nature reserves and the habitats of wildlife;

2) Block travel/migrating routes of animals, thereby affecting the opportunities of drinking and eating outside the natural reserves;

3) Destroy vegetation and some wildlife inside or outside the nature reserves;

Mitigation Measures:

1) Avoid construction of manure treatment facilities in proximity of environmentally sensitive areas such as nature reserves and wildlife habitats or major wetlands from inception of project t construction phase and at the very beginning of the project planning and design phase;

2) In the preliminary design phase, the project proponents should submit the project plans of the sub-projects whose sites are potentially close to nature reserves and wildlife habitats to the authorized agencies for their review and approval;

3) Minimize use of heavy/loud machinery in construction of the project, and if they have to be used, keep them far from nature reserves and wildlife habitats. If those construction activities near sensitive areas cannot be avoided, make every effort to reduce noise and dust level as much as possible;

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4) Wastes from construction work should be properly disposed to avoid any impact on the surrounding areas (particularly neighboring watersheds);

6) Strictly manage working hours of the labor force, enhance workers’ awareness of protection of natural resources and wildlife, and provide necessary directions to prevent them from entering inside of nature reserves, not to hunt wildlife and/or damage vegetation inside the reserves.

7.2.2 Soil Disturbance

Impact Analysis:

Effects on soil can be caused by physical disturbance and pollutant effects. Impacts on soil will most commonly described with the area of soils to be affected, their local sensitivity to agriculture and nature conservation, and the extent to which the impacts could be permanent. Any loss or disturbance of soils covered by the proposed project should be considered in terms of size of area to be affected and the rarity or value of the soils in the local context. Land of agriculture usually is taken to be good quality land to be protected.

Most project activities such as building biogas reactors, lagoons, wastewater treatment plant or pretreatment facilities of livestock waste, rehabilitation or building new canals for drainage, etc. will take a certain area of land or may disturb the existing land, especially in areas with fragile soils and damage to the vegetation cover could cause increased rate of soil erosion. For Cat Que commune or To Hieu commune, Van Phu commune in Ha Tay province, land that would be taken could be agricultural land. However, these impacts might be not significant since the areas taken for the facilities of the project mentioned above might be not so big.Soil pollution caused by construction activities might be not significant, if any, it could be due to some pollutants from activities of machinery such as oil, grease, construction materials etc. However it should not be discounted.


1) Site selection is a key. Construction away from streams and rivers will avoid the problem of immediate stream discharge should a relatively minor problem arise. In addition, by having lagoons out of the flood plane, erosion damage to the outside of the dike will be reduced.

2) Construction and testing techniques are sufficiently developed to achieve the required rates of infiltration or seepage. Soil scientists and design engineers are able to design and construct lagoons that do not leak. Typically, regulatory agencies specify that infiltration rates are to be less than 107 cm.

3) During construction of hillside canals, cutting should be avoided during rainy days. Sand bag, silt fence and/or straw mat should be used to on the down slope side of cut areas to reduce soil erosion and prevent increase in river sediment load;

4) All cleared land should be planted as soon as possible to prevent soil loss by water and wind erosion and surface runoff during the rainy season;

5) During construction of biogas reactors, lagoons or pretreatment facilities of livestock, rehabilitation or building new canals for drainage, a plan for earth and stone borrowing and dumping should be prepared to keep a balance between filling and excavations to reduce waste material. The waste earth and stone chips, if cannot be used in construction, should be piled in designated areas and either be removed to dump sites or be compacted layer-by-layer and then be timely covered with vegetation;

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6) Construction work must be controlled and managed strictly to avoid generation of pollutants due to machinery activities.

7.2.3 Acoustic Environment

Impact Analysis:

The main potential noise sources during construction are due to construction machinery and hauling trucks. Although the noise impact during construction period is temporary, the noise produced by machinery, if used in the project construction activities, is characteristic of high sound intensity and irregularity, if not controlled, the machinery noise would have impact on the surrounding acoustic environment, besides directly on the construction workers.

According to the attenuating model of point source noise, the estimated results of machine noise attenuating with distance are shown in Table 7-1

Table 7-1 Estimated Noise Value of Construction Machinery

Estimated Noise value dB (A)MachineryDescription 5m 10m 20m 40m 50m 60m 80m 100m 150m 300mExcavator 84 78 72 66 64 63 60 58 55 47Mixer 87 81 75 69 67 66 63 61 58 50Bulldozer 86 80 74 68 66 65 62 60 57 49

According to Vietnamese noise standard TCVN 5948-1995, maximum noise level of truck is 88 dBA, and that of heavy-truck, bulldozer and excavator is 90 dBA. Therefore, the noise produced by all construction machinery is within the noise limits of TCVN 5948-1995 at every location from the construction site. However, TCVN 5948-1995 does not make distinction between the noise limits in daylight and at night. Obviously, at night, the impact of construction machinery noise could be more serious, therefore, it is suggested that construction at night should be as far as possible. The site where construction machinery is operated should be located in places where there are no specific areas such as hospital, library, schools or large residential areas within 300m from the operation site.


Protect proposed project area by wall or fence to minimize noise to surrounding areas.

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1) Using appropriate machinery to meet the noise standard TCVN 5948-1995 mentioned above.

2) Organizing machinery working in shifts to meet noise standard TCVN 5497-1995 about accepted maximum limit of noise in public and residential area (see table 7.2)

Table 7.2 – Vietnamese standard TCVN 5497-1995

Area 6h-18h 18h-22h 22h-6h1 Specific silent: hospital, library, school, nursery,

etc50 45 40

2 Residential area, hotel, offices, etc 60 55 503 Residential area mixing in commercial, service

and manufacturing areas, etc75 70 50

3) The access roads should be selected away from such sensitive locations as schools, residences and hospitals. When dense residences exist 50m within access road, night transportation is forbidden;

4) When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy noise machines should be arranged at school time; when the construction site is close to hospital or densely populated residence, construction work with strong noise machines should not be arranged at nighttime.;

5) Labor safe-hygiene standard (e.g. wearing earplugs and helmets, etc) also should be followed strictly during the construction operator’s work time.

6) Planting trees around or in the project site could reduce noise.

7.2.4 Air Quality

Impact Analysis:

The only potential air pollutant in the construction and implementation period is the potential raised dust due to long duration and periodic occurrence of windy and dry days that combined with the use of machinery, excavation and construction activities at The factor that should be considered is the total suspended particulate (TSP). During the construction period, the loading, unloading, and transport of construction materials will cause TSP pollution along the route. However, gas emission such as CO, SOx, Nox, VOC and hydrocarbon etc from vehicles and trucks also should be considered.


1) Using appropriate or standard machinery to avoid dust and gas emission

2) The mixing plants should be set up at the location that far away (at least 300 m) from the sensitive locations of residences, hospitals and schools. The mixing plant should be equipped with sealing device, shock absorber and dust remover.

3) Labor protection measures should be provided to the operators of the construction machine such as eye mask and mouth mask; and

4) Dirt roads used by construction and hauling machinery should be watered from time to time to prevent secondary dust flying.

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7.2.5. Water Quality

Impact Analysis:

When raining, construction wastes as well as others are swept with rainwater to near water bodies and increase SS in the water. The project area is supposed to be rice field

Therefore, there would be some plant wastes are swept to the water. However, this impact is not significant. Another source of water pollution is domestic wastewater come from labor camps; this can increase COD, BOD, TN, TP, coliforms in water reservoirs. Besides, wastewater that contains oil, grease and other impurities etc come from machinery, and construction equipment also can be considered source of water pollution during construction phase.

Mitigation measures:

Organizing construction works rationally, cleaning completely scattered solid waste after each item.

The trucks that transport construction materials must be covered to avoid scattering.

Providing adequately accommodation and sanitary facilities including latrines, bathrooms, and solid waste disposal site for workers. Water must be adequately supplied.

Leakage or spillage of liquid materials and fuels (oil) must be prevented and minimized.

7.2.6. Cultural Heritage

Impact Analysis:

Cultural relics can be divided into the existing on-ground historical sites and the underground cultural relics, which have not been unearthed. Generally speaking, the adverse impact on on-ground historical sites is either from the direct destruction activities of human or from air pollution such as acid rain and sulfur oxides. Since the proposed project is not associated with producing sulfur oxides or acid rain, no significant impact is envisaged in this aspect.

Breaking ground is the straightest way of destroying underground cultural relics. The construction activities with respect to biogas reactors, pretreatment facilities of livestock, and specially the excavation for lagoon or rehabilitation or building new canals for drainage, some significant adverse impact on cultural relics should be envisaged during project construction phase.


1) All staffs of the project as well as construction workers should be trained on identifying cultural relics and the consciousness of protecting cultural relics prior to construction;

2) During construction, if cultural relics are found, then construction should stop and the supervisory engineer/inspector should protect the site, and authorized agencies such as Ministry of Culture and Information should be notified. Construction/excavation could only start after the issuance of clearance from the lined agencies.

7.3 Analysis of Environmental Impacts & Proposed Mitigation Measures

Since the main objective of the project as described in Chapter 2 of this report is to improve general environmental and social-economic condition of the project area and to reduce nutrient loading of soil and water resources by livestock waste, if the project is implemented successfully, the negative environmental impacts of the project should be

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minimal. However, due to the nature of the project, a number of potential negative impacts can not be avoided. A number of activities, especially if not handled in an environmentally sound manner, can potentially have significant adverse effects on both natural and social environments. This section discusses such issues and provides mitigation measures to prevent or minimize the potential adverse environmental impacts. These potential impacts are described separately based on three different potential manure management processes that are identified by the project. The three groups corresponding to proposed livestock manure treatment technology include: (1) biogas production, (2) lagoon systems (aerobic and/or anaerobic), and (3) soil application of treated liquid and solid manure.

7.3.1 Lagoon System

Generally, if successfully implemented, lagoons certainly bring about more environmental benefits than without the project scenario. Microbial action in the lagoon substantially reduces chemical and biochemical oxygen demands (COD and BOD, respectively), total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), nitrogen (e.g. nitrate nitrogen, organic nitrogen) and phosphorous component of livestock manure.

However, lagoon systems could have potential environmental risks due to improper operation, undersizing, inappropriate transport of manure stock (trucks, piles, piping, etc), insufficient aeration mechanisms, unfavourable weather condition causing overflow, breakage of embankments, if build over ground, etc. Major environmental impacts could include water pollution due to overflow or breakage of the embankment, odor problems due to poor aeration, insect (mosquitoes) proliferation that could not only be nuisance to neighbors, but could also cause increase incidence of water-borne diseases such as malaria.

Water pollution

Impact assessment:

Water pollution can negatively impact the quality of both surface and groundwater resources within and downstream of the project area. Risks of spills, structural failure, and purposeful discharges must be taken into account. Since the project is not proposing full treatment of livestock manure, the effluent from lagoons contains substantial nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient load and should be disposed on agricultural lands as plant nutrient source. Effluents from well-designed and properly operated systems have a very low potential for pollution of water resources. However, unfavorable weather events such as repeated typhoons or frequent occurrence of high intensity rainfalls may significantly increase the potential nutrient pollution risk from open lagoon systems due to potential overflow.

There are two potential pollution pathways during operation phase. If a lagoon overflows or if lagoon contents are purposefully drained into a surface waterway, this material will contaminate the receiving waters. On the other hand, poor construction of lagoon dikes, especially in the case of above ground lagoons; can lead to lagoon dike failures. In both cases, pollutants from lagoons will pollute receiving water bodies and cause significant impact on downstream flora, fauna and human settlements that are relying on using the surface and groundwater resources. Movements of the pollutants in water flow could cause groundwater pollution through percolation, especially in areas with large proportion of coarse texture soils. There are two other possibilities for groundwater pollution in a lagoon system: seepage through the lagoon floor if the soils are coarse texture or if there are large percentage of connected macro pores, and seepage of nutrient under the manure storage areas if the floor is earthen, lateral flow through the side walls of the lagoon (throughflow).

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There is also a potential risk of nutrient loading of groundwater in agricultural lands used for manure application if excessive levels of effluent are applied to the cropland and/or if the manure is applied at inappropriate times (when soils are saturated, just before inception of rainfalls, wrong application timing, etc). The latter creates a situation in which more nutrients, especially nitrogen is being applied than is being used by the crop. Excess nitrogen will be transported beyond the root zone through leaching process and will eventually appear in the groundwater, causing major health problems especially in children and expecting mothers.


1) Appropriate and effective technology and management alternatives must carefully be considered and planned in order to achieve required levels of environmental acceptability.

2) Design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from livestock confinement buildings.

3) Lagoon must be designed strictly following technical criteria such as co-efficient of percolation of floor soil material in the constructed lagoons through measurement of percolation rate, infiltration rate, etc within those substrata.

4) It is forbidden to discharge lagoon effluent into surface water bodies at any times except in special circumstances when specific size storm events have happened that can potentially cause structural breakdown. Under such special conditions, it is generally assumed that there will be sufficient water in the water courses to minimize the effects of the discharged effluent from the lagoon on natural resources (dilution effect). In case lagoon effluent must be discharged for acceptable reasons, relevant Vietnamese discharge standards (TCVN) must be met (TCVN 6984). According to this standard, limits for the main parameters as follows: COD: 80 mg/l; BOD5: 40 mg/l; SS: 50 mg/l; TN: 60 mg/l; TP: 6 mg/l; coliform: The TCVN for groundwater are: COD: 80 mg/l; BOD5: 40 mg/l; SS: 50 mg/l; TN: 60 mg/l; TP: 6 mg/l; coliform:

5) Lagoon dike specifications should be prepared and fully adhered to ensure that lagoon dikes are stable and will not fail under even the most extreme weather conditions.

Air pollutionImpact assessment:Air pollution is most often related to manure management techniques. Toxic gases that can be predicted during lagooning operation are CO2, CH4, H2S, NH3, NOx,, and some organic gases. In addition, there are some small amounts of microbial biomass; pathogens and weed seeds. These gases are generated especially from first phase of degradation process of the livestock manure and urine and are potential sources of air pollution; some of them (e.g. CH4, CO2) are greenhouse gases. Dust can also be a problem due to activities of manure collection and transport trucks.

Odor problems: Odors are primarily the direct result of gas emission as the products of anaerobic decomposition of manure, and are secondary source of air pollution. Large anaerobic lagoons and use of lagoon effluent for ferrigation has the potential to emit odors that can travel long distances. Heavily loaded lagoons are a notorious odor source. The effluent from anaerobic decomposition of stored manure (composting process) also has a volatile odor. Another major odor emission source is the sprinkler or nozzle that is used to distribute liquid manure as part of the land spreading. Liquid manure on the surface of the ground continues to emit odor until it dries or is absorbed by the soil. Collection and transport of manure by pipes or by trucks are also a source of odor if pipes leak or losses from trucks.


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1) Manure management options that reduce gas emissions and odor levels should be favoured. For example, appropriate collection frequency can reduce odor dispersion in livestock confinement buildings. Lagoons can be covered and gas be collected for biogas development, thereby reducing odors.

2) Control operation process of lagoons and prevent or minimize toxic gas emission, Vietnamese standard applied for limit values of toxic gases TCVN --- must be met.

3) Ensure that appropriately sized collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from livestock confinement buildings is provided.

4) Strictly control collection and transport of manure procedures to prevent and minimize pipe leakage and leakage from trucks.

5) Include tree planting around the facilities to absorb/reduce dispersion of volatile and toxic gases, dust and odors.

Noise and vectors (flies, mosquitoes, rodents)

Impact Assessment:

Activities of vehicles, trucks during operation can cause noise. Lagoon in general and manure lagoon in particular are ideal areas for proliferation of flies and mosquitoes.


Again, Vietnamese standard applied for limiting noise levels (TCVN 5497-1995 and 5498-1995) must be met.

Spraying of chemicals to exterminate mosquitoes and, flies is recommended.

Soil pollution

Impact Assessment:

There are potential risks that manure collection activities, leakage from manure transport pipes, and leakage and losses from manure hauling trucks can potentially contaminate soil resources. Another source of soil pollution is application of effluent from lagoon on cropland. In case of excessive application, or if manure is applied on saturated soils and high rates can create a condition in which more nitrogen and phosphorous are being applied than is being used by the crop causing nitrogen losses, vegetative overgrowth of agricultural crops, causing crop lodging and delay in seed development/seed filling, etc. Soil pollution by heavy metals is also an issue that should be carefully considered. Addition of soluble salts that originate from animal manure could potentially cause salinisation, although this should not be a major issue in Vietnam due to high and regular incidence of rainfall.


1) Quantity, timing, and timing of land application of liquid and solid manure should be carefully correlated with inherent soil characteristics (soil texture, cation exchange capacity, soil mineralogy, etc) and climatic condition to ensure that over application of nutrient does not occur to cause soil toxicity/ nutrient overload.

2) Monitor soil nutrient levels, determine nutrient and other needs of each soil type, and measure nutritional characteristic of effluents to ensure that the impact of land application of manure is advantageous to planted crops.

3) It is necessary to design nutrient management strategies to provide the crops with the appropriate amount of nutrients that is needed by plants while minimizing the amount

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of soluble nutrients that escape from the root zone through optimum application of chemical and organic (manure) fertilizers. Effluents from lagoon must be strictly monitored (sampled and analyzed for nutrients and periodically for heavy metals) and appropriate quantities be determined to provide appropriate nutrient levels to satisfy plant needs before applying the effluent on croplands.

Fauna and Flora

Impact Assessment:

The proposed project, if successfully implemented, should improve the quality and may increase the carrying capacity of the cropland. If the quality of lagoon effluent is controlled, improvement of cropland should increase productivity and even quality of harvest. Planting trees not only will increase the number of plants, but will also protect the fauna biodiversity within the project area by providing shelter and shade. Lagoons have a very high potential to become suitable habitats for migrating waterfowls, breeding fish, and for establishment of hydrophilic plants. This should not only increases biodiversity in the area but also contribute to improving quality of the lagoons.

Mitigation Measure:

A well designed, planned and implemented project is a prerequisite condition.

1) Planting trees around the ponds, especially down wind of the residential areas is recommended to reduce odor and increase aesthetic appearance of the project.

2) Study and identify appropriate trees, commercial plants, and crops that are better suited for application of liquid manure (effluent) and promote their use within project areas.

Landscape

Impact assessment:

Normally, manure treatment lagoons are not aesthetically appealing.. However, considering the potential positive impacts and environmental benefits of reduced nutrient load of water bodies, it will have a much better aesthetic appeal than the present condition.


1) It is proposed to plant trees around the lagoon, especially between the lagoon and residential areas.

2) Consider potential for development of aquatic plants around the perimeter of the lagoons, if technically possible.

Land use

Impact Assessment:

Construction of a lagoon in project site will take a relatively large productive area out of production, especially in Ha Tay Province where land use is very intensive and land holdings are very small. The areas for construction of lagoons are not finalized to date and will be determined during the first year of implementation. Therefore, determination of benefit/loss of land use change is not appropriate at this time. However, as was mentioned above, most likely croplands will possibly be used that could potentially cause involuntary resettlement some partial land resettlement. The loss/benefit assessment of land use

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change can only be determined after location of lagoons are identified through review of land quality, type of cropland to be used, etc.

Mitigation Measure:

No significant mitigation measure is recommended. The social assessment team has prepared an involuntary resettlement plan for such cases.

Impacts on human health

Impact Assessment:

In general, the project, if successfully implemented, should have positive impact on public health through reduction of non-point sources of pollutants and pathogens, not only in the waterways, but also in the open drainage ways within residential areas. However, there is a potential for secondary impacts on human health through primarily adverse impacts on air pollution. Operation workers may potentially be in danger of being directly impacted by toxic gases and odor. Problems of disease vectors such as flies, mosquitoes, rodents, pathogens, bacteria and other micro-organisms should be considered. These could lead to some respiration or digestion diseases or other dangerous diseases.


The measures provided to mitigate air, water and soil pollution if successfully conducted could minimize negative impacts on human health.

7.3.2 Biogas production

As for lagooning, the main objective of biogas production from livestock manure is to reduce adverse impacts of livestock manure on the environment. However, unlike a lagoon, enclosed anaerobic digestion systems for biogas production are not subject to pronounced influences of the weather, making effluents from digesters more stable and uniform than effluents from anaerobic lagoons. Additionally, odors are controlled and, if implemented correctly and there is no gas leakage, greenhouse gases are not produced since produced methane gases are burned prior to release into the atmosphere. Anaerobic digestion processes result in source strength reduction by converting incoming organic matter to methane, carbon dioxide and small amounts of microbial biomass; pathogens. Weed seeds are destroyed, and odors are reduced. At the same time, single or centralized biogas reactors supply additional source of fuel for the neighborhood. If successfully implemented and as long as there are needs for the produced gases, environmental benefits of biogas system are positive. In addition biogas system does not effectively reduce the nutrient load of the effluent to acceptable levels to allow release of the effluent to the water bodies. The potential negative environmental impacts and risks of biogas production system include:

Water quality

Impact Assessment:

Liquid in biogas pits have high content of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorous) and can be potential source of water pollution if it is intentionally discharged to water bodies, or leak to shallow groundwater. Draining of biogas tank effluent to water bodies is the result of poor system operation, causing an excess amount of water in the pits. This is concluded from the visit to Cat Que commune. In fact, most households in the visited commune use large quantities of water for washing breeding facilities and livestock. Over use of wash water dilute the manure concentration in biogas pit over the desired 2:1 manure: water ratio required for efficient operation of a standard biogas pit. Direct discharge of wash water

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from breeding facilities to water bodies also causes nutrient loading of surface and groundwater resources and causes non-point source pollution of surface and ground water resources. Poor construction of biogas pits could also allow for leakage of nutrient rich effluent to shallow groundwater resources and surface waters by through flow. Transportation of livestock manure to centralized biogas plants can also cause soil and water pollution if transport regulations are not fully enforced and/or if mechanical problems with transport vehicles occur.


1) Technical and management principles for biogas pit design and operation must be strictly followed.

2) Improve extension capacity and provide training/awareness building in areas of manure use as crop nutrient and health and environmental impact of discharge of effluent into water bodies.

3) Effluent from a digester should be retained in a holding pond and used either as recycled flush water or for irrigation.

4) A centralized pre-treatment plant for wastewater from breeding facilities is recommended in case its available amount is bigger than demand of using it.

Air quality

Impact assessment:

In case biogas reactors gas collection systems are not working properly, gases can escape to the atmosphere and cause air pollution (toxic gases and odour) as well as greenhouse effect (CO2, CH4). Manure transportation from breeding facilities to the centralized biogas plant by by trucks can be a source of dust and unfavorable odour since toxic gases can release naturally from transport vehicles that do not meet regulations.

Risk of biogas pit explosion due to mistakes or technical/operational problems, especially in hot weather condition, is also a major environmental concern.


1) Technical and managerial principles of biogas pit design and operation must be followed strictly.

2) Provide training/awareness building for pig farmers on the potential environmental risks of poor operation of biogas tanks.

3) Prepare monitoring programs with regard to air quality within proposed project areas, especially at and around biogas pit site. Vietnamese standards TCVN … must be followed.

Soil pollution

Impact assessment:

Wastewater from cleaning of breeding facilities or from biogas pits if applied intensively on cropland can cause increase in soil nutrient load to toxic levels. Nutrient overload can not only increase the potential for leaching of nutrients into groundwater, but could also increase the nutrient content of the soil, especially nitrogen to levels that can be toxic to plants. In the case of grain crops such as rice, high nitrogen can also promote vegetative growth, delays seed formation and cause lodging and significant yield loss. Waste sludge and wastes in biogas pit, if applied improperly on croplands, can also pollute the soil.

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1) Timing of application and quantity of effluent to be used on crops should be accurately determined before any application of biogas effluent on soils. The amount of effluent that can be applied must be calculated based on crop nutrient needs at different growth stages and actual nutrient availability of the soil to prevent soil pollution and loss of crop yield.

2) Waste sludge and wastes from biogas pits must be disposed properly, either by disposal in sanitary landfills or pre-treated with solidification method before land filled or used for other purposes.

Flora and Fauna and Nature Reserves

Impact Assessment:

If applied properly, effluents from breeding facilities and biogas pits will improve productivity and quality of vegetation, contributing to flourishing of flora within the area. However, improper or intensive application of effluents can have adverse impact on biodiversity and will promote increase in plants that require higher nitrogen levels and reduce the other genera such as Leguminacea. Water, soil and air pollution can also cause reduction in flora biodiversity. The proposed project appears to be neutral with regard to fauna biodiversity. However, potentially contagious animal diseases caused by dangerous pathogens, bacteria, and/or viruses can be spread in the wild through application of untreated effluent and can cause proliferation of diseases in the wild and cause significant impact on wildlife. Inappropriate over-application of effluent could also cause disappearance of some useful insects and appearance of harmful insects in agricultural fields that can also cause increase in plant diseases and yield reduction.


A well designed, planned and operated project is prerequisite condition.

1) Plants that can sustain higher levels of effluent application (high N and P requirement) should be identified and promoted for the areas close to the biogas facilities. Establishment of young trees around centralized biogas plants should be promoted.

2) Prepare a plan for early identification and control of potentially contagious diseases that might establish within project areas..

3) Extra care must be taken to ensure effluent is treated properly and if there are outbreak of animal disease within project area, application of effluent should be stopped and should only be resumed after clearance is provided by the appropriate line agencies.

Aesthetics

Impact assessment:

Aesthetically, the centralized biogas pits are not very appealing on their own. However, their benefits and reduction of unsightly and unhealthy open drains and manure ponds surely outweigh their look.


Planting of trees around the centralized biogas pits should be encouraged that will not only improve aesthetics, but can also reduce odour levels.

Land use

Impact Assessment:

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Construction of centralized biogas pits and installation of manure collection pipe system (if any) in project site will occupy some potentially productive land within the farming communities. The final location of the manure treatment plants are not yet finalized. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the benefit/loss of land use change at this time.

Mitigation Measure:

No mitigation measure is recommended.

7.3.3. Soil application

When main purpose of using livestock manure is to fertilize fields. Manure should be treated to remove pathogens and weed seeds before application to land. One of the potential pre-treatment processes that manure can go through before land application is composting. The main impacts of composting process as well as land application of manure are briefly described:

Water pollution

Impact assessment:

During composting process, especially during fermentation phase significant amount of wastewater is created. Maintenance activities including cleaning floors, equipments, machineries, etc can also add to possibility of water pollution. Water pollution potential from manure collection from breeding facilities should also be considered. Eutrophication is one of the main impacts of release of wastewater rich in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorous. It is important to ensure that effluent from wastewater treatment system meets Vietnamese discharge standards (TCVN 5945 – 1995, 6948 – 2001) before release to surface water bodies.

Land application of manure should follow strict rules to ensure that manure is applied at the right times during the growing season and at the right quantities so that crops receive appropriate quantities of nutrient at the right stages of growth. Haphazard and indiscriminate application of manure will not only cause nutrient overloading of the soil and leaching of nutrient into the groundwater, it can also cause serious injuries to the crops and reduce the crop yield and even burn the crops in extreme circumstances.


1) Appropriate, effective, and adaptable composting and manure application technologies should be used, and management alternatives should be considered and planned carefully to achieve appropriate and environmentally acceptable nutrient load in discharge water.

2) It is necessary to design and build a collection and/or treatment system for wastewater from composting process.

3) Quantity and timing of liquid and solid manure application to agricultural land should be established for different crops in different soil types and climatic conditions based an crop’s physiological characteristics and nutrient needs, inherent nutrient levels within the soil, and cropping patterns (previous and following crops).

Air pollution

Impact assessment:

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Fermentation of livestock manure is notable source of air pollution since this process potentially produces CO2, CH4, and other volatile organic gases, causing increase in nuisance odors. Odors can also be generated during other phases of composting process, especially during collection and separation and before fermentation. Screening process is also a potential source for increase of dust and especially fine organic particulates. Dust can also be generated from collection and transportation activities. According to Vietnamese laws, To prevent or minimize toxic gas emission during composting process in the composting plant, Vietnamese standard regarding maximum limit of toxic gases must be met.

Manure application on land, especially if it is not immediately incorporated into the soil (ploughed in) can cause significant nitrogen loss to atmosphere due to modification process, causing both atmospheric and odor pollution and in extreme cases eye irritation.


1) Ventilation systems should be installed in composting plant to reduce the impacts of toxic gases and odors to workers and surrounding environment.

2) Strictly control manure collection and transport to prevent or minimize pipe leakage and scatter from trucks.

3) Plant trees to absorb toxic gases, dust and odors.

4) Incorporate the manure into the soil by plugging it into the soil immediately after application of manure to prevent gaseous losses of nutrient to the atmosphere.

Noise

Impact assessment:

Activities of vehicles, trucks and composting equipment such as separators, screeners, conveyors, packaging section during operation phase can cause noise. Vietnamese standard applied for limit level of noise TCVN 5497-1995 & 5498-1995 is required to be met.


The composting plant should be located at appropriate distance from the residential areas to meet Vietnamese limits of noise level (TCVN 5497-1995). Workers who are working within the plant should be supplied with protective gears such as ear plugs to reduce potential harmful effect of long term exposure to noise.

Soil pollution

Impact Assessment:

Livestock manure has long been regarded as beneficial material and has been used for centuries as an effective nutrient source for higher crops. It provides an organic matter to soil that improves its physical properties (improved soil structure). Manure helps to stabilize soil aggregates and prevent soil erosion. However, if manure is applied at excessive levels, it can cause soil toxicity due to nutrient overloading and disturbance of nutrient balance within the soil.

Impacts of manure on soil include:

Excessive levels of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, and some micronutrients;

Soil pollution from heavy metals (especially Cu and Zn);

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Potential increase in soil salinity (soluble salts mainly excreted from animal urine)

Increase in level of number of cations and anions included in urine such as Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, and SO4

2-).


1) Manure should be applied to land at rate determined by the soil, climate, crop physiological needs, etc. The implementation is that nutrients should be applied in amounts needed by crop without adverse effects on either soil or water (surface and ground).

2) Pre-treatment technology (composting) and composting process should strictly be followed to produce a product that has appropriate component of nutrients and organic matters and minimal quantity of weed seeds and pathogens; and

3) Manure (compost) samples should be regularly collected and analysed in order to avoid over-application of nutrient and/or causing nutrient imbalance that could detrimentally affect crop yields.

Fauna and Flora

Impact Assessment:

Like lagooning and biogas production, soil application methodology, if successfully implemented, should improve the soil quality and increase the productivity and quality of crops. Manure application of cropland should be flora neutral, but should improve biodiversity by improving soil fauna population.

Mitigation Measure:

A well designed, planned and implemented project is prerequisite condition.

Planting young trees as much as possible is always recommended. Studies should be conducted to determine higher plants best suited for liquid and soild manure application to be promoted for planting within project area.

Landscape

Impact assessment:

Simply, appearance of a pre-treatment facility in the proposed project area would reduce the beauty of landscape. However, if comparing to ultimate expected benefits of the project, this option will be certainly better than present situation.


Planting trees around the composting plant to reduce its visibility from residential areas and to also reduce odor problems..

Land use

Impact Assessment:

Construction of a lagoon/central biogas/waste water treatment facility in project site will occupy a relatively large area of communal land. Construction of composting plant and installation of manure collection pipe system (if any) in project site will occupy some potentially productive land within the farming communities. The final locations of the manure treatment plants are not yet finalized. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the benefit/loss of land use change at this time.

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Mitigation Measure:

No significant mitigation measure is recommended.

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8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANThe experiences on EIA around the world has shown that even if mitigation and monitoring plans proposed in the EIA are clearly described, the mitigation and monitoring plans may be ignored without effective and competent monitoring and enforcement procedures to supervise and ensure the implementation. Therefore, it is recommended that project proponent develop an enforceable plan, the Environmental Management Plan (EMP), prior to commencement of the project activities as part of the overall project management operation. The EMP identifies the responsibilities of each organization involved in the implementation of EMP and the proposed mitigation and monitoring activities during design, construction/implementation, and operation.

The project’s influence on environment will occur during the construction or implementation and operation periods. In Chapter 7, all the issues affecting the environment were identified and analyzed. Corresponding mitigation measures were proposed. In this chapter the environmental monitoring plan and the corresponding responsibility are identified. This orderly identification, assessment, and presentation of mitigation measures ensures that no important issues are overlooked and that negative impacts are prevented or reduced to minimum.

The project involves many environmental issues, however, the impact of the project to local environment can be effectively controlled if the following major environmental issues are monitored and controlled.

8.1 Implementation Organizations and Responsibilities

As indicated in Fig.2-1 in Vietnam, environmental management at national level is the responsibility of MoNRE. Department of Environment (DoE) of MoNRE will take charge of environmental management in the LWMP in cooperation with concerned line agencies.

At national level, the Project Steering Committee should be established with the following proposal members:

PSC:

1. Chaiman – Vice minister of MoNRE (who is in charge of environmental issues)

2. Chief of Agricultural Department- MoARD

3. Director of Department of Environment – MoNRE

4.5 Chairman of the two provinces

6.7 Two Directors of DoNREs at the project provinces

PMO/PIU

1. Chief of PMO/PIU

2. Financial officer or procurement officer

2. Environmental officer

3. Technical officer

4. Accountant

5. Clerk/Interpreter

6. Working team

PPMOs/DEC: Coordinator

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1. Director - Vice Chairman of the Provincial/District People Committee

2. Vice Director – Director of DoNRE

3. Vice Director – Director of DoARD

4. Technical officer

5. Accountant

IA: Implementation Agencies

The selected Consultant or Research labs among pertinent organization will be appointed to implement the EMP the supervision of VEPA and DoE, provincial Environmental Management Division. Provincial EMS (if any) will be appointed if it has capability.

MoNRE, one of the ministries directly concerned in this project, has the overall responsibility for environmental protection and management at the national level and DoNRE in each province has the same responsibilities within each province and the areas of influence of the project. Beside that, Animal Husbandry and Crop Husbandry Departments of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) are responsible for implementation of project activities and coordination with VEPA and/or DoE to enforce the internal regulations and provide technical guidance for carrying out the appropriate actions to ensure protection of the environment in the agricultural sector.

Their main responsibilities are: (1) to ensure that the project adhere with the relevant environmental protection laws, regulations and standards of Vietnam, and (2) to supervise environmental protection in the agricultural/livestock sector of the province. The PMO will select pertinent Consultant provides environmental supervision and monitoring of the work of DoARD and DoNRE. Other organizations such as the Animal Husbandry Department and the Crop Department of MoARD are represented at project sites by the respective departments in DoARD and have similar functions and personnel for livestock waste management, promotion of cropping technique, and the link with environmental protection as their counterparts at national level.

The Consultant organization that carry out the EMP and project monitoring will has the following duties: reporting to PPMO and PMO any changes in the quality of natural environment, environmental pollution control; and reporting progress achieved in environmental improvement and protection.

However, the environmental staffs of DoE and the EMS staffs belonging to DoNRE are not responsible for daily inspection and monitoring of the environmental performance of the projects. But they have their role in case of reduplication of the project. Therefore, the PMO/PIU should provide necessary training course and manpower to ensure effective and smooth implementation of the environmental requirements of the project. The following chapters discuss the details of implementing institutions and the proposed environmental management plan (EMP), its manpower and institutional requirements.

8.1.1 Implementation Organizations

The EIA and EMP, prepared by national consultant, should be reviewed and approved by Department of Appraisal and Evaluation of EIA at MoNRE and the WB safeguard group.

During project implementation/construction and operation phases, implementation of the EMP is the responsibly of the respective PMOs. If EMS exists within project areas, EMS should be requested to collect the required data, monitoring of the implementation of the EMP and checking whether the mitigation measures of each subcomponent of the project

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are successfully undertaken. The respective DoNRE should be requested by the respective PPMOs to supervise and inspect subcomponents of the project with potential environmental impact following the proposed EMP and the relevant environment protection laws of Vietnam.

The project areas will include 2 province with 01 district and 01 city with 10 communes. In order to ensure smooth implementation of the project with minimum negative impact on environment, the following EMP must be considered as a part and parcel of the project and must be budgeted as a project item in the financial feasibility report and the project implementation plan.

In order to ensure successful implementation of the proposed EMP and in line with relevant Bank and national environmental regulations, each PPMO should appoint an officer, on part-time basis, who will have full responsibility for the successful implementation of the EMP and activities defined in mitigation and monitoring sections of the EIA report (Chapter 7) during each phase of the project implementation and at least the first five years of project implementation. The district PMOs (DPMOs) should also designate one of their staff to be trained by the project environmental supervisor to take the responsibility of ensuring full implementation of all EMP activities by the project at the district level. He/she should convey the environmental issues within the project to the PMO and EMS (if present), responsible for data collection and providing technical assistance to the environmental officer. The environmental officers identified at PMOs at every level (central, provincial, and district) are responsible for the preparation of the environment protection materials and documents related to project implementation for the review of MoNRE, and the Bank. During operation phase, each PPMO will assist the central PMO with implementing the environmental monitoring program and other work included in the environmental management plan. However, the ultimate responsibility for ensuring that all activities identified in the EMP are implemented rest on shoulders of central PMO. DPMO must ensure smooth flow of required environmental reports/data from the district to the PPMO. The environmental management and organizations during implementation and operation phases are diagrammed in Fig.8-1 and Fig. 8-2, respectively.

Fig. 8-1 Environmental Management Organization at Construction Stage

Central PMO/PIU

PPMO

Technical/Environmental Officer/Consultant

Local governmental institutions including EMS, DoNRE, Animal Husbandry, Cropping Husbandry Depart or Divisions, Farmer Association. .etc

Environmental Officers Design Unit

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Fig. 8-2 Environmental Management Organization during Operation Stage

8.1.2 Role of PMO/PIU and Environmental specialist

As was discussed in 8.1.1, implementation of EMP will be the responsibility of PMO/PPMO at various levels. They are responsible for ensuring the smooth implementation of the mitigation measures and the monitoring plan as is detailed in the environmental assessment report. Their major tasks include:

a. Review and implementation of mitigation and monitoring activities with comments on amendment to the activities as needed to obtain minimum acceptable environmental performance level in the overall project;

b. Regularly check implementation of pollution control measures in project sub-components that might have pollution problems such as demonstration of manure management technology sub-component.

c. Report of those facilities that are not operating properly or are discharging above environmental standard discharge regulation and report such violations to local DoNRE through local EMS;

c. Recommending, gaining approval for and carrying out any special studies, which are believed necessary for reaching the minimum acceptable environmental performance;

d. In close cooperation with the project design and implementation teams, make sure that the relevant mitigation measures contained in the EMP are reflected in the final project plans and that necessary conditions for project monitoring are in place;

e. Provision of necessary training of staff of project management offices and implementers of project subcomponent on environmental issues and environmental inspection to improve the institutional capacity of provincial and township personnel in implementation of EMP activities;

f. Supervise the implementation of the environmental protection measures as specified in the environmental mitigation plan;

PMO/PIU

PPMO

Environmental Officers

Local governmental institutions including EMS, Husbandry Depart, Agronomy, Relative

Associations, Communities

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g. Provide written guidelines whenever gaps in environmental performance are found and to take corrective measures;

h. Perform emergency response plans during environmental emergency conditions and report any environmental accident/mishaps to the PMO and local DoNRE in a timely manner;

i. Implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and supervising monitoring institutions and ensure that all sampling activities as defined in the monitoring plan are completed on a timely manner;

j. Mandate pertinent Environmental Officers to implement the environmental monitoring plan including engaging and supervising monitoring institutions and ensure that all sampling activities as defined in the monitoring plan are completed on a timely manner;

k. Prepare periodic reports on environmental performance of the project’s implementation and operation to be availed to relevant environmental administrative departments/Bureaus and the Bank supervisory mission members;

l. Deal with the complaints concerning the environmental aspects and accept the supervision of the environmental protection departments;

m Arrange for the visits of the Bank Mission staff, and regulatory staff of DoNRE and/or EMS, as required;

n. Supervise environmental issues during project implementation/construction and urge construction/implementation teams to follow relevant regulations; and

o. Be responsible for other actions needed for full implementation of the EMP.

Supervision Organization

DoNREs are the provincial administrative departments for environmental protection. They are responsible for the environmental management and supervision within the jurisdiction of the respective province. DoNRE and EMS offices at provincial level will accomplish monitoring work of the project (if they have capacity). The environmental protection work of this project will be carried out, under the supervision of MoNRE, by the provincial DoNRE within the project areas. The environmental supervision plan is summarized in Table 8-1.

8.2 Environmental Management Plan

In order to ensure the effective implementation of the proposed environmental mitigation measures for the project, an environment management plan has been formulated and listed in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2

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Table 8-1 Environment Monitoring Plan, LWMP at Vietnam

Stage Organization Monitoring items Monitoring Objectives

Feasibility Study

NSC. DoE,

MoNRE, Experts

1. Review EIA

2. Review EMP draft

1. Guarantee a complete environmental assessment, and appropriate subject identification, emphasize the key points.

2. Make sure EMP reflects the possible, significant environmental issues which might be caused by the project

3.Guarantee a concrete and practical action plan for implementation of mitigation measures

4. Set up EMP at implementation sites to be detailed monitoring of the environmental impact and improvement.

Design & Implementation

DoNRE, VEPA/IA, GEF

1. Review the preliminary design for environmental protection and EMP

1. Strictly execute EMP

2. Ensure that all-national environmental laws and regulations with regards to project construction/implementation are considered.

VEPA/IA, GEF

2. Check whether investment for environment protection is in place.

1. Secure that sufficient environmental protection investment is in place

DoNRE, MONRE DPMO

3. Check selection of project areas.

1. Ensure that the project areas are far away from the nature reserves buffer zones and core areas, and make sure that the project will not block the migration route of wild animals.

2. Ensure that the project sites will not located to the very sensitive areas, especially that centralized manure treatment system next to the children school, hospitals, etc.

3. Ensure that the project sites will not be in the subsidence land or flood prone areas

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4. Supervise dust and noise pollution, if found to be an issue.

1. Take recommended measures in EMP for dust and noise pollution.2. Ensure that construction teams strictly follow EMP, and relevant state and local laws and regulations.3. If noise is found as an environmental nuisance, enforce proposed construction times according to EMP.

5. Inspect whether there are underground cultural relics.

1. Protect known and unknown cultural relics2. Have project work stoppage plans in place and enforce it, if new finds are

discovered 6. Inspect the discharge and treatment of daily manure treatment system and especially waste from larger manure treatment facilities

1. Ensure that solid and liquid waste from livestock farms or manure treatment facilities are disposed according to relevant national and local regulations.

2. Ensure that surface and groundwater are not contaminated.

7. Check whether construction will cause accelerated soil erosion.

1. Ensure erosion control measures according to EMP, national and local laws are in place.

Operation Donner/

PPMO, EMS (if present)

1. Inspect the implementation of EMP in operation stage2.Check the implementation of monitoring plan3. Verify whether it is necessary to take further environmental protection measures for unforeseen environmental problem.4. Ensure that livestock waste management measures are implemented.

1. Protect the environment; minimize the environmental impact during operation phase.2. If necessary, review and amend the EMP to overcome unforeseen impacts. 3. Guarantee the livestock waste disposal will meet the standard.4. Ensure that project impact on natural resources is minimized, especially on soil and water resources.6. Enforce the national regulations with regards to discharge of pollutants, especially liquid discharge of livestock farms, biogas tanks and/or aerobic and anaerobic lagoons. 7. Ensure that project activities will not cause any additional degradation of natural resources (soil and water). Report any violations to appropriate line agencies.

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5. Check whether the discharge of pollutants meets the national standards.

6. Check if project is causing unforeseen pressure on water bodies in the region.

7. Check whether the project has any impact on nature reserves, rare flora or fauna.

8. Check if project is causing accelerated soil erosion.

9. Ensure manure application on land does not cause significant increase in soil nutrient loading beyond its capacity.

10. Ensure that manure application on land does not cause significant surface and groundwater pollution.

8. Ensure that project will not cause negative impact on water resources and their availability for downstream users. Report any violations to the appropriate regulatory agencies.

9. Prevent any potential project impact on nature reserves, rare flora and fauna by enforcing the EMP.

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Table 8-2 Environment Management Plan for LWMP

Environmental Issues Mitigation Policies and Control Measures Implementer Responsible

Agency

A. Design Phase

1.The Project

1. Optimize project design and plan to minimize its potential negative environmental impacts.

2. Project subcomponents should be planned and designed to avoid environmental sensitive areas like core and buffer zones of nature reserves and wildlife habitats, to avoid natural and cultural relics, and to reasonably arrange construction schedule to minimize land occupancy and reduce land occupancy time.

3. Strengthen provincial EMS, if present, to enforce environmental monitoring activities.

4. Project subcomponents that are close to nature reserves and/or habitats of wild animals for approval of relevant departments.

5. Prepare site specific EA reports for newly identified project sites.

PPMOs, Design teams PPMOs

2. Land Use

1. If construction of limited access roads is required, they should be designed to minimize land occupancy and avoid/minimize damage to vegetation.

2. Construction of laboratories at project sites, if required, should use as little land as possible.

3. Biogas/lagoon/wetland for manure treatment development will require acquisition of some land. Unless the newly acquired land is state owned, new land cannot be claimed from local farmers/inhabitant for construction of manure treatment facilities, unless it strictly follows land resettlement procedure presented by the social assessment team.

Design Teams PPMOs

3. Water Resource 1. Promote appropriate water use procedures to reduce water use within project areas.

2. Promote reuse and recycling of water resources within project areas.

Provincial, regional water resources bureau/Department

PPMOs

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Agency

B. Construction phase

1. Nature reserves and wildlife habitats

1. Construction machineries should be kept far away from nature reserves and wildlife habitats.

2. If construction activities are located in proximity of nature reserves buffer areas, effort should be made to minimize noise levels by use of silencers and by implementing the project construction activities outside breeding period

3. It is not allowed to convert nature reserves/natural parks to any other use. Manure management facilities should be constructed in present agricultural land or previously converted agricultural land.

3. Proper disposal of wastes resulted from construction activities. Waste disposal sites should be located far from nature reserves and wildlife habitats.

4. Construction workers should be directed not to enter core and buffer zones of nature reserves.

Construction Team

PPMOs, DPMOs

2. Soil Erosion 1. After the manure management facilities and respective canal/drainage system construction is finished, vegetation, grass planting should be arranged to cover the exposed side slope. To get effective results, the side slope plantation should be completed one month in advance to the rainy season.

2. Avoid digging ditches on slopes greater than 25% during rainy season. Sand bags, hay bales or straw matt should be used on the down slope side of any cut areas to reduce soil erosion and increase in sediment load of the water bodies.

3. After completion of construction work, vegetative cover should be planted as soon as possible to prevent wind and water erosion, as well as runoff.

4. The construction should employ restrict soil erosion control measures during construction to prevent soil erosion and increased sediment load in nearby river/water bodies.

Construction Teams

PPMOs, DPMOs

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Agency

5. As much as possible, the excavated material should be used in construction and any surplus should be disposed off properly according to national and provincial environmental pollution laws.

3. Noise

1. Almost all of the livestock farms in Vietnam are located within residential areas. Within 100m-300m of the construction site, construction activities are forbidden and should be stopped betweent 22h00 to 06h00 at night, and between 12h00 to 14h00.

2. The access roads should be selected away from sensitive locations such as schools, high density residential, and hospitals. Maximum allowable noise level according to the Vietnamese laws is 80 dbA.

3. When the construction site is close to school, no construction work with heavy machinery should be allowed during school hours; when the construction site is close to densely populated residences or hospitals, construction work with heavy machineries, producing high noise levels, should not be arranged during evening hours. To reduce the noise pollution of construction machineries, silencers should be used on mufflers.

4. The construction operator’s work time should be arranged in accordance with the labor hygiene standard, and personal protection measures such as wearing earplugs, earmuffs, helmets, etc. should be provided to the operators.

Construction Teams

PPMO,

DPMO

4. Air quality 1. Mixing equipment should be placed far from residential areas, hospitals and schools. Sealing, vibration reducing and dust absorbing measures should be adopted.

2. According to national labor laws, labor protection measures should be provided to the operators of the construction machineries, such as protective glasses and masks.

3. Water should be sprayed during dry, dusty days on the construction sites and related roads to prevent dust.

4. Large-scale manure treatment system should be located away from environmentally sensitive

Construction Team, DPMO

PPMO

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Agency

areas such as residential areas.

5. Natural and cultural relics

1. Inform contractors and construction workers on recognition of cultural relics and importance of protecting them.

2. During construction, if cultural relics are found, construction should stop, the construction supervisor should protect the site, and concerned department should be immediately notified to handle the find.

Construction Team, Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau

PPMO, DPMO

6. Minority Nationalities 1. Respect the living style and traditional customs of minority nationalities. Construction

Team

Central PMO, PPMO

C. Operation phase

1. Land Application

1. Ensure that manure management plans, formulated by the project, are followed by local farmers to ensure sustainable use of treated liquid and solid manure (compost).

2. Enhance the capability of provincial cropping division, responsible for extension activities, supervision and enforcement of regulation on the use of organic manure and nutrient additives to the soil.

3. Ensure that manure application rates and timing, proposed by the project, does not cause significant increase in soil and water resources nutrient loading by monitoring soil and water nutrient levels.

In line with the principle of balancing nutrient and livestock number, transportation and other collection/transportation means should be developed to reduce pressure of livestock waste to the environment.

4. Investigate/monitor potential impact/acceptability of the use of treated manure on paddy rice

DoARD,

Provincial and regional EMS

PPMO, DPMO

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Agency

fields and ensure that no significant impact occur on water resources.

5. Ensure that the line agencies provide appropriate extension services to promote best management practices with regard to manure application on cropland and prevention of nutrient loading of soil and water resources.

6. Undertake soil monitoring of selected areas, applying solid/liquid manure to establish the effect of land application of manure on soil and water quality.

2. Water resources

1. Undertake a rigorous surface and groundwater water quality monitoring program to establish baseline data and the dynamic change of water quality due to manure management practices.

2. Ensure that appropriate measures are adopted to reduce water use in cleaning/washing of pigs and piggery facilities.

3. Ensure the use of appropriate equipment for application of liquid manure (from waste treatment lagoons, and biogas facilities) on land to reduce over-application/runoff.

4. Ensure that appropriate water-manure ratios are used for lagoon/biogas/wetland waste treatment plans to optimize nutrient load of the liquid manure.

5. Monitor the efficiency of waste treatment lagoons, biogas systems, and constructed wetlands and ensure optimal design, maintenance, and operation of the facilities.

6. Promote reduction and reuse of water resources during piggery operations.

7. Promote use of treated wastewater is used for irrigation or fish production according to the local/national regulations.

PPMO, DoNRE,

DoARD

Central PMOs, MoNRE, MoARD

3. Flora, fauna, and nature reserves

1. Project financed lagoon/constructed wetlands should use flora, fauna in the project area.

2. If wild animals are present in the project areas, ensure that their travel routes are not blocked by project facilities.

DPMO PPMOs,

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Agency

3. Use only the native plants in lagoon and constructed wetland development.

4. Observe impact on new plants and animal population as well as soil worms and microbial activity.

4. Soil Erosion

1. Supervise and enforce discharge rates of treated effluents and land application rates of liquid manure to prevent water erosion and runoff.

2. Apply soil conservation measures to reduce soil erosion down slope of fields used for land application of liquid manure and waste treatment plants.

PMO and EMS PPMO

5. Safe land application of treated solid and liquid manure

1. Monitor level of pathogens and parasite in the liquid and solid manure before their application On crops, especially vegetables and market garden crops.

2. Ensure that optimal retention time, temperature, and pH conditions are observed to effectively eliminate pathogens during composting, digestion in the biogas, and in the treatment lagoon.

3. Ensure use of appropriate disinfecting measures before final discharge of treated waste water such as killing the pathogens of biogas sludge by ultra violet rays of the sun through air drying, etc.

4. Monitor to ensure the wastewater treatment from the biogas tanks or piggery farms meet the national standard for irrigation and agricultural purposes.

5. Improve watershed management and agricultural practices by adapting results of applied research conducted by the national and local institutions, project, and AWI, and including them in the extension programs, especially in the application of treated manure and/or sediment from biogas tanks to the crop.

6. Monitor and evaluate safe use of treated manure in at least 5 years.

7. Promote timely and well-balanced application of farmyard manure

DPMOs,

Local EMDs, Agricultural extension Stations

Central PMO, PPMO

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Agency

6. Land use change

1. Ensure application of appropriate manure treatment technologies to minimize/reduce land requirement for the treatment facilities.

2. Use of organic manure (solid and liquid manure) in cropping should improve soil nutrient load and structure. This might increase potential crop yield and increase land value. Land improvement should be monitored and be considered as an added economic value in lieu of lost land to manure treatment plans.

Provincial PMO PPMO, PPMO

D. Environment Monitoring

1.Surface water

Implementation/operation phase:

a. Monitoring items: pH, DO, total P, total N, NO3-N, NH3-N, COD, BOD5, E.coli

b. Monitoring frequency: 4 times every year, followed for 5 years during operation.

c. Monitoring periods: 1day.

d. Location to be monitored: 03 samples at the river up stream, down stream and at receiving point during Implementation phase (5 years).

Local EMS PPMOs

2.Groundwater


a. Monitoring items: pH, total P, total N, NO3-N, NH3-N, COD, BOD5, E.coli

b. Monitoring frequency: 04times every year, followwed 05 years during the implementation period of each site.

c. Monitoring periods: 1 day

d. Location to be monitored: 01 set in the farm. 01 set in project site.

Local EMS PPMOs

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Agency

3. Soil quality

Sediment quality


Monitoring items: pH, EC, Effective CEC, TKN, TP, available P

Monitoring frequency: 2 times for each crop. (Before and after)

Monitoring period: day

Location to be monitored: Upstream and downstream of land application areas

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Environmental Monitoring Plan

The main purpose of this section is to summarize the needs of monitoring and to prepare a sound environmental monitoring program. The main objectives of the plan are:

(1) to ensure that all the mitigation measures specified in the EA report will actually be carried out;

(2) to evaluate the monitoring data to determine whether the environmental protection measures as proposed (including design, implementation, and operational procedures) are actually furnishing adequate environmental protections and if not, to indicate the correction measures that is needed, and

(3) to ensure sustainable use of natural resources (such as water, land, and soil) by the project.

8.2.1 Monitoring Items

The monitoring program includes monitoring for each of the individual environmental issues as identified in Table 8-1, Table 8-2.

8.2.2 Monitoring Implementer

The implementers of the monitoring plan are EMS and capable labs to do. In Dong Nai province, there is the EMS belonging to Dong Nai DONRE. Dong Nai EMS will carry out one part of the actual monitoring activities to evaluate the quality of surface and groundwater and soil quality. EMS in Dong Nai province has weak capacity and will take the charge of taking the samples designed by the EA specialist. In case of Hatay Province, the EMS is not available, in that case the EMS Hanoi will take samples. Once the samples are taken, they will be sent to the capable labs to analyze or the EMSs will carry out the analyses. The PMO should reach a contractual agreement with respective EMS or capable labs before project implementation. The environmental officer of PMO is responsible for requesting for implementation of monitoring activities by the respective monitoring stations or labs, as specified in the EMP and whenever the situation arises. All the monitoring report should be submitted to the PMO.

8.2.3 Monitoring Report System

The reporting system for environment monitoring is shown in Figure 8-1. In Dong Nai EMS and Hanoi EMS and accredited labs should be approached by the PMO to implement the environmental monitoring requirement of the project. The capacity of the potential laboratory(ies) should be evaluated and potential training needs/capacity building requirements for the potential laboratory(ies) should be identified and provided before project implementation. After completion of each environmental monitoring task, contracted laboratories should submit the monitoring report to the PMO and PPMO. During implementation/construction, and the first five years of operation phases, PMO should submit annual environmental quality report to NSC. All submitted reports should also be available to DoE-MoNRE, and other line agencies, upon their request.

8.2.4 Baseline Monitoring

The pre-implementation/construction monitoring program is designed to achieve two main objectives. The first one is to check whether the mitigation measures contained in the environment assessment report have been incorporated in the final design document and in the construction contracts. The second is to assess the existing conditions, including seasonal variability of the various parameters. The proposed monitoring plan for each

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project site is outlined in Figure 8-3. The monitoring items and related issues can be found in Table 8-2.

Fig. 8-3 Monitoring Report Chart

8.2.5 Monitoring during implementation/construction

The monitoring program is designed to evaluate the construction activities during the implementation period and to ensure that they meet the set up criteria. The construction of the lagoon/wetland/biogas systems could bring about some potentially adverse impacts on environmental parameters including air quality, soil erosion, acoustic environment, public health, biological resources, etc.

Air Quality: Dust monitoring to control and reduce construction generated dust levels and provide the basis for additional measures (as required). Table 8-3 presents air quality monitoring program for the project areas, if found necessary by the environmental officer or in case of complaints.

Table 8-3 Construction Air Quality Monitoring Program Monitoring Site Item Frequency Sampling Timing ImplementerConstruction sites within 100m of residential areas

TSP Twice during construction

Once in the morning and once in the afternoon. PPMO/EMS

Noise: The construction noise-monitoring program is presented below (see Table 8-4) to monitor the impact of construction noise. If the construction site is more than 200m from residential areas, this monitoring is unnecessary.

Table 8-4 Noise Monitoring Program During Construction

Site Monitored Frequency Monitoring period

Monitoring timing Implementer

within 200 m of construction site At random, 1-day Once/day, Once/ night PPMO/ EMS

Soil Erosion and Surface Water Sediment Loading: Soil erosion could occur at construction sites, during construction of lagoons, wetlands and/or centralized biogas facilities near water bodies (rivers, creeks, canals, waterways, etc.). Construction induced

NSC,FAO/GEFDoE MoNRE

PMOEMD

Environmental officers PPMO

EMS, accredited labs

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water erosion could cause increase in sediment load in water bodies that could negatively impact aquatic flora and fauna. Respective PPMOs will be responsible to ensure that adequate soil conservation measures are provided along the slopes such as hay-bale, silt fence and/or fiber mats to prevent significant increase in the sediment load of rivers and lakes within the project area.

8.2.6 Monitoring during Operation

The potential negative environmental impacts during project operation phase may happen mainly due to mishaps or mistakes by operators or design ineffectiveness. Potential environmental risks include possible pollution of surface and groundwater due to over application and/or untimely of livestock manure on agricultural land, inadequate or ineffective proposed manure management technologies, poor compaction of the lagoon floor and deep percolation of nutrients into groundwater, breakage of lagoon embankments (above ground lagoons), explosion of biogas facilities, under capacity of the constructed treatment system, wrong technical design or construction, improper operation/maintenance of the manure treatment system, etc. The main parameters that should be monitored include surface and groundwater quality especially where centralized treatment system is setup. More detailed and relevant information on environment monitoring parameters, implementing agencies & responsible institutions are presented in Table 8-1 and Table 8-2.

8.2.7 Monitoring Budget

An estimated budget for the implementation of the monitoring programs for project sites is listed in Table 8-5. The cost of baseline surveys during implementation monitoring is estimated in the table 8-5, table 8-6, and table 8-7, table 8-8.

The total cost of environmental monitoring is estimated for Dongnai province and the same for Hatay province.

Table 8-5: Cost Estimate for water quality analyses at Dong Nai Province

According to standard price promulgated in 2002 by Ministry of Finance No: 83/2002 dated 25/9/2002.

Undergound water quality testing cost

Stt Items Cos tVND Method1 pH 30 pH meter2 BOD5 80 APHA 5210B, TCVN6001:

19953 COD 70 APHA 55204 DO 60 HACH 19925 SS 50 APHA 2540D, TCVN 4560-

19986 NH3 60 APHA 45007 NO3

- 50 APHA 45008 NO2

- 50 APHA 45009 Coliform 60 APHA 9221

10 T-P 80 11 Ecoli 120

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12 Samonella 120 13 A.sum 120 Tæng 950

Rounded 60-64US$/sample.Surface water quality testing cost

N0 Items Cost (VND) Method1 pH 30 pH meter2 BOD5 80 APHA 5210B, TCVN6001: 1995

3 COD 70 APHA 55205 SS 50 APHA 2540D, TCVN 4560- 19986 NH3 60 APHA 4500

7 NO3- 50 APHA 4500

8 NO2- 50 APHA 4500

9 Steptro 60 APHA 922110 T-P 80

11 Ecoli 120 12 Feacal Coliform 120 Total 770

Round 47USD/sample

Soild analysis:No Items Cost (VND) Note

Available P 180 000

E.CEC 200 000pH 80 000T-N 80 000

T-P 80 000

K 80 000OC 180 000Tools hiring 200000 Total cost 1,080,000

Rounded 82US$/saple

System monitoringItems Cost (VND) Method

1 pH 30 000

2 NH4 60 000

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3 TKN 60 000

4 TP 60 000

5 EC 200 000

6 Soluble salt 100 000

7 K 80 000

8 OC 60 000

9 COD 80 000

10 BOD 80 000

Total cost 810 000

Rounded 61-64 $/sample

Table 8-6: Cost of EMP, Vietnam (2 provincial project sites)

Issue Indicator to Monitor

Monitoring Location

Monitoring Frequency

Surface water quality pH, suspended solids (SS), nutrients (TKN, TP),NH4, NO2, NO3 CODMn, BOD5, Faecal coli form

Three locations, upstream, mid-stream and downstream.

Four times a year; 3 locations x *12 farms x five years years; 64US$/sample

Cost 1: 46,080US$

Groundwater quality

pH, suspended solids (SS), nutrients (TKN, NO2, NO3-N, NH4-N, TP), Faecal coli forms Sallmonella, A.sum

12 farms, 2 locations;

Established batteries of piezometers.

Four times a year; 12 farms *2 locations* 5 years; 47.5 US$/sample

Cost 2: 22,800 US$

Soil quality pH, EC*10-3, OC, TKN, TP, K, available P

3 cropping systems;

3 manure application systems

3 areas

Two time per year x 9 places and 6 samples per year; 5 years x 80 $/sample

Cost 3: 43,200 US$

Total cost for EMP

=111,840 US$

System Performance (Supplementary for technological demonstration)

Feeds:

N, P and K

+ heavy metals

“Outlets”:

pH, suspended solids (SS), nutrients (TKN, NO3-N, NH4-N TP), CODMn, BOD5, Faecal coli forms.

Feeds:

5 farms * 3 feeds *6 analysis/year * 5 year * 50 US$

“Outlet” spots:

Dry manure being used or sold and wet manure before going to biogas and biogas effluent going to the fish pond and waste from the fish pond leaving the system for the

Feeds:

5 farms * 3 feeds *2 analysis/year * 5 year * 50 US$ =7,500 US$

“Outlets”:

6 spots * 4 farms * 4 times a year * 5 years * 64 US$ =30.720 US$

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Issue Indicator to Monitor

Monitoring Location

Monitoring Frequency

Crop production:

field or discharge + 2 additional spots

Yield of fields with no application of manure and with application of dry manure; with application of waste water and with dry manure + waste water and dry manure + ertilized and not

= 5,000 US$

Total cost for system monitoring=43,220US$

Total cost for EMP and system monitoring: 155,000US$ submit to have a fund from GEF

+20,000US$ for contigencies

Total Cost: 175,000 US$

8.3 Environmental Training/Institutional Strengthening Plan

8.3.1 Training Objectives

The objectives of the environmental training program is to enable PMO, PPMO officials and related officers responsible for implementation of EMP to further strengthen their capabilities and to enable them to ensure successful implementation of the mitigation and monitoring plans specified in EA during final project design, implementation and operation of the project. The trainees could also include environmental officers from DoNRE or DoARD in Dongnai and Ha Tay and the state and private farms in both Dongnai and HaTay.

The staffs of involved EMS or labs should involve in the training course to make sure the to the methods required by the project for analytical works.

In order to ensure the success of the intensive training courses and the implementation of EMP, it is required that the employees who will be assigned as the environmental officer of PMO or PPMO have university degrees from accredited universities in one of the relevant natural resource areas (livestock management, water resources, agronomy, soils, environment, etc) and should have a minimum of three years of field experience.

8.3.2 Training Courses

The following courses will be included in the environmental training pogrom in both Dongnai and HaTay:

Understanding and application of environmental laws, regulations, standards and norms of the Vietnamese government concerning environmental protection;

Environmental management criteria utilized by the World Bank; and

Environmental technology and environmental monitoring techniques including: (1) status of surface waters, principles of hydrogeology, and groundwater distribution; (2) basic knowledge of environmental monitoring; (3) Pollution control technologies; (5) basics of water sampling and sample treatment for analysis of different elements identified in EMP; and (6) preparation of environmental monitoring reports.

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The environmental officer of PMO will provide training on these subjects, being assisted by the relevant scientists from universities, MoNRE, DoARD, Livestock Management Institute, Animal Husbandry Department, WATSAN, Agriculture- Forestry University, etc. In order to reduce the training cost, HaTay and Dongnai PPMOs can decide to arrange for combined training courses for the senior environmental staffs of respective PMOs, State and private farms using the capabilities of both Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City universities and scientific institutions. If the second option (combined option) is selected, the training program will somewhat modified and take the “training of the trainers” format. It is proposed to have two week-long training courses during the first year, the second at later stages of project implementation being in workshop format to upgrade the capabilities of the environmental officers after having a better understanding of the project’s environmental requirements.

8.4 Budgets

Table 8.6: Budget for EMP and monitoring in two provincial project sites of Vietnam. The budget for salaries of part time environmental protection staff of PMO or PPMOs will be included in the project management. Table 8-7-Cost for environmental officer/consultant

Incremental cost for environmental officers Salary rate Implemetation Operation

Personnel on environmental issues $US Total m/m Cost $USTotal m/m Cost $US

Environmentalspecialist at PMO 500 8 4000 9 4500Environmental specialist at 02 PPMOs 500 16 8000 18 9000Sub total 12000 13500Grand total 25500

Table 8-8, table 8-9, table 8-10 present estimated budget for the environmental training program. Table 8-10 presents the overall environmental management cost estimate for Dongnai. If the incremental salary costs of the PMO employees are not included in the total cost, the actual additional EMP cost.

Table 8-8 Cost for Environmental Training Course

Training courseFor environmentalists and related persons

No. of Personnel

Training Contents Time

Daily cost Total cost

1. Classroom trainingAs per Environ. Training Program

Days $US $US1.1 Trainers 2 8 60 9601.2 PMO/PPMO/DEC & related Personnel 18 8 10 1,4401.3 Facilities & management 1 8 200 1,6001.4 Document for participants 20 1 10 200Subtotal 5,0002. Field/practical training

Field Trips

2.1 Trainer 2 2 60 2402.2 PMO/PPMO/DEC and related Personnel 18 2 10 360Facilities 1 2 200 200Subtotal 800Total 5,200

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Table 8-9: Cost for training course for environmental analytical officers

Training course for analyticansNo. of Personnel

Training Contents Time Daily cost

Total cost

1. Classroom training As per Analytical and Methodology Training Program

Days $US $US1.1 Trainers 3 4 60 7201.2 PPMO and related Personnel 5 4 10 2001.3 Facilities & management-doc. 2 4 200 1,600Subtotal 3,3202. Field/practical training

Field Trips

2.1 Trainer 3 1 60 1802.2 PPMO and related Personnel 5 1 10 50Facilities 1 1 200 200Subtotal 430Total 2,950

Table 8-10: Workshop on project monitoring and evaluation

WorkshopNo. of Personnel

Training Contents

Time(days)

Cost(US$)

Total cost

1.1 Speakers 4 M & E methodology

1 60 2401.2 PMO/PPMO & related Personnel 50 1 10 5001.3 Facilities & management 1 1 400 4001.4 Documents for participants 50 1 10 500Total 1,640Table8-11 Total cost estimation Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) & Evaluation at Dongnai, HaTay Provinces

Project Environmental Monitoring -M&E at 02 provinces

Reference Locations Implementation Operation Sub total $US

Environmental Staff salary 12,000 13,500 25,500Training courses (Tab.8.8-tab.8.9) 8,150 8,150EMP for 2 provinces (underground, surface, soil analyses)

Table 8-6 45,174 67,760 112,934

System performance monitoring Table 8-6 16,812 25217 42,029

Project management, M& E workshop Table 8-10 1,640 1,640Health monitoring, based on 480 questionaires x 6$/each

2,880 5,760 8,640

Social monitoring based on 480 questionaires

2,880 5,760 8,640

M&E report 2,000 2,000 2,000Consultants' fee 6,000 6,000Contingency, 5% 3,869 5,325 9,194Total 81,254 111,823 224,727

The actual cost of Environmental monitoring, with 5% contingency

The cost will be saved if there is limited number of demo sites needed to be monitored.

Contingency cost will be for buying necessary tool kits or sampling tools.

Environmental and pathogen germ analytical works (Table 8.6) with 155,000US$ will be submited to GEF Fund.

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9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS9.1 Major Conclusions

The environmental and social analysis of the LWM Project indicated that while the project would have minimum negative impact on the environment, its overall social and environmental impact would be highly positive. The project, if successfully implemented, should improve hygienic environmental conditions and water quality within and downstream of the project areas. Increase use of organic manure in agriculture and reduction in chemical fertilizer use should reduce production cost to the farmers and improve soil quality. By reducing nutrient loading of surface and groundwater resources, the project should help to improve general wellbeing and health status of local inhabitants, and reduce the epidemic zoonotic diseases within project areas. The proposed project, in general, will have a positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of the farming communities by bettering environmental quality and improving quality of water resource for the communities.

9.1.1 Selection of Project Areas

The proposed project covers two provinces, Dong Nai and Ha Tay, with high density population. The two provinces have also highest density of livestock population in the country and are facing serious environmental pollution caused by rapid development of livestock production in recent years.

The annual average temperature in Hatay province is 22.30C with large range between the coolest and warmest month 3.30C – 390C and in Dong Nai province is 270C varies between 24oC to 28.6oC. The average annual rainfall in Hatay province is 1900 mm and 1800mm to 2553mm in Dongnai province. Majority of precipitation occurs between June and October accounting for more than 60% of the annual precipitation. The demonstration sites for applying the manure management technology are Thuong Tin district, Hatay Province and Bien Hoa City, Dong Nai Province with more than 250,000 pigs and have high density of number of pig per square km2.

9.1.2 Environmental Impact Analysis and Mitigation Measures

The unknown in advance environmental impacts of the project during implementation/construction phase of the project in both and are temporal and absolutely light. There are, however, a number of unavoidable aspects of project implementation, which, if not well handled, may have potential adverse environmental impacts. The level of such impacts will depend on the success of and the manner in which proposed project specific environmental mitigation plans and programs are implemented. The temporary negative impacts are believed to be minor and include: (1) vegetation damage during lagoon, or constructed wetland development for the establishment of treatment facilities; (2) temporary land occupation at the construction sites; (3) potential soil erosion and corresponding increase in sediment load during construction; and (4) potential temporary noise, air, and water pollution. However, if the mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7 and EMP of this EA Report are successfully implemented, the degree of environmental impacts during this phase of the project will be minimal.

During operation phase, potential environmental issues that are identified in the EA report include:

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(1) Potential risk of impact on water resources (surface and groundwater) in case of percolation from the bottom of lagoons, breakage of lagoon embankments (above ground lagoons), overflow due to incidence of high intensity rainfall above lagoon capacity, etc.;

(2) Potential soil pollution through improper application of solid and liquid manure (over application or untimely application);

(3) Potential risk of explosion of biogas tanks;

(4) Potential risk of overproduction of solid and liquid manure and lack of available land or farmer willingness to apply the manure on agricultural land, forcing direct discharge of partially treated manure to surface water bodies;

(5) Potential cumulative impact from large manure treatment system such as the large volume of liquid waste, sludge and sediment on soil and water resources (eutrophication, increase in COD, coli forms, etc.), and

(6) Potential impact on plant biodiversity in project areas.

Regarding each possible adverse impact, corresponding mitigation measures are proposed in Chapter 7, and 8 (EMP). By implementing better watershed management and best management practices in livestock manure treatment, point and non-point source pollution of water resources should be reduced within and downstream of project areas. Through development of policy frameworks on livestock management and decision support tools, the results from the project demonstration site will be expanded widely throughout the country. Effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures would be a challenge to the project proponent. In order to cope with the complex environmental issues, an environmental management plan (EMP) including institutional strengthening, environmental training and environmental monitoring plan is developed. The EMP should be strictly implemented to ensure that the proposed project would have neither significant nor irreversible adverse impact on the natural environment of the project areas.

9.2 Recommendations

In order to prevent potential negative impacts of the proposed project as well as to improve project’s positive environmental impacts, it is suggested to adopt a dynamic approach to the environmental monitoring and management plan. EMP should be reviewed throughout the project cycle, and if any unforeseen environmental impacts are identified during project implementation and operation phases, appropriate changes should be made to the EMP to reflect the new findings.

9.2.1 Follow-up Program

A follow-up program is recommended to analyze the overall impacts of the project implementation and operation. Such program will be served to verify that predictions of impact put forward in the planning stages are as expected, and if not, adequate and timely corrective measures would be developed and implemented. Hence, corrective measures can be undertaken before irrevocable impacts have occurred. Information gathered from these programs is also used as input to refine future project designs.

The proposed program should incorporate the monitoring plan as presented in Chapter 8.

A number of interim reports should be prepared by the PPMO environmental officers of both provinces to ensure that findings of the EMP are incorporated in the project design and in future sub-projects and a dynamic approach to EMP is followed by the project. The main reports that should be prepared include:

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1. An interim report at the end of the pre-construction program, to provide input to the implementation phase;

2. Annual reports on the completion of implementation and construction activities;

3. Annual reports during the monitoring of project operation; and

4. Final report, summarizing impacts and successes of mitigation measures.

If significant unforeseen negative impacts are discerned at any stage, the proposed program and schedule should allow for timely re-evaluation of the EMP and provide sufficient time to implement further measures. Reports should be submitted to senior PPMO management, the World Bank, and various regional line agencies, if requested, for review and comments.

9.2.2 Public Participation

The community and public involvement process was initiated during the environmental and socio-economic surveys when livestock farmers and village communities were contacted to obtain baseline information. It is imperative that these processes should continue so that the project participants feel that they are involved in the project and that their views and concerns are being adequately considered in the project planning process. In order for the beneficiaries to participate in the project design more actively, it was suggested to develop detailed beneficial participation plans for the projects. These plans detail participating activities in each stage of project implementation and participants including small, home-based livestock farmers, large farms, NGOs and the disadvantaged groups including women and minority nationalities in the project areas. Since no specific sites and dates of participating activities are specified in these plans, it is suggested that the PPMOs develop a concrete schedule based on the prepared plan to guarantee a smooth implementation of the plan during project implementation.

In general, the majority of livestock farmers support the implementation of the project. In addition, all the cadres at grassroots units, staff of the provincial and central project offices, staff of the livestock division at provincial, governmental levels and officers of the MoNRE and MoARD, NGOs, and the environmentalists who were interviewed strongly support the implementation of the project.

9.2.3 Further Suggestions and Environmental Requirements

Project beneficiaries should strictly follow the livestock management technology and plans and provincial environmental management division should effectively supervise the implementation of the LWM plans to control/prevent contamination of water sources due to accidental overflow of lagoons or over application of manure on land. Livestock production in the project area should follow the national plans, encouraged to apply the manure treatment solutions proposed by the project, and respect the environmental laws with regard to quality of discharge. The animal numbers should be controlled based on nutrient balance planning of available number of animals and the land to be used for application of treated organic manure to prevent exceeding soil nutrient balance and to promote sustainable development of livestock industry.

Prior to finalizing project locations and starting project implementation, detailed water quality studies must be carried out to monitor and ensure that the proposed project has positive impact on surface and groundwater quality. The proposed manure treatment technology should encourage more efficient use of water resources in livestock farming operations. Project operation is believed to have the backing of local communities and provincial level authorities. It is believed that local government and communities are aware

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of negative impacts of poor livestock waste management and are willing to participate in reducing nutrient loading of water bodies, improving human and animal health status, and bettering the quality of water resources.

Prior to choosing the final location of manure management facilities, it will be necessary to review and prepare an environmental and social review of each proposed large- or medium-scale treatment facility to determine whether the proposed locations are environmentally and socially acceptable, and whether proposed corresponding pollution control measures are adequate for the size of the proposed operations. Before final environmental approval of each manure treatment facility, it is necessary for the design team to provide design reports of proposed projects, exact location, sizing and type of treatment facilities and type and the size of manure collection/transportation/storage to manage the manure to the environmental team for final approval before commencement of construction.

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10 LIST OF REFERENCES

(1) The Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, VEPA

(2) The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, 4.04, 4.09, 4.11, 4.37;

(3) Research on Guidelines and Methodology and Standards of Environmental Assessment for composting plant, 2003. Master thesis of Miss Hoang Viet Yen

(4) EIA Guidelines for Development Project, 2000.VEPA.

(5) Environmental Standards in Vietnam, 2001.

(6) Statistical yearbook of Dong Nai, 2003

(7) EIA of Hatay province, 2000

(8) AWI report, 2003

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ANNEX A: TOR FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT, LOCAL CONSULTANT

The consultant will prepare a study that identifies the baseline environmental situation; evaluates the project’s potential environmental impacts in its area of influence; examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning, design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation.

For the preparation of EA, the national consultants are strongly encouraged to obtain detailed information from the following World Bank documents: Operational Policies OP 4.01, Bank Procedures BP 4.01, and the requirements stipulated in environmental regulations in respective countries. The Bank’s other safeguard requirements (Operational Policy/Bank Procedure OP/BP) that might be triggered under this project are: OP/BP 4.04-Natural habitats, OP/BP 4.12 - Involuntary resettlement, OD 4.20 Indigenous People, and Information Disclosure Policy.

Local consultants must ensure that EA preparation work should also take into account procedures established by environmental authorities in respective countries.

The following EA documents should be prepared: EA for the entire project; and EA for each component, including the EMP.

The EA for the overall project will be prepared by a international environmental consultant to be contracted by FAO. The EA for the overall project will include all demonstration components, with inputs provided by the local consultants. Local consultants will be responsible for the EAs will be required for specific demonstration components in respective countries. Depending on the kind of demonstration component schemes identified, water quality monitoring may be required in the cause of EA preparation. Each EA will be reviewed and commented on by the international consultant as part of the internal review process.

According to Bank’s requirement of public consultation and information disclosure policy, the local EA consultants should conduct consultation with local interested groups, specially the project affected people and NGOs, at least two times in accordance with OP 4.01. EA should be made available locally and through the Bank’s Public Information Center for review by interested parties.

The EA report will be prepared to include the following items:

1. Executive summary

Concisely discusses significant findings and recommended actions.

2. Policy, legal, administrative framework

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Discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework, scope and standards of EA, EA participants and organization.

3. Description of the proposed project

Concisely describes the proposed project components, and its geographic, ecologic, and temporal context, including any offsite investments that may be required. Indicates the need for any resettlement plan. Includes a map showing the project site and the project’s area of influence.

4. Environmental setting of the proposed project

Describes the physical, biological and socio-cultural environment, areas of special designation.

5. Environmental impacts of the proposed project

Predicts and assesses the project’s likely positive and negative impacts during the construction as well as the operational phases, identifies mitigation measures and any residual negative impacts that cannot be mitigated, explores opportunities for environmental enhancement, identifies key data gaps and uncertainties, and specifies topics that require further attention.

6. Analysis of alternatives

Systematically compares feasible alternatives (including the “without project” situation) in terms of their potential environmental impacts, the feasibility of mitigating these impacts, their capital and recurrent costs, their suitability under the local conditions, and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantifies the environmental impacts to the extent possible and attaches economic values, where feasible.

7. Environmental management plan (EMP)

Includes mitigation and monitoring plans, plans for capacity development and training, implementation schedule and cost estimates. The mitigation plan identifies and summarizes anticipated significant adverse environmental impacts; describes each mitigation measure and associated impacts, designs, and equipment requirements; estimates any potential environmental impacts of these measures; and provides linkages with other mitigation plans required for the project. The monitoring plan provides a specific description and technical details of monitoring measures, including the parameters to be measured, methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate); and monitoring and reporting procedures.

8. Public Consultation/Participation

A free standing chapter describing public consultation/participation in the preparation of the EA.

An initiation report including detailed methodology and work plan is expected by March 5, 2004. A draft report is expected by April 31, 2004. The consultant submit the report in the manner requested by the FAO. The consultant is expected to fully complete the reporting

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and documentation requirements by August 31, 2004, the consultant revised made English and Vietnamese version available by August 15, 2005.

9. Appendixes

a. List of contributors to EA report –individuals and organizations;

b. References – written materials used in EA preparation both, published and unpublished;

c. Records of interagency and consultation meetings, including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (such as surveys) that were used to obtain the views of affected groups and local NGOs.

d. Tables presenting the relevant data referred or summarized in the main text of the EA.

e. List of associated reports (such as resettlement plans if prepared).

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ANNEX B: LIST OF THE EA TEAM

Name Organisation Position Time

1 Dr. Ngo Kim Chi CTC Team leaderEMP elaborationProject site descriptionPublic consultancyProject description

7 months

2 Master. Hoang Viet Yen Hanoi Environmental Co.

Mitigation SolutionLegal and Policy aspect

5 months

3 Eng. Do Huu Kien CTC Information about project site

3 months

4 Master. Le Van Anh CTC Analyse the impact, alternative solution

3 months

5 Eng. Pham Tien Dat CTC Information on project site

2 months

6 Eng. Nguyen Phuong Loan CTC Analytical work, standard, water quality

2 months

7 Eng. Trinh Hai Tuan CTC Collection of the data, pubic disclisure

2 months

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ANNEX C: SAFEGUARD ISSUES

VIETNAM: LIVESTOCK WASTE MANAGEMENT

D. Summary of Environmental Impacts and Environment Management Plans

1. Background

The GEF Vietnam with support of FAO and WB and guidance from independent international and national consulting specialists, carried out the consolidated Environmental Assessment (EA) of the proposed LWMP Project in accordance with Vietnam Regulation and procedures. The TORs and various draft versions EAs were reviewed and discussed in detail during project preparation with the international EA team and national one. The draft English version EA documents were submitted to the NSC in mid Agust 2004 and will be reviewed during appraisal mission in December 2004. The revised EA report, EA Summary and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) were submitted to the International EA experts on 19 August, 2004 and found to be satisfactory. The EA documentation was sent to the NSC in 1st September, 2004. During the EA preparation, local people were consulted at 03 time in the Hatay province and twice in Dong Nai Province, and their opinions have been reflected in the project design and environmental mitigation measures as appropriate.

2. Brief Project Description

The LWMP includes the following components for which EAs have been completed:

PC1 LWM Technology demonstration

PC2: Policy development

PC3: Project management, monitoring and evaluation

3. Baseline Environmental Conditions (see chapter 4 for information of Dongnai and Hatay province)

4. Alternative Analysis

Alternatives were considered during the preparation of the feasibility studies, with the objective of minimizing the environmental impacts of each component. See chapter 6, 7.

5. Environmental Benefit

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The project will bring positive environmental impacts. This project has been designed to induce adverse extensive development of pig production. The present environmental problems are serious and the sanitary improvement is necessary for current needs and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become even more critical.

The biogas digester and its wastewater will be collected and treated from 5 communes of Thuong Tin district to remove pollutants, expressed as CODCr, BOD5, NH3-N, and TP, which will improve the quality of the receiving surface waters in the Nhue River. On the other hand, the solid manure will be properly fermented and apply for the land or fish pond application. The same positive results when the project will be carried out in Bien Hoa City, Dongnai province.

6. Potential Environmental Impacts/risks and Mitigation Measures

Construction phase. The project components of LWMP will potentially cause short-term impacts, such as dust, noise, traffic conjunction and soil erosion. However, those impacts are relatively minor and a series of mitigation measures have been planned to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. Details of mitigation measures and the monitoring program that mitigation measures are to ensure effective implementation and responsibilities are provided in the EA and the EMP. The PPMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the PIUs, in addition to its own direct monitoring activities. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively carried out, “mitigation monitoring” procedures have been established and the organizations to be responsible for this monitoring have been designated.

Operation phase. Some longer-term environmental impacts/issues, which may be appeared, have been identified, such as noise from air blower or sludge generated from WWTP. However, many of the concerns have been addressed in the course of the design of the facilities. According to the design, the sludge generated in the WWTP will be digested, or transported to landfill or land application.

Details of mitigation measures, their location, time frame and the responsible agencies for their implementation and supervision have been provided in the EMP. The EMP covers such areas as surface and ground water management.

7. Environmental Management Plan

An EMP will be established in the PMO/PPMO to implement the EMP, and will be staffed with at least one part time environmental officer in each demonstration sites. PMO/PPMO staff will be trained on environmental regulations, their application, environmental management, pollution control, mitigation measures, monitoring, progress reporting. An environmental specialist from the supervision consultant team will ensure that construction is done in an environmentally sound manner.

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The two project province strong commitment to the EA was demonstrated by the careful adherence to advice provided by the consultants and Bank and FAO missions during the preparation of the EA and its approval. The environmental management structure is shown below.

Environmental Management Units

Names Responsibilities Remarks

Acredit consultant or lab and local EMS

Designing and environmental management in the construction period

An environmental specialist for execution of management and monitoring plans

The Environmental Management staff of PMO/PPMOs

Execution and management of environmental protection measures in the construction period

An environmental specialist to assist environmental experts of the project office

Supervision. Environmental aspects will be supervised four time a year during the implementation period. Quarterly project progress reports furnished by the PPMO will include environmental monitoring reports, as per the formats in the EMP.

Supervision of DoNRE and PMO/PPMOs

Names Responsibilities

DoNRE

1. Supervision of execution of environmental laws, regulations and management, etc.2. Coordination of environmental management among various department;3. Check and approval of environmental monitoring report;4. Final environmental acceptance of construction project

PMO/PPMO 1. Assistance the provincial bureau supervision work;2. Check and approval of environmental monitoring report;

Equipment and Training Requirements. In order to ensure the implementation of measures, management and monitoring plans described above, environmental protection training is important for the better knowledge of environmental impact and timely response to accidents. The training program covers: environmental laws and regulations, environmental standards, project-related environmental science, attention-getting problems of and control measures, environmental management, etc.

The capital budgets prepared for EMP component projects include an allowance for necessary laboratory sampling tools. An allowance for testing and environmental monitoring costs to be incurred by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project.

Funding Arrangements and Schedule of Implementation. A budget plan and 5-year implementation schedule are a part of the EMP. The costs of mitigating the impacts from construction will be covered in the costs of facilities. Environmental monitoring (air

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quality, water quality, noise, worker health, site safety/hygiene) would be carried out by the PPMO-arranged expert, and financed within TA.

References to the Mitigation Plans in the Project Legal Agreement. As the negative environmental impacts during construction are minor, no special legal covenants or conditionalities are envisaged, except for the standard conditionality on implementing the EMP.

Monitoring. A detailed list of environmental performance indicators such as air quality, water quality, noise level, together with where/when to be monitored, and the agencies responsible for their monitoring are listed in the EMP. The PMO/PPMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigation measures of all the identified agencies. The agencies responsible for environmental monitoring are:

Name Responsibilities

PPMO/Expert/Lab/EMS Designing monitoring and environmental management in the construction period

The Environmental ExpertExecution and management of environmental protection measures in the construction period

Consultant/Lab Environmental monitoring during construction and operation

8. Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public Consultation. There have been many meetings during the project preparation phase of LWMP with local communes to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred at least four times and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and community and full support of the project and the EA process.

The many meetings with public officials in the 02 provinces showed that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public and help the commune to reduce the bad impact of the livestock manure.

Information Disclosure. Public announcements about the project and EA report on local network, as well as in the library of MONDRE, DONRE and districts with the copies available. These announcements informed the public of the address of the two provincial DONRE and districts where the EA were inspected and commented on and made availables for the public in case they may need. They also provide contact telephone numbers where information can be obtained.

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Below are the summary tables of public consultation activities.

Substance By whom and with whom

When Where What World Bank Requirements

Interview during field social economic survey and first public meetings

Local residents, village committees, Component EA team, officers of DoNRE

April to August, 2004

Hatay province, Thuong Tin district 5 communes

Environmental policies awareness, collection of information from local government agencies

OP 4.01, OP 4.12

EA TOR consultation

EA team, local residents End February-August, September, 2004

Hanoi, Hatay, Dong nai

Distribution of questionnaires (80 copies) and key EA points

OP4.01: consultation during TOR stage (their work done before OP requirement)

EA consultation EA team, local residents and enterprises to be affected

February- October, 2004

Hanoi, Hatay, Dong nai

Distribution of questionnaires (80 copies) and feedback concerns of public to environment issues

OP4.01: further consultation with PAPs and NGOs prior to finalization of draft report

Final EA consultation

Local residents living along the river bank, resident living on Yangmei Islet, HEPRI (consolidated EA) team, Zhuzhou-UDIC

Mid July, 2004 Hanoi, Hatay, Dong nai

Visiting and discussion with people involved to further solicit comments and suggestions; Distribution of project information and draft EA in second public meetings

OP4.01: further consultation with PAPs and NGOs prior to finalization of draft report

Final EA International expert and NSC, DoNRE

Jul-Aug 2004May, 2005

Project areas Soliciting comments, suggestions

OP 4.12

LWMP Disclosure of Information

Project site Phase 1 Mailing WB Policy

LWM

People committee of Hatay province, PPC of Thuong tin and 5 communes in Thuong tin district

2004.7.31

2005.30.4

Mailing and requirement for response

BP17.50

People committee of Dong Nai province, PPC of Bien Hoa City and 5 communes in Bien Hoa City


Agencies in line with Environment and Animal husbandry, Rural development, local districts


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List of the Agencies to be contacted for information of EA report

Person to contact Organization Time1 Mr. Pham The Bao

Dr. Nguyen Xuan NguyenNational Steering Committee for safe water supply and sanitation

February to August, 2004

2 Mr. Pham Van TinhMr. Le Xuan Sanh

Institute for Animal Husbandry

3 Dr. Le Hoang LanMaster. Nguyen Thi Nhan

Environmental Protection Agency

February to August, 2004

4 Mr. Hoang Dai TuanDr. Pham Hong Hai

Vietnam Academy for Science and Technology

June 2004

5 Dr. Le Van CatDr. Nguyen Mai Phuong

Institute of chemistry- Vietnam Academy for Science and Technology

June, 2004

6 Master. Nguyen KhanhMr. Nguyen Van DucMr. Nguyen Van Thu

DoNRE of Hatay February to August, 2004

7 Mr. Nguyen Van HonMr. Nguyen Van HungMs. Nguyen Thi Thuy

DoNRD of Dong Nai February to August, 2004

8 Mr. Nguyen Van Quang Dong Nai EMS July, 20049 Mr. Nguyen Quang Huy Ex Director of Hanoi

Composting PlantFebruary to August, 2004

10 Dr. Nguyen Anh Tuan Instute of Epidemiology February to August, 2004

11 Dr. Nguyen Van Chin DoNRE of Thai Binh province May, 200412 Dr. Dang Kim Chi Institute of Environmental

Science and TechnologyJune, 2004

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ANNEX D: PUBLIC HEALTH AND ANIMAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT

I. GENERAL SURVEY The factors that affect public and animal health consist of Hygiene condition in livestock farms, Vaccination, Livestock waste management. The most important diseases relative to livestock waste:

- Zoonosis- Food transmitable diseases- Pathogens eliminate to manure, urine - Risks( pathogens) transmit to animal and human by water, land, and feed.

Table 1. Pathogens relative to livestock wastewaterpathogen type eliminable transmitable causese of

foodborn animal humanE.coli microbe manure,

wastewater, food + + +

Sal microbe manure, waste

water, food + + +

Lep microbe manure, waste

water, food - + +

Hogcholerae Virus manure, waste

water, food - + -

A.suum parasite manure, waste

water, food - + +

inter parasite parasite manure, waste

skin,mucous - + +

C.parium coccidia manure, waste

water, food - + +

2. Animal feed and antibiotic using in livestock farms

2.1.Animal feedMost of exotic pigs are fed with commercial mixed feed, other pigs of local breed are fed with what the farmers have or buy. The ration for pigs of local breeds comprises of 55.5% of agricultural products (rice bran, wheat bran, corn, cassava), 42% of green materials (vegetables of various species, duck weed or banana trunk) and 2.5% of commercial mixed feed. The duck weed has 7 % dry matter and 4.8% nitrogen of dry matter. The level of copper in pig ration is of 150-250 ppm and zinc is of 80-120 ppm. FCR is 2.9 - 3 for pigs of exotic breeds and 3.4 for crosses.

90% of feed samples contaminated E. coli at 102-103 CFU/g (Nguyen Van Thuong, 2000). Prevalence of Salmonella contamination in feed ingredients used by farms in HCMC and surounding provinces was also high, about 52-100% samples of fish meal and bone mealA examination of 80 mixed feed samples ( 50 samples were produced domestically and 30 samples were imported or were produced by cooparation with foreign company ), 50 fish meal samples, 50 bone meal samples (Tran Thi Hanh, 1997).The results showed that: 90% of mixed feed samples in country were contaminated E.coli, level of contamination 10 2 – 103

cfu/g. While imported mixed samples were only contaminated 24%, level of contamination 40 cfu/g.To fish meal is 94%, level of contamination 2.34.102 cfu/g and bone meal is 86%, level of contamination 102 cfu/g. 96% of mixed feed samples in country contaminate Samonella, level of contamination 1.525.102 cfu/g. But imported mixed samples contaminate 46.7% with level of contamination 102 cfu/g. Special, 80 – 82% fish meal and bone meal were contaminated Salmonella with level of contamination 1.94.102 cfu/g and 1.30.102 cfu/g. 100% of fish meal and bone meal were contaminated C. prefringens, from 1.24.104 cfu/g to 3.102.104 cfu/g. 100% of domestic mixed feed samples were contaminated C.perfringens, level of contamination 1.12.104 cfu/g and 76% of imported mixed feed samples was contaminated with level = or < 102 cfu/g.

The National center for veterinary hygiene inspection II examined 127 mixed feed samples in Southern of Vietnam. The results showed that: Only 27.5% samples were contaminated E. coli, level of contamination > 1.10 2 cfu/g. 37.79% of

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samples were contaminated fungus with lever 4.28.102 cfu/g. Among 127 samples, only 3( 2.36%) samples contaminate Furazolidon ( Furazolidon was not used in domestication) with level of contamination 0.2 ppb.(Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly)

Table 2: Contaminated aflatoxin of poultry’s feed and argicultural products in Northern provinces (Dau Ngọc Hào, 1992).

Argicultural products and mixed

feed

Amount of samples

Rate of contamination

(%)

Sample have aflatoxin content (ppb)

10 – 50 50 – 100 100 - 250

Corn and corn meal 10 70 6 1 0Feed of layer 12 100 7 2 3

Feed ofcockerel and chick 12 74.7 6 0 3

Fish meal 3 0 0 0 0Bone meal 4 0 0 0 0

Rice 1 0 0 0 0

Table 3: Contaminated aflatoxin of argicultural products in Southern provinces (Le Van To and Tran Van An, 1994).

Argicultural products

Average aflatoxin content (ppb)

Argicultural products

Average aflatoxin content (ppb)

millcake of peanut 1140 Ground-nut oil 05Mixed feed 105 Soy-bean 25

Corn 225 millcake of soy bean 10

millcake of coconut 55 White rice 5Rice bran 30 Bran 20Fish meal 35 Cashew-nut 15

millcake of sesame 10 Wheat flour 5

Most of agricultural products in South and North of Vietnam contain aflatoxin, especially corn and millcake of peanut .Mixed feed for poultry and domestic animal also have high contamination of aflatoxin. Because they were mixed by contaminated ingredients of aflatoxin.Aflatoxin of those products in the rainy seasons is higher than in the dry seasons.

Table 4: Contaminated aflatoxin of corn and millcake of peanut following weather (Tran Van An and et all , 1997)

Amount of sample Aflatoxin content (ppb)Average Maximum

The rainymillcake of peanut

Corn1718

1520240

5000750

The drymillcake of peanut

Corn1813

525120

1660450

The contamination of bacteria and fungus in poultry and domestic animal feed were

reduced year by year.However, compare with standard of Germany, France and Hungary,

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they’re still quite high. So that managers and producers should have suitable process to produce safer mixed feed.

Commercial mixed feed samples which were produced in large companies were contaminated less than in small ones.The microbiology contamination rate (fungi and microorganism) of samples are different seasonally.2.2.Use antibiotic in animal feedIn some mixed feed for different stages of production, which were produced by one private feed mill, tylosin was added at level of 110 mg/ton of feed, colistin 88 mg/ton, CTC 400 mg/ton and sulfamethazone 120-220 mg/ton. Two or three antibiotics were used together. Olaquindox is still used at 50 ppm by some farms.

A survey on antibiotic use of swine farms of different herd size in HCMC indicated the antibiotic use was mainly based on clinical signs and experience of breeders (64% of the sample) and on recommendation of drug factories (39%). The common antibiotics that were used are enrofloxacine, flumequin (quinolone), tylosin and colistin.

In 2001-2002 a survey on antibiotic use in small-scale swine farms of Tien Giang province indicated 74% farms used tetracycline and 12% used colistin. The percentage of E. coli strains resistant to tetracycline was 85% and to colistin was 26%.

Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al studied on use of antibiotic from 01/12/2003 to 31/01/2004 at 19 broiler farms, 17 swine farms, and 15 dairy cattle farms. the results showed that: at the broiler farms: There are 5 antibiotic usually used such as encrofloxacine (84.20%), tylosin (45.36%), colistin (47.36%), flumequin (42.10%), and spiramycin (42.10%). There are 6 antibiotics used widely at swine farms: penicillin (58.82%), oxytetracycylin (58.82%), tiamuline (58.82%), streptomycine (52.94%), gentamycin (52.94%), and tylosin (58.82%). In the dairy cattle farms, the only antibiotic was used highly is oxytetracyclin (86%).The survey also showed that, the use of antibiotic of farms based on clinical sighs and experiences of farmers .

Ban of antibiotic use in animal production was issued by MOET in 2002, including ban of chlroramphenicol, furazolidon and some derivatives of nitrofuran, demetridazole, metronidazole and dipterex. Now quinolone is also ban.

3.The quality water for animal

Table 5 . Distant from livestock house to water source Water distant (m)

< 5 5 20 > 20From livestock

house towell (%) 29,74 52,58 17,68river (%) 24,42 15,34 60,29

From place of waste

treatement

well (%) 14,11 58,80 27,09river (%) 13,95 20,59 65,46

Source: Agriculture and rural development Department

A study of Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al in 314 livestock farms of 12 provinces and towns of Eastsouthern and Westsouthern Viet Nam , 2002. The results indicated that more than 72% ( 267/314) of livestock farms use underground water , 21.9 % ( 69/314) use river water .The well water were contaminated micoorganis, COD more and more yearly . In 1999, 62 well water samples were examined , 9.67% ( 6/62) of samples were contaminated Ecoli, Streptoccocus feacalis. In 2002, testing 102 water samples in Tien Giang, Vung Tau, Dong Nai, Long An, the results show that 17.6% ( 18/102) of samples were contaminated coliform 12.7% ( 13/102).

Quality of underground water in the country is accepted unless some signs of pollution in underground water of Ha Noi, HCMC and Mekong basin due to overexploiting (MONRE, 2003) or due to near animal house.

Monitoring from Institute of Epidemiology in Highland region during 1999-2003 showed some contamination of surface water and underground water in 4 provinces of highland region. Regarding to chemical contamination, 44.87% of samples (669/1491) did not meet standards, in which 50.3% of digged underground water samples was contaminated, 28.5% of deep well water, and 50.9% of surface water. In term of microorganism, 66.9% of samples (816/1218) showed the contamination, in which 85.3% of surface water was contaminated.

In AWI project (2003) supported by FAO, quality of ground water from some pig farms in HCMC and surrounding provinces were tested. The results showed that no samples satisfied the standard for ground water COD (TCVN 5944:1995). Five out of eight samples in dry season and six out of eight samples in rainy season had numbers of coliforms in excess of the standards. Samples collected from the same wells in rainy season showed more contamination than in dry season.

138

Animal feed and drink are contaminated so that they often use antibiotic for animal . That’s the cause of pathogen resistant and residuced antibiotic in animal products( meat, milk and egg)

4. Contaminated meatAccording to the science report of Regional Animal Health Center in HCMC, 1999, indicator microorganism contaminated on fresh meat after being slaughter was very high. In 69 examnined samples at slaughterhouse in 12 provinces (Ninh Thuan, Binh Thuan, lam Dong, Dong nai, Binh Duong, Binh Phuoc, Vung tau, HCMC, Tien Giang, Long An, Ben Tre) showed the samples had enough safety and hygiene standard of food on Total aerobic only 42% and E.coli, S.aureus 25%.

A survey of Do Cam Dung, 2000, indicated 60/60 fresh meat samples examnied k at some market stands in HCMC did not come up to standard for food hygiene and food safety in which the samples contaminated TPC 100%, E.coli 98.33%, S.aureus 53.33%, C.perfringens 41%, B.cereus 21.66% and 10/24 samples accumulated antibiotic (Chloramphenicol, Sufamethazol) excessed Maximum Residue Limit.

According to Truong Thi Kim Chau, 2003, among 78 fresh meat samples took at slaughterhouse showed only 7/78 samples came up to safety and hygiene standard for food, in which on TPC 73/78 (93.59%), E.coli 68/78 (10.26%), S.aureus 73/78 (93.59%), salmonella 55/78 (70.51%). C.perfringens (92.31%).

Survival and resistant of some pathogens in waste

Samples taken from some stable waste water in Tien Giang, HCM city pig farms indicated 105 – 107 E.coli/ml; Salmonella posity 100% of samples, Ascaris suvum >90%, Trichocephalus is more than 95%, Fasiolosis buski 87.2%.

In 2003, testing 18 waste samples from pig farms in Tien Giang , Dong Thap,

Table 6. The result of testing waste samples in pig farms

Pathogens Module Biogas (n=9) Compost (n=3)

Fish ponds (n=6)Solid (3) Liquid (6)

E.coli

Coliform

Salmonella (%)

Parasite ova

A. suum

F. buski

MPN/100ml

MPN/100ml

Post/50ml

%posity

eggs/100ml

eggs/100ml

1.8 x 104

ND

33.3

66.0

75.0

ND

4.5 x 106

8.2 x 106

66.6

33.3

30

ND

2 x 102

6.5 x 104

ND

ND

ND

ND

6.5 x 10

5 x 106

83.3

33.3

50.0

ND

Nguyen Thi Hoa Ly and et al studies about the time survival of some microorganism and parasite ova. The result showed in the table.

Table 7 : the time survival of some pathogen types in the waste (day)

Pathogens Ponds Biogas Compost

E.coli

Samonella

Leptospira

A. suum

Trichocephalus

20 – 46

16 – 29

16 – 25

32 – 66

20 – 36

10 – 15

5 – 16

-

30 – 42

12 – 15

12 – 15

7 – 10

-

22 – 53

12 -16

139

Studies of Lam Thi Thu Huong feaces and intestinal contents of 408 pigs in 3 farms and slaughterhouses showed that cryptosporidium parvum was representing average 18.4%. Pathogen cans transmite from ruminant to human.

Samples taken from some stable waste water in residential areas indicated 105-106

CFU E. coli/ ml, 102-103 CFU Salmonella/ml (Nguyen Van Thuong, 2000).Samples from solid biogas tanks in some wine farms of My Van district (Hung Yen province) and Dan Phuong district (Ha Tay province) showed the presence of eggs of Ascaris suum, Trichocephalus suis and Fasciolopsis buski. After waste treatment, the eclosion rate of the eggs was still high, A. suum 64%, T. suis 66% and F. buski 54%.

In the AWI project (2003) samples of surface water were collected from various sites of effluent and streams in HCMC and surrounding provinces. The effluent from biogas showed some contamination of E. coli, Salmonella and parasite egg. The problems were similar in water of upstream and downstream.

As testing compost samples at farms having accepted procedures (at least two-week incubation) , the results showed better treatment of microorganisms compared to biogas process. However, coliforms were still found in high numbers in most samples, and E . coli were detected in one sample (out of seven) in dry season and five (out of seven) in rainy season. It seems that high temperature and low humidity of dry season help the sterilization in composting process to take place more effectively. The results showed higher dry matters and lower numbers of microbes of dry-season samples.

6. Public health In the report of Ministry of Health in 2 years 2000 – 2001 Viet Nam break out many food-borne cases, total number was 2,012,120 victim diseases, with 65 dead. The diseases were vibriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis and coccidiosis.

At the workshop on environment protection and sustainable development of Vietnam held in October of 2003, one report indicated the cost of 400 billions VND for treatment of 6 millions cases infected by water-born diseases during 4 years (Youth Newspaper, 29/10/2003).

1997 – 2000: occurence 1.391 recorded cases of food poisoning in which more than 25.000 people were poisoned and of which 217 persons were died . Besides, the cases of food-borne infection were 4,2 million and of which 213 died. The causing disease were vibriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, diarrhoea (Thanh Binh, International newspaper, No. 16, 19-25/04/2001)

In the report of Ministry of Health, the cases of food poisoning were 19 in 10 provinces and cities in the country for 6 months at the beginning of 2002 with 402 people be poisoned, luckily nobody died. The causes were bacterial contaminated food (31.5%), non detection (10.5%), protective vegetable drug residue (57.9%). Comparison to 2001, there were 30 cases of food poisoning in which 962 poisoned and four died (Tien Phong newspaper, No.128, 27/6/2002).Occurence 2700 people were poisoned by food in 2003 and of which 28 died from the beginning of the year to October, 2003. (http://www.rfa/service/article.htmt).

2.6. Animal diseases

Total of 708 ducks of varying ages including 406 field migrating ducks and 302 ducks raised in household garden in Thot Not dist Can Tho province found that prevalence of infestation was 74.43%. The prevalence of trematodes was 60.02%, of the cestodes 61.01% and of the nematodes 40.96%.

Le Van Tao, 2002 investgating 276 thousands of poultry in Thanh Hoa province found that: the mortality from all diseases was 17.9% in total flocks. Among them the one from Pasterellosis was 5.9%. Hoang Manh Tam, 2002, studies comprised 537 blood pig samples found that 14.71% (Dong Nai province) of pigs were infected by 15 senovars leptospira. A total of 106 E.coli strains isolated from diarrhoea of suckling pigs in Northern provinces of Vietnam, the result showed that there was tendency of high level of antibiotic resistance to some common antibiotics as Amoxillin 76.42%, Chlorampenicol 79.25%, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazol 80.19% streptomycine 88.68% and tetracycline 97.17% (Do Ngoc Thuy 2002).

Table 8. Occurance (%) of some diseases in the cases of animal. In 2001

Disease Red River Southeast Mekong delta Average

140

http://www.rfa/service/article.htmt

Pig.

Hogcholera

pasterellera

salmonellosis

lepto

internal parasite

9.2

17

15.6

5.6

9.9

7.4

12.9

16.6

1.8

11.1

8.8

13.2

15.9

0.8

13.1

9.4

16.5

15.6

4.1

13.1Source: IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001

II. THE RESULTS OF SURVEY IN THUONG TIN – HA TAY2.1 Animal diseases in Thuong Tin Ha Tay livestock production in family farms, small size, scattered farms and when animal disease breakout, the farmers dont want to informate Subdepatement and Goverment about that because the reparative policy for sick animals disatisfatory so that they often treate themselft or sale off. The date of subDepartement animal health is not really( lower than on fact).

Table 9. The infected rate of pig in Thuong Tin and 5 villages diseases Red delta

*Ha Tay** Thuong Tin***cases (%) cases (%)

Hogcholera 9,2 88 000 8,2 2450 2,6pasterellera 17,0 16 8000 14,0 1955 2,1salmonellosis 15,6 144 000 12,5 872 0,95E.coli - 121 000 11,0 3197 3,5leptospirosis 5,6 39 000 3,6 2937 3,2internal parasite

9,9 130 000 12,5 9363 10,2

A.suum - 165 000 15,1 11475 12,5source: * IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001

** report of RAH in Ha Noi *** report of SDAH Ha Tay

Table 10. The vaccination rate and infected rate of pig diseases diseases Vaccinatio

n rate (%)Infected

rate(%)

mortality (%)

The cost treatment

Time(day) Cost(1000vnd)

Hogcholera 85 2,6 70- 90 diet 200 - 500Pasterellosis 82 2,1 2 -5 3 -5 30 - 80salmonellosis 65 0,95 7 - 30 5 -10 40 -60

E.coli - 3,5 8 - 13 3 -5 20 -50leptospirosis 13,2 3,2 < 1 - 100 -200

internal parasite

- 10,2 - 5 -7 5 -7

A.suum One/ 4 months

12,5 - - 2 -3

2.2 Public health in Ha Tay – Thuong tin

Table 11: The number of infected people cases was discovered2002 2003 5 months of 2004

141

Diseases Ha tay TT dist Ha Tay TT district

Ha Tay TT district

Poinsoning food 174 73 213 7 41 1E.coli 63 49 136 12 0,00 5

Salmonella 10 5 47 0,00 23 0,00Source: Center of Venerology, Center of Preventive Medicine, Center of Eyes, Center of Protective Mother and Children province.In the reports of villages: food born diseases rate < 1% total population, cause of E.coli 12%, salmonella > 90% , gynaecology diseases 46,5 –47%, and interparasite 30 –33,2%III. THE RESULTS OF SURVEY IN BIEÂN HOØA – ÑOÀNG NAI 3.1 Animal diseases rate in Dong Nai Table 12. Animal disease rate in Bien Hoa district – Dong Nai Province

Disease Mekong region*

Dong Nai** Bien Hoa***cases (%) cases (%)

Hogcholera 8.8 - 6,3 1014 5,5Pasterellera 13.2 9,7 1404 10,5salmonellosis 15.9 14,2 2215 11,2E.coli - 15,7 2106 13,5leptospirosis 0.8 4,8 421 2,7Internal parasite 13.1 15,0 1170 7,5A.suum - 10,5 1576 10,1

Source * IFPRI, ASPS-Danida and ICARD, 2001** reports of RAHC in .HCM city*** Report of SDAH Dong Nai

Table 13. The vaccination rate, effected rate of pig in Bien Hoa – Dong Naidisease Vaccination

rate (%)Effected rate (%)

mortaity (%) The cost for treatement

Time (day) cost (1000vnd)

Hogcholera 85 2,6 70- 90 dieät 200 - 500Pasterellosis 82 2,1 2 -5 3 -5 30 - 80

salmonellosis 65 0,95 7 - 30 5 -10 40 -60E.coli - 3,5 8 - 13 3 -5 20 -50

leptospirosis 13,2 3,2 < 1 - 100 -200internal parasite

- 10,2 - 5 -7 5 -7

A.suum One/4 months

12,5 - - 2 -3

Source : report of SDAH Dong Nai 3.2. Public Health

In the report of Dong Nai Departerment Public Health, in 2002, there were 10 cases of food poisoning with 641 patients and one person was died .The cause of microorganisms 5 cases with 212 patients .2 cases with 54 patients (included 1 death). food poisoning, 1 cases with 17 patients. food colouring toxins, 1 cases with 7 patients. Others causes, 1 cases with 351 patients. In the year 2003: there was 1 cases that happened in Tan Phu distrist with 5 patients, one person was died . The cause is globalfish’s toxin. In the year 2004, in Bien Hoa city there were one case cause of bacterium’s toxin with 10 patients. Effected rate of E.coli 12%, do salmonella > 60%

Table 14.The number of infected people cases was discovered in Dong Nai province

142

Diseases 2002 2003 2004 (04/2004)Bien Hoa Dong Nai Bien Hoa Dong Nai Bien Hoa Dong Nai

DiarrhoeaShigella

amip shigSalmonellosis

SyphilisGonorrhea

Other diseases

1876121544---

206175461567616168

17449

14371235---

11818280562526147

10404

357103---

270583215---

Sourse: Health Department of Dong Nai provinceIV. Mitigation mesuares of livestock waste to public and aninal health

- Organizing the training course for the farmers and local extension officers on the dose of using antibiotic, water protection and bio safety.

- Supply full information on animal epidemic and related deseases- Organise to database concerns to the public and animal health and water

pollution situation.- Use available technologies for waste treatment to mitigate the waste as such

reed woods, hyachin.- Applying manure management technology: biogas, anaerobic, aerobic

treatment, lagon, composting…. Introduced that the aerobic process can treat the pathogen germs better than anaerobic process.

References for annex D:1. Association of soil scienece, 2000. Vietnam soil. Agriculture publisher, Ha Noi.Bo Tai Nguyen Moi Truong, 2003. Hien trang moi truong Vietnam (MONRE, 2003. Current environment in Vietnam).

2.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua trung tam thu y vung TP. HCM ( Reports of Regional Animal health 2002, 2003 )3.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua trung tam thu y vung Hanoi ( Reports of Regional Animal health 2002, 2003 )4.Bao cao nam 2002. 2003 cua phòng dịch tễ Cục Thú y ( Reports of Departement of Animal health 2002, 2003 )5.Bao cao hàng tháng cua chi cục Thú y tỉnh Dong Nai, Tien Giang ( monthly reports of subdepartement of Animal health in Dong nai, Tien Giang )6. Bui Van Chinh, Le Viet Ly, Nguyen Huu Tao and Nguyen Giang Phuc, 2002. Biogas technology transfer in small scale farms in northern provinces of Vietnam. International workshop on Recent developments in recycling of livestock wastes through biodigesters and water plants (Eds. T.R. Preston and R. Sansoucy), University of Agriculture and Forestry, HCMC, pp 12-15.

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