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World Humanities Review

CRASHCOURSE MS. D STYLE!

Why study History?

Reformation and Scientific Revolution

Luther’s Teachings-Lutheran Church Salvation “through faith

alone” Bible was the source of

religious truth Common people should be able

to read the bible in their own language and study it for themselves

Fewer sacraments and a simple mass

Luther was Excommunicated

Galileo studied the earth’s rotation-confirming that the Earth revolves around the Sun The Catholic Church

threatened him to withdraw his theories

The new scientific method was based on observation and experimentation

Galileo and the Scientific Revolution

Exploration

Why explore? Sought a direct route to the

riches of Asia Cut out the “middle man”

of the middle east Who explored?

Columbus- Financed by Spain (though he was Italian)

Conquistadors They wanted new sources of

wealth (GOLD) They wanted to spread

Christianity (GOD)

The Search for Gold, God, Glory-and Spices!

Splitting up the New World

*Line of Demarcation: dividing line between Portugal and Spain

Absolutism

Absolute Monarchs had total (or Absolute) power over the country/peoples they ruled, similar to a dictator

Divine Right- the belief that a king/queen’s right to rule came directly from god.

They have absolute power because god ‘chose’ them to rule

Absolute Monarchs and Divine Right

Louis XIV-Sun King of FranceLouis took the sun as the symbol of his absolute power and was often quoted as saying, “L’etat, c’est moi”—“I am the state.”

Philip II of Spain came up with Divine Right

Henry IV of France laid the foundations for Royal Absolutism

Louis XIV of France built Versailles, had costly wars, and was religiously intolerant

Peter the Great of Russia westernized Russia but was an oppressive tyrant

Meanwhile in England… Parliament asserted itself against

royal power (James Stuart I and Charles I) in England while absolute power expanded in the rest of Europe

English Civil War resulted in a constitutional monarchy

Meeting the needs of the people or themselves?

“The most high and absolute power in the realm consists in the parliament”-English statesman in the 1560s“Kings are called gods, because they sit upon God’s throne on Earth”- James I

Enlightenment and the French revolution

John Locke Separation of Church and State Natural Rights (life, liberty,

property) Gov should have limited power,

with the approval of all citizens Voltaire

Goal: to target abuse and corruption within government

Against the slave trade and religious intolerance

Against torture and the death penalty

Enlightenment Thinkers

Estate System under the Old Regime

1

FIRST ESTATE (1%) SECOND ESTATE (>2%)

THIRD ESTATE (97-98%)

The CLERGY

Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilege

Owned about 10 percent of land, collected tithes, and paid no taxes

Provided some social services

The NOBILITY

Owned land but had little money income

Hated absolutism

Feared losing traditional privilege, especially exemption from taxes

The BOURGEOISIE (middle class) and PEASANTS

Peasants were 90 percent of French population

Resented privilege of first and second estates

Burdened by taxes

2. DISCONTENT-Many earned miserable wages and faced hunger and even starvation

Bourgeoisie wanted more representation!

FAIR?

Philosophers like Locke, Rousseau and Voltaire critiqued divine right and government oppression.

Locke even encouraged revolution!

Inspired by these philosophers and the American revolution

Enlightenment inspires democratic thinking and urges reform of Absolutism

Enlightenment Ideas lead to Revolution

With a starving people and a government deeply in debt Louis XVI calls the Estates General to meet and solve the problems

PROBLEM: These three estates voted as a whole group, each group received ONE vote.

Third Estate was constantly outvoted

Members of the Third Estate broke off to form the National Assembly and declare the Tennis Court Oath:

vowed not to stop meeting until they had drawn up a constitution for France

Storming of the Bastille- a military fortress and Prison.

the storming of the Bastille quickly became a symbol of the revolution, a blow to tyranny

Socioeconomic Problems lead to Revolution

The Declaration of the Rights of Man All men were born free and equal in rights

To deal with threats to France, the Convention created the Committee of Public Safety.

The Reign of Terror lasted from about July 1793 to July 1794. Under the guidance of Maximilien Robespierre, some 40,000 people were executed at the guillotine.

To end the chaos the people accepted Napoleon as leader. He overthrew the Directory and crowned himself Emperor of France Napoleon consolidated his power by strengthening the

central government. Order, security, and efficiency replaced liberty, equality, and fraternity as the slogans of the new regime.

While Napoleon did undo some of the revolutions reforms he developed a new law code, the Napoleonic Code, which embodied Enlightenment principles like equality before the law

From Revolution to Napoleon

Industrial Revolution

Time before the Revolution used what was called the

“Domestic System” Domestic means home- home

based system Small farming by individual

families Family involved in the

producing products by hand Factory System and

Mechanization Use of machines to increase

production Flow of innovation leads to

spinning mill Workers + Machines=Factory

System

Domestic System vs Factory System

Problems of Factory Life

While capitalism rewards hard work, with workers being motivated by profit, this motivator breeds GREED.

Capitalists argue that there should be classes, some rich, some middle, some poor-it was necessary for the system

The idea that the class system was inevitable was known as SOCIAL DARWINISM: only the strong will survive, the poor are poor for a reason-its their own fault

As problems mounted and factory life worsened many began to criticize capitalism and wanted to government to step in to fix the problems of the industrial revolution

Communism was offered as an alternative Communism calls for the complete and total control of the

economy and business activity According to the Communist Manifesto, the

“proletariat” (workers) would rise up in revolution against greedy Capitalists

The Ugly Side of Capitalism

Imperialism

Causes of Imperialism

ECONOMIC INTERESTS POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS

Manufacturers wanted access to natural resources.

Manufacturers hoped for new markets for factory goods.

Colonies offered a valuable outlet for Europe’s growing population.

Merchant ships and naval vessels needed bases around the world.

Western leaders were motivated by nationalism.

HUMANITARIAN GOALS SOCIAL DARWINISM

Many westerners felt concern for their “little brothers” overseas.Missionaries, doctors, and colonial officials believed they had a duty to spread western civilization.

Many westerners viewed European races as superior to all others.

They saw imperial conquest as nature’s way of improving the human species.