Question 1 1 pts The germ theory of disease states that Microbes can be and sometimes are the cause of disease Diseases are caused because people did something to deserve it Microbes are always the cause of disease Microbes cannot be the cause of disease Disease is caused by breathing in bad air or running into spirits Flag this Question Question 2 1 pts Out of the following which structure would a vegetative prokaryotic cell use to attach to a surface? Fimbriae Cilia Endospore
Transcript
Question 1
1 pts
The germ theory of disease states that
Microbes can be and sometimes are the cause of disease
Diseases are caused because people did something to deserve it
Microbes are always the cause of disease
Microbes cannot be the cause of disease
Disease is caused by breathing in bad air or running into spirits
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Question 2
1 pts
Out of the following which structure would a vegetative prokaryotic cell use to attach to a surface?
Fimbriae
Cilia
Endospore
Pili
Flagella
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Question 3
1 pts
What is the term used to describe a microbe's movement in response to light in the environment?
Chemotaxis
Osmosis
Diffusion
Phototaxis
Transport
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Question 4
1 pts
What do endospores allow bacteria to do?
protect the chromosome during harsh/unfavorable conditions
transfer genetic material from one cell to another
reproduce during poor conditions
reproduce during ideal conditions
help a cell attach to something in its environment
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Question 5
1 pts
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic membranes but not typically found in prokaryotic membranes?
sterols
phospholipids
peptidoglycan
sugar
proteins
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Question 6
1 pts
Which two types of organisms are prokaryotes?
bacteria and archaea
archaea and viruses
archaea and yeasts
bacteria and viruses
bacteria and yeasts
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Question 7
1 pts
Which type of cell has teichoic acid in it?
Gram positive
Gram negative
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Question 8
1 pts
A bacterium has genes that allow it to make a pigment (color) that is helpful but not necessary to survive. Where will these genes most likely be found?
a plasmid
the chromosome
in the cytoskeleton
a bacterium would not carry genes it does not need to survive
in a ribosome
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Question 9
0.5 pts
Viruses can only use double stranded RNA or single stranded DNA as their genetic material.
True
False
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Question 10
0.5 pts
What is the name of the molecule that makes up the cell wall in bacteria?
peptidoglycan
lipopolysaccharide
cellulose
chitin
lipoteichoic acid
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Question 11
0.5 pts
What is the name for a chain of round bacteria?
Streptococci
Streptobacillus
Staphylobacillus
Diplococci
Staphylococci
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Question 12
0.5 pts
What is the function of spikes in an enveloped virus?
they help the virus attach to the host cell
they help the host destroy the virus
they help keep the lipid envelope stable
they hide the virus from the immune response
they directly aid in replication of the genetic material
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Question 13
0.5 pts
What does the word "receptor" refer to when we are talking about viruses?
a protein on the surface of a host cell to which the virus attaches
a protein on the virus that attaches to a host cell
a piece of the capsid the virus uses to attach to a host cell
a protein on the virus that the host cells use to find the virus
a lipid covering that the virus steals from its host and uses to hide from the immune system
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Question 14
0.5 pts
If a prokaryote suddenly lost its cytoskeleton which of the following could be affected? Mark all that apply.
none of these activities would be affected
metabolic reactions
the structure of the cell wall/placement of peptidoglycan
cell division
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Question 15
0.5 pts
Why might a helminth lack a digestive system
it may absorb all its nutrients from a host
all helminths actually have highly developed digestive systems
it doesn’t need nutrients because it never reproduces
it is photosynthetic and doesn’t need a digestive system
it absorbs all its nutrients from the soil
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Question 16
1 pts
At the end of a correctly done Gram stain a Gram positive cell will stain____while a Gram negative cell will stain .
purple, pink
purple, purple
pink, pink
pink, purple
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Question 17
0.5 pts
What process do we use on liquids to reduce the number of microbes and make them safe to drink?
Pasteurization
Sterilization
Autoclaving
Tyndallization
Cooling
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Question 18
0.5 pts
What does "acellular" mean?
without cells
prokaryotic
single celled
multicelled
eukaryotic
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Question 19
0.5 pts
The prokaryotic ribosome is 80S
True
False
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Question 20
1 pts
Your patient came to you in March with a viral infection. She came back to see you in July because she still was not feeling better. When you measured the level of virus in her body you noticed they had risen significantly since March. Out of the following options which type of viral infection is she most likely to have (remember pick the best answer)?
persistent
latent
acute
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Question 21
0.5 pts
If you just want to provide some color to a microbe to see it under the microscope you should use a stain whereas if you want to be able to start telling the differences between microbes you should use a stain.
simple, differential
differential, simple
Gram, differential
differential, Gram
Gram, simple
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Question 22
0.5 pts
The organism you are working with is forming hyphae. What type of organism is it?
a mold
an algae
a prion
a helminth
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Question 23
0.5 pts
What is the name of the individual protein subunits that make up the viral covering?
capsomeres
icosomeres
spikes
envelopes
capsids
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Question 24
0.5 pts
During which stage of viral replication is genetic material copied and viral proteins created?
synthesis
release
penetration
assembly
adsorption
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Question 25
0.5 pts
How can microbes help keep us healthy?
They can help us process nutrients
They can make us sick so other microbes can't invade
They absorb all our nutrients so we can't access them
They produce toxins that harm us
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Question 26
0.5 pts
If you want to find out what types of waste products a microbe is making and use this information to help identify the organism which technique would you use?
biochemical/metabolic analysis
culturing
staining
genetic analysis
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Question 27
0.5 pts
How do prions cause disease?
They insert themselves into the cell membrane and eventually causes the cell to fall apart
They use lipids to cause an immune reaction
They use genetic material to replicate and invade cells
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Question 28
0.5 pts
If you are looking at the order of nucleotides in a piece of DNA to try and identify your microbe what technique are you using?
genetic analysis/sequencing
staining
biochemical analysis
electron microscopy
microscopy
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Question 29
1 pts
A bacterium that lives in your body is normally harmless but all of a sudden starts producing a toxin that makes you sick. Based on what we discussed in lecture, what is the most likely reason for this?
the bacterium got infected with a bacteriophage and produced the toxin as a result
the bacterium developed immunity against you
e bacterium started reproducing and produced the toxin as a result
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Question 30
0.5 pts
Which organisms produce the majority of breathable oxygen on the planet?
plants
microbes
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Question 31
0.5 pts
What is the basic definition of a biofilm?
Many microbes growing together inside a matrix
Many microbes coming and leaving a matrix
One microbe growing in a matrix
Many microbes growing together independently
None of these
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Question 32
0.5 pts
Which type of virus often causes cancer?
oncovirus
bacteriophage
latent virus
icosahedral virus
acute virus
helical virus
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Question 33
0.5 pts
In which of the following locations in the human body do all people have a biofilm?
teeth
sinuses
joints
heart valves
urinary tract
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Question 34
0.5 pts
What is the correct term for two rod-shaped bacteria that are attached to each other at the ends?
diplobacilli
streptobacilli
streptococci
staphylococci
diplococci
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Question 35
0.5 pts
The cell envelope of all bacteria is made up of which two layers at a minimum?
the cell wall and the cell membrane
the cell membrane and the cytoplasm
the cell wall and the cytoplasm
the outer membrane and the cell membrane
the outer membrane and the cell wall
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Question 36
0.5 pts
Which of the following activities were developed/invented as the result of the Germ Theory of Disease?
sterilizing instruments, handwashing, banning surgery
sterilizing instruments, reusing gloves between patients, handwashing
pasteurization, handwashing, using instruments on patients multiple times without cleaning them
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Question 37
0.5 pts
Which structure is used by prokaryotes to transfer genetic information among individuals?
pili
endospores
cilia
fimbriae
flagella
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Question 38
1 pts
A large organic molecule an organism must have for survival but can't make itself can best be described as what?
a growth factor
a cofactor
a micronutrient
an essential element
silicon
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Question 39
1 pts
A bacterium lives in soil most of the time and uses dead matter for its carbon/energy but when a good host comes around it is capable of causing an infection in that host. Out of the choices below, what would be the most accurate/specific description of this organism?
an opportunistic parasite
a chemoautotroph
an obligate saprobe
an obligate parasite
a photoautotroph
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Question 40
1 pts
What type of genetic recombination is occurring when a bacterium transfers a plasmid to another bacterium though a pilus?
conjugation
quorum sensing
transformation
transduction
transposons
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Question 41
1 pts
What is the name for the process by which bacteria reproduce?
binary fission
binary fusion
meiosis
mitosis
generation time
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Question 42
1 pts
An organism is living in an aerobic environment. When oxygen is no longer present, it can switch to another energy strategy where it uses an organic electron acceptor. What strategy is it using at that point?
fermentation
anaerobic respiration
microaerophilic respiration
facultatively anaerobic respiration
facultatively aerobic respiration
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Question 43
1 pts
What type of microbe would likely infect a human?
a mesophile
a thermophile
a psychrotroph
a psychrophile
a hyperthermophile
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Question 44
1 pts
You need to develop a drug to stop a microbial enzyme from working. The enzyme has an active site that is identical to an active site found in humans. There are small differences in other areas of the enzymes. What type of inhibition would be the best to stop the bacterial enzyme from working but not interfere with the human enzyme?
non-competitive
competitive
repressible
inducible
irreversible
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Question 45
1 pts
In a point mutation an entire codon sequence is changed.
True
False
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Question 46
1 pts
If your rate of cell growth equals your rate of cell death, what stage of the microbial growth curve are you in?
stationary
lag
log
death
statutory
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Question 47
1 pts
What is a gene?
series of nucleotides that code for a protein
several nucleotides strung together to make a chromosome
nucleotides that create an enzyme
a series of nucleotides that create a codon
all the genetic information in an organism
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Question 48
1 pts
A coenzyme can best be described as what?
an organic compound that attaches to the active site and helps the substrate fit better
a polymerase to help it work
something used by the DNA to make an enzyme
a small, metal ion that attaches to the active site and helps carry electrons
something that attaches to the enzyme at the non-active site
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Question 49
1 pts
During the _____ stage cells of bacterial cells are growing/dividing rapidly and there is a sharp increase in the number of living cells.
log
stationary
death
lag
square root
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Question 50
1 pts
Symbiotic relationships happen when neither organism needs the other but they are better off together.
True
False
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Question 51
1 pts
What happens when the maximum temperature for an organism is even slightly surpassed?
Its membrane starts to fall apart and its proteins start to denature
It grows really well
Its membrane solidifies and metabolism happens so slowly it can't grow
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Question 52
1 pts
What types of reactions allow an organism to move electrons from one place to another and may ultimately result in ATP production? Remember to pick the best/most precise response.
redox reactions
anabolic reactions
catabolic reactions
enzymatic reactions
exergonic reactions
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Question 53
1 pts
What happens in the active site of enzymes? Pick the most accurate response.
a chemical reaction that the cell might not be able to carry out if it weren't for the enzyme takes place
a chemical reaction that the cell would be able to carry out whether the enzyme was there or not occurs
nothing
chemicals are joined together
chemicals are broken apart
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Question 54
1 pts
What role do NADH and FADH2 play in the production of ATP?
they supply electrons for redox reactions in the electron transport chain
none
they provide hydrogens during glycolysis
they help start the citric acid cycle reactions
they are only involved in ATP production during fermentation
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Question 55
1 pts
If a gene moves from one area of a chromosome to another what is most likely responsible for that movement?
a transposon
conjugation
transduction
transformation
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Question 56
1 pts
What does the word "metabolism" mean?
change
energy
homeostasis
stasis
death
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Question 57
1 pts
In general, what do enzymes do for cells? If a cell did not have enzymes what might happen?
They lower the amount of energy needed for metabolic reactions. Metabolism might not occur and the cell would die.
They increase the energy needed for metabolism. Without them the cell would be more energetically efficient.
They help cells break down large substances. Cells would survive better because they would not destroy themselves.
They help cells put small things together into bigger pieces. Without them cells would still function just fine.
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Question 58
1 pts
What are cardinal temperatures? Mark all that apply.
A set of temperatures that could tell us what type of environment an organism might live in
A set of temperatures that is constant for every organism on earth.
A set of temperatures that describe the lowest, best, and highest temperatures any given organism can live at
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Question 59
1 pts
What does the term "gene expression" mean? Pick the best/most specific answer.
the creation of proteins from the code in DNA
genes finding their true calling in life and letting everyone know about it
creating codons in rRNA
stringing amino acids together with peptide bonds
ing carbohydrates from the code in DNA
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Question 60
1 pts
What does the term "infectious dose" mean?
the number of individual microbes someone must be exposed to for an infection to occur
the number of individual microbes needed to make food safe to eat
the number of individual microbes required to start an immune response to the microbe
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Question 61
1 pts
Why do biofilms matter so much to medical professionals? Mark all that apply.
microbes in biofilms may have more antibiotic resistance than planktonic microbes
microbes in biofilms are easier to kill than planktonic microbes
microbes in biofilms may take on different metabolic characteristics than planktonic microbes
microbes in biofilms are easier to get rid of than planktonic bacteria because they are in just one place
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Question 62
1 pts
The number of microbes it takes to start a biofilm is called a ________. This is the _______ stage of biofilm formation.
quorum, first
quota, second
quotient, third
quotient, second
quorum, second
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Question 63
1 pts
Filtration will remove most microbes but will not remove _____________.
toxins
helminths
fungi
bacteria
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Question 64
1 pts
Defensins ____________ while lysozyme ____________.
A cell notices it has been infected with a virus. The cell will likely produce what chemical to warn other cells about the infection/the virus and help those other cells prevent viral replication?
interferon
interference
interstitial
antibodies
a fever
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Question 66
1 pts
What specific molecule do antifungal drugs often target to destroy fungi?
ergosterol
chitin
proteins
peptidoglycan
cholesterol
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Question 67
1 pts
An antimicrobial _____________ while an antibiotic ____________.
is a chemical that kills microbes, technically kills only bacteria
technically only kills bacteria, is a chemical that kills only bacteria
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Question 68
1 pts
What do all antiviral drugs have in common?
they stop a step/stage in viral replication
they damage viral receptors
they damage viral ribosomes
they damage viral DNA
they damage viral membranes
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Question 69
1 pts
What is a contaminant?
any microbe we don’t want in a certain place
a pathogenic microbe
a non-pathogenic microbe
a dangerous chemical
a parasite
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Question 70
1 pts
Sterilization is ____________ while sanitization is ___________.
the total destruction of all living things, the reduction in numbers of microbes
necessary, unnecessary
the reduction in numbers of microbes, the total destruction of all living things
used when you don’t like your patient, used when you like your patient
used when you like your patient, used when you don’t like your patient
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Question 71
1 pts
Which way(s) do our antihelminthic drugs often work? Mark all that apply.
stop the worm from using glucose
damaging the cell membranes
stop the microtubules from functioning correctly
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Question 72
1 pts
________ immunity is characterized by being specific to a particular microbe while _____ immunity is activated in response to any microbe.
Adaptive/specific, innate
Innate, adaptive/specific
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Question 73
1 pts
The type of antibiotic that kills many different types of bacteria is called _____________. It can do this because it works ______________.
broad spectrum, on general structures of bacteria
narrow spectrum, on structures specific to certain types of bacteria
broad spectrum, on structures specific to certain types of bacteria
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Question 74
1 pts
In general a patient will have the highest number of microbes during what stage of the infection?
illness
prodromal
convalescence
incubation
decline
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Question 75
1 pts
Typically cold temperatures kill microbes and hot temperatures just stop their growth by denaturing their proteins.
True
False
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Question 76
1 pts
A ________ infection is one that someone acquires in a hospital/clinic. About _____ people get this type of infection in the US each year. Out of those, about ______ people die from them.
nosocialism, 4 million, 100,000
nosocialism, 100,000 4 million
nosocomial, 4 million, 100,000
prodromal, 4 million, 100,000
nosocomial, 100,000, 4 million
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Question 77
1 pts
A(n) ______ carrier is one who is not showing symptoms of illness. If this person has not showed symptoms yet but is about to get sick we call them a(n)__________ carrier. If the person carries this microbe and never gets sick from it but is capable of passing it off to someone else he/she is called a(n)_______ carrier.
asymptomatic, incubation period, chronic
symptomatic, incubation period, chronic
asymptomatic, convalescent, incubation period
symptomatic, chronic, convalescent
asymptomatic, chronic, incubation period
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Question 78
1 pts
A _____ is objective evidence of disease/illness while a _____ is the subjective experience of the patient.
sign, symptom
symptom, sign
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Question 79
1 pts
A _____ is a living organism (usually not a human) that transmits a microbe from one person to another.
vector
fomite
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Question 80
1 pts
_______ are things that cause people to run fevers.
Pyrogens
Interferons
Phagocytes
Toxins
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Question 81
1 pts
___________ are the microbes we have on/in our bodies on a regular basis. ______ are the type of organisms we have us from shortly after birth through death while _____ are microbes we pick up during our day to day activities and do not stay with us very long.
Normal flora, Residents, transients
Residents, Normal flora, transients
Residents, Transients, normal flora
Transients, Residents, normal flora
Normal flora, Transients, residents
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Question 82
1 pts
What is a pathogen?
a microbe that causes disease
a microbe that we don't want in a certain place
a microbe that is resistant to antibiotics
a microbe that is resistant to disinfection
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Question 83
1 pts
If you are using a drug that is designed to get concentrated into cells and begin working at these higher concentrations, what type of organism are you probably trying to kill?
protozoa
helminth
fungi
virus
bacteria
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Question 84
1 pts
About how long does it take for a baby to become colonized after it is born?
about 8-12 hours
less than an hour
2 years
about 4-5 hours
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Question 85
1 pts
Why is a lack of certain receptors considered a potential barrier to infection especially in viral diseases?
because without the receptor the virus needs it cannot attach to our cells which means it cannot cause disease
because then the virus will go invade another cell and will not cause the disease it normally does
because it means the virus cannot get inside our bodies at all
because without the receptor then the virus can attach to our cells and can cause disease
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Question 86
1 pts
What does inflammation ultimately do to help keep infections from getting worse?
it traps microbes so phagocytes can come over and destroy them
it destroys bacteria
it causes you to run a fever which kills the microbe directly
it blocks viruses from infecting cells
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Question 87
1 pts
During _____ cells in our body engulf microbes and destroy them.
phagocytosis
inflammation
interferon production
the complement cascade
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Question 88
1 pts
Which of the following areas of the human body are colonized regularly? Mark all that apply.
urogenital tract
respiratory tract
GI tract
skin
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Question 89
1 pts
The complement cascade creates protein complexes that are used to make holes in microbial membranes.
True
False
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Question 90
1 pts
What is the term uses to describe a non-living object that may harbor a microbe and can be a mechanism of indirect transmission?
fomite
vector
droplets
air
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Question 91
1 pts
What is decontamination?
the process of removing undesirable microbes
the process of removing all microbes
the process of removing only parasitic microbes
the process of removing only pathogenic microbes
boring
unnecesary
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Question 92
1 pts
______ transmission of microbes usually requires close contact while _____ transmission does not necessarily require close contact.
Direct, indirect
Indirect, direct
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Question 93
1 pts
Why are bacteria sometimes resistant to our efforts at decontamination. Mark all that apply.
we don't leave the chemical on it long enough
they form endospores
they have special cell walls/cell membranes that protect them
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Question 94
1 pts
The type of antibiotic that kills only one or a few types of bacteria is called ______________. It can do this because it works ___________.
narrow spectrum, on structures specific to certain types of bacteria
broad spectrum, on general structures of bacteria
broad spectrum, on structures specific to certain types of bacteria
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Question 95
1 pts
Fevers can be beneficial to people (provided they don't get out of control) because they ______ metabolism and may raise the body temperature above the ______ for the microbe causing infection.
increase, maximum
decrease, optimal
increase, optimal
decrease, maximum
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Question 96
1 pts
During the _____ stage of infection people have very vague, non-specific signs/symptoms.
prodromal
illness
convalescence
incubation
decline
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Question 97
1 pts
How do normal flora help us? Mark all that apply.
they allow our immune response to develop/"practice"
they prevent us from getting invaded with other organisms
they help us process and sometimes make nutrients
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Question 98
1 pts
How does the process of natural selection allow for the development of entire colonies of resistant bacteria when antibiotics are introduced?
resistant bacteria survive in the presence of antibiotics so they can reproduce and the susceptible bacteria die so they cannot
susceptible bacteria survive in the presence of antibiotics so they can reproduce and the resistant bacteria die so they cannot
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Question 99
1 pts
Dry heat is more effective than moist heat when trying to kill microbes.
True
False
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Question 100
1 pts
What do the incubation period and the convalescence period of an illness have in common?
the patient does not experience any obvious signs/symptoms during these two phases
the patient is definitely not contagious in either stage
the stages do not have anything in common with one another
the patient has vague/non-specific symptoms during both these stages
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Question 101
1 pts
What are things microbes can do to make sure an antibiotic does not work to kill them (i.e. what are their methods of resistance)? Mark all that apply.
pump the drug out of the cell
make it so the drug does not get into the cell
break the drug apart with enzymes
develop immunity to the drug
alter a binding site
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Question 102
5 pts
Match the term on the left with it's correct description/definition on the right.
disinfectants
antiseptics
sterilants
degermers
preservatives
B-lactams
Polymyxins
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Sulfa drugs
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Question 103
1 pts
An example of passive immunity would be the following__________.
recieving pre-made antibodies after exposure to rabies
getting a vaccine to rabies
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Question 104
1 pts
In vaccination we expose someone to the _________ part of the microbe, but not the __________ part of the microbe.
