What is the functionaldomain of this node?

What is the functionaldomain of this node?

(VPmain)

What is the functionaldomain of this node?

-1((VPmain))

-1

The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( SUBJ)

The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

( XCOMP)

( SUBJ)

( OBJ)The -mapping isdefined by equationsannotated to thec-structure nodes.

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

a-fns

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns

d-fns

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns

d-fns non-d-fns

Grammatical Functions

TOP FOC SUBJ OBJ OBJ OBL COMPL ADJUNCT

non-a-fns non-a-fnsa-fns

d-fns non-d-fns

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D

Basic schema:

(Left-to-right order unspecified)

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D

Basic schema:

(Left-to-right order unspecified)

Specifier

Head Complement

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema: Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

NP

N'

N0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

Cæsar's

conquest of Gallia

Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

VP

V'

V0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

Cæsar

conquered Gallia

Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

VP

V0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

conquered Gallia

Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

AP

A0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

afraid of dogs

Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

P'

P0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

past the border

Lexical projections:

PP

YP

three miles

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

PP

P0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P

Basic schema:

on the table

Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Functional projections:Lexical projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

CP

C0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema:

that Mary left

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

I'

I0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema:

may leave John

Mary

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

DP

D0 ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema:

this theory

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Adjunction:

Lexical projections: Functional projections:XP

WP

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Lexical projections: Functional projections:

Lexical integrity:"Morphological complete words are leaves of the c-structure treeand each leaf corresponds to one and only one c-structure node."

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Lexical projections: Functional projections:

Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:

Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."

VP

V0 NPconquered Gallia

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:

Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."

VP

NPGallia

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

X'-syntax

X0: N, V, A, P, C, I, D L0: N, V, A, P F0: C, I, D

Basic schema: Example of optionality: Functional projections:

Economy of Expression:"All syntactic phrase structure nodes are optional and are not usedunless required by independent principles (completeness, coherence,semantic expressivity)."

VP

NPGallia

XP

XYP

A

CB

Two kinds of 'heads'

c-structure heads(according to X' theory):

f-structure heads:

XP

YPX

A

CB

A

CB

XP

X'

X0

YP

ZP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.

( DF)

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

I'

I0

NP

VP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.

( SUBJ)

Example([SPEC, IP] as SUBJ):

may leave John

Mary

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.

( DF)

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.

IP

I'

I0

NP

VP

( SUBJ)

may leave John

Mary

Example 1(VP as co-head with I):

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.

DP

D0 NP

this theory

Example 2(NP as co-head with D):

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.

( CF)

( DF)

PP

P'

P0

YP

DP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.

( OBJ)

( DF)

past the border

three miles

Example 1(DP as OBJ of P):

VP

V0 CP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.

( COMP)

( DF)

said that John left

Example 2(CP as COMP of V):

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

FP

F'

F0

YP

ZP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF

or not annotated.

( AF)

( DF)

LP

WP

( DF)

( AF)

FP

WP

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

I'

I0

NP

VP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF

or not annotated.

( AF)

( DF)

LP

WP

( SUBJ)

IP

AP

Example 1 (preposed adjunct):

( ADJUNCT)

unfortunately

Mary

will leave John

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

I'

I0

NP

VP

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF

or not annotated.

( AF)

( DF)

LP

WP

( SUBJ)

IP

NP

Example 2 (topicalized object):

( TOP)

John

Mary

will leave

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

IP

DP

DP

I

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF

or not annotated.

( AF)

( DF)

LP

WP

( SUBJ)

CP

C

Example 3 (scrambling in German;GF unannotated by syntax):

daß

das Buch

der Mann liest

LP

L'

L0

YP

ZP

IP

IP

DP

DP

I

The Mapping Principles

Lexical projections: Functional projections:

a. C-structure heads are f-structure heads.b. Specifiers of functional categories are the grammaticalized discourse functions DF.c. Complements of functional categories are f-structure co-heads.d. Complements of lexical categories are the nondiscourse argument functions CF.e. Constituents adjoined to phrasal constituents are nonargument functions AF

or not annotated.

( AF)

( DF)

LP

WP

( SUBJ)

CP

C

Example 3 (scrambling in German;GF unannotated by syntax):

daß

das Buch

der Mann liest

OBJ function assignedlexocentrically, conditionedby case.

( CASE)=ACC ( OBJ)=

Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.

IP

NP VP

( SUBJ)

IP

AP

( ADJUNCT)

unfortunately

I

John

CP

IP

NP

C

I'

( COMP)V

believe

that

Mary

leave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

Iwill

( SUBJ)

IP

NP VP

( SUBJ)

IP

AP

( ADJUNCT)

unfortunately

I

John

CP

IP

NP

C

I'

( COMP)V

believe

that

Mary

leave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

Iwill

( SUBJ)

Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.In this structure the auxiliaryand the main verb are membersof the same functional domain.

IP

NP VP

( SUBJ)

IP

AP

( ADJUNCT)

unfortunately

I

John

CP

IP

NP

C

I'

( COMP)V

believe

that

Mary

leave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

Iwill

( SUBJ)

Example:Annotations constrainedby the mapping principles.In this structure the auxiliaryand the main verb are membersof the same functional domain.Hence only one of them can have a PRED.

PRED 'leave<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'

( PRED)='leave<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'

COMP

...

...

...

John

IP

NP I'

Mary

leave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

Iwill

( SUBJ)

In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in V

IP

NP I'

Mary

not

VP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

Iwill

( SUBJ)

Johnleave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –

IP

NP I'

Mary

not

VP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

Idoes

( SUBJ)

Johnleave

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –even when there is no semantically required auxiliary.

IP

NPMary

( SUBJ)

Johnleaves

VP

NPV

( OBJ)

In English, auxiliaries are in I, and main verbs always in VNegation is always before the main verb –even when there is no semantically required auxiliary.Hence there is no need to assume that finite main verbs are outside VP.

IP

I S

VP

NP

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

( SUBJ)

IP

I S

VP

NP

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

( SUBJ)

• No specifier of IP, which dominates I and its complement directly.

IP

I S

VP

NP

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

( SUBJ)

• No specifier of IP, which dominates I and its complement directly.• The complement of I is S (not VP), an exocentric phrase.

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Auxiliary or main verb may be in I.

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Auxiliary or main verb may be in I.In the latter case, the VP doesn't dominate any V head.

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.

(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.

(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)

VP

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.

(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)

VP

IP

I S gwnaeth'do-3.SG.PAST'

weld'see'

VP

V

NP

Siôn'John'

draig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

IP

I S gwelodd'see-3.SG.PAST'

VP

NP

Siôn'John'

ddraig'dragon'

NP

( OBJ)

( SUBJ)

( SUBJ)

Welsh: a verb-initial language. (Bresnan, after Sproat)

Extended Head (Bresnan, Jar, Zaenen, Kaplan):Given a c-structure containing nodes N, C, and c- to f-structure mapping ,N is an extended head of C if N is the minimal node in Cthat c-commands C without dominating C.

(A c-commands B if every node properly dominating A also dominates B.)

VP

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Subordinate clauses:

at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Subordinate clauses:

at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks

• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Subordinate clauses:

at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks

• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Subordinate clauses:

at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks

• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.• Hence the finite verb is always adjacent to its complements: subordinate clauses are not V2.

Norwegian: a V2 language.

Main declarative clauses:

Deltagerne ville lære syntaksHeldigvis ville deltagerne lære syntaksSyntaks ville deltagerne læreDeltagerne ville ikke lære syntaksDeltagerne lærer ikke syntaks

• There is a position before the finite verb (unlike Welsh).• There is only one position before the finite verb: No adjunction of adverbs or topics (unlike English).• There is a subject position after the finite verb (unlike English).• The finite verb – main or auxiliary – is always in the leftmost verbal position, before negation (unlike English).

Subordinate clauses:

at deltagerne ikke ville lære syntaksat deltagerne ikke lærer syntaks

• Negation and other sentence adverbs occur before the finite verb – main or auxiliary.• The subject can only occur before the finite verb.• Hence the finite verb is always adjacent to its complements: subordinate clauses are not V2.

Furthermore:

• Auxiliaries are fully-fledged, complement taking verbs (unlike English modals).

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

Example

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'

SUBJ

ADJUNCT

PRED 'dessverre'

PRED 'ikke'

PRED 'deltager'1

• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'

XCOMP SUBJ

PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'

OBJ

SUBJ

ADJUNCT

PRED 'dessverre'

PRED 'ikke'

PRED 'deltager'

PRED 'syntaks'

1

1

• Finite verbs (V[fin]) as head of IP• S, dominating a SUBJ, as complement of IP• Since the auxiliary is a complement-taking verb, it (extendedly) heads its own VP.• The main verb heads the embedded XCOMP.

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

( ADJUNCT)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.

( ADJUNCT)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:

( ADJUNCT)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:

( SUBJ)

( ADJUNCT)...

IP XP I'

S XP ADV* VP'

( SUBJ)

( ADJUNCT)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

dessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

• SPEC of IP can also host the subject.• Hence two rules in the same functional domain introduce subjects:• Functional uniqueness prevents the occurrence of subjects in both positions at once.

( SUBJ)

( ADJUNCT)...

IP XP I'

S XP ADV* VP'

( SUBJ)

( ADJUNCT)

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

( ADJUNCT)

Subordinate clausesThe differing constituent order can becaptured based on the same S subtreeas in main clauses.

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

( ADJUNCT)

Subordinate clauses

S

( SUBJ)VPNP

deltagerne

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

CP

C

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

atfordihvis...VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

( ADJUNCT)

Subordinate clauses

S

( SUBJ)VPNP

deltagerne

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

V[fin] Sville

I’

No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.

CP

C

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

atfordihvis...VPNP

deltagerne

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

( ADJUNCT)

Subordinate clauses

S

( SUBJ)VPNP

deltagerne

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

V[fin] Sville

I’

No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.Consequence: There is no higherhead for the VP, and this forces theoccurrence of a dominated V head.

NP

N

V

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

VP

( XCOMP)

CP

C

( SUBJ)

IP

ADVdessverre

atfordihvis...VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

( ADJUNCT)

Subordinate clauses

S

( SUBJ)VPNP

deltagerne

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

V[fin] Sville

I’

No IP in subordinate clauses:CP takes S as complement.Consequence: There is no higherhead for the VP, and this forces theoccurrence of a dominated V head.

NP

N

V

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

VP

( XCOMP)V[fin]ville

S in main and subordinate clauses have similar scrambling possibilities:

Main:Dessverre vil [S deltagerne ikke [VP [VP lære syntaks]]]Dessverre vil [S ikke deltagerne [VP [VP lære syntaks]]]

Subordinate:hvis [S deltagerne ikke [VP vil [VP lære syntaks]]]hvis [S ikke deltagerne [VP vil [VP lære syntaks]]]

Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:

Kari sa at hun var ikke syk

Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:

Kari sa at hun var ikke syk

Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:

CP

C IP

Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:

Kari sa at hun var ikke syk

Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:

However, this is difficult unless the speaker can be taken to endorsethe proposition expressed by the clause:

?? Jeg tviler på at Kari var ikke sykOK Jeg tviler på at Kari ikke var syk

CP

C IP

Main clause word order is also possible in subordinate clauses:

Kari sa at hun var ikke syk

Hence CP can alternatively take IP as complement:

However, this is difficult unless the speaker can be taken to endorsethe proposition expressed by the clause:

?? Jeg tviler på at Kari var ikke sykOK Jeg tviler på at Kari ikke var syk

This emphasizes the semantic import of the IP domain:IP is the modal core of the sentence;this is where the speech act "happens".

CP

C IP

I’

V[fin] S

( SUBJ)

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

NPdeltagerne

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with something more general.

( SUBJ)

Topicalization

( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)

The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with something more general.

( SUBJ)

Topicalization

I’

V[fin] S

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

NPdeltagerne

COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}

( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)

The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with something more general.

is a regular expressiondefining a set of attribute strings.

( SUBJ)

Topicalization

I’

V[fin] S

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

NPdeltagerne

COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}

( COMPFN* TERMFN)

( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)

Topicalization

I’

V[fin] S

IP

ville

VP

NP

N

V

lære

syntaks

( OBJ)

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

NPdeltagerne

COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}

The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with something more general.

is a regular expressiondefining a set of attribute strings.Let us topicalize the object as illustration.

( SUBJ)

( COMPFN* TERMFN)

( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)

Topicalization

I’

V[fin] S

IP

ville

VP

V

lære

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

NPsyntaks

COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}

( SUBJ)NP

deltagerne

The annotation on [SPEC, IP]should be replaced with something more general.

is a regular expressiondefining a set of attribute strings.Let us topicalize the object as illustration.

( SUBJ)

( COMPFN* TERMFN)

( TOP)( COMPFN* TERMFN)

Topicalization

I’

V[fin] S

IP

ville

VP

V

lære

ADV

( ADJUNCT)

ikke

VP

( XCOMP)

NPsyntaks

COMPFN = {COMP | XCOMP}TERMFN = {SUBJ | OBJ | OBJ| ...}

PRED 'lære<( SUBJ)( OBJ)>'

XCOMP SUBJ

PRED 'ville<( SUBJ)( XCOMP)>'

OBJ

SUBJ

ADJUNCT PRED 'ikke'

PRED 'deltager'

PRED 'syntaks'

1

1

( SUBJ)NP

deltagerne

2

2

TOP

( XCOMP OBJ)The attribute string is covered by the regular expression.