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What is an argument? A presentation of a controversial or
debatable issue
How do you make a good argument? You support your claims with sufficient
and valid reasoning and evidence
Why is argument/persuasion important? Convinces others to think or do what
you want them to
Purpose of argument To change the reader’s mind about an
issue To convince the reader to accept what
is written To motivate the reader to take action,
based on what is written
Elements of an Argument Claim – what the writer is trying to prove
(usually found in the thesis, topic sentence) Ex: Students should wear uniforms to
public high schools.
Evidence – the support used to convince the reader Ex: Student will focus less on what they
and others are wearing and more on learning.
Explanation – Link between evidence and claim; why the grounds are credible The purpose of school is to learn.
With a partner read “Strike Against War” by Helen Keller
and highlight the claims, evidence and explanation.
Section 2: Art of Argument Rhetoric – the art of using language in order to
make a point or to persuade listeners.
Rhetorical devices – are accepted elements of argument. The following are types of rhetorical devices: Repetition Parallelism Restatement Simile and Metaphor Alliteration Rhetorical Questions
Let’s Review We’ve already learned about the following rhetorical devices. Let’s
review what they are:
Restatement Expressing the same idea using different words
Repetition The repeated use of certain words, phrases and sentences
Parallelism The repetition of a grammatical structure
Simile and Metaphor figure of speech that makes a direct comparison between two
subjects, using either like or as a figure of speech in which one thing is spoken as though it were
something else. The identification suggest a comparison between the two things that are identified.
Rhetorical Devices Rhetorical question
– Calling attention to the issue by implying an obvious answer Ex: Aren’t all
people created equal?
Rhetorical Devices Alliteration – the repetition of consonant
sounds at the beginning of words that are close to one another. Ex: “beautiful blossoms blooming
between the bushes.”
Persuasive Appeals Ethos (credible) – refers to the trustworthiness or
credibility of the writer or speaker. Ex: A Harvard study indicates that people who
listen to classical music score higher on tests.
Pathos (emotional) – evokes a person’s fear, anger or desire Ex: Soon, all you will see will be strip malls and
parking lots.
Logos (logical) – means persuading by the use of reasoning. Ex: Classical music increases brain power by
30%.
Time to review and apply what we have learned!
With your partner, reread “Strike Against War” by Helen
Keller this time identifying different rhetorical devices.