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CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
Process, Economic & Raw Materials
1 Prof. Dr. Jumina
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References:
1. Weissermel, K. & Arpe, H.J., 1998, Industrial Organic Chemistry, VCH Pub., New York.
2. Witcoff, H.A. & Reuben, B.G., 1996, Industrial Organic Chemicals, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Prof. Dr. Jumina
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Course content:
1. Raw materials
2. Production of ethene, propene and butadiene
3. Production of ethyl benzene and styrene
4. Production of acrylic acid
5. Chemicals based on light alkenes
6. Student presentation
Products Intermediates
Pharmaceuticals Textiles
Detergent Fuels
Emissions Waste
Energy Labor
Raw Materials
Process Conversion Purification Formulation
Structure of Processes
4 Prof. Dr. Jumina
Understanding a chemical process
All level need to be considered
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MESO Reactor, condensor, cooler etc
Prof. Dr. Jumina
Process structure
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Questions for conceptual process design
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What do we need to understand
• Scale independent
– Chemistry, thermodynamics
– Physical transport phenomena
• Micro level
– Catalysis – Interface Chemistry
– Microbiology
– Particle technology
• Meso level – Reactor technology
– Scale up
– Process technology and development
– Process integration and design
– Process control and operation
• Macro level
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30 Top chemical companies in the world
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World chemicals sales
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Structure of raw materials and products
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Oil, natural gas, coal, biomass, rock, salt, sulfur, air, water
LPG, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, wax
Ethene, propene, butene, benzene, synthesis gas, ammonia, methanol, sulfuric acid, chlorine
Acetic acid, formaldehyde, ehylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acetaldehyde, terephtalic acid
Plastics, textiles, fertilizers, perfumes, detergents, insecticides, pharmaceuticals
Fuels (ca. 10)
Base chemicals (ca. 20)
Intermediates (ca. 300)
Consumer products (ca. 30,000)
Raw materials (ca. 10)
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Jenis Hidrokarbon Rumus
Parafin
Normal (n)
Iso-
Naftena
Alkil siklopentana
Alkil sikloheksana
Bisiklonaftena
Aromatik
Aromatik naftena
Fluorena
Bi-aromatik
H3CHC R
CH3
H3CH2C
HC R
CH3
H3CH2C R
R
R
R
R
H2C
CH2
R
R
Minyak Bumi
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Fraksi Jumlah Atom Titik Didih (oC) Kegunaan
Gas C1 – C4 < 30 LNG (C1 & C2) LPG (C3 & C4)
Petroleum Eter C5 – C6 30 - 60 Pelarut non-polar
Ligroin / Nafta C6 – C7 60 – 100 Pelarut non-polar
Bensin (gasoline/
premium)
C6 – C10; terutama C8
40 - 200 Bahan bakar kendaraan
bermotor
Kerosin (minyak tanah)
C10 – C14; terutama C12
175 – 325 Bahan bakar rumah tangga
& penerbangan (avtur/avigas)
Solar C14-C18; terutama
C16 250 – 400 Mesin diesel
Oli C20 – C30 350 – 500 Pelumas
Residu > C30 > 500 Lilin, aspal
FRAKSI MINYAK BUMI
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NO ENERGI TERBARUKAN/ SUMBER DAYA
(SD)
KAPASITAS
TERPASANG (KT)
RASIO KT/SD (%)
1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3
1 Tenaga Air 75,670 MW 5,705.29 MW 7.54
2 Panas Bumi 29,038 MW 1,189 MW 4.10
3 Mini/Mikro Hydro 1013.5 MW 462.0 MW 46.0
4 Biomass 49,810 MW 1,618.40 MW 3.25
5 Tenaga Surya 4.80 kWh/m2/day 13.5 MW -
6 Tenaga Angin 3 – 6 m/s 1.87 MW -
7 Uranium 24,112 ton (Uranium)
1,500 ton (Thorium) 30 MW 1.00
CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI NASIONAL
No ENERGI TAK TERBARUKAN
SUMBER
DAYA
(SD)
CADANGAN
(CAD)
RASIO SD/CAD
(%)
PRODUKSI
(PROD)
RASIO CAD/PROD (TAHUN)*)
1 2 3 4 5 = 4/3 6 7 = 4/6
1 Minyak Bumi (miliar barel) 56.6 7.99 **) 14 0.346 23
2 Gas Bumi (TSCF) 334.5 159.64 51 2.9 55
3 Batubara (miliar ton) 104.8 20.98 18 0.254 83
4 Coal Bed Methane/CBM (TSCF) 453 - - - -
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THE END
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