Chapter 1 The Late Middle Ages: Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453) 1. One of the most extreme reactions to the spreading plague was processions of __________, religious fanatics who beat themselves in ritual penance. Answer: flagellants Page Ref: 38 Topic: The Black Death 2. Centuries of Christian propaganda had bred hatred toward _________, and they were therefore cast as scapegoats for the spreading plague. Answer: Jews Page Ref: 38 Topic: The Black Death 3. The Black Death is estimated to have killed at least ________ million people in Europe. Answer: 25 Page Ref: 37 Topic: The Black Death 4. In addition to limiting wages to pre-plague levels, the Statute of Laborers passed by the __________ in 1351 restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters’ land. Answer: English Parliament Page Ref: 41 Topic: The Black Death 5. In 1355, in a bid to secure funds for the war, the French king turned to the ____________, a representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles. Answer: Estates General Page Ref: 43 Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment 6. The first great battle of the Hundred Years’ War took place in the _____________ on June 23, 1340. Answer: Bay of Sluys Page Ref: 44 Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment 7. The _____________ was a French tax, levied directly on the peasantry. Answer: taille Page Ref: 41 Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
Transcript
Chapter 1The Late Middle Ages:
Social and Political Breakdown (1300–1453)1. One of the most extreme reactions to the spreading plague was processions of __________, religious fanatics
who beat themselves in ritual penance. Answer: flagellantsPage Ref: 38Topic: The Black Death
2. Centuries of Christian propaganda had bred hatred toward _________, and they were therefore cast as scapegoats for the spreading plague.
Answer: JewsPage Ref: 38Topic: The Black Death
3. The Black Death is estimated to have killed at least ________ million people in Europe.Answer: 25Page Ref: 37Topic: The Black Death
4. In addition to limiting wages to pre-plague levels, the Statute of Laborers passed by the __________ in 1351 restricted the ability of peasants to leave their masters’ land.
Answer: English ParliamentPage Ref: 41Topic: The Black Death
5. In 1355, in a bid to secure funds for the war, the French king turned to the ____________, a representative council of townspeople, clergy, and nobles.
Answer: Estates GeneralPage Ref: 43Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
6. The first great battle of the Hundred Years’ War took place in the _____________ on June 23, 1340.Answer: Bay of SluysPage Ref: 44Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
7. The _____________ was a French tax, levied directly on the peasantry.Answer: taillePage Ref: 41Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
8. In March 1429, _____________ presented herself to Charles VII, declaring that the King of Heaven had called her to deliver besieged Orleans from the English.
Answer: Joan of ArcPage Ref: 45Topic: The Hundred Years’ War and the Rise of National Sentiment
9. In 1296, the papal bull titled ___________ prohibited taxation of the clergy by secular rulers without papal approval.
Answer: Clericis laicosPage Ref: 47-48Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
10. The year 1300 was deemed a __________ year by Pope Boniface VIII, which meant that all Catholics who visited Rome and fulfilled certain conditions had the penalties for their unrepented sins remitted.
Answer: JubileePage Ref: 48Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
11. In 1309, Clement V moved the papal court to ___________, an imperial city on the southeastern border of France.
Answer: AvignonPage Ref: 48Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
12. ___________ is the teaching that the efficacy of the church’s sacraments did not only lie in their true performance, but also depended on the moral character of the clergy who administered them.
Answer: DonatismPage Ref: 52Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
13. Advocates of the ________________ sought to fashion a church in which a representative council could effectively regulate the actions of the pope.
Answer: conciliar theoryPage Ref: 55Topic: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival: The Late Medieval Church
14. ____________, the religion of Russia, added strong cultural bonds to the close commercial ties that had long linked Russia to the Byzantine Empire.
Answer: Greek OrthodoxyPage Ref: 56Topic: Medieval Russia
15. After ____________ fell to the Turks in 1453, Moscow became, in Russian eyes, the “third Rome.”Answer: ConstantinoplePage Ref: 57Topic: Medieval Russia
Chapter 2Renaissance and Discovery
1. Most scholars agree that the ________ (literally “rebirth” in French) was a time of transition from medieval to modern times.
Answer: RenaissancePage Ref: 60Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
2. By the fifteenth century, the great Italian cities were the ________ for much of Europe.Answer: bankersPage Ref: 61Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
3. Because despots could not count on the loyalty of the divided populace, they operated through mercenary armies obtained through military brokers known as ________.
Answer: condottieriPage Ref: 63Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
4. _________ was the scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers, both for its own sake and in the hope of reviving respected ancient norms and values.
Answer: HumanismPage Ref: 63Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
5. Which of these men—living in the 1300s—wrote letters to Cicero, the hero of the end of the Roman Republic?Answer: Francesco PetrarchPage Ref: 63Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
6. The appeal of ________ lay in its flattering view of human nature, which distinguished between an eternal sphere of being and the perishable world in which humans actually lived.
Answer: PlatonismPage Ref: 66Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
7. ________ is a reaction to the simplicity of High Renaissance art and made room for the strange and the abnormal, giving freer reign to the individual perceptions and feelings of the artist, who now felt free to paint, compose, or write in an “affected” way.
Answer: MannerismPage Ref: 73Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
8. After the Black Death reduced the supply of laborers everywhere in Western Europe, the demand for _________ soared.
Answer: slavesPage Ref: 73Topic: The Renaissance in Italy (1375–1527)
9. The Concordat of Bologna helped to keep France Catholic after the outbreak of the ________.Answer: Protestant ReformationPage Ref: 77Topic: Italy’s Political Decline: The French Invasions (1494–1527)
10. Spanish colonials born in Spain were known as _______, as opposed to the American-born creoles.Answer: peninsulares
Page Ref: 92Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
11. Between the newly acquired Burgundian lands and his own inheritance, King Louis XI was able to end his reign with a kingdom almost ________ the size of that he had inherited.
Answer: twicePage Ref: 80Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
12. An agreement called the ________, reached in 1356 by the Emperor Charles IV and the major German territorial rulers, established a seven-member electoral college to administer the German empire.
Answer: Golden BullPage Ref: 82Topic: Revival of Monarchy in Northern Europe
13. In Jiménez’s Complutensian Polygot Bible, Hebrew, Greek, and ________ appeared together.Answer: LatinPage Ref: 86Topic: The Northern Renaissance
14. A formal grant of the right to the labor of a specific number of Indians is known as the ________.Answer: encomiendaPage Ref: 92Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
15. The ________ is a device, often harsh, that required adult male Indians to devote a certain number of days of labor annually to Spanish economic enterprises.
Answer: repartimientoPage Ref: 92Topic: Voyages of Discovery and the New Empires in the West and East
Chapter 3The Age of Reformation
56. The peasants of Germany and Switzerland heard the promise of political __________ and social betterment in the Protestant sermon and pamphlet.
Answer: liberationPage Ref: 98Topic: Society and Religion
57. The long-entrenched __________ system of the medieval church had permitted important ecclesiastical posts to be sold to the highest bidders.
Answer: beneficePage Ref: 98Topic: Society and Religion
58. Martin Luther was called on to recant at the ___________ in April of 1521.Answer: Diet of WormsPage Ref: 104Topic: Martin Luther and the German Reformation to 1525
59. Signed in 1555, the Peace of ___________ enshrined regional princely control over religion in imperial law.Answer: AugsburgPage Ref: 116Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
60. ___________ physically separated themselves from society in order to form a more perfect community in imitation of how they believed the first Christians lived.
Answer: AnabaptistsPage Ref: 110Topic: The Reformation Elsewhere
61. Established in mid-sixteenth-century Geneva, ___________ believed strongly in both divine predestination and the individual’s responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan.
Answer: CalvinistsPage Ref: 112Topic: The Reformation Elsewhere
62. The _______ was a moderate statement of Protestant beliefs that had been spurned by Emperor Charles V in 1530.Answer: Augsburg ConfessionPage Ref: 115-116Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
63. In the 1530s, German Lutherans formed regional __________, judicial bodies composed of theologians and lawyers, that oversaw and administered the new Protestant churches and replaced the old Catholic episcopates.
Answer: consistoriesPage Ref: 116Topic: Political Consolidation of the Lutheran Reformation
64. In 1532, the English Parliament passed the ___________, which effectively placed canon law under royal control and thereby placed the clergy under royal jurisdiction.
Answer: Submission of the ClergyPage Ref: 118Topic: The English Reformation to 1553
65. Issued by Henry VIII, the ____________ reaffirmed transubstantiation, denied the Eucharistic cup to the laity, declared celibate vows inviolable, provided for private Masses, and ordered the continuation of oral confession.
Answer: Six Articles of 1539 Page Ref: 119Topic: The English Reformation to 1553
66. The Jesuit order, which was essential to the Counter-Reformation’s success, was founded by __________.Answer: Ignatius of LoyolaPage Ref: 121Topic: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
67. The __________ first met in 1545 to reform the Catholic Church, but made no doctrinal concessions to the Protestants.
Answer: Council of TrentPage Ref: 121Topic: Catholic Reform and Counter-Reformation
68. The address On Improving the Studies of the Young was written by _______.Answer: Philip Melanchthon Page Ref: 125Topic: The Social Significance of the Reformation in Western Europe
69. The Western European family was ____________, or nuclear, consisting of a father and a mother and two to four children.
Answer: conjugalPage Ref: 128Topic: Family Life in Early Modern Europe
70. Shakespeare wrote during the _________ Age.Answer: ElizabethanPage Ref: 131Topic: Literary Imagination in Transition
Chapter 4The Age of Religious Wars
56. During the first half of the sixteenth century, religious conflict had been confined to central Europe and was primarily a struggle between Lutherans and _________ to secure rights and freedoms for themselves.
Answer: ZwingliansPage Ref: 135Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
57. The ______________ sponsored a centralized episcopal church system hierarchically arranged from pope to parish priest and stressing unquestioning obedience to the person at the top.
Answer: Counter-ReformationPage Ref: 135Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
58. Rulers who tended to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise—even indifference—in religious matters were known as _____________.
Answer: politiques Page Ref: 136Topic: Renewed Religious Struggle
59. French Protestants were known as ____________ and were under surveillance in France in the early 1520s.Answer: HuguenotsPage Ref: 136Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
60. Many French aristocrats found ______________ religious convictions useful to their political goals.Answer: CalvinistPage Ref: 138Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
61. Catherine de Médicis aligned herself with the ________ family for political advantage.Answer: Guise Page Ref: 138Topic: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598)
62. The new _____________ wealth brought dramatic social change to the peoples of Europe during the second half of the sixteenth century.
Answer: AmericanPage Ref: 144Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
63. The national covenant, led by Louis of Nassau and called the ___________, is a solemn pledge to resist the decrees of Trent and the Inquisition.
Answer: Compromise Page Ref: 146Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
64. The port city of Brill was captured by an international group of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals known as the ________.
Answer: Sea Beggars Page Ref: 147Topic: Imperial Spain and Philip II (r. 1556–1598)
65. These more extreme English Puritans, known as ____________, wanted every congregation to be autonomous, a law unto itself, with neither episcopal nor presbyterian control.
Answer: Congregationalists Page Ref: 153Topic: England and Spain (1553–1603)
66. After the Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, ____________ was the only protector of Protestants in France and the Netherlands.
Answer: Elizabeth IPage Ref: 153Topic: England and Spain (1553–1603)
67. In the second half of the sixteenth century, Germany was an almost ungovernable land of about 360 ______________ political entities.
Answer: autonomous Page Ref: 156Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
68. During the course of the Thirty Years’ War, the war went through ____________ distinguishable periods.Answer: fourPage Ref: Ref: 159Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
69. By 1622, _____________ had not only subdued and re-Catholicized Bohemia, but conquered the Palatinate as well.
Answer: Ferdinand Page Ref: Ref: 161Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
70. The Thirty Years’ War killed an estimated _________ of the German population and has been called the worst European catastrophe since the Black Death.
Answer: one-thirdPage Ref: Ref: 163Topic: The Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648)
Chapter 5European State Consolidation in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
56. In contrast to the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century French monarchies or English parliamentary system, the Netherlands was a _________.
Answer: republicPage Ref: 170Topic: The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
57. In the Netherlands, more people lived in __________ than in any other area of Europe.Answer: citiesPage Ref: 169Topic: The Netherlands: Golden Age to Decline
58. The absolutist model is best represented by ________.Answer: FrancePage Ref: 179Topic: Two Models of European Political Development
59. When James II became king, he immediately demanded the repeal of the _________.Answer: Test ActPage Ref: 177Topic: Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
60. King Louis XIV won the support of the French ________ by supporting their local influence and social status.Answer: nobilityPage Ref: 179Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
61. The palace at ________ is a perfect example of how Louis XIV used the physical setting of his court to exert political control.
Answer: VersaillesPage Ref: 180Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
62. Louis XIV’s power and central position in French society were reflected in the unofficial title “The ________.”Answer: Sun KingPage Ref: 180Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
63. A Roman Catholic religious movement known as ____________ arose in the 1630s in opposition to the theology and the political influence of the Jesuits and adhered to the teachings of St. Augustine.
Answer: JansenismPage Ref: 186Topic: Rise of Absolute Monarchy in France: The World of Louis XIV
64. The ________ was meant to ensure that Maria Theresa could inherit the Habsburg crown.Answer: Pragmatic SanctionPage Ref: 193Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
65. Under Hohenzollern rule, ________ were allowed almost complete control over the serfs on their estates.
Answer: JunkersPage Ref: 194Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
66. The ________ dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.Answer: RomanovPage Ref: 196Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
67. The dangers and turmoil of Peter the Great’s youth convinced him that the power of the tsar must be made secure from the jealousy of the ________.
Answer: boyarsPage Ref: 196Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
68. Peter the Great replaced the patriarch with the ________.Answer: Holy SynodPage Ref: 199Topic: Russia Enters the European Political Arena
69. The Hohenzollern capital was at ________.Answer: BerlinPage Ref: 194Topic: Central and Eastern Europe
70. The Glorious Revolution placed _________ on the English throne.Answer: William and MaryPage Ref: 177Topic: Constitutional Crisis and Settlement in Stuart England
Chapter 6New Directions in Thought and Culture in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
1. During the era of the scientific revolution, _____________ knowledge was only in the process of becoming science as we know it today.
Answer: naturalPage Ref: 203Topic: The Scientific Revolution
2. Newton relied on the _____________ of Francis Bacon and rejected the rationalism of Descartes.Answer: empiricismPage Ref: 208Topic: The Scientific Revolution
3. Most Ptolemaic writers assumed the earth was the center of the universe, an outlook known as _______________.
Answer: geocentrismPage Ref: 204Topic: The Scientific Revolution
4. The assumption that the earth moved about the sun in a circle is known as the ________________ model.Answer: heliocentric Page Ref: 205Topic: The Scientific Revolution
5. ___________ popularized the Copernican system, but also articulated the concept of a universe subject to mathematical laws.
Answer: GalileoPage Ref: 207Topic: The Scientific Revolution
6. ____________ was one of the first major European writers to champion innovation and change.Answer: Francis BaconPage Ref: 209Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
7. The method in which scientists draw generalizations derived from and test hypotheses against empirical observations is known as _________________.
Answer: scientific inductionPage Ref: 211Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
8. The method of investigation that relies on evidence, experimentation, and observations derived from sensory experiences to construct scientific theory is the ________ method.
Answer: empirical Page Ref: 208Topic: Philosophy Responds to Changing Science
9. People who supported new science, applied knowledge, religious toleration, mutual forbearance, and political unity formed the base for the eighteenth-century movement known as the ________.
Answer: EnlightenmentPage Ref: 218Topic: The New Institutions of Expanding Natural Knowledge
10. With few exceptions, women were barred from science and medicine until the late ___________ century, and not until the twentieth century did they enter these fields in significant numbers.
Answer: nineteenth Page Ref: 221Topic: Women in the World of the Scientific Revolution
11. The condemnation of ___________ by Roman Catholic authorities in 1633 is the single most famous incident of conflict between modern science and religious institutions.
Answer: GalileoPage Ref: 221Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
12. Francis Bacon argued that there were two books of divine revelation, the Bible and nature, and that the two books must be compatible because both shared the same ____________.
Answer: authorPage Ref: 227Topic: The New Science and Religious Faith
13. Traditional beliefs and superstitions remained solidly in place in the culture and led to the eruption of panics and ________ in almost every Western land.
14. Bernini was hired by Urban VIIII to decorate ________.Answer: St. Peter’sPage Ref: 233Topic: Baroque Art
15. Baroque painters depicted their subjects in a thoroughly _____________, rather than an idealized, manner.Answer: naturalisticPage Ref: 232Topic: Baroque Art
Chapter 7Society and Economy Under the Old Regime in the Eighteenth Century
56. In many ways, the Russian nobility was created in the ________ century.Answer: eighteenthPage Ref: 239Topic: The Aristocracy
57. Nearly all French peasants were subject to certain feudal dues called ________.Answer: banalitésPage Ref: 241Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
58. Peasant rebellions tended to be ________ in that peasants generally wanted to restore customary rights.Answer: conservativePage Ref: 243Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
59. Upon marrying, a woman was expected to contribute to the household’s capital in the form of a ________.Answer: dowryPage Ref: 247Topic: Family Structures and the Family Economy
60. To improve their lifestyle and income, landlords in Western Europe began a series of innovations in farm production that became known as the ________.
Answer: Agricultural RevolutionPage Ref: 249Topic: The Revolution in Agriculture
61. England’s ________ were controversial—they disrupted the economic and social life of the countryside—but they may have led to more food production.
Answer: enclosuresPage Ref: 251 Topic: The Revolution in Agriculture
62. At considerable ________ cost, industrialization made possible the production of more goods and services than ever before in human history.
Answer: socialPage Ref: 254Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
63. ________ was the home of the Industrial Revolution and, until the middle of the nineteenth century, remained the industrial leader of Europe.
Answer: Great BritainPage Ref: 256Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
64. The ________ not only vastly increased and regularized the available energy, but also made possible the combination of urbanization and industrialization.
Answer: steam enginePage Ref: 258
Topic: The Industrial Revolution of the Eighteenth Century
65. The bourgeoisie were the merchants, trades people, bankers, and professional people that constituted the ________.
Answer: middle classPage Ref: 264Topic: The Growth of Cities
66. Artisans in cities organized themselves into groups called ________.Answer: guildsPage Ref: 265Topic: The Growth of Cities
67. The Russians brutally suppressed the peasant rebellion called ________.Answer: Pugachev’s RebellionPage Ref: 243Topic: The Land and Its Tillers
68. ________ was one of the few Western European cities where Jewish life was celebrated, both intellectually and financially.
Answer: AmsterdamPage Ref: 268Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
69. Most eighteenth-century ________ were regarded as aliens whose status could be changed at the whim of local rulers or the monarchical government.
Answer: JewsPage Ref: 268Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
70. Jewish districts in European cities were called ________.Answer: ghettosPage Ref: 268Topic: The Jewish Population: The Age of the Ghetto
Chapter 8The Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion
56. A fundamental element in the first two periods of European imperial ventures in the Americas was the presence of ________.Answer: slaveryPage Ref: 273Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
57. After 1800, European empires increasingly claimed to use formally ________ labor, though they still involved much harsh treatment of nonwhite indigenous populations.Answer: freePage Ref: 274Topic: Periods of European Overseas Empires
58. By the end of the seventeenth century, Spain, Holland, and ________ ruled all of South America.Answer: PortugalPage Ref: 275Topic: Mercantile Empires
59. ________ is the practice whereby governments heavily regulated trade and commerce in hope of increasing national wealth.Answer: MercantilismPage Ref: 275Topic: Mercantile Empires
60. Until the mid-eighteenth century, the primary purpose of the Spanish Empire was to supply Spain with the precious ________ mined in the New World.Answer: metalsPage Ref: 277Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
61. The ________ system was meant to maintain Spain’s monopoly on trade.Answer: flotaPage Ref: 277Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
62. To increase the efficiency of tax collection and to end bureaucratic corruption, Charles III introduced the institution of the ________ into the Spanish Empire.Answer: intendantsPage Ref: 278Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
63. A ________ is a person of European descent born in the Spanish colonies.Answer: creolePage Ref: 278Topic: The Spanish Colonial System
64. Newly arrived Africans were subjected the process of ________, during which they were prepared for the laborious discipline of slavery and made to understand that they were no longer free.Answer: seasoningPage Ref: 286Topic: Black African Slavery, the Plantation System, and the Atlantic Economy
65. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, in 1766, Parliament issued the ________ Act, which stated that although the Stamp Act was repealed, Parliament alone had the sole power to legislate for the colonies.Answer: DeclaratoryPage Ref: 295Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
66. The ________ Movement was a popular attempt to establish an extralegal institution to reform the government in Great Britain.Answer: AssociationPage Ref: 300Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
67. John Wilkes printed his ideas in his newspaper called ________.Answer: The North BritonPage Ref: 298Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
68. Great Britain lost its control of the American colonies in the 1783 ________.Answer: Treaty of Paris Page Ref: 296Topic: The American Revolution and Europe
69. The British architect of the North American theater of war during the Seven Years’ War was ________.Answer: William Pitt the ElderPage Ref: 293Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
70. The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brought the official end to ________.Answer: the Seven Years’ WarPage Ref: 292Topic: Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars
Chapter 9The Age of Enlightenment: Eighteenth-Century Thought
56. According to Newton and others, nature is ________.Answer: rationalPage Ref: 313Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
57. The Enlightenment flourished in a ________, that is, a culture in which books, journals, newspapers, and pamphlets had achieved a status of their own.
Answer: print culturePage Ref: 313Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
58. The writers and critics who flourished in the expanding print culture and who took the lead in forging the new attitudes favorable to change, championing reform, and advancing toleration were known as the ________.
Answer: philosophesPage Ref: 315Topic: The Philosophes
59. Voltaire’s most famous satire, ________, attacked war, religious persecution, and what he considered unwarranted optimism about the human condition.
Answer: CandidePage Ref: 316Topic: The Philosophes
60. The ________ of France, believed mercantilist legislation and the regulation of labor by governments and guilds actually hampered the expansion of trade, manufacture, and agriculture.
Answer: physiocratsPage Ref: 325Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
61. Adam Smith is usually regarded as the founder of the ________ economic thought and policy, which favors a limited role for the government in economic life.
Answer: laissez-fairePage Ref: 327Topic: The Enlightenment and Society
62. One of Montesquieu’s most far-reaching ideas was the division of ________ in government.Answer: powerPage Ref: 328Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
63. Rousseau blamed much of the evil in the world on unequal distribution of ________.Answer: propertyPage Ref: 329Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
64. Radical reformer ________ envisioned a society in which each person could maintain personal freedom while behaving as a loyal member of the larger community.
Answer: RousseauPage Ref: 329
Topic: Political Thought of the Philosophes
65. _____________ architecture and decoration originated in early eighteenth-century France, but was adapted to many public buildings and churches across Europe.
Answer: RococoPage Ref: 336Topic: Rococo and Neoclassical Styles in Eighteenth-Century Art
66. The phrase “enlightened absolutist” indicates a ________ government dedicated to the rational strengthening of the central absolutist administration at the cost of lesser centers of political power.
67. In the first partition, Poland lost one-third of its territory to Russia, ________, and Austria.Answer: PrussiaPage Ref: 350Topic: Enlightened Absolutism
68. Emilie du Châtelet was influential in popularizing the ideas of ________.Answer: John LockePage Ref: 312Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
69. The centers for discussing ideas and printed material were ________.Answer: coffeehousesPage Ref: 314Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
70. The theology embraced by the philosophes was ________, a rational religion without fanaticism and intolerance.
Answer: deismPage Ref: 319Topic: Formative Influences on the Enlightenment
Chapter 10The French Revolution
56. On June 1, 1789 the Third Estate invited the clergy and the nobles to join them in organizing a new legislative body, which was later named the ________.
Answer: National AssemblyPage Ref: 358Topic: The Revolution of 1789
57. The fall of the ________ marked the first time the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.Answer: BastillePage Ref: 361Topic: The Revolution of 1789
58. The French term ________ refers to the days on which the populace of Paris redirected the course of the revolution.
Answer: journéesPage Ref: 361Topic: The Revolution of 1789
59. In 1791, ________, a butcher’s daughter from Montauban in northwest France who became a major revolutionary radical in Paris, composed a Declaration of the Rights of Woman.
Answer: Olympe de GougesPage Ref: 366Topic: The Reconstruction of France
60. The National Constituent Assembly abolished the ancient French provinces and established in their place eighty-three administrative units called ________.
Answer: departmentsPage Ref: 367Topic: The Reconstruction of France
61. Known as ________, over 16,000 French aristocrats settled in countries near the French border, where they sought to foment counterrevolution.
Answer: émigrésPage Ref: 372Topic: The Reconstruction of France
62. In 1792, the Paris Commune compelled the Legislative Assembly to call for the election of a new assembly, called the ________, to write a democratic constitution.
Answer: ConventionPage Ref: 374Topic: The End of the Monarchy: A Second Revolution
63. On November 4, in the single bloodiest day of combat in the decade, ________ troops killed well over 10,000 Poles outside Warsaw.
Answer: RussianPage Ref: 377Topic: Europe at War with the Revolution
64. The immediate need to protect the revolution from enemies, real or imagined, from across the spectrum of French political and social life manifested itself in what became known as the ________.
Answer: Reign of TerrorPage Ref: 379Topic: The Reign of Terror
65. As part of a policy of de-Christianization, the Convention, in November of 1793, decreed the Cathedral of ________ a “Temple of Reason.”
Answer: Notre DamePage Ref: 383Topic: The Reign of Terror
66. In May 1794, at the height of his power, Robespierre, considering the worship of “Reason” too abstract for most citizens, replaced it with the ________.
Answer: Cult of the Supreme BeingPage Ref: 385Topic: The Reign of Terror
67. The tempering of the revolution was known as the ________ Reaction.Answer: ThermidorianPage Ref: 386Topic: The Thermidorian Reaction
68. Called the ________, throughout the country, people who had been involved in the Reign of Terror were attacked and often murdered.
Answer: white terrorPage Ref: 386Topic: The Thermidorian Reaction
69. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen claimed that natural rights included “liberty, property, security, and resistance to ________.”
Answer: oppressionPage Ref: 362Topic: The Revolution of 1789
70. The Assembly intended to simplify commercial transactions by imposing a standard of measurement called ________.
Answer: the metric systemPage Ref: 367
Chapter 11The Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
56. The ___________ established the rule of a single person in France, despite an appearance of democratic principles and a system of checks and balances.
Answer: Constitution of the Year VIIIPage Ref: 394Topic: The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
57. Napoleon invited Pope ___________ to take part in his coronation.Answer: Pius VIIPage Ref: 397Topic: The Consulate in France (1799–1804)
58. The Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Empress Josephine is by ________.Answer: Jacques-Louis DavidPage Ref: 399Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
59. After divorcing Josephine, Napoleon married ___________.Answer: archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of Emperor Francis I Page Ref: 406Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
60. Napoleon signed the Treaty of Tilsit with ___________.Answer: the Russian tsar, Alexander I Page Ref: 401Topic: Napoleon’s Empire (1804–1814)
61. The Haitian uprising was begun by _______. Answer: slavesPage Ref: 397Topic: The Haitian Revolution (1791-1804)
62. ___________ of Russia wanted all of Poland under his control.Answer: Alexander IPage Ref: 411Topic: The Congress of Vienna and the European Settlement
63. ___________ believed that adults should allow childlike sentiments to flourish.Answer: Rousseau, WordsworthPage Ref: 416Topic: Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason, Romantic Literature
64. Kant’s ___________ refers to an innate sense of moral duty.Answer: categorical imperativePage Ref: 415Topic: Romantic Questioning of the Supremacy of Reason, Romantic Literature
65. Lucinde was written by ___________.Answer: Frederich SchlegelPage Ref: 418Topic: Romantic Literature
66. Together with his good friend Samuel Coleridge, ___________ wrote Lyrical Ballads.Answer: William Wordsworth; Page Ref: 416Topic: Romantic Literature
67. Salisbury Cathedral, from the Meadows was painted by ___________.Answer: John ConstablePage Ref: 420Topic: Romantic Liter
68. The founder of Methodism was ___________.Answer: John WesleyPage Ref: 422Topic: Religion in the Romantic Period
69. The imaginations of the Romantics were fired by the medieval ___________ against Islam.Answer: CrusadesPage Ref: 424Topic: Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
70. In his book, On Heroes and Hero-Worship, Thomas Carlyle presented ________ as the embodiment of the hero as prophet.
Answer: MuhammadPage Ref: 426Topic: Romantic Views of Nationalism and History
Chapter 12The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform (1815–1832)
56. The occupation of ________ gave French merchants in Marseilles new economic ties to North America.Answer: AlgeriaPage Ref: 454Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
57. On August 25, 1830, disturbances broke out in ________ after the performance of an opera about a rebellion in Naples against Spanish rule.
Answer: BrusselsPage Ref: 454Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
58. In December 1830, Lord Palmerston, the British foreign minister, persuaded representatives of the powers in London to recognize ________ as an independent and neutral state.
Answer: BelgiumPage Ref: 454Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
59. The ________ revolution was unusual among the Latin American revolutions in being initiated by slaves.Answer: HaitianPage Ref: 457Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
60. The Latin American colonial revolutions generally led to socially ________ results.Answer: conservativePage Ref: 459Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
61. While European powers were plotting conservative interventions in Italy and Spain, a third Mediterranean revolt erupted in ________.
Answer: GreecePage Ref: 447Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
62. The son of the king of Bavaria, ________, was chosen to be the first king of the new Greek kingdom.Answer: Otto IPage Ref: 448Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
63. In 1830, the Ottoman sultan formally granted independence to ________, and by the late 1830s, the major powers granted it diplomatic recognition.
Answer: SerbiaPage Ref: 448Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
64. In the mid-1820s, ________, which was also a Slav state and Eastern Orthodox in religion, became Serbia’s formal protector.
Answer: RussiaPage Ref: 448Topic: The Conservative Order Shaken in Europe
65. The early nineteenth-century statesman who, more than any other, epitomized conservatism was the Austrian prince ________.
Answer: MetternichPage Ref: 430Topic: The Conservative Order
66. University students who dreamed of a united Germany formed ________, or student associations.Answer: BurschenschaftenPage Ref: 441Topic: Conservative Restoration in Europe
67. Behind the concept of nationalism usually lay the idea of popular ________.Answer: sovereigntyPage Ref: 431Topic: The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism
68. Political liberals found inspiration in the 1789 French Declaration of the ________.Answer: Rights of Man and CitizenPage Ref: 433Topic: The Emergence of Nationalism and Liberalism
69. In general, the drive for independence in Latin America came from the ________, who worked as merchants and professional people of Spanish descent.
Answer: CreolesPage Ref: 457–458Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
70. The first region of Latin America to assert itself toward independence was ________ or modern Argentina.Answer: Río de la PlataPage Ref: 458Topic: The Wars of Independence in Latin America
Chapter 13Economic Advance and Social Unrest (1830–1850)
1. By the mid-nineteenth century, the nation with the most extensive rail network was _____.Answer: BritainPage Ref: 464Topic: Toward an Industrial Society
2. Workers who held jobs but made little more than subsistence wages were called _____.Answer: the laboring poorPage Ref: 467Topic: The Labor Force
3. The practice of making goods, such as shoes, in standard sizes and styles rather than by special order was known in France as _____.
Answer: confectionPage Ref: 470Topic: The Labor Force
4. The labor movement in the nineteenth century abandoned the _____ system, which had allowed workers to gain control over a number of factors surrounding their employment.
Answer: guildPage Ref: 470Topic: The Labor Force
5. The English Factory Act of 1833 made the factory owner responsible for providing _____ hours of education for children age nine to thirteen.
Answer: twoPage Ref: 472Topic: Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
6. A major shift in the family and factory structure, characterized by an increase in the size of machinery and factories, began in the mid-_____.
Answer: 1820sPage Ref: 472Topic: Family Structures and the Industrial Revolution
7. The wage economy led to higher birthrates, most likely because children were considered a(n) _____.Answer: economic assetPage Ref: 477Topic: Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
8. In the nineteenth century, as a result of the vulnerability caused by the economic transformation taking place, the low wages of female workers sometimes led them to become _____ to supplement their income.
Answer: prostitutesPage Ref: 475Topic: Women in the Early Industrial Revolution
9. Legislation that established the London police force was sponsored by _____.Answer: Sir Robert PeelPage Ref: 478Topic: Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty
10. The practice of sending prisoners overseas was called _____.Answer: transportationPage Ref: 479Topic: Problems of Crime, Order, and Poverty
11. The theory of _____ was based on the principle of the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.Answer: utilitarianismPage Ref: 480Topic: Classical Economics
12. In 1834, most German states formed a trading union called the _____.Answer: ZollvereinPage Ref: 480Topic: Classical Economics
13. Ships used as prisons were called _______.Answer: hulksPage Ref: 479Topic: Classical Economics
14. Saint-Simonianism is a type of ___________.Answer: utopian socialismPage Ref: 482Topic: Early Socialism
15. The community of _____, Indiana, in the United States was created as an ideal industrial community.Answer: New HarmonyPage Ref: 482Topic: Early Socialism
Chapter 14 The Age of Nation-States
1. On March 28, 1854, France and Britain declared war on ________ in alliance with the Ottomans.Answer: RussiaPage Ref: 511Topic: The Crimean War (1853–1856)
2. At the close of the Crimean War, the image of an invincible Russia that had prevailed across Europe since the close of the ________ Wars was shattered.
Answer: NapoleonicPage Ref: 512Topic: The Crimean War (1853–1856)
3. During the age of Tanzimat, the Ottoman Empire sought to copy ________ legal and military institutions and the secular values flowing from liberalism.
Answer: EuropeanPage Ref: 512Topic: Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
4. Putting reforms into practice was difficult, especially in Egypt and Tunis where local rulers were virtually independent of ________.
Answer: IstanbulPage Ref: 514Topic: Reforms in the Ottoman Empire
5. ________was the most independent state on the Italian peninsula, led the country’s unification effort.Answer: PiedmontPage Ref: 515Topic: Italian Unification
6. Cavour believed that only ________ intervention could defeat Austria and unite Italy.Answer: FrenchPage Ref: 516Topic: Italian Unification
7. Bismarck’s values were stereotypically ________ later in his political career.Answer: conservativePage Ref: 522Topic: German Unification
8. In 1866 Prussia went to war with ________, after siding with it against Denmark in 1864.Answer: AustriaPage Ref: 523Topic: German Unification
9. The German Empire was proclaimed in 1871 at the Palace of ________.Answer: VersaillesPage Ref: 525Topic: German Unification
10. The unification of Germany was a blow to European ________.Answer: liberalismPage Ref: 525Topic: German Unification
11. The war of 1870 against ________ had been the French government’s last and most disastrous attempt to shore up its foreign policy and secure domestic popularity.
Answer: GermanyPage Ref: 526Topic: France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
12. The French National Assembly backed into a ________ form of government against its will.Answer: republicanPage Ref: 527Topic: France: From Liberal Empire to the Third Republic
13. By the late nineteenth century, the single most important factor in defining a nation was ________.Answer: languagePage Ref: 531Topic: The Habsburg Empire
14. Austrian refusal to support Russian during the ________ War meant the new tsar, Alexander II, would no longer help preserve Habsburg rule in Hungary.
Answer: CrimeanPage Ref: 529Topic: The Habsburg Empire
15. The ________ of 1867 transformed the Habsburg Empire into a dual monarchy.Answer: AusgleichPage Ref: 529Topic: The Habsburg Empire
Chapter 15The Building of European Supremacy:
Society and Politics to World War I16. Around 1850, most European emigrants were from Great Britain, ________, and Scandinavia.Answer: GermanyPage Ref: 542Topic: Population Trends and Migration
17. ________ steel production eclipsed that of Britain in 1893.Answer: GermanPage Ref: 544Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution
18. The British engineer ________ discovered the process of manufacturing steel cheaply in big quantities.Answer: Henry BessemerPage Ref: 544Topic: The Second Industrial Revolution
19. In the nineteenth century, the ________ set consumer tastes for most of the society.Answer: middle classesPage Ref: 546Topic: The Middle Classes in Ascendancy
20. In the late nineteenth century, the middle and lower classes started seeking housing in ________.Answer: the suburbsPage Ref: 551Topic: Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
21. In 1910, Paris had a population of nearly ________ million.Answer: threePage Ref: 551Topic: Late-Nineteenth-Century Urban Life
22. The Napoleonic Code made French women in effect legal ________.Answer: minorsPage Ref: 555Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
23. In Great Britain, ________ led the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies.Answer: Millicent FawcettPage Ref: 562Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
24. In 1894, the ________, was founded to fight for women’s rights in Germany.Answer: Union of German Women’s Organizations, or BDF.Page Ref: 563Topic: Varieties of Late-Nineteenth-Century Women’s Experiences
25. Legal discrimination and prejudice against Jews continued until World War I in ________.Answer: RussiaPage Ref: 564Topic: Jewish Emancipation
26. ________ is hostility toward or prejudice against Jews.Answer: Anti-Semitism
Page Ref: 566Topic: Jewish Emancipation
27. ________ was a wealthy Jewish man from London who was elected to Parliament several times but who failed to be seated because he would not take the Christian oath.
28. The British feminist ________, along with her daughters, organized the Women’s Social and Political Union in 1903.
Answer: Emmeline PankhurstPage Ref: 563Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
29. Socialist participation in the French cabinet was called ________.Answer: opportunismPage Ref: 569Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
30. The doctrines put forth by Eduard Bernstein, known as ________, which questioned whether Marx was right to demand revolution, were eventually rejected by German socialists.
Answer: RevisionismPage Ref: 571Topic: Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I
Chapter 16The Birth of Modern European Thought
31. Literacy paved the way for women to greatly expand their employment in the arena of ________.Answer: teachingPage Ref: 581Topic: The New Reading Public
32. Charles Darwin applied the principle of evolution by natural selection to humans in his book ________.Answer: The Descent of ManPage Ref: 584Topic: Science at Midcentury
33. The philosophy of ________ promulgated the theory that human intellectual development progressed through theology and metaphysics and finally culminated in the stage of scientific understanding.
Answer: positivismPage Ref: 582Topic: Science at Midcentury
34. ________, written by H. G. Wells, was about a mad surgeon’s inhuman experiments on animals.Answer: The Island of Dr. MoreauPage Ref: 583Topic: Science at Midcentury
35. ________ suggested that the earth is much older than the Bible indicates and implied that God was not involved in the effort required to create the earth.
Answer: Charles LyellPage Ref: 588Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
36. In the late nineteenth century, the conflict between church and state centered on ________.Answer: education systemsPage Ref: 588Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
37. The most important proclamation of Pope Leo XIII was the encyclical ________, which, in part, urged employers to seek just and peaceful relations with workers.
Answer: Rerum NovarumPage Ref: 590Topic: Christianity and the Church Under Siege
38. The first person to use race to explain history was ________.Answer: Count Arthur de GobineauPage Ref: 603Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
39. Theodor Herzl advocated __________.Answer: ZionismPage Ref: 606Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
40. By World War I, few scientists believed they could portray the ________ about physical reality.Answer: truthPage Ref: 592Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
41. The Irish writer ________ argued against romanticism and false respectability.Answer: George Bernard ShawPage Ref: 595Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
42. In In Search of Time Past, Marcel Proust adopted a ________ format that helped him to explore his memories.Answer: stream-of-consciousnessPage Ref: 596Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
43. Cubist painters such as Georges Braque and ________ saw painting as an autonomous realm of art with no purpose beyond itself.
Answer: Pablo PicassoPage Ref: 599Topic: Toward a Twentieth-Century Frame of Mind
44. Prominent women psychoanalysts such as Karen Horney and ________ challenged Freud’s views on women.Answer: Melanie KleinPage Ref: 609Topic: Women and Modern Thought
45. The Ladies’ National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts was led by ________.Answer: Josephine ButlerPage Ref: 610Topic: Women and Modern Thought
Chapter 17The Age of Western Imperialism
1. The ________ closed the Americas to European colonization.Answer: Monroe DoctrinePage Ref: 616Topic: The Close of the Age of Early Modern Colonization
2. Following the first Opium War, Britain gained control of ________.Answer: Hong KongPage Ref: 617Topic: The Age of British Imperial Dominance
3. The most extensive resistance to European imperial power in the nineteenth century, the ________, broke out against British rule in India in 1857.
Answer: sepoy mutinyPage Ref: 621Topic: India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
4. Indian Hindus organized the ________ in 1885 with the goals of modernizing Indian life and liberalizing British policy.
Answer: Indian National CongressPage Ref: 623Topic: India—The Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire
5. An arrangement in which a Western nation received special commercial and legal privileges in a non-Western region, city, or territory without direct political involvement is known as a ________.
Answer: sphere of influencePage Ref: 623Topic: The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914
6. An arrangement in which a Western nation placed officials in a foreign state to oversee its government without formally assuming responsibility for administration is known as a ________.
Answer: protectoratePage Ref: 623Topic: The “New Imperialism,” 1870–1914
7. Power vacuums created by the decay of the ________ led to much of the territorial acquisitions associated with the New Imperialism.
Answer: Ottoman EmpirePage Ref: 626Topic: Motives for the New Imperialism
8. Japan became a major imperial power in Asia in 1895 after defeating ________.Answer: ChinaPage Ref: 626Topic: Motives for the New Imperialism
9. At the battle of ________, 11,000 Sudanese troops were killed and 16,000 were wounded, compared to only 48 British troops lost.
Answer: OmdurmanPage Ref: 633Topic: The Partition of Africa
10. To preserve their political power and economic privileges, the white elite of South Africa eventually enforced a policy of racial ________, or “separateness.”
Answer: apartheidPage Ref: 640Topic: The Partition of Africa
11. Britain and Russian rivalry over Central Asia ended with ________.Answer: the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907Page Ref: 641Topic: Russian Expansion in Mainland Asia
12. U.S. support for Cuba’s revolt led to the ________.Answer: Spanish-American War of 1898Page Ref: 643Topic: Western Powers in Asia
13. The single greatest obstacle to European penetration of inland sub-Saharan Africa was ________.Answer: malariaPage Ref: 647Topic: Tools of Imperialism
14. At ________, Europeans could experience different parts of their nation’s empires in a pleasant setting of flowerbeds, trees, and greenhouses.
Answer: botanical gardensPage Ref: 652Topic: Science and Imperialism
15. The theory of the multiple origins of the races of humankind was known as ________.Answer: polygenesisPage Ref: 655Topic: Science and Imperialism
Chapter 18Alliances, War, and a Troubled Peace
16. William II believed that dismissing Bismarck in 1890 would help him secure Germany’s deserved “place in the ________.”
Answer: sunPage Ref: 671Topic: Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
17. General Leo von Caprivi’s and William II’s new alliance system ________ the risk of war.Answer: increasedPage Ref: 673Topic: Emergence of the German Empire and the Alliance Systems (1873–1890)
18. In 1911, Germany responded to a French intervention in Morocco by sending a warship, the Panther, to the Moroccan port of ________.
Answer: AgadirPage Ref: 674Topic: World War I
19. If Germany had not invaded ________, British public opinion might have continued to favor neutrality.Answer: BelgiumPage Ref: 679Topic: World War I
20. Any kind of ________ was generally understood to be equivalent to an act of war.Answer: mobilizationPage Ref: 678Topic: World War I
21. The Russian Socialist parties organized workers into ________, or councils.Answer: sovietsPage Ref: 690Topic: The Russian Revolution
22. The Red Army was led by ________.Answer: TrotskyPage Ref: 693Topic: The Russian Revolution
23. The tsar and his family were murdered by ________.Answer: the BolsheviksPage Ref: 693Topic: The Russian Revolution
24. The two countries that became administrators of mandates carved out of the former Ottoman Empire were ________.
Answer: France and BritainPage Ref: 696Topic: The End of World War I
25. Woodrow Wilson called America’s war aims the ________.Answer: Fourteen PointsPage Ref: 697
Topic: The End of World War I
26. The collapse of Russia and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk were the zenith of ________ success.Answer: GermanPage Ref: 693Topic: The End of World War I
27. The disintegration of the German army forced ________ to abdicate on November 9, 1918.Answer: William IIPage Ref: 694Topic: The End of World War I
28. The pro-German ________ overthrew the Ottoman government and had control of the government in 1909.Answer: Young TurksPage Ref: 696Topic: The End of World War I
29. The notion of “a peace without ________” became a mockery when the Soviet Union and Germany were excluded from the peace conference.
Answer: victorsPage Ref: 698Topic: The Settlement at Paris
30. The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was also known as ________.Answer: YugoslaviaPage Ref: 702Topic: The Settlement at Paris
Chapter 19
The Interwar Years: The Challenge of Dictators and Depression1. The victorious powers demanded that the Treaty of Versailles be ________; the other side demanded that it be
________.Answer: enforced; revisedPage Ref: 708Topic: After Versailles: Demands for Revision and Enforcement
2. When American ________ for Europe began to run out, a severe financial crisis struck the Continent.Answer: creditPage Ref: 709Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
3. The collapse in ________ prices and the financial turmoil resulted in stagnation and depression for European industry.
Answer: agriculturalPage Ref: 710Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
4. The Great Depression began in the year ________.Answer: 1929Page Ref: 709Topic: Toward the Great Depression in Europe
5. ________ enunciated the doctrine of “socialism in one country.”Answer: StalinPage Ref: 715Topic: The Soviet Experiment
6. The replacement of private peasant farms with huge state-run and state-owned farms was called ________.Answer: collectivizationPage Ref: 717Topic: The Soviet Experiment
7. ________ was the executor of the imprisonment and execution of millions of Soviet citizens between 1934 and 1939.Answer: StalinPage Ref: 716Topic: The Soviet Experiment
8. The Russian ________ set production goals for every area of economic life and attempted to organize the economy to meet them.
Answer: State Planning Commission, GosplanPage Ref: 716Topic: The Soviet Experiment
9. Italy became a single-party, dictatorial state in ________.Answer: 1926Page Ref: 723Topic: The Fascist Experiment in Italy
10. Hitler was named _________ in 1933.Answer: chancellorPage Ref: 730Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
11. On March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passed the ________ that permitted Hitler to rule by decree.Answer: Enabling ActPage Ref: 731Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
12. ________, meaning “Night of Smashed Glass,” refers to the broken glass that littered German streets after the looting and destruction of Jewish homes, businesses, and synagogues across Germany on the orders of the Nazi Party in November 1938.
Answer: KristallnachtPage Ref: 734Topic: German Democracy and Dictatorship
13. In Poland in 1926, ________ launched a military coup.Answer: Marshal Josef PilsudskiPage Ref: 740Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
14. Thousands of Hungarians were executed or imprisoned following the collapse of the ________ government.Answer: KunPage Ref: 741Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
15. The ________ dominated the government of Yugoslavia.Answer: SerbsPage Ref: 741Topic: Trials of the Successor States in Eastern Europe
Chapter 20World War II
1. Hitler planned to bring the entire German ________, understood as a racial group, together in a single nation.Answer: VolkPage Ref: 744Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
2. Hitler’s vision for a new Germany included more living space, known as ________, which would be taken from the Slavs.
Answer: LebensraumPage Ref: 744Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
3. The League of Nations demonstrated its weakness in its response to Japan’s occupation of ________.Answer: ManchuriaPage Ref: 745Topic: Again the Road to War (1933–1939)
4. The code name for Germany’s invasion of the Soviet Union is known as Operation ________.Answer: BarbarossaPage Ref: 756Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
5. Hitler often spoke of the “new order” that he meant to impose after he had established his ________ throughout Europe.
Answer: Third ReichPage Ref: 758Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
6. The Japanese launched an air attack on the United States on December 7, 1941 at the U.S. naval base of ________.
Answer: Pearl HarborPage Ref: 759Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
7. In 1942 President Roosevelt stated, “In some communities employers dislike to hire women. In others they are reluctant to hire Negroes. We can no longer afford to indulge such ________.”
Answer: prejudicePage Ref: 762Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
8. Even after the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and ________, the Japanese would have continued fighting if Emperor Hirohito had not intervened.
Answer: NagasakiPage Ref: 765Topic: World War II (1939–1945)
9. Before the war was over, perhaps six million Jews had died in what has come to be called the ________.Answer: HolocaustPage Ref: 768Topic: Racism and the Holocaust
10. Before the war was over, the Nazis killed perhaps ________ prisoners of war and civilians in the Soviet Union.Answer: six million
Page Ref: 767Topic: Racism and the Holocaust
11. The ________ French government collaborated with the Nazis.Answer: VichyPage Ref: 776Topic: The Domestic Fronts
12. In 1945, the French formed the ________ Republic.Answer: FourthPage Ref: 778Topic: The Domestic Fronts
13. The British established their own ________ machine by using the British Broadcasting Company to send programs to every country in Europe in the local language to encourage resistance against the Nazis.
Answer: propagandaPage Ref: 779Topic: The Domestic Fronts
14. Defense against German during World War II was known as “The ________” in the Soviet Union.Answer: Great Patriotic WarPage Ref: 780Topic: The Domestic Fronts
15. The Big Three for most of the war were _________.Answer: Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt, and Joseph StalinPage Ref: 780Topic: Preparations for Peace
Chapter 21The Cold War Era, Decolonization, and the Emergence of a New Europe
1. Stalin enacted a policy of intense tightening of control over subject governments in Eastern Europe following the success of ________ in freeing his country from Soviet domination.
Answer: Marshal Josip TitoPage Ref: 789Topic: The Emergence of the Cold War
2. In 1957 Fidel Castro took power in Cuba, removing the dictator ________.Answer: Fulgencio BatistaPage Ref: 799Topic: Later Cold War Confrontations
3. The appointment of ________ was a key factor in Poland’s resistance to communist control.Answer: Pope John Paul IIPage Ref: 802Topic: The Brezhnev Era
4. The founding of ________ resulted from the British withdrawal from India in 1947.Answer: PakistanPage Ref: 806Topic: Decolonization: The European Retreat from Empire
5. The French leader who orchestrated that country’s retreat from Algiers was ________.Answer: Charles de GaullePage Ref: 809Topic: The Turmoil of French Decolonization
6. Brezhnev’s two immediate successors were Yuri Andropov and ________.Answer: Konstantin ChernenkoPage Ref: 812–813Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
7. In Poland, ________ took on the role of mediator between the government and the trade union movement he had founded.
Answer: Lech WalesaPage Ref: 815Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
8. West German leader ________ was the leading force for German reunification.Answer: Helmut KohlPage Ref: 816Topic: The Collapse of European Communism
9. The first two countries to declare their independence from the central Yugoslav government were ________.Answer: Slovenia and CroatiaPage Ref: 822Topic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
10. Serbian leader ________ was finally removed from power in 2000.Answer: Slobodan MilosevicPage Ref: 822Topic: The Collapse of Yugoslavia and Civil War
11. During his presidency, Vladimir Putin renewed the war against rebels in ________.Answer: ChechnyaPage Ref: 823Topic: Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
12. Under President Putin, Russians had ________ political freedom and ________ prosperity.Answer: less; morePage Ref: 824Topic: Putin and the Resurgence of Russia
13. The literal meaning of the Muslim term ________ is “a struggle.”Answer: jihadPage Ref: 828Topic: The Rise of Radical Political Islamism
14. The term “war on terrorism” was coined by ________.Answer: President George W. BushPage Ref: 829Topic: A Transformed West
15. Vladimir Putin has been sharply critical of the ongoing expansion of ________, which has embraced nations directly bordering the Russian Federation.
Answer: NATOPage Ref: 824Topic: A Transformed West
16. In 2002 and 2003, the United States and Great Britain tried to gain support from ________ to force Iraq to disarm.
Answer: the United Nations Security CouncilPage Ref: 830Topic: A Transformed West
Chapter 22Social, Cultural, and Economic Challenges in the West through the Present
1. By the end of World War II, cities in Eastern Europe had lost any ________ presence.Answer: JewishPage Ref: 834Topic: The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
2. Today, except for one country, at least ________ of the population of every European nation lives in large cities.
Answer: one-thirdPage Ref: 834Topic: The Twentieth-Century Movement of Peoples
3. Since World War II, governments have begun to spend more money on ________ than they do on the military.Answer: social welfarePage Ref: 840Topic: Toward a Welfare State Society
4. The number of ________ women in the workforce has risen sharply.Answer: marriedPage Ref: 843Topic: New Patterns in Work and Expectations of Women
5. Until the ________, Western Europe had large, organized communist parties, as well as groups of intellectuals sympathetic to communism.
Answer: 1990sPage Ref: 846Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
6. During the late 1920s and the 1930s, ________ became a substitute religion for some Europeans.Answer: communismPage Ref: 846Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
7. Albert Camus was a French ________ writer.Answer: existentialistPage Ref: 848Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
8. The 1986 disaster at the ________ nuclear reactor in the Soviet Union heightened concern about environmental issues and raised questions that no European government could ignore.
Answer: ChernobylPage Ref: 853Topic: Transformations in Knowledge and Culture
9. British sculptor Rachel Whiteread’s work is associated with ________ in contemporary art.Answer: minimalismPage Ref: 856Topic: Art Since World War II
10. The ________ in the sculpture Nameless Library represent the loss of Jewish contributions and Jewish lives as a result of the Holocaust.
Answer: unopened booksPage Ref: 856Topic: Art Since World War II
11. Neo-Orthodoxy did not sweep away liberal theology, which had a strong advocate in German-American theologian ________.
Answer: Paul TillichPage Ref: 858Topic: The Christian Heritage
12. The first machine genuinely recognizable as a modern digital computer was the ________.Answer: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)Page Ref: 860Topic: Late-Twentieth-Century Technology: The Arrival of the Computer
13. The European Economic Community (EEC) was also called the ________.Answer: Common MarketPage Ref: 862Topic: The Challenges of European Unification
14. The European Community’s common currency is called the ________.Answer: euroPage Ref: 863Topic: The Challenges of European Unification
15. The controversy over the admission of ________ to the European Union is partially over the “Islamic factor.”Answer: TurkeyPage Ref: 865Topic: The Challenges of European Unification
