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0 1 · pdlqwdlqlqj klv ylvlrq wkdw kh orvw vljkw ri wkh gdpdjh wkdw lw zdv fdxvlqj wkh frxqwu\ µ...

Date post: 27-Dec-2019
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“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 1 During and after the viewing of this video, students will: OHDUQ DERXW VRPH NH\ HYHQWV LQ &KLQD IURP WR LQFOXGLQJ &KLQD·V &XOWXUDO 5HYROXWLRQ OHDUQ DERXW VRPH NH\ LGHDV LQ WKH ERRN China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed GLVFXVV 0DR·V FXOW RI SHUVRQDOLW\ DQG OHDGHUVKLS DQDO\]H TXRWDWLRQV IURP 0DR GLVFXVV WKH LPSDFW RI VRPH RI 0DR·V GHFLVLRQV DQG GLVFXVV OHDGHUVKLS GXULQJ WKH 0DR HUD DQG OHDGHUVKLS LQ &KLQD WRGD\ +DQGRXW Timeline of 1966–1976 SS ² FRSLHV +DQGRXW Quotations by Mao Zedong S FRSLHV 3URMHFWLRQ Book Summary of &KLQD 8QGHU 0DR $ 5HYROXWLRQ 'HUDLOHG from Harvard University Press S 7HDFKHU ,QIRUPDWLRQ Video Transcript SS ² ´&KLQD 8QGHU 0DRµ YLGHR RQOLQH DW KWWSVVSLFHVWDQIRUGHGX PXOWLPHGLDFKLQDXQGHUPDR &RPSXWHU ZLWK ,QWHUQHW DFFHVV DQG VSHDNHUV &RPSXWHU SURMHFWRU 2EMHFWLYHV 0DWHULDOV Discussion GuiDe for “china unDer MaoD GLVFXVVLRQ ZLWK 3URIHVVRU$QGUHZ :DOGHU 6KRUHQVWHLQ $VLD3DFLILF 5HVHDUFK &HQWHU (TXLSPHQW
Transcript
Page 1: 0 1 · pdlqwdlqlqj klv ylvlrq wkdw kh orvw vljkw ri wkh gdpdjh wkdw lw zdv fdxvlqj wkh frxqwu\ µ ² ´:kdw lv uhpdundeoh derxw klp dv d ohdghu ri d frppxqlvw frxqwu\ lv wkdw kh·v

“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 1

During and after the viewing of this video, students will:

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�� OHDUQ�DERXW�VRPH�NH\�LGHDV�LQ�WKH�ERRN��China Under Mao: A Revolution

Derailed���� GLVFXVV�0DR·V�FXOW�RI�SHUVRQDOLW\�DQG�OHDGHUVKLS���� DQDO\]H�TXRWDWLRQV�IURP�0DR���� GLVFXVV�WKH�LPSDFW�RI�VRPH�RI�0DR·V�GHFLVLRQV��DQG�� GLVFXVV�OHDGHUVKLS�GXULQJ�WKH�0DR�HUD�DQG�OHDGHUVKLS�LQ�&KLQD�WRGD\��

+DQGRXW����Timeline of 1966–1976��SS���²�������FRSLHV+DQGRXW����Quotations by Mao Zedong��S���������FRSLHV3URMHFWLRQ��Book Summary of &KLQD�8QGHU�0DR��$�5HYROXWLRQ�'HUDLOHG from

Harvard University Press��S����7HDFKHU�,QIRUPDWLRQ��Video Transcript��SS����²��´&KLQD�8QGHU�0DRµ�YLGHR��RQOLQH�DW�KWWSV���VSLFH�VWDQIRUG�HGX�

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Discussion GuiDe for “china unDer Mao”

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introduction

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introduction

“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 3

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introduction

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introduction

“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 5

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handout 1

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1965 Setting the stage for the Cultural Revolution

0DR�DQG�KLV�ZLIH��Jiang Qing��VHW�WKH�VWDJH�IRU�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ�LQ������ZKHQ�WKH\�GLUHFW�D�OLWHUDU\�FULWLF��<DR�:HQ\XDQ��WR�SXEOLVK�D�YLWULROLF FULWLTXH�RI�D�SOD\�E\�%HLMLQJ·V�PD\RU��-LDQJ�4LQJ�DQG�<DR�SHUFHLYH�WKH�SOD\�DV�D�V\PEROLF�DWWDFN�RQ�0DR��DQG�WKH�DUWLFOH�UHFHLYHV�D�JUHDW�GHDO�RI�SXEOLFLW\�DFURVV�WKH�FRXQWU\�$�IHZ�PRQWKV�ODWHU��-LDQJ�4LQJ�ZULWHV�D�JHQHUDO�FULWLFLVP�RI�OLWHUDWXUH�DQG�DUW��H�J���SOD\V��QRYHOV��SDLQWLQJV��RSHUD��EDOOHW��SRHWU\��VLQFH�WKH�IRXQGLQJ�RI�WKH�3HRSOH·V�5HSXEOLF�RI�&KLQD��FRQGHPQLQJ�WKH�ERXUJHRLV��DQWL�SDUW\��DQG�DQWL�VRFLDOLVW�WHQGHQFLHV�VKH�GHWHFWV�LQ�SRSXODU�DUW�DQG�FXOWXUH�0DR�DOVR�EHJLQV�UHSODFLQJ�SHRSOH�LQ�NH\�JRYHUQPHQW�SRVLWLRQV�ZLWK�KLV�RZQ�WUXVWHG�IULHQGV�DQG�DOOLHV�

May 16, 1966 Unofficial beginning of the Cultural Revolution

7KH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ�XQRIILFLDOO\�EHJLQV�ZLWK�WKH�´0D\����&LUFXODUµ�LVVXHG�E\�WKH�3ROLWEXUR��7KH�´0D\����&LUFXODUµ�VWDWHV�WKH�&&3·V�LQWHQWLRQ�WR�RXVW�´UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV�RI�WKH�ERXUJHRLVLH�ZKR�KDYH�VQHDNHG�LQWR�WKH�&&3��WKH�JRYHUQPHQW��WKH�DUP\��DQG�WKH�YDULRXV�VSKHUHV�RI�FXOWXUH�µ0DR�WKHQ�FDOOV�RQ�VWXGHQWV��ZKR�FRPH�WR�EH�FDOOHG�5HG�*XDUGV��WR�FDUU\�out an aggressive hunt for revisionists�DQG�D�VWUXJJOH�DJDLQVW�HQHPLHV�RI�VRFLDOLVP��7KH�ILUVW�WR�RUJDQL]H�DUH�VWXGHQWV��DQG�VRPH�\RXQJ�WHDFKHUV��DW�%HLMLQJ�8QLYHUVLW\��ZKR�EHJLQ�SXEOLFO\�FULWLFL]LQJ�VFKRRO�DXWKRULWLHV��7KH�PRYHPHQW�LV�LQIHFWLRXV��DQG�WKH�IDVW�VSUHDGLQJ�ZRUG�RI�VWXGHQW�UHEHOOLRQV�LQ�%HLMLQJ�LQVSLUHV�VWXGHQWV�DOO�RYHU�WKH�FRXQWU\�WR�IRUP�WKHLU�RZQ�5HG�*XDUG�JURXSV�%\�WKH�VXPPHU�RI�������WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ�LV�TXLFNO\�EHFRPLQJ�D�QDWLRQDO�VWXGHQW�PRYHPHQW��$FURVV�&KLQD��VFKRROV�FDQFHO�UHJXODU�FODVVHV��ZKLOH�VWXGHQWV�DWWHQG�SROLWLFDO�VWXG\�PHHWLQJV��struggle sessions, and

RWKHU�UHYROXWLRQDU\�DFWLYLWLHV�

May 25, 1966 First dazibao$�\RXQJ�WHDFKHU�DW�%HLMLQJ�8QLYHUVLW\�ZULWHV�WKH�ILUVW�0DU[LVW dazibao,

RU�ELJ�FKDUDFWHU�SRVWHU��DJDLQVW�VRPH�RI�WKH�XQLYHUVLW\·V�SURIHVVRUV�DQG�DGPLQLVWUDWRUV��ODEHOLQJ�WKHP�´EODFN��DQWL�3DUW\�JDQJVWHUV�µ�$V�ZRUG�RI�XQUHVW�VSUHDGV��VWXGHQWV�EHJLQ�SURGXFLQJ�DQG�GLVSOD\LQJ�PDVVHV�RI�ELJ�FKDUDFWHU�SRVWHUV�DWWDFNLQJ�WKRVH�WKH\�ODEHO�UHDFWLRQDU\�DFDGHPLFV�)URP������WR�������FUHDWLQJ�GD]LEDR�LV�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�SRSXODU�UHYROXWLRQDU\�DFWLYLWLHV�DQG�EHFRPHV�D�PDLQVWD\�RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW��

TiMeline of 1966–1976

Jiang Qing (1914–1991)—0DR·V�ZLIH�IURP�������'HSXW\�'LUHFWRU�RI�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ�DQG�RQH�RI�WKH�PRVW�SRZHUIXO�ILJXUHV�LQ�&KLQD�GXULQJ�0DR·V�ILQDO�\HDUV��DIWHU�0DR·V�GHDWK��DUUHVWHG�DQG�VHQWHQFHG�WR�OLIH�LQ�SULVRQ

vitriolic³H[SUHVVLQJ�YLROHQW�DQG�ELWWHU�KDWUHG

bourgeois³DFFRUGLQJ�WR�0DU[LVW�WKHRU\��UHODWLQJ�WR�WKH�VRFLDO�FODVV�WKDW�RZQV�PRVW�RI�WKH�ZHDOWK�DQG�LV�UHJDUGHG�DV�H[SORLWLQJ�WKH�ZRUNLQJ�FODVV

socialist³UHODWLQJ�WR��EDVHG�RQ��RU�DGYRFDWLQJ�VRFLDOLVP��D�SROLWLFDO�WKHRU\�RU�V\VWHP�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�PHDQV�RI�SURGXFWLRQ�DQG�GLVWULEXWLRQ�DUH�FRQWUROOHG�E\�WKH�SHRSOH�DQG�RSHUDWHG�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�HTXLW\�DQG�IDLUQHVV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�PDUNHW�SULQFLSOHV

Politburo³WKH�H[HFXWLYH�DQG�SROLF\PDNLQJ�FRPPLWWHH�RI�D�JRYHUQLQJ�&RPPXQLVW�3DUW\

sphere of culture³JURXS�ZLWKLQ�D�VRFLHW\

revisionist³D�PHPEHU�RI�WKH�&KLQHVH�&RPPXQLVW�3DUW\�ZKR�DWWHPSWV�WR�DOWHU�&RPPXQLVW�LGHDOV��XVXDOO\�E\�DGYRFDWLQJ�UHYROXWLRQDU\�UHIRUPV�UDWKHU�WKDQ�D�UHYROXWLRQDU\�VSLULW

struggle session³SXEOLF�GHQXQFLDWLRQ�RI�WKH�DFFXVHG�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�YLFWLP�LV�KXPLOLDWHG�DQG�PDGH�WR�FRQIHVV�KLV�RU�KHU�´FULPHVµ

Marxist³UHODWLQJ�WR��VXS�SRUWLQJ��RU�LPSOHPHQWLQJ�0DU[LVP��WKH�SROLWLFDO�DQG�HFRQRPLF�WKHRULHV�RI�.DUO�0DU[�DQG�)ULHGULFK�(QJHOV�LQ�ZKLFK�FODVV�VWUXJJOH�LV�D�FHQWUDO�HOHPHQW�LQ�WKH�DQDO\VLV�RI�VRFLDO�FKDQJH

“black, anti-Party gangster”³ODEHO�JLYHQ�WR�ERXUJHRLVLH�DQG�RWKHU�HQHPLHV�RI�WKH�UHYROXWLRQ

continued on next page

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FULWLFL]LQJ�YDULRXV�LQWHOOHFWXDOV��SDUW\�RIILFLDOV��DQG�RWKHU�´EDG�HOHPHQWV�µ�6WXGHQWV�GLVSOD\�KXQGUHGV�RI�GD]LEDR�DURXQG�WKHLU�VFKRROV��ZKLFK�DUH�TXLFNO\�OLWWHUHG�ZLWK�SRVWHUV�LQ�UHG�DQG�EODFN�ZULWLQJ��6RRQ�ELJ�FKDUDFWHU�SRVWHU�GLVSOD\V�VSLOO�LQWR�SXEOLF�DQG�SULYDWH�DUHDV��FRYHULQJ�WKH�ZDOOV�RI�EXLOGLQJV��WUDLQ�DQG�EXV�VWDWLRQV��ZRUNSODFHV��DQG�KRPHV��VHYHUHO\�GDPDJLQJ�WKH�UHSXWDWLRQV�RI�WKH�DFFXVHG�

May 29, 1966 Red Guards form at Beijing University

7KH�ILUVW�JURXS�RI�5HG�*XDUGV�RUJDQL]HV�DW�%HLMLQJ�8QLYHUVLW\�ZLWK�WKH�SXUSRVH�RI�HOLPLQDWLQJ�LQWHOOHFWXDOV�DQG�0DR·V�HQHPLHV��0RVW�UHYROXWLRQDU\�DFWLYLW\�DW�WKLV�WLPH�LV�OLPLWHG�WR�WKH�ODUJH�XUEDQ�FHQWHUV��VXFK�DV�%HLMLQJ��6KDQJKDL��DQG�1DQMLQJ��7KH�UHYROXWLRQ�TXLFNO\�EHFRPHV�D�QDWLRQDO�VWXGHQW�PRYHPHQW�DQG�UHYROXWLRQDU\�fervor�VSUHDGV�OLNH�ZLOGILUH�6WXGHQWV�ZKR�EHFRPH�5HG�*XDUGV�GR�VR�IRU�D�QXPEHU�RI�UHDVRQV��0DQ\�are disgruntled�DERXW�LQHTXDOLWLHV�LQ�WKH�HGXFDWLRQDO�V\VWHP�DQG�WKHLU�RZQ�FDUHHU�SRWHQWLDO�RU�VLPSO\�ZDQW�WR�IROORZ�WKH�OHDGHU�WKH\�KDYH�EHHQ�WDXJKW�WR�ORYH�DQG�DGPLUH�VLQFH�ELUWK��6RPH�VWXGHQWV�MRLQ�PHUHO\�WR�SDUWLFLSDWH�LQ�WKH�H[FLWHPHQW�DQG�PRPHQWXP�RI�WKH�PRYHPHQW�DQG�DUH�OXUHG�E\�WKH�XQSUHFHGHQWHG�SRZHU�LW�DIIRUGV�WKHP��2WKHUV�WDNH�WKH�RSSRUWXQLW\�WR�VHHN�UHYHQJH�DJDLQVW�WHDFKHUV�DQG�FODVVPDWHV�WKH\�GLVOLNH��6RPH�JLUOV�DQG�ZRPHQ�MRLQ�WKH�5HG�*XDUGV�WR�DYRLG�PDUULDJH�RU�HVFDSH�DEXVLYH�KRXVHKROGV�DQG�HPEUDFH�D�OHYHO�RI�IUHHGRP��SRZHU��DQG�HTXDOLW\�QHYHU�EHIRUH�H[SHULHQFHG�E\�&KLQHVH�ZRPHQ��1RW�DOO�VWXGHQWV�DUH�DOORZHG�WR�MRLQ�WKH�5HG�*XDUGV��WKRVH�IURP�´EDGµ�IDPLO\�EDFNJURXQGV³LQFOXGLQJ�FKLOGUHQ�RI�ODQGORUGV��FDSLWDOLVWV��DQG�LQWHOOHFWXDOV³DUH�H[FOXGHG�DQG�RIWHQ�EHFDPH�WDUJHWV�RI�WKH�DWWDFNV��6RPH�MRLQ�HDUO\�RQ�WR�SURYH�WKHLU�UHYROXWLRQDU\�OR\DOW\�EXW�DUH�RXVWHG�RQFH�WKHLU�EDFNJURXQGV�DUH�EURXJKW�WR�OLJKW�5HG�*XDUGV�RIWHQ�PLVXQGHUVWDQG�WKH�LGHRORJ\�EHKLQG�WKH�UHYROXWLRQ�RU�WKHLU�RZQ�DFWLRQV�DQG�H[KLELW�FRQIXVLRQ�DERXW�ZKRP�WKH\�DUH�VXSSRVHG�WR�WDUJHW��,URQLFDOO\��UHYROXWLRQDU\�VWXGHQWV�HYHQWXDOO\�DWWDFN�PDQ\�RI�WKH�VDPH�SDUW\�OHDGHUV�ZKR�KDG�HQFRXUDJHG�WKHP�WR�UHEHO�LQ�WKH�ILUVW�SODFH�

August 5, 1966 Mao writes a dazibao

0DR�ZULWHV�D�GD]LEDR�VWDWLQJ�´%RPEDUG�WKH�KHDGTXDUWHUV�µ�7KH�SRVWHU�LV�DQ�DWWDFN�RQ�/LX�6KDRTL��WKH�9LFH�&KDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�&&3��0DR·V�DFW�RI�ZULWLQJ�DQG�GLVSOD\LQJ�WKH�SRVWHU�JLYHV�DXWKRULW\�WR�GD]LEDR�FUHDWHG�E\�VWXGHQWV�DQG�HQFRXUDJHV�RWKHUV�WR�FULWLFL]H�DQG�SXUJH�&&3�OHDGHUV�

handout 1

“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 7

reactionary—one

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“bad elements”—

UHIHUV�WR�SHRSOH�ZKR�KDYH�ZHDOWK��SRZHU��NQRZOHGJH��RU�DQ�DVVRFLDWLRQ�ZLWK�IRUHLJQ�FRXQWULHV

fervor³H[WUHPH�LQWHQVLW\�RI�HPRWLRQ�RU�EHOLHI

disgruntled—in a state of

UHVHQWIXO�GLVVDWLVIDFWLRQ��anger, and irritation

purge³WR�UHPRYH�RSSRQHQWV�RU�SHRSOH�FRQVLGHUHG�XQGHVLUDEOH�IURP�D�VWDWH�RU�RUJDQL]DWLRQ

unprecedented—having

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ideology³D�FORVHO\�RUJDQL]HG�V\VWHP�RI�EHOLHIV��YDOXHV��DQG�LGHDV�IRUPLQJ�WKH�EDVLV�RI�D�VRFLDO��HFRQRPLF��RU�SROLWLFDO�SKLORVRSK\�RU�SURJUDP

Page 8: 0 1 · pdlqwdlqlqj klv ylvlrq wkdw kh orvw vljkw ri wkh gdpdjh wkdw lw zdv fdxvlqj wkh frxqwu\ µ ² ´:kdw lv uhpdundeoh derxw klp dv d ohdghu ri d frppxqlvw frxqwu\ lv wkdw kh·v

August 8, 1966 Sixteen Points Directive

7KH�(LJKWK�&HQWUDO�&RPPLWWHH�RI�WKH�&&3�SDVVHV�WKH�´'HFLVLRQ�RI�WKH�&HQWUDO�&RPPLWWHH�RI�WKH�&KLQHVH�3DUW\�&RQFHUQLQJ�WKH�*UHDW�3UROHWDULDQ�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQµ��D�N�D���WKH�6L[WHHQ�3RLQWV���7KLV�GRFXPHQW�LV�DQ�RIILFLDO�VWDWHPHQW�RI�WKH�&KLQHVH�JRYHUQPHQW�VXSSRUWLQJ�0DR·V�HFRQRPLF�SROLFLHV�DQG�WKH�IRUPDWLRQ�RI�WKH�5HG�*XDUGV�DV�0DR·V�SULPDU\�ZHDSRQ�LQ�FDUU\LQJ�RXW�D�´JUHDW�UHYROXWLRQ�WKDW�WRXFKHV�SHRSOH�WR�WKHLU�YHU\�VRXOV�µ7KH�6L[WHHQ�3RLQWV�VWDWH�WKDW�WDUJHWV�RI�WKH�UHYROXWLRQ�DUH�QRW�MXVW�LQWHOOHFWXDOV�EXW�DOVR�FDSLWDOLVW�URDGHUV�LQ�WKH�3DUW\�OHDGHUVKLS��:LWK�WKH�SXEOLFDWLRQ�RI�WKLV�GHFLVLRQ�LQ�WKH�People’s Daily�RQ�$XJXVW����WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ�JDLQV�OHJLWLPDF\�DQG�TXLFNO\�H[SDQGV�7KLV�PDUNV�WKH�RIILFLDO�EHJLQQLQJ�RI�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ��HYHQ�WKRXJK�WKH�PRYHPHQW�KDV�EHHQ�JRLQJ�RQ�IRU�VHYHUDO�PRQWKV�E\�WKLV�WLPH�

August 18, 1966 First Red Guard rally in Beijing

0DR�JUHHWV�WKH�5HG�*XDUGV�DW�7LDQDQPHQ�6TXDUH�LQ�%HLMLQJ�WR�JLYH�WKHP�KLV�EOHVVLQJ�WR�UHEHO��+H�DOVR�GLUHFWV�SROLFH�DQG�DUP\�WR�DOORZ�5HG�*XDUGV�to VPDVK�WKH�´)RXU�2OGV�µ�7KLV�LV�WKH�ILUVW�RI�QXPHURXV�UDOOLHV�KHOG�LQ�%HLMLQJ�EHWZHHQ�$XJXVW�DQG�1RYHPEHU�������$Q�HVWLPDWHG����PLOOLRQ�5HG�*XDUGV�DWWHQG�VXFK�UDOOLHV�DW�7LDQDQPHQ�6TXDUH�7KH�GHPRQVWUDWLRQV�EHFRPH�D�TXLQWHVVHQWLDO�LPDJH�RI�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ��ZLWK�VWXGHQWV�KROGLQJ�WKHLU�FKHULVKHG�´/LWWOH�5HG�%RRNVµ�LQ�WKH�DLU�DQG�FKDQWLQJ�´/RQJ�/LYH�&KDLUPDQ�0DR�µ�$W�WKHVH�UDOOLHV��0DR�DSSODXGV�WKH�VWXGHQWV·�]HDO�IRU�H[SRVLQJ�UHYLVLRQLVP��VXSSRUWV�WKHLU�´ULJKW�WR�UHEHO�µ�DQG�PRWLYDWHV�WKHP�WR�FRQWLQXH�WKHLU�HIIRUWV�,QLWLDOO\��WKH�3HRSOH·V�/LEHUDWLRQ�$UP\��3/$��SOD\V�DQ�LQVWUXPHQWDO�UROH�LQ�KHOSLQJ�WR�RUJDQL]H�5HG�*XDUGV�E\�KRXVLQJ�DQG�IHHGLQJ�WKHP��RXWILWWLQJ�WKHP�LQ�NKDNL�XQLIRUPV��DQG�SURYLGLQJ�IUHH�WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ�WR�%HLMLQJ�WR�DWWHQG�WKH�UDOOLHV�

January 1967 Chaos escalates

%\�QRZ��5HG�*XDUGV�KDYH�YLJRURXVO\�DGRSWHG�WKHLU�QHZ�UROH�DV�0DR·V�´JUHDWHVW�ZHDSRQ�µ�UDQVDFNLQJ�KRPHV��GHVWUR\LQJ�RU�FRQILVFDWLQJ�DQ\WKLQJ�LGHQWLILHG�ZLWK�WKH�´)RXU�2OGVµ�RU�WKH�ERXUJHRLVLH��DQG�KXPLOLDWLQJ�DQG�SXUJLQJ�WKRVH�EHORQJLQJ�WR�WKH�´6HYHQ�.LQGV�RI�%ODFN�µ�5HG�*XDUGV�SDUDGH�WKURXJK�WKH�VWUHHWV�VHDUFKLQJ�IRU�YLFWLPV�ZKLOH�VLQJLQJ�UHYROXWLRQDU\�VRQJV�DQG�VKRXWLQJ�VORJDQV��)URP�$XJXVW�WR�6HSWHPEHU�������WKH�HVFDODWLQJ�YLROHQFH�KDG�UHVXOWHG�LQ�WKH�IDWDO�EHDWLQJV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ�������SHRSOH�DQG�WKH�LQYDVLRQ�DQG�UDQVDFNLQJ�RI��������KRPHV�

handout 1

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capitalist-roader—

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People’s Daily—the

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smash the “Four Olds”—

WR�GHVWUR\�DQ\WKLQJ�FRQVLGHUHG�WR�EH�DQ�ROG�LGHD��SDUW�RI�ROG�FXOWXUH��DQ�ROG�FXVWRP��RU�DQ�ROG�KDELW

quintessential—the

PRVW�SHUIHFW�H[DPSOH�RI�VRPHWKLQJ

“Little Red Book”—

DQRWKHU�QDPH�IRU�0DR�=HGRQJ·V�Selected Works

�D�N�D���Quotations by

Chairman Mao���ZKLFK�LV�D�FRPSLODWLRQ�RI�KLV�TXRWDWLRQV

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People’s Liberation Army (PLA)³WKH�QDWLRQDO�DUP\�RI�WKH�3HRSOH·V�5HSXEOLF�RI�&KLQD

“Four Olds”—old ideas,

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“Seven Kinds of Black”—refers to

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Page 9: 0 1 · pdlqwdlqlqj klv ylvlrq wkdw kh orvw vljkw ri wkh gdpdjh wkdw lw zdv fdxvlqj wkh frxqwu\ µ ² ´:kdw lv uhpdundeoh derxw klp dv d ohdghu ri d frppxqlvw frxqwu\ lv wkdw kh·v

handout 1

“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 9

vendetta³D�SURORQJHG�ELWWHU�IHXG�RU�TXDUUHO

debilitate³WR�VDS�WKH�VWUHQJWK�RI�VRPHRQH�RU�VRPHWKLQJ

Lin Biao (1907–1971)—3/$�PDUVKDO��YLFH�FKDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�&&3��YLFH�SUHPLHU��PLQLVWHU�RI�GHIHQVH��DQG�YLFH�FKDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�&&3�&HQWUDO�0LOLWDU\�&RPPLVVLRQ��RIILFLDOO\�GHVLJQDWHG�´&KDLUPDQ�0DR·V�VXFFHVVRUµ�LQ�WKH�3DUW\�FRQVWLWXWLRQ��$IWHU�������0DR�JUHZ�LQFUHDVLQJO\�ZDU\�RI�/LQ��ZKR�GLHG�XQGHU�P\VWHULRXV�FLUFXPVWDQFHV�LQ�D�SODQH�FUDVK�LQ�0RQJROLD�LQ�6HSWHPEHU������

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propaganda—

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undermine³WR�ZHDNHQ�VRPHWKLQJ�E\�UHPRYLQJ�RU�ZHDULQJ�DZD\�PDWHULDO�IURP�LWV�EDVH�RU�IURP�EHQHDWK�LW

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Spring 1968 Campaign to promote Mao’s cult of personality

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July 1968 Red Guards dismantled

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December 1968 “Down to the Countryside” Movement

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April 1969 Ninth Congress of the CCP

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class enemy—refers to

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factional³FRQIOLFW�EHWZHHQ�JURXSV�ZLWKLQ�D�ODUJHU�JURXS

reconstruction—the

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“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 11

September 1971 “The Lin Biao Affair”

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1974 “Criticize Lin Biao, Criticize Confucius” Campaign

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April 5, 1976 Tiananmen Incident

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coup d’etat—the

sudden overthrow of a

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Wang Hongwen (1932–1992)³VHFXULW\�JXDUG�LQ�D�FRWWRQ�PLOO�ZKR�URVH�WR�IDPH�DV�´UHEHOµ�ODERU�OHDGHU�GXULQJ�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ��DSSRLQWHG�WR�&HQWUDO�&RPPLWWHH�LQ������DQG�JURRPHG�E\�0DR�DV�SRVVLEOH�VXFFHVVRU�LQ�HDUO\�����V��YLFH�FKDLUPDQ�RI�WKH�&&3�DW�WKH�WLPH�RI�KLV�DUUHVW�DV�RQH�RI�WKH�´*DQJ�RI�)RXUµ�LQ�������VHQWHQFHG�WR�OLIH�LQ�SULVRQ�LQ�����

Zhou Enlai (1898–1976)—WKH�35&·V�SUHPLHU�DQG�FKLHI�GLSORPDW�IURP������XQWLO�KLV�GHDWK�LQ�������D�SUDFWLFDO�OHDGHU�ZKR�WULHG�WR�UHVWUDLQ�H[WUHPLVWV�GXULQJ�WKH�&XOWXUDO�5HYROXWLRQ��UHPDLQV�DOPRVW�XQLYHUVDOO\�DGPLUHG�LQ�&KLQD

vie—to strive for

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1976 Events leading to the end of the Cultural Revolution

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“Gang of Four”³WHUP�XVHG�E\�WKH�SRVW�0DR�OHDGHUVKLS�WR�GHQRWH�WKH�IRXU�OHDGLQJ�UDGLFDO�figures—Jiang Qing,

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“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 13

QUOTATIONS BY MAO ZEDONG

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Book Summary of

China Under Mao: A Revolution Derailed

from Harvard University Press

China’s Communist Party seized power in 1949 after a long period of guerrilla insurgency followed by full-scale war, but the Chinese revolution was just beginning. China Under Mao narrates the rise and fall of the Maoist revolutionary state from 1949 to 1976—an epoch of startling accomplishments and disastrous failures, steered by many forces but dominated above all by Mao Zedong.

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Misdiagnosing China’s problems as capitalist restoration and prescribing continuing class struggle against imaginary enemies as the solution, Mao ruined much of what he had built and created no viable alternative. At the time of his death, he left China backward and deeply divided.

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“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 15

VIDEO TRANSCRIPT

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“CHINA UNDER MAO” DISCUSSION GUIDE 17

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