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© West Educational Publishing
Sensation and Perception
CHAPTER 4Sensation and perception form our world. Sensation is processed by physical receptors; perception is a psychological function of interpretation.
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© West Educational Publishing
Sensory Processes
Sensation
Perception
Sensation is the process of receiving information from the environment through remarkable receptors in the human body.
Perception is the psychological process of organizing sensory information to make it meaningful.
These two processes are intermixed.
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The body receives information through the five main senses.
The Five Human SensesHearing
Vision Taste
Smell
TouchEXIT
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An absolute threshold is the minimal amount of sensory stimulation needed for a sensation to occur.
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Vision is the dominant sense.
Iris
Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind Spot
Click on the arrows for more information.
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© West Educational Publishing
The Iris
The iris is a muscle that opens and closes in order to control the amount of light entering the eye.
Iris
Iris Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind spot
Click for more information.
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The CorneaThe cornea is the outer covering of the eye.
Cornea
Iris Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind spot
Click for more information.
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The Pupil
The pupil is the opening in the eye.
Pupil
Iris Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind spot
Click for more information.
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© West Educational Publishing
The RetinaThe retina is the back of the eye that has receptors for light.
Retina
Iris Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind spot
Click for more information.
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© West Educational Publishing
The Blind Spot
The blind spot is where the optic nerve exits and there are no receptors for light waves.
Blind Spot
Iris Pupil
Cornea
Retina
Blind spot
Click for more information.
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© West Educational Publishing
Close your left eye and stare at the dot and move either forward or backward until the cube disappears.
Blind Spot Demonstration
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Rods Rods are visual receptors that “see” only black and white and are most sensitive in low light.
ConesCones are visual receptors that receive color and are most sensitive in daylight.
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How many?
Where concentrated?
Sensitive to light?
Sensitive to color?
Rods
120-125 million
Very sensitive
No
Periphery of retina
Cones
7-8 million
Center of retina
Low sensitivity
Yes
Rods and Cones
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Color Vision
Some people cannot tell the difference between certain colors. The most common form is the inability to see the colors of red or green.
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CochleaThis structure is a snail-shaped part of the ear that hastiny hairs and fluid that vibrate with incoming sound.
EardrumThis is a piece of skin stretched over the entrance to the ear and vibrates to sound.
The Structure of the Ear
CochleaEardrum
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© West Educational Publishing
Sound
Audition
Sound is energy; it travels in waves like light, but much slower.
Characteristics
Pitch: how high or low a sound is
Timbre: complexity of tone
Intensity: loudness (measured in decibels)
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Cutaneous Senses (Touch)
There are 3 types of receptors:
for pressure
for temperature
for injury or poison
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Smell (Olfaction)
The sense of smell performs a critical role in providing information about the food we eat. It is very closely related to the sense of taste.
Animals also use smell (chemicals called pheromones) to communicate sexual interest.
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Taste
Taste receptors on the tongue are called taste buds.
There are four types of taste receptors: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter.
These receptors combine sensations to create subtle flavors.
Salty
SweetSour
Bitter
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Perception
Size constancy: ability to remember the size of an object no matter where it is located
Color constancy: ability to perceive an object as the same color regardless of the environment
Shape constancy: ability to perceive an object as having the same shape regardless of the angle
Space constancy: ability to judge distance by perceiving either self or object movement
Perceptual constancies use memory to maintain order in the world.
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Perceptual Organization
Gestalt: making incomplete organization whole (they way something should be rather than how it actually is)
Similarity: grouping like things together
Proximity: grouping things together that are near each other
Closure: filling in the missing details
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Closure Proximity
Similarity
Perceptual Organization
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Perceptual Illusions
Franz Müller-Lyer designed this illusion in 1889.
Illusions are misperceptions. They illustrate how we organize objects into meaningful perceptions .
Which line is longer?EXIT
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The Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Are the two lines the same length?EXIT
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In the figure-ground illusion, the figure is in the front while the ground is in the back. Do you see the faces facing one another or do you see the vase?
Figure-Ground Illusion
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Click the forward arrow to move the cylinder on the right forward to the middle cylinder.
Which cylinder is largest?
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Which cylinder is largest?
Now click the forward arrow to move the cylinder forward to the front cylinder.
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Which cylinder is largest?
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© West Educational Publishing
Summary of Main Topics Covered
Sensory Processes
Perception
•Vision•Hearing•Touch•Smell•Taste
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