AFWL-TR-79-1 93
0 LEVEL(M QUANTA -. USERS MANUAL
1 st Lt M. E. Badlessa
July 1980
Final Report
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
DTIC
V 'K V*~-dROT
C..) AIR FORCE WEAPONS LABORATORY
Lj Air Force Systems CommandKirtland Air Force Base, NM 87117
I.- 80 12 02 007
AFWL-TR-79-193
This final report was'prepared by the Air Force Weapons Laboratory,Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, under Job Order 88092220. First LieutenantMaria Badessa (NTYV) was the Laboratory Project Officer-in-Charge.
When US Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for anypurpose other than a definitely related Government procurement operation, theGovernment thereby incurs no responsibility nor any obligation whatsoever, andthe fact that the Government may have formulated, furnished, or in any waysupplied the said drawings, specifications, or other data, is not to be regardedby implication or otherwise, as in any manner licensing the holder or any otherperson or corporation, or conveying any rights or permission to manufacture, use,or sell any patented invention that may in any way be related thereto.
This report has been authored by an employee of the United States Government.Accordingly, the United States Government retains a nonexclusive, royalty-freelicense to publish or reproduce the material contained herein, or allow othersto do so, for the United States Government purposes.
This report has been reviewed by the Public Affairs Office and is releasableto the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). At NTIS, it will beavailable to the general public, including foreign nations.
This technical report has been reviewed and is approved for publication.
IAE.BASA1st Lt, USAFProject Officer
FOR THE DIRECTOR
TERRY A. SCHMIDT THOMAS W. CIAMBRONEMajor, USAF Colonel, USAFChief, Environment & Effects Branch Chief, Applied Physics Division
DTA
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UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)
DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONSREPORT BEFORE COMPLETING FORMI_ REPORT NUMBER . GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBERAFWL-TR-79-193 _S. /' 74;
4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
QUANTA- USERS MANUAL, Final Report
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHOR(s) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)
Ist Lt Maria E. Badessa
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT. TASKAREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
Air Force Weapons Laboratory (NTYV)Kirtland Air Force Base, NM 87117 62601F/88092220
I. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE
Air Force Weapons Laboratory (NTYV) July 1980 rKirtland Air Force Base, NM 87117 13. NUMBER OF PAGES
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16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, If different from Report)
18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
01 19 KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse side if necessary and identify by block number)
Survivability OptimizationBase Escape NuclearWeapon AllocationFlush
20 ABSTRACT 1C~intlne on re-erse side It necessery and Identify by block number)
This report provides instructions for using the QUANTA computer code, a codedeveloped within the Applied Physics Division of the Air Force WeaponsLaboratory to study the survivability of a flushing aircraft force from a
*nuclear attack of sea launched ballistic missiles. Included topics are struc-ture of the input deck, description of the restart capabilities, details ofarray sizes, and a list of the error messages that might be encountered. Themost current version of the QUANTA code is attached as Appendix A.
FORM
DD I JAN 73 UNCLASSIFIEDSECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Date Entered)
AFWL-TR-79-193
SUMMARY
The basic purpose of this report is to assist the QUANTA user in running the
code efficiently. Included topics are structure of the input deck, description
of the restart capabilities, details of array sizes, and a list of the error
messages that may be encountered. It should be expected that occasional
problems with the program will occur as the user attempts runs with new combina-
tions of parameter values. If a problem is detected which cannot be solved
through this documentation, notify the author or the Air Force Weapons Laboratory.
Appendix A is a listing of the current version of QUANTA and Appendix B is the
output of a run using the sample input data described in the text.
j
ci r
Di tr.but ion/
Av3ilability Codes"' ..... Avail &a/or
1/2
4mIL_ .. .h
AFWL-TR-79-193
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION 5
INPUT DATA 6
SAMPLE INPUT DATA 12
RESTART OPTION IN QUANTA 17
ARRAY DIMENSIONS 21
ERROR MESSAGES 24
APPENDIX A - QUANTA LISTING 29
APPENDIX B - QUANTA OUTPUT 162
I-
AFWL-TR-79-193
INTRODUCTION
QUANTA is a computer model developed at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory(AFWL) to study the effects of a sea-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) nuclear
attack on targets consisting of a flushing aircraft force. The program QUANTO
(Ref. 1) was used as a basis for its mathematical development. Using the tech-
nique of Lagrangian multiplier optimization, a near-optimal allocation of SLBMs
to targets is calculated. There are three main differences between these two
codes. The first and most dramatic difference is that QUANTA simulates the
base escape survivability in greater detail. QUANTO essentially attacks the
circle about the turn point (not brake release point) where dispersed aircraft
may possibly be at the time of weapon arrival. If aircraft are still on the
runway or sitting at the brake release point, they still are considered to be
evenly distributed within this circle. However, QUANTA attacks the target in
two distinct positions: the runway and the circle centered at the turn point,
thus giving a more accurate description of the probability of survival for
flushing aircraft. The second difference is that QUANTA allows the attacker
the option to allocate weapons to the nonalert aircraft at a base by assigning
a value to that target. The third is that QUANTA does not allocate weapons
which do not attain a certain value of aircraft killed. This value is user
specified and will be discussed later in greater detail in the description of
input.
This document contains the information needed to construct the input data
for QUANTA and make a successful run. In addition, procedures for running witha restart capability are discussed. Notes on array dimensions and problem
sizes are also included.
'I
1. QUANTO--A CODE TO OPTIMIZE WEAPON ALLOCATIONS, AFWL-TR-73-242, Kirtland AirForce Base, New Mex., 1974.
45
AFWL-TR-79-193
INPUT DATA
The input is read by the subroutines STARTR, READER, PROCES, MARVIN, and
ALOCIN in that order. A brief description of the variables that are read and
their format will follow. The structure of the data deck is divided into the
following categories:
* Initial data card
* Beddown data
• Aircraft parameters
• Submarine data
* Missile parameters and profile
* Aircraft profile
* Cutoff values
* Convergence parameters
* Initial allocation
STARTR will read the initial data card. Variables which determine the
sizes of the arrays in QUANTA are on this card.
* Initial data card
Format: 815
Variables:
NTGTS - number of targets/air bases
NSUBS - number of submarine locations
NTYPES - number of types of aircraft
MXRWAY - maximum number of runways found on a given base
MTYPES - number of types of missiles
lOUT - If it equals 1, standard printout. Additional reallocationinformation will be printed, if it equals 2.
NACTT - total number of aircraft in scenario
NMARV - number of cutoff values. If all weapons in the scenarioare to be d1located. NMARV must equal 0.
READER will read the beddown data, aircraft parameters, submarine data, andmissile parameters and profile. The aircraft beddown data is input as a set of
cards for each base. The first card(s) of the set identifies the base, with the
number of alert aircraft at that target and is followed by a takeoff sequence
list for the alert aircraft. The number of these sets must equal the value of14 6
AFWL-TR-79-193
NTGTS, read by STARTR. The aircraft parameters such as hardness and brake
release time will be read from one card per aircraft type. However, one
parameter, the distance to the turn point,will be input for all aircraft types
preceding aircraft data. The time intervals for takeoff sequences consist of
a set of cards containing NTYPES variables. Submarine data will be read from
one card per submarine location. The total number of cards must equal NSUBS
(which was read from initial data card). The missile parameters and profile
is input as a set of cards for each missile type. On the first card of the set
will be the missile parameters such as yield and reliability. Following this
card will be the missile profile.
* Beddown data
Format: 3F10.4, 15, 5X, 3F10.4/(7F]0.4)
Variables:
TGTLAT - target latitude in decimal degrees
TGTLNG - target longitude in degrees
BASVAL - value of the base which also could include a value fornonalert aircraft
NRWAYS - number of runways on base
VALj - number of aircraft of type j on base, j=l to NTYPES
Format: 7011
Variables:
ISEQ - takeoff sequence of aircraft identified by type number
9 Aircraft parameters
Format: 7F10.6
Variables:
DTCENTj - the minimum distance from brake release (start oftakeoff roll) to the turn point of aircraft type j,j=l to NTYPES.
Format: 4FI0.4
Variables:
RELVAL - relative value of aircraft
BRTIME - the time, in minutes, between launch of the first SLBMsand the start of takeoff roll of the aircraft. (Assumeit is the first to take off.)
*PSI - overpressure hardness in lb/in 2
CAL - vulnerability level to free-field thermal energy in cal/cm 2
7
AFWL-TR-79-193
Format: 7F10.4
Variables:
DELTAC takeoff time intervals in minutes between eachAi'jk ordered pair of aircraft. Type k will follow type
j. After all possible combinations are read forsingle runways, then input dual, triple, Ptc.i=l to MXRWAY, j=l to NTYPES, k=l to NTYPES. Thelast integer increments most often; e.g., (1,1,1),(1,1,2), ... , (I,l,NTYPES), (1,2,1), ... , (l,2,NTYPES),etc.
* Submarine data
Format: 2FI0.4, 315
Variables:
SUBLAT - submarine latitude in degrees
SUBLNG - submarine longitude in degrees
ISUBS - number of submarines at this location
NMPS - number of missiles per submarine. (This number willautomatically be the same for each sub at this location.)
MTYPE - missile type by number
9 Missile parameters and profile
Format: 7F10.4
Variables:
DELTM - launch interval between salvos in minutes
REL - overall reliability of the missile. This includes launch,in-flight, and detonation.
RNGMIN - minimum range in nautical miles
RNGMAX - maximum range in nautical miles
YIELD - warhead yield in kilotons
BURST - height of burst in feet aboveground
RVS - number of reentry vehicles per missile
Format: 15, 5X, 6F10.4/(6FlO.4)
Variables:
MPROF - number of data points in missile profile
FMTIME, FMRNG - time in minutes, distance in nautical miles ofmissile trajectory
PROCES will read the aircraft profile. A set of cards for each aircraft
type consists of the following:
e Altitude
9 Count
8
AFWL-TR-79-193
* Flight profile data - measured relative to the brake release for anonturning aircraft.
* Additional parameters - needed to construct an extended flight profilein ground range and time.
* Environments - must be the same for all types of aircraft.
e Aircraft profile
* Altitude
Format: F1O.8
Variables:
AZ - final level-off altitude in feet above the ground. It mustbe less than or equal to the maximum (last) altitude in theflight profile.
* Count
Format: 15
Variables:
NOATA - number of data points in aircraft profile
* Flight profile data
Format: 3F15.8, 2FI0.6
Variables:
F - ground range in feet
G - time in seconds
A - altitude in feet which is nondecreasing
VEL - Mach number describing ground speed
ACCEL - level-off acceleration in feet per second squared if theaircraft were to level-off at the altitude specified onthis card.
NOTE: Accurate values for distance, time and altitude are important becauseof the method QUANTA uses to compute kill regions for an aircraft. At the timeof weapon arrival, the altitude and distance from brake release of the aircraftare used to calculate the probability of kill. However, the values for VEL andACCEL are used to accelerate the aircraft from its velocity at level-off alti-tude to its final escape velocity. The standard equations of motion use theseparameters associated with level-off only to determine time-distance pairs forthe flight profile. Therefore, it would suffice if every number in VEL andACCEL arrays were equal to the velocity and acceleration of the aircraft atlevel-off altitude.
* Additional parameters
Format: 3F15.8, FlO.6
Variables:
ALTFM - minimum altitude in feet at which the aircraft attainsfinal Mach
.. ,g
AFWL-TR-79-193
FMACH - final (maximum) Mach number
TINT - time interval, in seconds, used to extend the profileafter the aircraft has reached its final escape velocity(60 s is presently used).
XATI - number of data points (in time and distance) that arecalculated for the flight profile from the level-offvelocity to final escape velocity (10 is presently used).
NOTE: The aircraft is assumed to follow the input flight profile until thelevel-off altitude is reached. QUANTA then accelerates the aircraft to itsfinal escape velocity which is assumed to be the maximum velocity and isspecified as FMACH. However, this cannot occur if XATI is equal to zero or ifALTFM is less than the level-off altitude. If XATI equals zero (i.e., thereare no data points between level-off and escape velocity), no acceleration takesplace after level-off and the velocity at level-off will define the final escapevelocity. If ALTFM is less than the level-off altitude, then there is noacceleration since the aircraft should have reached its final mach in the inputprofile. After the aircraft has reached final escape, TINT and FMACH are usedto determine time-distance pairs. The total number of data points in theextended profile is NXAP.
* Environments
Format: 4F10.8
Variables:
HTE - terrain height
RHO - the albedo factor, which is the fraction (between 0.0 and1.0) of incident thermal energy which reflects off theground. For a SAC normal day, the albedo is 0.3. A worstcase abnormal day has a higher albedo.
VIS - the visibility in miles; 10 for a SAC normal day
PZ - the water vapor in the air, in millimeters; 5 for a SACnormal day
MARVIN will read the cutoff values. SLBMs which arrive at a target suffi-
ciently late may not produce adequate kill to justify allocation. These SLBMs
may be the last (or next to the last) weapons launched. This is a result of the
aircraft having enough time to disperse into a larger area. The program will
check if a weapon can attain a kill at least as large as the cutoff value. If
it does not, that weapon will not be allocated to any real targets but to a
dummy target. After an optimum allocation has been reached using this cutoff
value, the program will use it as an initial allocation for the next run with a
different cutoff value. For this reason, the cutoff values should be in descend-
ing order; i.e., highest value read first. This enables the program to be run
more efficiently saving the user cost and time. If the cutoff is as low as 0.1,
10
r - .
- -a '"
AFWL-TR-79-193
almost all weapons will be allocated. If it is near 10.0, as little as one-tenth
of the weapons will be allocated depending on the scenario.
* Cutoff values
Format: 7F0.5
Variables:
CUT i - the slope of the curve defining the relationship betweenthe number of weapons allocated and the probability ofkill, i=l to NMARV.
ALOCIN will read the convergence parameters and the initial allocation.
There are three methods by which the interation process will stop: (1) if the
increase in kill becomes insignificant, (2) if the limit for the total number
of iterations has been reached, or (3) if the difference in the Lagrangian
multipliers becomes relatively small. These criteria are user specified. The
initial allocation of missiles to targets is input submarine by submarine *fhe
subs are in the order of the submarine locations with all subs at une I!. .on
preceding the first sub at the next location.
* Convergence parameters
Format: FlO.4, 215, F1O.4
Variables:
CHGKIL - the value of aircraft killed used as a measure for asignificant increase in kill in ITCUT2 iterations, i.e.,if in the last ITCUT2 iterations the value killed hasnot increased by at least CHGKIL, the iterative processwill stop.
ITCUTI - the total number of ITCUT2 iterations in the optimizationprocess, i.e., QUANTA, if not stopped by some other means,will continue through ITCUTI x ITCUT2 number of iterations.
ITCUT2 - after this number of iterations, QUANTA checks for asignificant increase in value killed.
EPSCUT - for an optimum, the Lagrangian multipliers must all beequal. Since this is impossible, a test for convergenceis if they are within a tolerance of EPSCUT.
* Initial allocation
Format: 1415Variables:
ITGINO - the target number to which the SLBM is allocated. TheSLBMs from a submarine will appear in ascending orderby salvo. If there are more than 14 salvos on a sub,then continue the allocation on the next card. Beginreadino the allocation of the next sub with a new card.If the cutoff value is large, the initial allocationshould read - 1 which represents the dummy target.
AFWL-TR-79-193
SAMPLE INPUT DATA
To assist the reader in developing an input deck, the following pages
detail an example of the input data for QUANTA. The first row of numbers on
each page of Table 1 are to aid the reader in locating the columns for the
variables, while the first number on every line indicates the card number. The
first card of input tells that there are four targets, three sub locations, two
aircraft types, a maximum of two runways, two missile types, standard printout,
20 aircraft, and one marval run.
The next eight cards identify the four targets. The first base, located
somewhere in the Pacific, has a value of 15 for eit. its importance as a
target or for nonalert aircraft. This is to insure that weapons will be drawn
down. Aircraft type one precedes aircraft type two in the takeoff sequence on
every base. The only target that has two runways is target three.
The following cards describe the two aircraft types. According to the tenth
card, the first aircraft has the capability to make its flyout turn 3.5 nmi
from brake release. The following two cards identify the aircraft types with
their relative value, brake-release time, and overpressure and thermal hardnesses.
According to cards 13 and 14, aircraft type one following type one has a take-
off interval of 0.25 min. If dual runways exist, the time interval is cut in
half.
The following groun of nine cards describes submarine and missile param-
eters. Cards 15 through 17 state the three submarine locations along with the
number of missiles on each sub at that location. There are three subs at
location two, while locations one and three have only two subs. These cards
also show a total of 36 missiles of type one and 56 missiles of type two in
this scenario. However, there are 40 weapon groups (NWPNS described later).
A weapon group consists of weapons that have the same characteristics, i.e.,
they are launched at the same time, from the same location, and have the same
parameters. The next six cards identify missile types one and two with weapon
reliability, yield, height-of-burst and number of RVs. A total of four data
points are used to describe the trajectory for each missile.
The next group of 20 cards details the flight profile for aircraft type one.
Card number 24 says that this aircraft reaches level-off altitude of 10,000 ft.,
but the flight profile indicates that it reaches a maximum Mach of 0.9 at a
412
AFWL-TR-79-193
TABLE 1. SAMPLE DATA DECK
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
1. 4 3 2 2 2 1 20 1
2. 13.5833 144.9167 15.0 1 2.0 1.0
3. 112
4. 44.8 68.8333 2.0 1 1.0 3.0
5. 1222
6. 33.9167 84.5167 2 4.0 5.0
7. 111122222
8. 33.4333 112.1667 10.0 1 4.0
9. lll
10. 3.5 5.5
11. 2.5 3.5 1.0 96.0
12. 1.0 4.2 1.5 120.0
13. 0.25 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.125 0.25 0.25
14. 0.25
15. 36.75 74.0 2 18 1
16. 28.05 93.45 3 12 2
17. 45.65 126.05 2 10 2
18. 0.2 0.9 250.0 2250.0 1000.0 7000.0 2.0
19. 4 3.5 250.0 5.5 950.0 7.5 1600.0
20. 9.5 2250.0
21. 0.25 0.85 650.0 2000.0 800.0 6000.0 3.0
22. 4 5.0 650.0 7.5 1100.0 10.0 1550.0
23. 12.5 2000.0
24. 10000.0
25. 16 PROFILE 1
26. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
27. 1500.0 7.5 5.0 0.13
28. 3700.0 19.0 7.0 0.17
29. 5700.0 30.0 16.0 0.20
30. 9000.0 48.0 75.0 0.25
31. 13000.0 63.0 230.0 0.34
32. 20000.0 79.5 250.0 0.45
33. 33000.0 105.0 500.0 0.60
13
AFWL-TR-79-193
TABLE 1. CONTINUED.
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
34. 50000.0 130.0 1250.0 0.75
35. 63000.0 150.0 2300.0 0.80
36. 72000.0 160.0 2800.0 0.90
37. 90000.0 180.0 4500.0 0.90
38. 98000.0 195.0 5800.0 0.90
39. 105000.0 200.0 7000.0 0.90
40. 110000.0 205.0 9200.0 0.90
41. 115000.0 210.0 10000.0 0.90
42. 2800.0 0.9 60.0
43. 0.0 0.3 10.0 5.0
44. 5000.0
45. 11 PROFILE 2
46. 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.2
47. 2000.0 20.0 9.0 0.14 6.2
48. 3900.0 30.0 30.0 0.14 6.2
49. 6200.0 40.0 92.0 0.19 6.2
50. 9500.0 50.0 360.0 0.25 6.2
51. 13400.0 60.0 500.0 0.31 6.2
52. 15600.0 66.0 500.01 0.35 6.2
53. 55900.0 125.0 500.11 0.68 6.2
54. 61000.0 132.0 1425.0 0.70 6.2
55. 68000.0 140.0 3950.0 0.72 6.2
56. 75500.0 148.0 5000.0 0.73 6.2
57. 7600.0 0.849 60.0 10.0
58. 0.0 0.3 10.0 5.0
59. 0.5
[ 60. 0.1 10 100 0.01
61. 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
62. -1 -1 -1 -1
63. 1 2 3 44 2 3 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
64. -1 -1 -1 -1
65. 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
66. 1 1 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 4 4 4
4 14
AFWL-TR-79-193
TABLE 1. CONCLUDED.
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
67. 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
68. 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 -1 -1
69. 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 -1 -1
15
AFWL-TR-79-193
lower altitude of 2,800 ft. This is stated on cards 36 and 42. For this
reason, the acceleration is zero on all profile cards and on card 42 XATI is
also zero. QUANTA will simply extend the profile using FMACH and TINT (card 42)
to find time-distance pairs. Cards 44 through 58 describe the flight profile
for aircraft type two. The first card of this group shows a level-off altitude
of 5,000 ft. After it reaches this altitude it will accelerate at 6.2 ft/s 2
(card number 56) until it reaches a final mach of 0.849 at an altitude of
7,600 ft (card number 57). A total of 10 data points will identify this
interval in the flight profile (XATI on card 57). At 60 s intervals, distance
will be computed by QUANTA to complete the profile. Please note that cards 43
and 58 have the same values for the environments.
For this one marval run, the cutoff value on card 59 is 0.5. The next card,
which is the convergence parameters card, states the three conditions which may
terminate the iterative process: (1) after every 100 iterations, QUANTA will
check for an increase of kill of at least 0.1 value points, (2) there will be
no more than 1,000 iterations, and (3) if the difference between the largest
and smallest Lagrangian multiplier is less than 0.01, an optimum solution has
been reached.
The last group of cards which destribes the initial allocation matrix
consists of a total of nine cards. The first seven missiles from each sub at
location one will be allocated to real targets (cards 61 and 63). The rest of
the weapons will go to the dummy target since the user feels they will not
attain enough kill. All of the missiles at sub location two will be allocated
while some at the third sub location will not. This is shown by the zeros
appearing on the last two cards. This is a mathematical representation of
missiles being used for other time urgent targets such as communications.
16
16
AFWL-TR-79-193
RESTART OPTION IN QUANTA
The restart option, pertinent for CDC systems, permits the QUANTA user to
resume calculations for a particular scenario without the loss of an excessive
amount of time. For example, if the computer should crash after the program
has been executing for 20 minutes, all is not lost. With a restart tape, the
user can recover the computations close to the point of interruption.
There are three methods by which QUANTA writes a restart tape. First, if
sense switch one is turned on (controlled by the operator), the program will
write the essential variables onto the restart file. In the example mentioned
above, the operator would turn the switch on before the computer crashed,
thereby enabling QUANTA to write the tape and stop execution gracefully. The
second method will also terminate the problem for insufficient time. After
ITCUT2 iterations have been completed in the optimization process, QUANTA
verifies that there is ample time for another ITCUT2 iteration. Third, during
each run, the restart file will be automatically written after every fifth
ITCUTI iteration (i.e., 5 x ITCUT2, 10 x ITCUT2, etc.). This is to insure that
the user can still obtain a tape even if something disastrous should happen.
If there is any doubt the program will not be completed in the time allotted,
the user should save the restart tape.
If the user chooses to save the file, it must be specified in the control
language during the initial run. The local file name of the tape is TAPE13
and should be referenced as such throughout the initial run and all subsequent
runs. The QUANTA user has the option of storing the restart file on magnetic
tape or disk. When starting with a restart tape that is on permanent file,
sense switch two must be turned on. If the sense switch is on and the file
does not exist, QUANTA will abort. A sequence of commands appearing in the
control cards for obtaining a permanent file on an initial run is:
REQUEST (TAPE13, *PF)
COPY (ZILCH, TAPEl3)
FTN (I = COMPILE, S, S = PFMTEXT, ..
CATALOG (TAPEl3, FILENAME, ID = ..
17
AFWL-TR-79-193
and for that restart run,
ATTACH (TAPEI3, FILENAME, ID . .
SWITCH(2)
FTN (I = COMPILE, S, S = PFMTEXT, . .
CATALOG (TAPEI3, FILENAME, ID . .
The first two cards in the above restart run replace the first two cards of the
initial run. During all QUANTA runs, the FTN card requires the S, S = PFMTEXT
parameters for compilation. The user may choose to catalogue TAPE13 on all
subsequent runs.
At this point it becomes very apparent that the restart capability in QUANTA
is machine dependent in its language. In particular, the ALTER and EXTEND
routines are in job control language for the CDC computers. Before attempting
to use the program on a computer other than the CDC, consult computer manuals
for equivalent commands.
On a restart run, data are read just as in the initial run. QUANTA will
use these data in the beginning of the program to set up arrays and compute the
survivability matrix which for storage purposes is too large to be put onto the
tape. When QUANTA begins the reallocation process (for finding the optimal
laydown), it will check a restart file, if one exists. The information from
that file will be used as a closer approximation to the optimal solution.
Figure I demonstrates the above procedures.
18
READ /
I NPUTOECK
COMPUTE KILLREGIONS,
SURVIVABILITIES,I
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION
RESTART YES READ
TAPE?T 3
REALLCATEWEAPONS TO FIND
OPTIMAL SOLUTION
OPTIMAL WERE
SOLUTION YES ONE OF THE
REACHED CONVERGENCEPRINT RESULT CRITERIA MET?
SANONo
CUTOFFENOUGHVAU7TIME FOR N
ANOTHER ITCUT2 -NO ITERATIONS?
Figure 1. Flow chart.
19
• :T 3
I TE"' YE SENSE,,'<,
P RINT
SITERATION A YS WRITE
FIFTH MULTIPLE TAPE13OF ITCUT'I _STOP
~Figure 1. Concluded.
20
AFWL-TR-79-193
ARRAY DIMENSIONS
This section is to give the reader a better understanding of the program
itself and to delineate the variables within the code that must be changed with
problem size. Internally, QUANTA sets up four large arrays. In the main
routine, they are named WORKI, WORK2, ALOC, and FLAMB.
The WORK1 array comprises a number of small arrays which have been read
from input and will be utilized throughout the execution of the program. One
example is the array containing the relative value of the aircraft. This
variable is essential in the calculation of the total probability of kill which
is continuously recomputed during the iterative process.* There are 12 such
arrays -n the WORK1 array and its size is determined by the subroutines WORK1
and REMW1. The formula for the size is given below.
After QUANTA reads and verifies all the input, it begins calculations for
the survivability of aircraft at a target against all weapons. Since the size
of this matrix can become extremely large, these computations are stored onto
tape (TAPE4) for mass storage (machine dependent). After this is completed,
most of the variables, such as target and submarine locations, needed for these
calculations are no longer required. Therefore, in order to save core, the
WORK2 array, originally storing such variables, is then used for computations
which define the objective function. For this reason, two messages are printed
onto output for the required WORK2 array size. The first message tells how
much storage is needed for the input variables, while the second tells the
amount of core needed to compute the probability of kill. The subroutines
WORK2, REMW2, and SECW2 calculate the size and the formulas for both which are
given below. The user should make the size of the WORK2 array at least as
large as the maximum of the two.
The size is the same for both the ALOC and FLAMB arrays. The ALOC array
stores the allocation matrix and the FLAMB array is used for the Lagrangian
multiplier matrix. Their dimension should be set to 3 x NWPNS x NTGTS, where
NTGTS is the number of targets and NWPNS is the number of weapon groups, not
total number of weapons. To compute NWPNS add the number of missiles (described
as NMPS in input) at each submarine location (not each sub at the location).
*Through this reallocation process, QUANTA finds an optimal missile laydown bymoving weapons from target to target.
21
AFWL-TR-79-1 93
If the user has not provided adequate core for all these arrays, an error
message will be printed and execution stopped. The program does this check by
comparing the values of NLCM1, NLCM2, and NLCM3, with the required dimension
sizes. A data statement in the main program defining NLCMI, NLCM2, and NLCM3
should be set to the number of words in WORKI, WORK2, and ALOC, respectively.
Stated below are the variables which determine the dimensions of the arrays.
Most of them are read from the initial card of input.
NLCM = NTGTS (number of targets)+ (NTGTS + 1) x NTYPES (types of aircraft)
+ 3 x NSUBS (number of sub locations)
+ MTYPES (types of missiles)
+ NACT (number of aircraft)
+ NMARV (number of marval runs)
+ NWPNS (total number of weapon groups)
+ 2 x NWPNS x MXNAPB (maximum number of aircraft foundat a given target)
NLCM2 = 3 x NTGTS
+ 5 x NTYPES
+ NTYPES x NTYPES x MXRWAY (maximum runways on a giventarget)
+ 63 x NTYPES x MTYPES
+ 7 x MTYPES
+ 2 x NSUBS (number of sub locations)
+ 2 x NTYPES x NXAP (number of data points in the extendedaircraft profile)
+ 6 x NTYPES x NPAP (maximum of data points in the aircraftprofile)
+ 2 x MTYPES x MXMPR (maximum points in missile trajectory)
+ 2 x MXNAPB
+ MXNMPS (maximum of the number of missiles per sub - NMPS)
+ 30
NLCM2* = NACT
+ 2 x NTGTS
+ 3 x NTYPES
+ MTYPES
+ 4 x MXNAPB
*The value defined in the program should be the maximum of the two NLCM2
formulas.
*1 22
AFWL-TR-79-193
NLCM3 = 3 x NTGTS x NWPNS
There is a data statement in the main routine which may affect the size of
WORK2. The variables NPAP, NXAP, and MXMPR are in the equation for the first
NLCM2 above. NPAP is the maximum of the number of data points (described in
input as NDATA) of all the aircraft profiles. NXAP is the desired number of
time-distance pairs in the extended profile for all aircraft types. MXMPR is
the maximum of the number of pairs (MPROF in input) in the missile trajectories.
These values should be appropriately defined in the DATA statement.
There is another array in the main program that must change with problem
size. INDX sets up the index for reading and writing the large survivability
matrix on mass storage. Its dimension must be at least 2 x NTGTS + 1. A data
statement defining NDX must also be set to this value. As with the WORK arrays,
if the size is incorrect, an error message will be printed indicating the
problem.
Outside of the main program, in particular in four subroutines, there are
arrays which must be dimensioned properly to insure complete execution. In
subroutines SETS, OUTRNG, and ZERO an array BASENO must be the size of NTGTS.
The data statement which checks its correct size is in subroutine ZERO. In
subroutine BOSS arrays FN, ST, and STT must be at least as large as NMARV (the
number of marval runs). The data statement initializing these arrays must also
be changed.
With each new problem, the user must insure that the dimensions of all
these arrays are adequate for storage. With each array there is an integer
that must equal the value of its dimension. The purpose is to allow QUANTA's
built-in check system to verify sufficient core for problem size.
4 23
AFWL-TR-79-193
ERROR MESSAGES
In order to minimize the number of errors that could occur in such a large
code as QUANTA, a series of checks were developed for the input data. However,
these checks do not enable the program to sense when a typographical error has
been made by the user. For example, it cannot determine that the aircraft
overpressure hardness was meant to read 1.0 when in actuality it reads 10. For
this reason, the program will print the variables as they are read so that the
user may verify the quantities. QUANTA also checks the variables when read but
in a general sense. For example, it can detect if the aircraft vulnerability
levels and weapon yields are positive values.
Table 2 lists all the error messages QUANTA could issue and the remedies
for these errors. When an ertor is detected, the program will stop execution
immediately following a message printed in the day file and at the end of out-
put. The latter message will identify the subroutine along with an error
number and a brief description of the problem.
24
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AFWL-I'R-79-193
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AFWL-TR-79-193
APPENDIX A
QUANTA LISTING
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APPENDIX B
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