SCIENTIFIC NAME: Ganoderma lucidum & G. tsugae FAMILY NAME: Ganodermataceae COMMON NAME: reishi , ling zhi EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA) Clinical Trials An extract of G. lucidum (6 mg once a day) was effective & significantly superior to placebo for improving total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in a 12-wk double- blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of 88 men over 49 years with slight-to-moderate lower urinary tract symptoms. Noguchi 2008 Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-ranging study determined the recommended dose of extract of G. lucidum is 6 mg in men with LUTS. Noguchi 2008 The ingestion 20 capsules/day of G. lucidum for 6 weeks could help to ameliorate the variation of CD4+/CD8+ratio in male soccer players "living high and training low" (LHTL training) and polysaccharides from G. lucidum might be main active components for the cell-mediated immune function. Zhang 2008 A 24-wk double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (n=65) showed G lucidum (4 g) & San Miao San (2.4 g) may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated. Li 2007 Adminstration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles, in a pilot clinical-trial. Hijikata 2005 Volunteers took Ganoderma lucidum capsules 1.5g (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) daily for 4 wk in a randomized double-blind study to determine whether hemostasis is impaired. Results suggest that G. lucidum used preoperatively is unlikely to increase risk of surgical bleeding in healthy patients. Kwok
Transcript
SCIENTIFIC NAME:Ganoderma lucidum & G. tsugae
FAMILY NAME:Ganodermataceae COMMON NAME:reishi , ling zhi
EVIDENCE FOR EFFICACY (HUMAN DATA)
Clinical Trials
An extract of G. lucidum (6 mg once a day) was effective & significantly superior to placebo for improving total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in a 12-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of 88 men over 49 years with slight-to-moderate lower urinary tract symptoms. Noguchi 2008
Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-ranging study determined the recommended dose of extract of G. lucidum is 6 mg in men with LUTS. Noguchi 2008
The ingestion 20 capsules/day of G. lucidum for 6 weeks could help to ameliorate the variation of CD4+/CD8+ratio in male soccer players "living high and training low" (LHTL training) and polysaccharides from G. lucidum might be main active components for the cell-mediated immune function. Zhang 2008
A 24-wk double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (n=65) showed G lucidum (4 g) & San Miao San (2.4 g) may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated. Li 2007
Adminstration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles, in a pilot clinical-trial. Hijikata 2005
Volunteers took Ganoderma lucidum capsules 1.5g (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) daily for 4 wk in a randomized double-blind study to determine whether hemostasis is impaired. Results suggest that G. lucidum used preoperatively is unlikely to increase risk of surgical bleeding in healthy patients. Kwok 2005
A randomized, double-blind, study examined the use of polysaccharide extract of G. lucidum (Ganopoly) in 132 patients with neurasthenia. Ganopoly or placebo were given orally at 1800 mg/ 3 times daily for 8 wks. Ganopoly found superior to placebo in symptom improvement of neurasthenia. Tang 2005
Treatment with Ganoderma lucidum suppressed endothelial cell cytotoxicity, restored immunocirculatory balance and successfully suppressed proteinuria in 14 nephrotic patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Futrakul 2004
4 week study of human supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity. A slight trend in lowering lipids and an increase in antioxidant capacity in urine was found. Wachtel-Galor - 2004
Acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi') indicates that Lingzhi intake causes an acute increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Wachtel-Galor 2004
Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) enhanced the immune responses in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Gao 2003
Treatment with vasodilators and crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum suppresses proteinuria in nephrosis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. [No abstract] Futrakul 2002
GCP a (genistein combined polysaccharide) made from soybean extracts cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia was found to inhibit the formation of new vessels induced by colon carcinoma cells in vivo. Miura 2002
The anticarcinogenic effects of vegetarian foods commonly eaten in Korea and synthetics were studied using a 9-week model. Ascorbic acid, soybean lecithin, capsaicin, biochanin A, Ganoderma lucidum, caffeine, and synthetic 2-(allylthio)pyrazine decreased the incidence of mouse lung tumors. Yun 1999
Three Chinese herbs, including G. lucidum were found to alter radial artery pulse, as described in Chinese medical practice. Wang 1994
G. lucidum may be an effective inhibitory agent of platelet aggregation. However, its mechanism and active principles need further investigation. Tao 1990
The clinical effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore preparations in 10 cases of atrophic myotonia. [no abstract] Fu 1982
Clinical Trials
An extract of G. lucidum (6 mg once a day) was effective & significantly superior to placebo for improving total International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) in a 12-wk double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study of 88 men over 49 years with slight-to-moderate lower urinary tract symptoms. Noguchi 2008
Double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized and dose-ranging study determined the recommended dose of extract of G. lucidum is 6 mg in men with LUTS. Noguchi 2008
The ingestion 20 capsules/day of G. lucidum for 6 weeks could help to ameliorate the variation of CD4+/CD8+ratio in male soccer players "living high and training low" (LHTL training) and polysaccharides from G. lucidum might be main active components for the cell-mediated immune function. Zhang 2008
A 24-wk double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial (n=65) showed G lucidum (4 g) & San Miao San (2.4 g) may have analgesic effects for patients with active RA. However, no significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory or immunomodulating effects could be demonstrated. Li 2007
Adminstration of hot water extracts of a herbal formula containing Ganoderma lucidum, decreased herpes zoster pain for five Japanese patients suffering from shingles, in a pilot clinical-trial. Hijikata 2005
Volunteers took Ganoderma lucidum capsules 1.5g (n = 20) or placebo (n = 20) daily for 4 wk in a randomized double-blind study to determine whether hemostasis is impaired. Results suggest that G. lucidum used preoperatively is unlikely to increase risk of surgical bleeding in healthy patients. Kwok 2005
A randomized, double-blind, study examined the use of polysaccharide extract of G. lucidum (Ganopoly) in 132 patients with neurasthenia. Ganopoly or placebo were given orally at 1800 mg/ 3 times daily for 8 wks. Ganopoly found superior to placebo in symptom improvement of neurasthenia. Tang 2005
Treatment with Ganoderma lucidum suppressed endothelial cell cytotoxicity, restored immunocirculatory balance and successfully suppressed proteinuria in 14 nephrotic patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Futrakul 2004
4 week study of human supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity. A slight trend in lowering lipids and an increase in antioxidant capacity in urine was found. Wachtel-Galor - 2004
Acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi') indicates that Lingzhi intake causes an acute increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Wachtel-Galor 2004
Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) enhanced the immune responses in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Gao 2003
Treatment with vasodilators and crude extract of Ganoderma lucidum suppresses proteinuria in nephrosis with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. [No abstract] Futrakul 2002
GCP a (genistein combined polysaccharide) made from soybean extracts cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia was found to inhibit the formation of new vessels induced by colon carcinoma cells in vivo. Miura 2002
The anticarcinogenic effects of vegetarian foods commonly eaten in Korea and synthetics were studied using a 9-week model. Ascorbic acid, soybean lecithin, capsaicin, biochanin A, Ganoderma lucidum, caffeine, and synthetic 2-(allylthio)pyrazine decreased the incidence of mouse lung tumors. Yun 1999
Three Chinese herbs, including G. lucidum were found to alter radial artery pulse, as described in Chinese medical practice. Wang 1994
G. lucidum may be an effective inhibitory agent of platelet aggregation. However, its mechanism and active principles need further investigation. Tao 1990
The clinical effects of Ganoderma lucidum spore preparations in 10 cases of atrophic myotonia. [no abstract] Fu 1982
Case report of complete regression of high-grade lymphoma in 47-yr old man that might have been mediated by Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi). Cheuk 2007
Administrationn of WTTCGE [Wisteria floribunda, Trapa natans, Terminalia chebulae, Coicis lachryma-jobi, Ganoderma lucidum, Elfuinga applanata]to 28 patients suffering from herpes genitalis (n=15) and labialis (n=13)appears to shorten the time required to obtain symptom relief. Hijikata 2007
In an open-labeled study, 47 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were treated with oral G. lucidum at 5.4 g/day for 12 weeks. Monitoring selected immune parameters using various immunological methods throughout the study indicated that G. lucidum may have potential immuno-modulating effects. Chen 2006
The percentage change in ex vivo-induced level of inflammatory cytokine IL-18 was significantly lower in the TCM patients with rheumatoid arthritis taking a standard preparation of G. lucidum and San-Miao-San than in the placebo group after taking the capsules for 24 weeks (p < 0.05). Xi 2006
The results of an open-label study which treated 30 cancer patients with 5.4 g/day of Ganopoly, water-soluble G. lucidum polysaccharides, for 12 weeks suggests that subgroups of cancer patients might be responsive to Ganopoly in combination with chemotherapy/radiotherapy. Gao 2005
Review of of scientific evidence, including some clinical studies, on the anticancer effects of G. lucidum Yuen 2005
Treatment of glomerular endothelial dysfunction in steroid-resistant nephrosis with Ganoderma lucidum included modulation immunocirculatory balance, antilipid, vasodilator, antiplatelet & improved hemorheology. Futrakul 2003
Hepatotoxicity attributed to a formulation of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi). Case report. No abstract available. Yuen 2004
Two case reports suggest that PC-SPES might have potential activity against hormone-independent prostate cancers. de la Taille 2000
Hot water soluble extracts of Ganoderma lucidum (36 to 72 g dry weight/day) decreased pain in two patients with postherpetic neuralgia recalcitrant to standard therapy and two other patients with severe pain from herpes zoster infection. Hijikata 1998
Despite high contents of adenosine, crude extracts of the G. lucidum lacked antiplatelet effect on HIV-positive hemophiliacs . Gau 1990
Traditional and Folk Use
Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal fungus used as a folk remedy for promotion of health and longevity in China. This review article examines the immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities of G. lucidum. Lin 2004
The successful derivation of pure bioactive compounds from Ganoderma lucidum, ginseng, and Zingiber officinale supports the traditional practice of using these plants to stimulate the immune system. Tan 2004
In Chinese traditional medicine, Lingzhi (Ganoderma lucidum)is believed to promote health & longevity, lower cancer risk & heart disease & boost immune function. In a human study Lingzhi showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity; lower lipids & increase in antioxidant capacity were found. Wachtel-Galor 2004
The integrated studies on Ganoderma lucidum Kayst. Guided by Traditional Chinese medical theories. [Article in Chinese] Lin 2001
A review of identified substances of higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms origin, including Ganoderma lucidum, that express promising antitumor, immune modulating, cardiovascular and hypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, and antiparasitic effects. Wasser 1999
SAFETY DATA
Adverse Effects & Toxicity
Although there was no consistent pattern, toxicity of 3 different extracts of G. lucidum was observed in both adults and children's PBMCs. Gill 2008
Two case reports of hepatotoxic effect related to Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) mushroom powder. Wanmuang 2007
Compared to placebo group, no adverse effects were observed in 16 healthy volunteers after intake of 2 grams of Ganoderma lucidum extract twice daily for 10 consecutive days in a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Wicks 2007
A 49 yo male with non-Hodgkins lymphoma presented with chronic watery diarrhea. Previous history of powdered lingzhi extract consumption; stool examination demonstrated many spores of G. lucidum. After discontinuation of extract, symptoms improved and subsequent fecal examination showed no spores. Wanachiwanawin 2006
The efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicines. [No abstract] Opara 2004
4 week study of human supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity. A slight trend in lowering lipids and an increase in antioxidant capacity in urine was found. Wachtel-Galor 2004
Hepatotoxicity due to a formulation of Ganoderma lucidum (lingzhi). Case report. No abstract available. Yuen 2004
Sacchachitin is a safe biomaterial for use as a wound dressing for skin healing. Its promoting action for wound healing might be due to its chemotactic effect for inflammatory cells. Hung 2001
Study of antigenic/ allergenic profiles of G. lucidum spore and whole body preparations suggests there are common as well as specific allergenic components in two G. lucidum extracts studied. Gupta 2000
Spore extracts, prepared from G. lucidum and 8 other herbs showed shared allergenic epitopes, and suggest that representative extract panels could be developed for future use in diagnosis and treatment of basidiospore-sensitive individuals. O'Neil 1988
Interactions
Antiherpetic activity was tested with an acidic protein bound polysaccharide (APBP) from Ganoderma lucidum & in combinations with acyclovir and vidarabine. The combinations of APBP with ACV on HSV-1 and HSV-2 showed potent synergistic effects. Oh 2002
15 species of bacteria tested for antimicrobial activity of Ganoderm lucidum (GL). GL was most potent against Micrococcus luteus. Antimicrobial combinations of GL with 4 antibiotics resulted in additive effect in most cases, w/2 synergistic & 2 antagonistic instances. Yoon 1994
Contraindications
No Records
EVIDENCE OF ACTIVITY
Animal Studies
Feed supplemented with fermentation products of Ganoderma lucidum at 50 mg/kg could be beneficial to counteract the physiological stress in weanling piglets as measured by growth performance and immunocompetence. Chen 2008
Compared with fermented Ganoderma rich in vanadium and fermented Grifola frondosa rich in vanadium, the hypoglycemic effects of fermented Coprinus comatus rich in vanadium on hyperglycemic animals are significant. Han 2008
G. amboinense may be considered as a preventive agent for acute liver injury. Hsu 2008
Exo-biopolymer produced by Ganoderma applanatum when administered (10-80 mg/kg body weight) intraperitoneally, significantly inhibited the growth of solid tumor and increased natural killer (NK) cell activity in sarcoma-180 bearing mice. A dose of 40 mg/kg BW was found to be highly effective. Jeong 2008
Results suggest that G. ludicum polysaccharides inhibited the tumor growth and tumor cell adhesion to human umbilical cord vascular endothelial cells via up-regulation of serum amyloid A protein expression. Li 2008
Results suggest that endogenous IFN-gamma is not a major immunomodulating factor in growth inhibition of transplanted S-180 tumor in mice. [Article in Chinese] Li 2008
The findings suggest that the antlered form of G. lucidum would be beneficial in alleviating the reduction of immune response by chemotherapeutic anti-cancer drugs. Nonaka 2008
Ganoderma lucidum peptides (GLP) exhibited hepatoprotective activity against d-galactosamine-induced hepatic injury in mice. The best hepatoprotective effects of GLP were observed after treatment with the dose of 180 mg/kg. Shi 2008
Results strongly demonstrate the potential of G. applanatum exo-polymer and Collybia confluens exo-polymer produced by submerged mycelial cultures to combat diabetes in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Yang 2007
Chinese herbs (Astragalus radix and G. lucidum) enhance immune response of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and protection against Aeromonas hydrophila. Yin 2008
G. lucidum whole fruiting body, stipe & sporoderm-broken spore possessed stronger inhibitory activities on sarcoma growth compared with the pileus extract. In addition, the immunostimulatory activities of G. lucidum hot water extracts and Ganoderma spores were shown to be comparable. Yue 2008
Two-week administration of triterpenoid-rich extracts of G. tsugae exerted anti-inflammatory effects on airway responses and attenuated Th2 responses without the overall immunosuppression effects in allergic murine models (BALB/c mice)of asthma. The control group was treated with prednisolone. Chen 2007
G. lucidum aqueous extract may have benzodiazepine-like hypnotic activity. Doses of 80 & 120 mg/kg showed no effects on sleep architecture in normal rats; however sleep latency, increased sleeping time, non-REM sleep time & light sleep time significantly decreased in pentobarbital-treated rats. Chu 2007
Maitake PETfraction, a standardized essence extracted from Maitake, produced no objective response (a decrease in lymph node size of greater than 50%) in dogs with intermediate or
Intragastric administration of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides(100, 200, and 400 mg/kg)for 9 days in S180 ascitic tumor-bearing mice inhibited DNA and RNA synthesis in the tumor cells of by mobilizing the host immune function to interfere with the normal cell cycles. [Article in Chinese] Li 2007
Ganoderol B with 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity & the ability to bind to androgen receptor (AR) can inhibit androgen-induced LNCaP cell growth & suppress regrowth of the ventral prostate induced by testosterone in rats. Liu 2007
Ganoderma lucidum spores could protect epididymal cells and counteract their apoptosis in type 2 diabetes rats. [Article in Chinese] Ma 2007
Oral route of mini-proinsulin-expressing Ganoderma lucidum decreased blood glucose level in streptozocin-induced diabetic rats. Ni 2007
Potential of a novel polysaccharide preparation (GLPP) from Anhui-grown Ganoderma lucidum in tumor treatment and immunostimulation shown in mice. Pang 2007
Administration of G. lucidum polysaccharide (GLPS; 50 and 200 mg/kg) reversed hepatic injury stimulated by BCG in vivo. Moreover, GLPS dose-dependently inhibited activities of CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP3A in hepatic microsomes in vitro. Wang 2007
Intraperitoneal administration of GA-Me (28 mg/kg) Ganoderic acid Me (GA-Me), a lanostane triterpenoid purified from G. lucidum mycelia, inhibited both tumor growth and lung metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma via enhancement of IL-2 and IFN-gamma expression and NK cell activity in C57BL/6 mice. Wang 2007
Glossy ganoderma decoction may protect the liver of white rabbits from Amanita mushroom poisoning. Its mechanism may be related to the increase of the activities of hepatocyte RNA polymerase. [Article in Chinese] Xiao 2007
Mixed polysaccharides (ratio 1: 0.5: 0.5) extracted from L. edodes, G. lucidium & G. frondosa. added to the basal diet at three concentrations for 30 consecutive days enhanced the cell immune of the Kunming mice. Yin 2007
G. lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) injected intraperitoneally once daily at a low-dose (2.5mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days in Cy-treated (immunosuppressed) mice enhanced the function of immunological effector cells. (Gl-PS) also administered at an intermediate-dose (25mg/kg) & a high-dose (250 mg/kg). Zhu 2007
G. lucidum polysaccharides (125 & 250 mg kg-1) administered for 8 weeks reduced serum Cr & BUN levels, & UAE compared with diabetic model mice in a dose-dependent manner. Increasing serum glucose & triglyceride levels were lowered; renal morphometric changes & oxidative stress state improved. He 2006
G. lucidum extract increased glucose uptake about 2-fold compared to control in L6 rat
skeletal muscle cells, possibly through both PI 3-kinase and AMPK. Jung 2006
Dietary supplementation with a water-soluble extract from the culture medium of G. lucidum mycelia (1.25%, 2.5% or 5%)for 12 weeks exerted an inhibitory effect on the development of pulmonary adenocarcinoma induced by N-nitrosobis (2-hydroxypropyl) amine (BHP) in male Slc:Wistar rats. Kashimoto 2006
A cultured broth of G. lucidum showed anti-hepatitis B virus activity in vitro & protected mice from liver damage in vivo. Co-fermentation of the broth in the presence of aqueous extract of Radix Sophorae flavescentis had better medicinal effects than simply mixing these two ingredients together. Li 2006
Ganoderic acid at 8 mcg/ml inhibited replication of hepatitis B virus in HepG2215 cells over 8 days. Male KM mice were significantly protected from liver injury (induced with CCl4 & by M. bovis BCG plus lipopolysaccharide) by treatment with IV ganoderic acid at 10 mg & 30 mg/kg x d for 7 days. Li 2006
Gastrogavage administration of G. lucidum extract (1,600 or 600 mg/kg) significantly reduced CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis in Wistar rats, probably by exerting a protective effect against hepatocellular necrosis by its free-radical scavenging ability. Lin 2006
G. tsugae modulated the Th1/Th2 balance and enhanced macrophage immune responses in ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized and -challenged female BALB/c mice fed a supplementation diet for 5 weeks. Lin 2006
A diet containing 2.5% of a dry powder preparation of the antlered form of reishi (G. lucidum AF, rokkaku-reishi in Japanese) inhibited tumor growth & elongated the life span of allogeneic Sarcoma 180-bearing ddY & syngeneic MM 46-bearing C3H/He mice, possibly via its immunostimulating action. Nonaka 2006
Dietary supplementation with G. lucidum spores (250mg/[kg x d])for 10 weeks protected the testis of NIDDM-induced male Wistar rats from damaged caused by Cyt-C and calcium ions. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2006
Pre-administration of Ganoderma lucidum spore (GASP) can reduce the incidence of neural tube defects induced by all-trans retinoic acid in pregnant mice. Zhang 2006
G. lucidum polysaccharides regulated lipid metabolism, enhanced the antioxidation and reduced the lipid peroxidation in the rats with hyperlipidemia. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2005
Results suggest that water-soluble extracts from cultured medium of G. lucidum mycelia can act as a radioprotective agent in male B6C3F1 mice. Kubo 2005
Review article finds Ganoderma lucidum has been used in China to prevent and treat human diseases. Reports demstrate that G. lucidum polysaccharides modulate immune function in vivo & in vitro. Whole animal experiments to establish the mechanism of the immuno-modulating effects are recommended. Lin 2005
The immunological functions of Ganoderma lucidum antlered form (AF) investigated in C57BL/6 mice treated with cyclophosphamide (CY) suggests ingestion of G. lucidum AF improves quality of life by reducing dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs such as CY. [Article in Japanese] Nonaka 2005
The effects of a G. lucidum extract (SunRecome) in attenuating cisplatin-induced nausea and vomiting in the rat pica model were examined. Results showed that cisplatin-induced food intake reduction improved significantly after G. lucidum extract administrations, suggesting a supportive effect. Wang 2005
Ganoderma spores oil has neuroprotective effect for preventing doparminergic neuron from impairment by MPTP in C57BL mice. [Article in Chinese] Zhu 2005
Results of a study of the immuno-potentiating effects of the antler-shaped fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum (Rokkaku-Reishi, RR), investigated in mice suggest that oral administration of RR resulted in Th1-associated immuno-potentiating activities in vivo. Kohguchi 2004
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) activated BALB/c mouse B cells and macrophages, but not T cells, in vitro. Shao 2004
Fresh fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) showed significant anti-angiogenic activity, on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay and significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results support the anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum. Song 2004
Ganoderma lucidum exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 < or = 20 microg/ml) against at least one of the two murine cancer cell lines. Tomasi 2004
Ganoderma lucidum exhibited a dose-dependent antioxidative effect on lipid peroxidation and superoxide scavenging activity in mouse heart homogenate. The antioxidative activity may offer cardioprotective effect and may protect the heart from superoxide-induced damage. Wong 2004
A study using rat and mice tissue found ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium possessed significant antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory, and antimutagenic activities. Lakshmi 2003
50 male mice were immunized with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2 (rDp2), & orally fed with Ganoderma lucidum ("Ling Zhi," LZ OT). LZ OT alone suppressed IgG1 and increased IgG2a production. LZ OT added to Dp2 NT significantly suppressed late phase airway hypersensitivity to methacholine. Liu 2003
A 6-month study of male F344 rats with azoxymethane-induced colon cancers were injected with a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (MAK). MAK reduced tumor inicidence and size suggesting (MAK) could act as a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis. Lu 2003
Study of antioxidant effect of Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) and its mechanism
found GLPP showed antioxidant effect by scavenging ROS or enhancing the enzyme activity of GSHpx in vivo and in vitro. [Article in Chinese] You 2003
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS)lucidum reported useful in protecting against alloxan-induced pancreatic islets damage in diabetic mice via its scavenging ability to protect the pancreatic islets from free radicals-damage induced by alloxan. Zhang 2003
Three polysaccharides, solubilized and isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, enhanced the proliferation of T- and B-lymphocytes in vitro to varying contents and PL-1 exhibited an immune-stimulating activity in mice. Bao 2002
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) at 250 and 500 mg/kg by intragastric input caused ulcer-healing effect on indomethacin-induced lesions in rats. Significant suppression of TNF-alpha gene expression with an increased ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) party accounts for the mucosal healing effect. Gao 2002
Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of the triterpenoid fraction of G. lucidum might be due to the inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Kimura 2002
A water-soluble extract from G. lucidum demonstrated reduction of colon tumor size, lower PCNA positive index and shortened germinal region when administered to mice with induced colon carcinogenesis compared to control mice. Lu 2002
Advances of pharmacological effects of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. [No abstract] [Article in Chinese] Luo 2002
A combination treatment of lovastatin and Ganoderma triterpenoids in animal studies has exhibited a potential anticancer effect. Shiao 2002
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (GLPP) tested on mice peritoneal macrophages injured by reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) found GLPP can protect mitochondria against injury by tBOOH. GLPP had significant scavenging ROS and antioxidant effects. You 2002
Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) induced liver damage in mice were treated with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). Study suggests mechanisms of protective roles by GLP for BCG liver injury may be due to influence NO production. Zhang 2002
Effect of Lugu Ganoderma lucidum (LGL) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation & monocyte adhesion to endothelium (AdM-E) induced by oxidative LDL & advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) found LGL can decrease LDL oxidation & AdM-E induced by AGE or oxidative LDL in rats. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2002
A polysaccharide obtained from the sporoderm-broken spores of Ganoderma lucidum had a strong effect on suppressing the antibody production and the Con A or LPS induced lymphocyte proliferation in mice. Bao 2001
F1 mice fed Ganoderma tsugae extract showed improved survival rate of lupus, decreased proteinuria, decreased anti-dsDNA autoantibody, and evidence of decreased perivascular and
parenchyma mononuclear cell infiltration. Lai 2001
A water-soluble extract from G. lucidum prevented the development of preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci when subcutaneously injectioned into male F344 rats. Lu 2001
Mice study found hepatic and renal protective mechanism of G. lucidum, might be in part due to its prominent superoxide scavenging effect. Shieh 2001
Ganoderma extract, compared to rodent chow, was a modest dietary supplement but there was no evidence of protection against the test mutagen. Chiu 2000
Three lanostane-rich herb species were tested for anti-inflammatory and anti-phospholipase activity. G. lucidum was found least effective. Giner-Larza 2000
Application of Sacchachitin membrane reduced wound area on female guinea pigs compared to gauze; there was no significant difference compared to Beschitin. All the results indicated that both 0.01% w/v of Sacchachitin & chitin significantly enhanced the proliferation & migration of fibroblast cells. Su 1999
In vivo and in vitro study on antitumor activity and mechanism of Ganoderma polysaccharides B. Zhang 1999
A polysaccharide extracted from G. lucidum showed stronger antifibrotic effects than glycyrrhizin, and pentoxifylline in rats with cirrhosis induced biliary obstruction. Park 1997
Compared to a control wound covered with cottom gauze, a wound in full thickness rat skin covered with Sacchachitin healed almost completely. The wound healing effects of the chitin sheet from crab shell (Beschitin) and Sacchachitin were not found to be significantly different. Su 1997
G. lucidum extract was better than Krestin in repairing the damage of subset T-cells in the spleen of gamma-irradiated mice. Chen 1995
G.lucidum and Krestin enhanced the recovery of cellular immunocompetence from gamma-ray irradiated mice. Chen 1995
The free radical scavenging and antihepatotoxic activity from three Ganoderma species were studied in rats. G. lucidum was not most effective. Lin 1995
Experimental animal evidence suggests immune response modifiers such as G. polysaccharides peptide may be effective in controlling abuse of opiates-induced immunodeficiency. Lu 1995
A new in vivo model was tested using pulmonary adenoma induced newborn mice to demonstrate inhibition of lung tumor incidence with G. lucidum and 4 other herbals, suggesting a potential method for screening cancer preventive agents. Yun 1995
Three of 16 polysaccharides obtained from a fractionated and purified water-soluble
polysaccharide, FI, extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae, demonstrated activity against Sarcoma 180 in mice. Zhang 1994
Water extracts of G. pentaphyllum and G. lucidum produced significant anti-inflammatory activity against carrageenan induced edema in rats. Lin 1993
Study using C3H/HeN mice found both splenic NK activity and serum IFN [IFN-(alpha+beta) and IFN-gamma] titers are elevated by water-soluble extract of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium (GT), its alcohol-insoluble subfraction (GTI), and its alcohol-soluble subfraction administered intraperitoneally. Won 1992
Mice study suggests immunosuppressive activities of LZ-8, an immunomodulator from G. lucidum, may be caused by blocking antigen-specific antibody production. Kino 1991
Radioprotective effect of G.lucidum after X-ray irradiated mice was positive but not statistically significant. Hsu 1990
Rabbit and rat study suggests mechanism of hypotensive action of G. lucidum may be due to central inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity. Lee 1990
Ganoderan B, a glycan of G.lucidum fruit bodies, reduced the glycogen content in the liver of normal and glucose-loaded mice but had no influence on total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the plasma and liver. Hikino 1989
Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from G. lucidium is described and discussed. Kino 1989
The aqueous extract of G. lucidum , and Sarcodon aspratus, inhibited tumor growth in an animal model, but the methanol extract did not. Maruyama 1989
Sleep-promoting effects of Ganoderma extracts in rats: comparison between long-term and acute administrations. [Article in Japanese] [no abstract] Honda 1988
Dietary effect of G. lucidum mushroom on blood pressure and lipid levels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. [no abstract] Kabir 1988
Effects of the extracts of G. lucidum on blood glucose level in rats. [no abstract available} Kimura 1988
Mixture containing G. Lucidum, showed no significant influence on hepatocyte foci in rat model. Chen 1987
Isolation and hypoglycemic activity of ganoderans A and B, glycans of Ganoderma lucidum fruit bodies. [no abstract] Hikino 1985
Some pharmacological actions of Ganoderma lucidum and G. japonicum (FR) Llyod on mouse liver (author's transl). [no abstract] Liu 1979
Preparation and biological properties of basidiomycete aqueous extracts and their mycelial compositions. [Article in Russian] Bukhman 2008
G. lucidum polysaccharides could induce selected monocytic leukemic cell differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells with immuno-stimulatory function. Chan 2008
G. lucidum exhibited significant inhibition of tyrosinase activity (IC(50) value 0.32 mg/ml). Chien 2008
19-carbon fatty acids derived from ethanolic G. lucidum spore extracts showed inhibitory activity for HL-60 cell proliferation suggesting them as one of the components for characteristics of its physiological effects. Fukuzawa 2008
The results demonstrated that lucidenic acids decreased cell population growth of HL-60 cells, assessed with the MTT assay. Hsu 2008
Reishi immuno-modulation protein induces interleukin-2 expression via protein kinase-dependent signaling pathways within human T cells. Hsu 2008
Protein extracts of G. lucidum contain immunomodulating activity by acting directly on monocytes & thereby modulating T cell activation. Further purification of the fungal extracts is needed to clarify if there are FIPs or lectins present that are responsible for this immunomodulating activity. Jeurink 2008
Ganoderic acids suppress growth and invasive behavior of breast cancer cells by modulating AP-1 and NF-kappaB signaling. Jiang 2008
Used in combination with radiation at a clinically relevant dose of 2 Gy, extracts of G. lucidum & the herb Duchesnea chrysantha, enhances radiation-induced apoptosis and overall cell death in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Kim 2008
Two of 12 triterpenoid & steroid compounds assessed in vitro by determining their inhibitory effects on the chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils & macrophages showed significant inhibitory activity. Ko 2008
Results prove a hypothesis that anti-aging G. lucidum can prevent harmful effects of the exterminating toxin Abeta in Alzheimer's disease. Lai 2008
The authors believe that Ganoderma lucidum extract is a drug which attenuates diastolic dysfunction and prevents irreversible cardiomyocyte damage during ischemia and heart reperfusion. [Article in Russian] Lasukova 2008
G. lucidum polysaccharides can reverse the multidrug resistance by downregulating the expression of MDR-1 and MRP1 in K562/ADM cells. Li 2008
Induction of premature senescence in human lung cancer by purified recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein from Ganoderma tsugae. Liao 2008
The study strongly suggests that G. lucidum is a potential source of chemopreventive agents for bladder cancer based on its effectiveness in controlling the premalignant urothelial cell growth and carcinogen-induced transformation. Yuen 2008
Water-soluble and water-insoluble components of G. lucidum exhibited dual roles in oxidative DNA damage. Oxidative DNA damage may be an underlying mechanism of G. lucidum-induced apoptosis in bladder chemoprevention. Yuen 2008
C. comatus and G. lucidum decreased androgen and glucocorticoide receptors transcriptional activity in breast cancer MDA-kb2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and suppressed androgen receptor (AR) protein level in LNCaP and MDA-kb2 cells. Zaidman 2008
Results indicate that G. lucidum at moderate concentrations used has a positive effect on cytokine release and NO production by peritoneal macrophages. Ahmadi 2007
Triterpene acids and sterols from G. lucidum exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor-promoting effects in Raji cells and mice. Akihisa 2007
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (Gl-PP) did not directly inhibit human lung carcinoma (PG) cell proliferation in vitro. However, pretreated with Gl-PP, PG cells motility was inhibited significantly. PG cells adhesion was also inhibited. [Article in Chinese] Cao 2007
Purified polysaccharides from GL mycelium could induce human PBMC proliferation and phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs with significant IL-12 and IL-10 production. Polysaccharides of GL spore were rather weak immunostimulators in vitro. Chan 2007
Review of Chinese herbs and herbal extracts for neuroprotection of dopaminergic neurons and potential therapeutic treatment of Parkinson's disease. Chen 2007
A comparison study on the physical/chemical properties & immunomodulatory activities of mycelial polysaccharide extracts from 5 Ganoderma species showed that other species can produce polysaccharides with similar physical/chemical properties & immunomodulatory activities. [Article in Chinese] Chen 2007
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GL-PP)reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines in activated rheumatoid synovial fibroblast Ho 2007
Potential EORP-associated protection mechanism for bacteria infection by enhancing IL-1 expression and the clearance of contaminated LPS by macrophages. [EORP = extract of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides] Hua 2007
G. lucidum immunomodulating substance (GLIS) enhanced proliferation of bone marrow macrophages in dose-dependent manner. RAW264.7 macrophages exposed to GLIS increased NO production, induction of cellular respiratory burst activity & increased levels of IL-1beta, IL-12p35 & IL-12p40 gene expression. Ji 2007
Treatment with G. lucidum and Duchesnea chrysantha (herb) extracts enhanced induction of
mitochondrial damage and apoptosis in human leukemia HL-60 cells. Kim 2007
Among 12 triterpenoids & steroids compounds from G. lucidum and tsugae examined, two compounds, tsugaric acid A and 3-oxo-5alpha-lanosta-8,24-dien-21-oic acid, showed significant inhibitory effects on chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils & macrophages. Ko 2007
The abilities of Yang and Yin Chinese tonifying herbs, including G. lucidum & L. edodes, to enhance ATP generation and to exhibit antioxidant and/or immunomodulatory actions are the pharmacological basis for their beneficial effects on the retardation of aging. Ko 2007
Recombinant fungal immunomodulatory protein,(reFIP-gts)inhibited telomerase activity in lung cancer cells through nuclear export mechanisms, possibly mediated by ER stress-induced intracellular calcium level. Liao 2007
The antioxidant activity of hot water extract (decoction) of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) was the strongest in terms of both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities among Agaricus blazei Mycelia, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus. Nakajima 2007
Green tea extract increased the anticancer effect of G. lucidum extract on cell proliferation (anchorage-dependent growth) & colony formation (anchorage-independent growth) of breast cancer cells. The effect was mediated by the down-regulation of expression of oncogene c-myc in MDA-MB-231 cells. Thyagarajan 2007
Expolysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum do not inhibit the six-alpha-helix bundle formation of HIV gp41. [Article in Chinese] Wen 2007
Results indicate that the lucidenic acids isolated from G. lucidum (YK-02) are anti-invasive bioactive components on hepatoma cells. Weng 2007
Lucidenic acid inhibits PMA-induced invasion of human hepatoma cells through inactivating MAPK/ERK signal transduction pathway and reducing binding activities of NF-{kappa}B and AP-1. Weng 2007b
Ethanol & ethyl acetate extracts selectively inhibited dihydrotestosterone-induced LNCaP prostate cancer cell viability; suppressed levels of secreted prostate-specific antigen (dose-dependent); arrested G1 phase; interfered with androgen receptor function in LNCaP & breast cancer MDA-kb2 cells. Zaidman 2007
Androgen receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms mediate Ganoderma lucidum activities in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Zaidman 2007b
Polysaccharide and flavone compounds in Chinese herbs, including G. lucidum, interact with DNA. The level of interaction varies with each herb. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2007
Impact of polysaccharide and flavone compounds from extracts of traditional Chinese herbs on the protection of DNA. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2007
Review of bioactive components and pharmacological functions of G. lucidum in anti-tumor and immune-modulating activities for treating hypoglycemosis, hepatoprotection, and the effect on blood vessel system. Zhou 2007
The findings support the hypothesis that the key attribute of the anti-angiogenic potential of G. lucidum polysaccharide peptide is that it may directly inhibit vascular endothelial cell proliferation or indirectly decrease growth factor expression of tumor cells. Cao 2006
G. lucidum inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by the downregulation of the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-kappaB signaling. Jiang 2006
G. lucidum mycelia (GLM) stimulated TNF-alpha & IL-6 production in and enhanced IFN-gamma release from human whole blood. While GLM did not potentiate nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells, it did activate kappaB DNA binding activity. Kuo 2006
The differential reduction of IL-8 or sICAM-1 released from HSA-activated PTEC by different components of a G. lucidum extract implicates that components of Ganoderma with different molecular weights could play different roles and operate different mechanisms in preventing HSA-induced PTEC damage. Lai 2006
Methanolic extract of G. lucidum inhibited (P<0.001) the in vitro MNNG, NPD & B[a]P induced his(+) revertants in a dose dependent manner. Prior administration markedly inhibited B[a]P-induced mutagenicity of rat urine. Consequent to B[a]P challenge it restored AO defense & prevented hepatic damage. Lakshmi 2006
Fungal immunomodulatory protein from G. tsugae (reFIP-gts) suppressed telomerase activity and inhibited transcriptional regulation of hTERT via a c-myc-responsive element-dependent mechanism in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. Liao 2006
Reishi polysaccharides induced immunoglobulin production through the TLR4/TLR2-mediated induction of transcription factor Blimp-1 in vitro in mice and human cells. Lin 2006
Polysaccharide purified from G. lucidum induced gene expression changes in human dendritic cells and promoted T helper 1 immune response in BALB/c mice. Lin 2006
The results indicate that the relief of bronchoalveolar inflammation in an airway sensitization murine model provides a possible therapeutic application for G. tsugae in allergic asthma. Lin 2006
G. lucidum caused apoptosis in leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells. Mueller 2006
Review collates publications detailing activities and compounds by representative species, with emphasis on biologcial activities, while considering the most valid claims of effectiveness. Paterson 2006
Ganoderma lucidum in cancer research. [No abstract available] Silva 2006
Ganoderic acid T (GA-T), which is a lanostane triterpenoid purified from a methanol extract of G. lucidum mycelia, induced apoptosis of metastatic lung tumor cells through intrinsic pathway related to mitochondrial dysfunction and p53 expression. Tang 2006
Inhibition of oxidative stress-induced invasiveness of cancer cells by G. lucidum is mediated through the suppression of interleukin-8 secretion. Thyagarajan 2006
A chloroform extract of G. lucidum at a concentration of 0.125 mg x mL(-1) inhibited tumor activity in BEL-7402 & MGC-803 cancer cells by more than 50%. It also reduced damage to normal HL-7702 cells induced by radio- and chemotherapy. An ethyl acetate extract was also tested. [Article in Chinese]. Wang 2006
A polysaccharide fraction (GLE-1)& a triterpenoid fraction without polysaccharides (GLE-2) significantly inhibited the proliferation of SW 480 human colorectal cancer cells. The inhibitory effect of GLE-2 was much stronger than that of GLE-1. Xie 2006
G. lucidum proteoglycan has hepatic protective activity against CCl4-induced injury both in vitro and in vivo. The possible anti-hepatotoxic mechanisms may be related to the suppression of TNF-alpha level and the free radical scavenging activity. Yang 2006
Aqueous extracts of fruiting bodies of G. lucidum, sinense & tsugae have antitumor activities in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7 & MDA-MB-231) & immunomodulatory activities in murine lymphocytes. The stipes of fruiting bodies showed the strongest effects, particularly of wild G. sinese. Yue 2006
G. lucidum mycelium extract had immunomodulating effects on human immune cells. Chan 2005
The extract of G. lucidum showed the strongest 5alpha-reductase inhibitory activity among 19 edible & medicinal mushrooms. It significantly inhibited the testosterone-induced growth of the ventral prostate in castrated rats. Fujita 2005
Overall findings indicated that Ganopoly, an aqueous polysaccharide fraction extracted from G. lucidum by patented biochemical technique, had antitumor activity with a broad spectrum of immuno-modulating activities in mice and in humam tumor cell lines. Gao 2005
The study examines the effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. Gao 2005
EtOH extracts of G. frondosa or H. erinaceus mycelia, or of G. lucidum mycelia/spores, exerted little effect on cell proliferation in murine skin carcinoma cells (CH72); the extract of L. edodes significantly decreased cell proliferation. There was no effect on non-tumorigenic epidermal cells (C50). Gu 2005
In a review of the search for new anticancer drugs, the effects of compounds isolated from various medicinal plants, including Ganoderma lucidum, on tumor growth and metastasis, using mice bearing a highly metastatic drug-resistant mouse tumor, were studied. Kimura 2005
GLPG (Ganoderma lucidum proteoglycan) antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) were investigated using a cytopathic inhibition assay. GLPG inhibited cell death in a dose-dependent manner in HSV-infected cells. Li 2005
The polysaccharide component with a branched (1-->6)-beta-D-glucan moiety of G. lucidum can effectively promote the activation and maturation of immature DC, suggesting that PS-G may possess a potential in regulating immune responses. Lin 2005
Solvent extracts of four species of Ganoderma (Ganoderma colossum G. resinaceum, G. lucidum, G. boninense), from Nigeria, were tested for antimicrobial activity. The three solvent extracts of all the species of Ganoderma were active against Pseudomonas syringae and Bacillus subtilis. Ofodile 2005
In vitro results suggest that G. lucidum inhibits prostate cancer-dependent angiogenesis by modulating MAPK and Akt signaling. Stanley 2005
G. lucidum had a genoprotective effect on human lymphocytic DNA ex vivo at low concentration (0.0001% w/v), but damaged DNA at higher concentrations. The mechanism of damage appeared to be mediated by hydrogen peroxide. Wachtel-Galor 2005
The immunomodulatory effects of spore polysaccharides (Gl-SP) and broken spore polysaccharides (Gl-BSP) isolated from G. lucidum are similar in vitro, although the effects of Gl-BSP are stronger.[Article in Chinese] Wang 2005
G. lucidum may exert a therapeutic effect against atherosclerosis via ameliorating iNOS-mediated NO overproduction in macrophages. Woo 2005
Ganoderic acid (GA), produced by submerged culture of Ganoderma lucidum, at 500 microg/ml, caused nearly a 70% inhibition of the growth of human hepatoma cell line BEL7402 but not of a normal human liver cell line L02. Yang 2005
Results showed G. lucidum polysaccharides to be a promising biological response modifier and immune potentiator. Their effecton CIK cells is possibly mediated primarily through complement receptor type 3. Zhu 2005
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (GLPP) has antitumor and anti-angiogenic activity. The anti-angiogenesis of GLPP may be a new mechanism underlying its anti-tumor effects. Cao 2004
Ganoderma lucidum and Tricholoma lobayense were examined for their advert effects on cell transformation induced by ras oncogene. Results of study may provide a novel alternative mechanism. The mushroom PS peptides may exert anticancer effect by targeting the ras-mediated signaling pathway. Hsiao 2004
Sacchachitin membrane prepared from Ganoderma tsugae had beneficial effects on proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in actively proliferating cells, type I collagen expression and tissue remodeling in the healing tissue, and the association of tissue-transglutaminase. Hung 2004
The efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicines. [No abstract available] Opara 2004
Fresh fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) showed significant anti-angiogenic activity, on chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay and significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. These results support the anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum. Song 2004
Ganoderma lucidum exhibited significant cytotoxic activity (IC50 < or = 20 microg/ml) against at least one of the two murine cancer cell lines. Tomasi 2004
4 week study of human supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum (Lingzhi) showed no evidence of liver, renal or DNA toxicity. A slight trend in lowering lipids and an increase in antioxidant capacity in urine was found. Wachtel-Galor 2004
Acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi') indicates that Lingzhi intake causes an acute increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Wachtel-Galor 2004
A ribonuclease with an N-terminal sequence distinct from other mushroom ribonucleases was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The ribonuclease was unique among mushroom ribonucleases. It exhibited the highest potency toward poly(U), followed by poly(A). Wang 2004
The hypoglycemic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) in fasted mice & possible mechanism examined. Gl-PS found to have a hypoglycemic effect on normal mice & one mechanism is insulin-releasing activity due to a facilitation of Ca2+ inflow to the pancreatic beta cells. Zhang 2004
This review describes biologically active products isolated from Aphyllophorales, many of which are known as polypores. Polypores such as Ganoderma lucidum, Laetiporus sulphureus, Trametes versicolor, Grifola umbellata, Inonotus obliquus, and Wolfiporia cocos actions were examinded. Zjawiony 2004
Isolates from submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum from Slovenian forests produced immunostimulatory activity comparable w/romurtide, a supporting therapy in cancer patients treated w/radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Berovic 2003
The influences of wood-cultured Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS-WC) and bag-cultured Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS-BC) were found to produce similar results in the proliferation activities of murine spleen lymphocytes. Cao 2003
Successful suppression of proteinuria in treatment of glomerular endotheilial dysfunction is accomplished by using Ganoderma lucidum and vitamins C and E. Effects from G. lucidum are modulation of immunocirculatory balance, antilipid, vasodilator, antiplatelet and improved hemorheology. Futrakul 2003
Ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) enhanced the immune responses in patients with advanced-stage cancer. Gao 2003
Results of this study demonstrate the abilities of polysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum (PS-G) to enhance neutrophil function in phagocytosis and chemotaxis, and further provide evidence to strengthen the beneficial remedy of G. lucidum in human to enhance defense system. Hsu 2003
Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were tested for effects on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation. All of the compounds tested showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction (96-100% inhibition at 1 x 10(3) mol ratio/TPA. Iwatsuki 2003
A study using rat and mice tissue found ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium possessed significant antiperoxidative, antiinflammatory, and antimutagenic activities. Lakshmi 2003
Triterpene-enriched extracts from G. lucidum WEES-G6, was prepared from mycelia of G. lucidum by sequential hot water extraction, removal of ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides and gel-filtration chromatography. Findings suggest triterpenes contained in G. lucidum are potential anticancer agents. Lin 2003
50 male mice were immunized with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus group 2 (rDp2), & orally fed with Ganoderma lucidum ("Ling Zhi," LZ OT). LZ OT alone suppressed IgG1 and increased IgG2a production. LZ OT added to Dp2 NT significantly suppressed late phase airway hypersensitivity to methacholine. Liu 2003
A 6-month study of male F344 rats with azoxymethane-induced colon cancers were injected with a water-soluble extract from cultured medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia (MAK). MAK reduced tumor inicidence and size suggesting (MAK) could act as a chemopreventive agent for colon carcinogenesis. Lu 2003
The interaction of Ganoderma triterpenoids with human platelets in the induction of aggregation and inhibition of agonist-induced aggregation and signal transduction has been elucidated. Treatment with lovastatin & Ganoderma triterpenoids has exhibited a potential anticancer effect in animals. Shiao 2003
Study examined how different samples of Ganoderma lucidum inhibit constitutively active NF-kappaB in a reporter gene assay. Some samples of Ganoderma lucidum showed strong inhibition of cancer cell migration while other samples showed less or no activity. Sliva 2003
Ganoderma lucidum clearly demonstrates anticancer activity in experiments with cancer cells by suppressing cell adhesion and cell migration of highly invasive breast and prostate cancer cells. Sliva 2003
Alpha-galactosidase was purified from a fresh fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and column chromatographies with DEAE-Sephadex and Con A-Sepharose. Sripuan 2003
The antioxidant effect of Ganoderma polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) and its mechanism were studied in mice. GLPP showed antioxidant effect by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or enhancing the enzyme activity of GSHpx in vivo and in vitro. [Article in Chinese]
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS)lucidum reported useful in protecting against alloxan-induced pancreatic islets damage in diabetic mice via its scavenging ability to protect the pancreatic islets from free radicals-damage induced by alloxan. Zhang 2003
Hot-water extract of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have a stimulating effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic activity of T lymphocytes. Bao 2002
Lymphocyte proliferation of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) induced by mature dendritic cells (DC) was enhanced by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS). Gl-PS promotes the maturation of cultured murine bone marrow derived (DC)in vitro,& the immune response initiation induced by DC. Cao 2002
Three new lanostante-type triterpene aldehydes, named lucialdehydes A-C (1-3), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Lucialdehyde C (3) exhibited the most potent cytotoxicity against LLC, T-47D, Sarcoma 180, and Meth-A tumor cells. Gao 2002
The polysaccharide component with a branched (1-->3)-beta-D-glucan moiety from G. lucidum (PS-G) has shown evidence of enhancement of immune responses & anti-tumor effects. Study examines the effect of PS-G on neutrophil viability, which is manifested by spontaneous apoptosis is examined. Hsu 2002
Study found alcohol extract of Ganoderma lucidum inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Hu 2002
Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of the triterpenoid fraction of G. lucidum might be due to the inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Kimura 2002
A new lanostane-type triterpene, named ganoderic acid LM2 (5), was isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Both ganoderic acid LM2(5) and ganoderic acid epsilon(4)exhibited potent enhancement of ConA-induced mice splenocytes proliferation in vitro. Luo 2002
Advances of pharmacological effects of triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum. [Article in Chinese] Luo 2002
Methanolic extracts were prepared from medicinal mushrooms, G. lucidum, G. lucidum antler, and G. tsugae. At 0.6 mg/mL, G. lucidum and G. tsugae showed highest antioxidant activity (2.30-6.41% of lipid peroxidation), reducing power, scavenging and chelating abilities and total phenol content. Mau 2002
GCP a (genistein combined polysaccharide) made from soybean extracts cultured with Ganoderma lucidum mycelia was found to inhibit the formation of new vessels induced by colon carcinoma cells in vivo. Miura 2002
From experiments on 8 mushroom species, the highest genoprotective effects were obtained
with cold and hot water extracts of Agaricus bisporus and G. lucidum fruit bodies. Shi 2002
Results from the study suggest that spores and unpurified fruiting body of G. lucidum inhibit invasion of breast and prostate cancer cells by a common mechanism and have potential therapeutic use for cancer treatment. Sliva 2002
Studies of immuno-modulating and antitumor activities of G. lucidum polysaccharides indicate a fucose-containing polysaccharide is responsible for stimulating the expression of cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-2 and INF-gamma. Wang 2002
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides peptide (GLPP) tested on mice peritoneal macrophages injured by reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBOOH) found GLPP can protect mitochondria against injury by tBOOH. GLPP had significant scavenging ROS and antioxidant effects. You 2002
Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) induced liver damage in mice were treated with Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide (GLP). Study suggests mechanisms of protective roles by GLP for BCG liver injury may be due to influence NO production. Zhang 2002
A bioactive fraction (GLIS) was isolated from the fruiting body of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. GLIS stimulated the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes, resulting in a three to four-fold increase in the percentage of B cells. Results indicate GLIS is a new B cell-stimulating factor. Zhang 2002
The effect of Lugu Ganoderma lucidum (LGL) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation & monocyte adhesion to endothelium (AdM-E) induced by oxidative LDL & advanced glycosylation endproducts (AGE) found LGL can decrease LDL oxidation & AdM-E induced by AGE or oxidative LDL. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2002
G. lucidum found to inhibit lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. Lee 2001
Ganoderma extract induced neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and prevented nerve growth factor-dependent PC12 neurons from apoptosis, possibly mediated via the ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and CREB signaling pathways. Cheung 2000
Antiherpetic activity of an acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from G. lucidum attributed to its binding with herpes simplex glycoproteins. Eo 2000
The water-soluble polysaccharides of Ganoderma tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different stimulatory conditions in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with FI0-b, FI0-b-H has more marked effects on human proinflammatory cytokine production. Gao 2000a
The water-soluble polysaccharides of G. tsugae mycelium have bidirectional immunomodulatory effects on cytokine production in different cell stimulatory conditions; chemical modification changed the intensity of regulatory effect on cytokine production. Gao 2000b
Acidic protein bound polysacchride isolated from Ganoderma lucidum showed potent
antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells at concentration of 300 and 440 microg/ml, respectively, with combinations with IFN alpha showing more potent synergistic effects. Kim 2000
Acidic protein bound polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum showed potent antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in Vero cells and showed potent synergistic effects with acyclovir against HSV-1 and HSV-2. Oh 2000
Study on Ganodermic acid S (GAS), isolated from the Chinese medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum and its participation in potentiating the response of human gel-filtered platelets to prostaglandin. Su 2000
The effects of extracts from Ganoderma lucidum spores on the growth of human cervix uteri tumor HeLa cells as well as on the cell cycle and intracellular calcium level. Zhu 2000
Protein bound polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum, exhibited antherpetic activity. Eo 1999
Water soluble and methanol soluble extracts from G. lucidum, significantly inhibited the cytopathic effects of HSV and VSV and inhibited plaque formation of HSV-2. Eo 1999
Hot-water extract of Ganoderma lucidum was evaluated as a radioprotector and antioxidant against oxygen radical-mediated damage using isolated DNA in vitro. Kim 1999
A review of highly oxygenated anti-inflammatory triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum and their potential possibility in modern medicine. Patocka 1999
Ganoderma lucidum, exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition on the response of human gel-filtered platelets to 9,11-dideoxy-9alpha,11alpha-methanoepoxyprostaglandin F2alpha, a thromboxane A2 mimetic. Su 1999
Terpene and polysaccharide fractions of aqueous extract of Ganoderma lucidum showed antioxidative activities in a dose dependent manner with the terpene fraction possessing the highest effect. Zhu 1999
Compounds, determined by spectroscopic means, isolated from a methanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum, were found to be active as anti-HIV-1 agents. el-Mekkawy 1998
Phytohemagglutinin-induced cell proliferation was reduced to 14% of that of the control by methanolic extracts of the carpophores of G. lucidum. Kim 1997
From the CH2Cl2 extract of Ganoderma lucidum among 134 active extracts, ganoderic acids A, B, G and H and compound C6 were isolated as the antinociceptive components. Koyama 1997
The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from
activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Wang 1997
Ling Zhi-8, from G. lucidum, proved to be mitogenic for human PBMC, immunosuppressive in purified T cells and EBV-transformed allogeneic B cells in the absence of monocytes, and had significant effect on cellular immunity. van der Hem 1995
Extracts from Panax ginseng, Rhodiolae rosea and Ganoderma studied for adaptogene, T-immunogene activities and stimulation of mechanical integration in tissues predisposed to hereditary tumors showed least activity by Ganoderma. Bocharova 1994
Aqueous extract from the carpophores of Ganoderma lucidum combined with 4 antibiotics resulted in additive effect in most instances, synergism in 2 instances, and antagonism in 2 instances. Yoon 1994
Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8), purified from Ganoderma lucidium, exhibited monocyte dependent mitogenic effects on human peripheral blood lymphocytes and induced cellular aggregate formation, demonstrating that LZ-8 is a potent T cell activator. Haak-Frendscho 1993
Murine splenocytes pretreated with G. lucidum alone had no significant effect on IL-2 production but preincubating in combination with hydrocortisone resulted in a significant increase of IL-2 production when compared with control. Zhang 1993
Medicinal benefits of the mushroom Ganoderma. [no abstract] Jong 1992
Using mixed lymphocyte response as a main model, Ganoderma polysaccharides promoted the production of interleukin 2 and markedly enhanced the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Lei 1992
Polysaccharide fraction of G. lucidum inhibited the growth of human blood mononuclear cells and induced them to differentiate into mature monocytes/macrophages with functions of phagocytosis and producion of cytoplasmic superoxide. Lieu 1992
Serial concentrations of extract from the mycelium of G. lucidum showed no significant in vitro cytotoxicity on oral cancer cells with survival fraction determined by MTT colorimetric assay. Chen 1991
15 alpha-hydroxy groups isolated from Ganoderma lucidum potently inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol from [24,25-3H]-24,25-dihydrolanosterol by rat hepatic subcellular 10,000 x g supernatant fraction. Komoda 1989
Extracts of 20 high-species mushrooms, tested in vitro by intracellular cholesterol accumulation and 3H-thymidine inclusion into human aortal intima cells, showed G. lucidum had antiatherosclerotic properties. Li Khva Ren 1989
Sequential fractions of culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum showed an inhibitory effect on histamine release by inhibiting 45Ca uptake, suggesting that this may be the main cause of histamine release inhibition. Tasaka 1988
Oleic acid isolated from chloroform extract of Ganoderma lucidum broth dose-dependently inhibited the histamine release and 45Ca uptake into mast cells induced by compound 48/80 and A-23187 at concentrations of 5 to 50 microM and 0.5 to 5 microM, respectively. Tasaka 1988
Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. VII. Anti-allergic effect. [no abstract] Nogami 1986
Studies on Ganoderma lucidum. I. Efficacy against hypertension and side effects. [no abstract] Kanmatsuse 1985
Ganoderma lucidum. (4) Effects on disseminated intravascular coagulation. [Article in Japanese] [no abstract] Kubo 1983
Experimental study on the effect of ling-chih (Ganoderma) on coronary circulation (author's transl). [no abstract] Chen 1979
Analytical Chemistry
High-performance liquid chromatographic fingerprints & combined chemometrics methods, which can be used to control quality & determine province of origin, ranked in decreasing order, the quality of the G. lucidum as follows: Jinzhai/Huangshan, Shandong and Zhejiang samples. Chen 2008
Infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques can discriminate G. lucidum according to geographical origin. Chen 2008
Development of a chromatographic fingerprint for the chloroform extracts of Ganoderma lucidum by HPLC and LC-MS. Chen 2008
Water-soluble extract of selenium-enriched G. lucidum showed strongest antioxidant properties followed by alkaline-, salt- & alcohol-soluble protein extracts, demonstrating that selenium content & amino acids composition of the extracts play important direct roles in enhancing antioxidant activity. Du 2008
Four new lanostane triterpenes, colossolactone V (1), colossolactone VI (2), colossolactone VII (3), and colossolactone VIII (4), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum, together with the known compound colossolactone E (5). El Dine 2008
Four new lanostane triterpene lactones (colossolactone I, colossolactone II, colossolactone III and colossolactone IV) were isolated from the Vietnamese mushroom Ganoderma colossum (FR.) C. F. BAKER along with five known compounds. El Dine 2008
A compendium of virtually all the published data on total selenium concentrations, its distribution in fruit body, bioconcentration factors, and chemical forms in 190 species of wild-grown, cultivated, and selenium-enriched mushrooms worldwide. Falandysz 2008
Two new cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpenes, together with 17 known compounds, were
isolated from the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Guan 2008
Solubilization of water-insoluble beta-glucan isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Han 2008
G. lucidum glucan structure was determined using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Hung 2008
Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea were determined. Kim 2008
The antiinflammatory properties of twelve triterpenoids and steroids from both G. lucidum and G. tsugae were assessed in vitro by determining their inhibitory effects on the chemical mediators released from mast cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. Ko 2008
Histidine was determined in Ganoderma using chemiluminescence. Lin 2008
Fatty acid profiles of polar and neutral lipids of ten species of larger basidiomycetes indigenous to Eastern Canada are characterized. Pedneault 2008
Exo- and endopolysaccharides of submerged mycelia of Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Crinipellis schevchenkovi are similar to the beta-(1-->3)-D-glucans of the fruiting bodies. [Article in Russian] Shcherba 2008
Exo- and endopolysaccharides of submerged mycelia of Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum, and Crinipellis schevchenkovi are similar to the beta-(1-->3)-D-glucans of the fruiting bodies. [Article in Russian] Shcherba 2008
Two new highly oxygenated lanostane triterpenoids, ganoderic acid AP2 (1) and ganoderic acid AP3 (2), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the fungus G. applanatum, along with four known analogues, ganoderenic acids A, B, D and G (3-6). Wang 2008
The fucogalactan, a water-soluble polysaccharide, (LZ-D-1) was isolated from G. lucidum fruiting bodies by DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow and Sephacryl S-300 high-resolution chromatography. Ye 2008
Structural elucidation of the polysaccharide moiety of a glycopeptide (GLPCW-II) from Ganoderma lucidum fruiting bodies. Ye 2008
Results indicate that G. lucidum had lesser amounts of nucleosides & nucleobases than other edible fungi. Hymenophore tissues of all fungi studied were found to have considerably higher amounts of total nucleosides & nucleobases as compared to other parts. Yuan 2008
From the ethyl acetate extract of spores of G. lucidum, eight compounds were isolated. Ganoderate A (II), methyl ganoderate B (III), ergosterol peroxide (VII) and ergosta-7,22-diene-3beta-yl pentadecanoate (VIII) were isolated for the first time. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2008
A new highly oxygenated sterol, four known sterols (2-5) and seven known triterpenoids,
have been isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Zhang 2008
HPLC-DAD-MS qualitatively identified 6 nucleosides & 5 nucleobases. Quantitative analyses showed that uridine was the most abundant nucleoside & the contents of nine target analytes were found to be different in pileus & stipes of the fruiting bodies & among the different species of G. spp. Gao 2007
Structure elucidation and complete NMR spectral assignments of three new lanostanoid triterpenes with unprecedented Delta(16, 17) double bond from Ganoderma lucidum. Guan 2007
Novel method to detect adulteration of ganoderma spore lipid (GSL) with cheaper vegetable oils based on characterization of the compositions of fatty acids and stable carbon isotopes in GSL. Liu 2007
A hot water extract (decoction) of Chaga (Inonotus obliquus) had the strongest antioxidant activity among medicinal fungi examined (Agaricus blazei Mycelia, Ganoderma lucidum and Phellinus linteus) in terms of both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals scavenging activities. Nakajima 2007
Two new lanostane triterpenoids were isolated from the fruiting body of Ganoderma resinaceum. Niu 2007
The thermodynamics & kinetics of binding of glycans & glycoproteins to G. lucidum lectin was studied using surface plasmon resonance. The observations elaborate the role of protein matrix in lectin-glycoconjugate interaction. Thakur 2007
Purification and biocharacterization of a novel 114 kDa hexameric lectin from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Thakur 2007
Quantitatively analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) four major triterpenoids (ganoderic acids C(2), B, K and H) in rat plasma after oral administration of G. lucidum extract. Wang 2007
Quantitative determination of four major triterpenoids (ganoderic acids C(2), B, K and H) in rat urine after oral administration of total triterpenoids from G.lucidum revealed excretion profile. Wang 2007
Isolation, purification and structural analysis of GL-PP-3A, an active polysaccharide peptide from Ganoderma lucidum. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2007
32 triterpenoids, including six new ones, were identified or tentatively characterized based on the tandem mass spectra of the HPLC peaks (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS(n)). Yang 2007
Total ergosterol levels in stipe, pileus, tubes, and spores of G. lucidum were between 0.8 and 1.6 mg/g. The spores tubes have a considerably higher percentage of ergosteryl esters (41.9 and 39.7% of total ergosterol) compared to pileus & stipe tissues (3.6 and 6.2%). Yuan 2007
Investigation of secondary metabolites from hydrodistillates and solvent extracts of the fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and Spongiporus leucomallellus. Campos 2006
Cloning and sequence analysis of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene from G.lucidum Fei 2006
Molecular identification method for medical mushrooms and their preparations based on the nucleotide sequences of nuclear large subunit (LSU) rDNA. Lee 2006
Two new lanostanoids isolated from a lipophilic extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum. exhibited inhibitory activities against the HMG-CoA reductase and acyl CoA acyltransferase. Li 2006
5alpha-Reductase inhibitory activity-guided fractionation of the EtOH extract of the fruiting body of G. lucidum led to the isolation of two active compounds which were ganoderic acid DM and 5alpha-lanosta-7,9(11),24-triene-15alpha,26-dihydroxy-3-one. Liu 2006
Triterpenoids isolated from ethanol extracts of G. lucidum inhibited 5alpha-reductase activity. The presence of the C-3 carbonyl group & the C-26-alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group was characteristic of almost all inhibitors isolated from G. lucidum. Liu 2006
A protein demonstrating laccase activity & potent inhibitory activity towards human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 1.2 microM) isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of G. lucidum required a pH of 3-5 & a temperature of 70 degrees C to exhibit maximal activity. Wang 2006
Six major triterpenoids in G. lucidum and related species quantitatively determination by high performance liquid chromatography. Wang 2006
A 15-kDa antifungal protein, ganodermin, isolated from G. lucidum inhibited the mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum and Physalospora piricola. It was devoid of hemagglutinating, deoxyribonuclease, ribonuclease and protease inhibitory activities. Wang 2006
Ergosterol in Ganoderma spore lipid (GSL) extracted from the germinating spores of G. lucidum is determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Ergosterol is a possible marker for evaluating the quality of GSL products. Yuan 2006
A novel on-line system combining supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and two-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (2D-HPLC)resolved at least 73 components in the extract of G. lucidum fruiting bodies with calculated peak capacity of up to 1643. Zhang 2006
A method combining HPLC and pressurized liquid extraction quantified nine components in two species of Ganoderma, i.e. G. lucidum and G. sinense. The chemical characteristics were significantly different between the two species. Zhao 2006
Ganoderma lucidum mycelium extrac has immunomodulating effects on human immune cells and therefore can be used as a natural adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy with dendritic
Study examined the isolation & identification of the 26-oxygenosterols & their biological effects on cholesterol synthesis in a human hepatic cell line in vitro. The results demonstrate that the lanosterol 14alpha-demethylase, can be inhibited by the 26-oxygenosterols from G. lucidum. Hajjaj 2005
Characterization of Lzps-1, a polysaccharide obtained from the water extract of G. lucidum; the total polysaccharide showed antitumor activity against sarcoma 180 & Lewis lung cancer in mice & enhanced the NK cell activity. [Article in Chinese] Jiang 2005
Six new components were separated from the organic acids of G. lucidum to which aqueous extract of Radix sophorae flavescentis was added to the cultivation medium, three of which have inhibitory efects on HBsAg and HBeAg secretion. [Article in Chinese] Li 2005
A new lanostanoid, ganoderic acid SZ (1), isolated from a lipophilic extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, is a geometric Z-isomer of the known ganoderic acid S (2). Li 2005
Purification and characteristic of proteinase inhibitor GLPIA2 from Ganoderma lucidum by submerged fermentation. [Article in Chinese] Tian 2005
19 triterpene constituents in G. lucidum were examined. Results showed that the quantity and composition of these triterpenes differed appreciably among various specimens, but the relative ratio of the alcohols and acids was not significantly different when the same strain of G. lucidum was used. Gao 2004
Review summarizes the various chromatographic and electrophoretic methods (as well as sample pretreatment methods) typically employed to achieve extraction/separation procedures used for Ganoderma family of mushrooms. Huie 2004
Results from a study to investigate the anti-proliferative activities of medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum (Rei-shi or Mannentake) suggest that the alcohol extract from the spore of Ganoderma lucidum has potential anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities Lu 2004
A ribonuclease with an N-terminal sequence distinct from other mushroom ribonucleases was isolated from fresh fruiting bodies of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. The ribonuclease was unique among mushroom ribonucleases. It exhibited the highest potency toward poly(U), followed by poly(A). Wang 2004
A novel type of organic-inorganic hybrid porous silica-based monolithic stationary phase for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) has been developed by sol-gel chemistry combined with supramolecular template-based approach in a simple and rapid manner. Yan 2004
Data shows that Ganoderma lucidum could biotransform inorganic selenite in the substrate into organic forms by integrating Se into proteins (56-61%) and polysaccharides (11-18%) and other components. Zhao 2004
Cell phenotype analysis conducted by cell fluid-based microchip to analyze the change of
subtypes of UCB mononuclear cells in vitro reactivity in herbs. In water-soluble extract of Ganoderma lucidum, CD56(+) marker (NK cells)increased from 1.1 to 3.2% (P<0.05 and P) in UCB mononuclear cells. Chien 2003
Flow-cytometric approach to membrane protection by four traditional Chinese medicines assessed. Cells incubated for 30 min w/aqueous plant extracts (1.5% w/v). Results indicate lingzhi (G. lucidum)& ginger contain antioxidant components that act within the cell membrane & slow lipid peroxidation. Chung 2003
Extraction and planar chromatographic instrumentation were used for fingerprint profiling of carbohydrates from the medicinal mushroom Lingzhi. Unique fingerprint patterns were observed in monosaccharide profiles between two Lingzhi species, Ganoderma lucidum & G. applanatum, under acid hydrolysis. Di 2003
Lucidenic acids P and Q, methyl lucidenate P, and other triterpenoids from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum were tested for effects on Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation. All of the compounds tested showed potent inhibitory effects on EBV-EA induction (96-100% inhibition at 1 x 10(3) mol ratio/TPA. Iwatsuki 2003
Triterpene-enriched extracts from G. lucidum WEES-G6, was prepared from mycelia of G. lucidum by sequential hot water extraction, removal of ethanol-insoluble polysaccharides and gel-filtration chromatography. Findings suggest triterpenes contained in G. lucidum are potential anticancer agents. Lin 2003
A water-soluble polysaccharide-protein complex (GM3) was extracted from the mycelium of Ganoderma tsugae using size-exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC-LLS). Peng 2003
Alpha-galactosidase was purified from a fresh fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and column chromatographies with DEAE-Sephadex and Con A-Sepharose Sripuan 2003
Scale-up of a liquid static culture process was studied for hyperproduction of ganoderic acid (GA) Ganoderma lucidum. Initial volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (K(L)a)& area of liquid surface per liquid volume (A(s) identified as key factors affecting cell growth. Tang 2003
Hot-water extract of the spores of Ganoderma lucidum was shown to have a stimulating effect on concanavalin A-induced mitogenic activity of T lymphocytes. Bao 2002
Lymphocyte proliferation of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) induced by mature dendritic cells (DC) was enhanced by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS). Gl-PS promotes the maturation of cultured murine bone marrow derived (DC)in vitro,& the immune response initiation induced by DC. Cao 2002
From a lipophilic extract of the fruiting body of Ganoderma lucidum, three new lanostanoids, 8beta,9alpha-dihydroganoderic acid J (1), methyl 8beta, 9alpha-dihydroganoderate J (2), and 20-hydroxylganoderic acid G (3), along with 12 known lanostanoids and two ergostane sterols were isolated. Ma 2002
Methanolic extracts were prepared from medicinal mushrooms, G. lucidum, G. lucidum antler, and G. tsugae. At 0.6 mg/mL, G. lucidum and G. tsugae showed highest antioxidant activity (2.30-6.41% of lipid peroxidation), reducing power, scavenging and chelating abilities and total phenol content. Mau 2002
Findings indicate that some edible mushrooms represent a valuable source of biologically active compounds with potential for protecting cellular DNA from oxidative damage. Shi 2002
A bioactive fraction (GLIS) was isolated from the fruiting body of the fungus Ganoderma lucidum. GLIS stimulated the proliferation of mouse spleen lymphocytes, resulting in a three to four-fold increase in the percentage of B cells. Results indicate GLIS is a new B cell-stimulating factor. Zhang 2002
Polysaccharides from mycelium of Ganoderma lucidum were fractioned by DEAE-Sephadex and DEAE-Cellulose. By means of isolation and purification, two polysaccharides, GLMB0 and GLMB1, were finally obtained. Their structures were characterized by chemical and spectral methods. [article in Chinese] Zhao 2002
A polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 1.26 x 10(5), obtained from spores of Ganoderma lucidum, was purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. This polysaccharide effectively suppressed the antibody production and the Con A or LPS induced lymphocyte proliferation in mice. Bao 2001
Degree of substitution on the main chain and the length of side chains may be very important in determining the conformation and the biological activities of beta-(1-->3)-linked glucans isolated from spores of the fungus, Ganoderma lucidum. Bao 2001
Micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method for the determination of nucleoside (adenosine, uridine) and base (uracil) markers in aqueous extracts of Ganoderma medicinal preparations, described. Cheung 2001
Development of a micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method used for determination of nucleoside (adenosine, uridine) and base (uracil) markers in aqueous extracts of Ganoderma medicinal preparations. Cheung 2001
Twelve triterpenes (1-12) isolated from G. lucidum spores were investigated in vitro for their anticomplementary activity. Compounds 1 - 5 were inactive, whereas ganoderiol F (8), ganodermanondiol (9) and ganodermanontriol (10) showed a strong anticomplement activity. Min 2001
Terpenoids isolated from the spores of G. lucidum had strong anticomplement activity when side chain activities were increased. Min 2001
High-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis of triterpenoids from Ganoderma was developed and validated for differentiating a number of species of the genus Ganoderma. Su 2001
Structures of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenes, elucidated by spectral and chemical
transformation studies, were examined for cytotoxicity. Wu 2001
A new triterpenoid isolated from G. lucidum, lucidenic acid N (1), & other known compounds lucidenic acid A, & ganoderic acid E showed significant cytotoxic activity against Hep G2, Hep G2,2,15, & P-388 tumor cells. Wu 2001
A neutral protein bound polysaccharide (NPBP) and an acidic protein bound polysaccharide (APBP), were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Results of study suggests that antiherpetic activity of APBP is related to its binding with HSV-specific glycoproteins. Eo 2000
A neutral protein bound polysaccharide (NPBP) and an acidic protein bound polysaccharide (APBP), were isolated from Ganoderma lucidum. Results of study suggests that antiherpetic activity of APBP is related to its binding with HSV-specific glycoproteins. Eo 2000
Two new lanostanoids were isolated from the basidiocarp of Ganoderma lucidum and both compounds weakly inhibited sheep vesicle cyclooxygenase 1 activity at a test concentration of 40 micrograms/ml. Ha 2000
Six new highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenes isolated from the spores of G. lucidum were tested in vitro for cytotoxicity against Meth-A and LLC tumor cell lines. Min 2000
3 new compounds, tsugaric acid C, tsugarioside B and tsugarioside C and a mixture of two known steroids were isolated from the fruit bodies of G. tsugae and their cytotoxic activity evaluated against several different cancer cell lines. Su 2000
Four fractions of water-insoluble alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan extracted from fruiting bodies of G. lucidum and synthesized into a series of water-soluble sulfated derivatives, had significantly higher antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma than the originals. Zhang 2000
Sulfated derivative of alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan from Ganoderma lucidum were evaluated. Results showed sulfated derivatives synthesized from the alpha-(1-->3)-D-glucan and curdlan, a beta-(1-->3)-D-glucan, all had significant higher antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Zhang 2000
Test showed that the antitumor components of G. lucidum spores can be analyzed with methanol-water on a reverse HPLC. Zhao 2000
Effects of Ganoderma lucidum spores on the growth of human cervix uteri tumor HeLa cells were studied. Results imply breaking of G. lucidum spores improves release of cytotoxic activity & the extract may affect the cell cycle & cellular signal transduction by altering the calcium transport system. Zhu 2000
Polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum (including mycelia) and Ganoderma japonicum were evaluated. HPLC and TLC methods for identification of their triterpenic acids are provided in this article. [Article in Chinese] Ding 1999
New lanostanoid ester glucoside and a known steroid were isolated from G. tsugae, their structures determined, and cytotoxic activity investigated. Gan 1998
Triterpenes isolated from the spores of Ganoderma lucidum showed significant anti-human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV)-1 protease activity with IC50 values of 20-90 microM. Min 1998
Polysaccharides from Songshan Lingzhi (Ganoderma tsugae) with antitumor activity were extracted, fractionated, and purified, and the chemical properties and structure of each compared with Kofukitake (G. applanatum), Mannentake (G. lucidum)and Songshan Lingzhi (G. tsugae). Wang 1993
Four homogeneous polysaccharides were separated and purified from BN3B, the polysaccharide component of the fruit of Ganoderma lucidum which has demonstrated immune activity. He 1992
Two new steryl esters isolated from the fruiting bodies of Formosan Ganoderma lucidum exhibited potent inhibition of KB cells and human PLC/PRF/5 cells in vitro. Lin 1991
The complete amino acid sequence of a novel immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8, isolated from G. lucidium shows considerable similarity to the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chain and may be related to an ancestral protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Tanaka 1989
Pharmacokinetics (ADME)
Acute and short-term biomarker response to supplementation of Ganoderma lucidum ('Lingzhi') indicates that Lingzhi intake causes an acute increase in plasma antioxidant capacity. Wachtel-Galor 2004
Data shows that Ganoderma lucidum could biotransform inorganic selenite in the substrate into organic forms by integrating Se into proteins (56-61%) and polysaccharides (11-18%) and other components. Zhao 2004
Ganoderma lucidum suppressed cell adhesion & cell migration of highly invasive breast & prostate cancer cells, suggesting its potency to reduce tumor invasiveness. G. lucidum demonstrates anticancer activity & may have therapeutic potential as a dietary supplement for breast & prostate cancer. Sliva 2003
The impact of pellet size on cellular oxygen uptake & accumulation of ganoderic acid (GA) suggested the favorable effect of oxygen limitation on GA formation by the higher fungus Ganoderma lucidum. A change in the cell morphology & a decrease in the sugar consumption rate were observed. Fang 2002
Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) at 250 and 500 mg/kg by intragastric input caused ulcer-healing effect on indomethacin-induced lesions in rats. Significant suppression of TNF-alpha gene expression with an increased ornithine decarboxylase(ODC) party accounts for the mucosal healing effect. Gao 2002
Genetics & Molecular Biology
Molecular cloning, characterization, and differential expression of a farnesyl-diphosphate
synthase gene from the basidiomycetous fungus G. lucidum. Ding 2008
Molecular cloning and expression of a laccase from Ganoderma lucidum, and its antioxidative properties. Joo 2008
Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma australe from southern India. Kaliyaperumal 2008
Polysaccharides extracted from Ganoderma lucidum spores could stimulate splenic mononuclear cells proliferation and cytokine production in mice. Ma 2008
The complete nucleotide sequence of the full-length cDNA encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase and its genomic DNA sequence isolated from a triterpene-producing fungus, Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Lingzhi). Shang 2008
Results indicate that with increasing concentration of cadmium, the fresh mass and the proline, total polysaccharides, and reduced polysaccharides contents of G. lucidum mycelia decreased, but non-protein thiol (NPT) content increased. [Article in Chinese] Wang 2008
Identification of medicinal Ganoderma species based on PCR with specific primers and PCR-RFLP. Xuanwei 2008
Extracellular expression of a functional recombinant Ganoderma lucidium immunomodulatory protein by Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis. Yeh 2008
Results suggest that the synergism between Ganoderma triterpenes (GTS) and doxorubicin might be based on GTS-induced sensitization of cells to chemotherapeutics through enhanced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and apoptosis. Yue 2008
Proteomics characterization of the cytotoxicity mechanism of ganoderic acid D and computer-automated estimation of the possible drug target network. Yue 2008
Poria cocos could be distinguished from G. lucidum and Polyporous umbellatus, and fakes by comparing the nucleotide length of PCR products of ITS 1 and 2. Atsumi 2007
F3,the active component of the polysaccharide extract, may induce death receptor ligands to initiate signaling via receptor oligomerization, recruitment of specialized adaptor proteins and activation of caspase cascades. Cheng 2007
Extracellular expression of functional recombinant G. lucidium immunomodulatory protein (rlz8) by Bacillus subtilis and Lactococcus lactis. Yeh 2007
Elucidates a possible network associated with Ganoderic acid D (GAD)-target related proteins and discusses the possible contribution of these proteins to the cytotoxicity of GAD. Yue 2007
The genetic diversity within Ganoderma strains was assessed with AFLP and ITS PCR-RFLP. Zheng 2007
With the software of NTSYSpc 2. 1, germplasm resources of all Ganoderma strains studied were clustered into G. lucidum group and G. sinense group at the similarity coefficient 0. 676. [Article in Chinese] Zheng 2007b
FIP-gts, a fungal immunomodulatory protein found in Song-Shan Lingzhi (G. tsugae) produced in Sf21 insect cells possessed higher specific immunomodulatory activity compared with the rFIP-gts produced in Escherichia coli cells. Jinn 2006
Application of sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) marker revealed the genetic diversity of 31 Ganoderma strains and their correlation with geographic environments. Sun 2006
Study examines the effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS) on the proliferation and the anti-tumor activity of cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells. Gl-PS was shown to be a promising biological response modifier and immune potentiator. Zhu 2005
The effects of Ganoderma lucidum on apoptotic and anti-inflammatory function in HT-29 human colonic carcinoma cells showed pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory functions, as well as inhibitory effects on cytokine expression during early inflammation in colonic carcinoma cells. Hong 2004
Ganoderma lucidum and Tricholoma lobayense were examined for their advert effects on cell transformation induced by ras oncogene. Results of study may provide a novel alternative mechanism. The mushroom PS peptides may exert anticancer effect by targeting the ras-mediated signaling pathway. Hsiao 2004
Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi or Ling-Zhi) polysaccharides (EORP) exert immunomodulating activities by stimulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines from mouse spleen cells. Hsu 2004
Genetic transformation and mutant isolation in Ganoderma lucidum by restriction enzyme-mediated integration was accomplished by successfully transformed G. lucidum to geneticin resistance using pJS205-1 which has the antibiotic resistance genes against geneticin and phosphinothricin. Kim 2004
Lymphocyte proliferation of mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) induced by mature dendritic cells (DC) was enhanced by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (Gl-PS). Gl-PS promotes the maturation of cultured murine bone marrow derived (DC)in vitro,& the immune response initiation induced by DC. Cao 2002
From study of mechanism of action of extracts from individual herbs in PC-SPES it was concluded unlikely that the activity of a single herb can account for the overall effects of PC-SPES. Hsieh 2002
The immunomodulation of Narcissus tazetta lectin (NTL) on the induction of gene expression of cytokines in the mouse was studied using specific cytokine primers. The immunopotentiating effect of NTL is similar to LZ-8, a fungal immunomodulatory lectin isolated from Ganoderma lucidium. Ooi 2002
The cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter has been most commonly used in plant transformation studies however this is the first report on the application of CaMV 35S promoter in genetic modification of mushrooms. Sun 2002
Plant polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum was found to be the most effective in induction of glutathione S-transferase activity when compared with three other plant extracts. Kim 1999
beta-glucuronidase seems to be closely related to liver injury, which could be prevented by beta-glucuronidase inhibitors from G. lucidum. Kim 1999
New terpenes from fruiting bodies of G. lucidum prevented eukaryotic DNA polymerases, also those of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Mizushina 1999
Natural inhibitors for protein prenyltransferases were isolated and identified from G. lucidum and garlic. Lee 1998
Extracts from G. lucidum fruiting body inhibit activities of replicative DNA polymerases Mizushina 1998
Product from G. lucidum enhances the effect of linoleic acid in inhibiting the activities of mammalian DNA polymerases. Mizushina 1998
N-terminal amphipathic alpha-helix confirmed as the dimerization domain of a purified fungal immunomodulatory protein (Fip-gts) from Ganoderma tsugae, suggesting that the dimerization may play an important role in Fip-gts immunomodulatory activity. Lin 1997
Ganoderma polysaccharides at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg-1 restored immune function and activity of DNA polymerase alpha of splenocytes in aged mice and demonstrated restorative effects in vitro. Lei 1993
FORMULAS/BLENDS
Modern Methods of Preparation
Immunomodulatory proteins in Enoki and Reishi mushrooms have a good thermal/freezing resistance, acid tolerance, and dehydration stability and are candidates for processing in food and nutraceutical utilization. Tong 2008
demonstrated growth inhibitory potential on KG1a cells and AML (acute myelogenous leukemia) bone marrow samples in vitro. No acute toxicity was observed after feeding rats a high dosage of the CGG extract. Chui 2006
After sold-state fermentation by G. lucidum, the digesting & absorbing ratio of cornmeal was strikingly increased & some active substances originated from G. lucidum remained in the fermented product, suggesting applications for functional foods. Han 2005
Cat's claw water extract + medicinal mushroom extracts + nicotinamide + zinc were combined in a formulation designed to optimize different modes of immunostimulatory action. The results showed that the formula gave additive or synergistic effects so increasing health benefit. Pero 2005
Study examines effects of individual herbs of PC-SPES formula on proliferation and prostate specific gene expression in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells. Hsieh 2002
Patents
Conduct a search on "Ganoderma lucidum," "Ganoderma tsugae" or "reishi" in the title, abstract or claims section of the US patent database
Pictures & Distribution Maps
Fruit bodies of Ganoderma tsugae from Chicken in the Woods website
Fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum from George Barron's website on fungi
Fruiting bodies of G. lucidum from Josef Hlasek
Fruiting body of G. lucidum from Michael Kuo's website on fungi
Fruiting bodies from Michael Kuo's website on fungi
Two images of fruiting body of G. lucidum (also has G. tsugae) from Roger Phillip's website
Fruit bodies of Ganoderma lucidum from Tom Volk's fungi collection
Search results for images of Ganoderma from www.invasive.org
Selection of newly isolated mushroom strains for tolerance and biosorption of zinc in vitro. Gonen 2008
Among the native & commercial strains of copper-tolerant wood-rot fungi native to south-central Chile evaluated, Trametes versicolor 38 & G. australe 100 were notable for their tolerance to all the commercial chromated copper arsenate type C & boron and silicon preservative concentrations. Guillén 2008
When a level of 2% corn oil was added at the beginning of a G. lucidum submerged culture, the biomass and polysaccharide productions reached a maximum of 12.9 and 1.038 g/L, respectively, during 13-day cultivation. Huang 2008
The addition of methionine to the mycelial culture medium is an efficient way to enhance the ergothioneine production in economically important mushroom species Lee 2008
Molecular evidence for long distance dispersal across the Southern Hemisphere in the Ganoderma applanatum-australe species complex (Basidiomycota). Moncalvo 2008
Polysaccharides production was enhanced by the addition of ethyl acetate extracts from Eupolyphaga sinensis [55 mg l(-1)]and Catharsius molossus [55 mg l(-1)], Chinese medicinal insects. Liu 2007
Whey permeate, a by-product by the cheese manufacturing industry, can be used as a growth substrate for the cultivation of G. lucidum mycelia. The conditions of the substrate producing maximum growth are pH 4.4 and temperature 29.4 degrees C. Song 2007
Kinetic model for exopolysaccharides (EPS) of Ganoderma lucidum in batch fermentation. [Article in Chinese] Zhang 2007
An optimized nutrient medium for submerged cultivation of G. lucidum provided for a high yield (20-20.95 g/l) of the morphologically homogeneous mycelium and shortened the cultivation period to 3-4 days.[Article in Russian] Avtonomova 2006
Maximum mycelial growth (12.5 g/L) & EPS production (4.7 g/L) were achieved by shifting the controlled pH from 3.0 to 6.0 after day 4 in submerged culture of G. lucidum. Culture pH has a significant affect on the yield of product, mycelial morphology, chemical composition & molecular weight of EPS. Kim 2006
A polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation procedure using Plasmid pAN7-1 increased transformants per mug of DNA per 10(7) viable protoplasts in G. lucidum (85-100 transformants); L. edodes (120-150 transformants) and Pleurotus ostreatus Li 2006
Factors affecting the production of polysaccharides in G. lucidum. [Article in Russian] Baabitskaia 2005
This article outlines the major valuable metabolites produced by mushroom cultivation and
advances in submerged culture of mushrooms, taking Ganoderma lucidum, a popular folk and an oriental medicine used to treat many diseases, as a typical example. Zhong 2004
Isolates from submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum from Slovenian forests produced immunostimulatory activity comparable w/romurtide, a supporting therapy in cancer patients treated w/radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. Berovic 2003
Results of this analysis suggest that spaceflight may be used to accelerate breeding of Ganoderma lucidum strains for commercial cultivation. Qi 2003
Review of the current state of knowledge about the cultivation of G. lucidum by modern fermentation techniques, focussing on the effects of fermentation conditions Wagner 2003
The conservation of mushrooms becomes essential and is in immediate need because of the massive habitat loss as a result of human inhabitation and deforestation, as well as the introduced competition by a cultivar with the wild germ plasm. Chiu 2000
Found that pH control definitely affects mycelial cell growth and exopolysaccharide (EPS) production of the mycelial cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum Lee 1999
Analytical method using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy and pattern recognition techniques can discriminate between herbal medicines according to geographical origin . Woo 1999
Summary of the resources of anticarcinogenic medical fungi, and the information of distribution, eco-environment. Paper outlines status of the exploitation and utilization of some species of common anticarcinogenic medical fungi such as Ganoderma lucidum. [Article in Chinese] Zhong 1999
Report of the geographical distribution and medicinal value of 30 species of Ganodermataceae produced in Guizhou Province. [Article in Chinese] Zhong 1997
Method of cultivating artificial G. lucidum with short-woodlog method can be applied to large scale production. [Article in Chinese] Cheng 1993
Related Links
Description and images of both G. lucidum and G. tsugae from Michael Kuo's website
Brief review of research (as of 2000) on G. lucidum from David Moore's World of Fungi
Don Scott's reply to question about two types of G. lucidum from Henriette Kress' website
Brief overview of G. lucidum from Alan Tillotson's website
