0 Safe Drinking Water [ ]

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Worldwide Rating

of Drinking Water Safety

What is SWIT Rating?


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Drinking water quality is the standard indeveloped countries. Waterborne diseasesare almost inexistent. Only about 20% of

the world countries have this top classifi-cation.

4 Drops CountriesMain cities have generally safe watersup-

plies, which are monitored and regularlytested by an independent board.

But level of service of rural & small townssystems could be substandard. Prevalenceof waterborne diseases is low.

3 Drops CountriesThe level of service quality variesconsiderably between urban and ruralresidence, and between regions.
http://www.safewateronline.com/faq.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/faq.htm


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Some systems comply with WHO Guideli-nes, but many of them have intermittentservice and lack of disinfection.

Monitoring and testing is not fully reliable.Some waterborne diseases are endemic. 2 Drops Countries

Some water supplies comply with WHOGuidelines, but most of them not. There isnot permanent monitoring and testing. U-sually water quality is not good. Prevalen-ce of waterborne diseases is high.

1 Drop Countries Is almost impossible

to find drinking water that complies withWHO Guidelines. There is not monitoringand testing. Waterborne diseases are themain cause of infant mortality. Usually isdangerous for foreign visitors to drink tap

water.
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Bahamas Caribbean

Bahrain Western South Asia

Bangladesh Middle South Asia

Barbados Caribbean

Belarus Eastern EuropeBelgium Western Europe

Belize Central America

Benin Sub-Saharan Africa

Bermuda North America

Bhutan Middle South Asia

Bolivia Tropical South America

Bosnia and Herzegovina Eastern Europe

Botswana Southern Africa

Brazil Tropical South AmericaBritish Virgin Islands Caribbean

Brunei Eastern South Asia

Bulgaria Eastern Europe

Burkina Faso Sub-Saharan Africa

Burundi Sub-Saharan Africa


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Cambodia Eastern South Asia

Cameroon Sub-Saharan Africa

Canada North America

Cape Verde Sub-Saharan Africa

Cayman Islands CaribbeanChad Sub-Saharan Africa

Chile Temperate South America

China East Asia

Colombia Tropical South America

Comoros Sub-Saharan Africa

Congo Sub-Saharan Africa

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Sub-Saharan Africa

Cook Islands Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Costa Rica Central AmericaCte dIvoire Sub-Saharan Africa

Croatia Eastern Europe

Cuba Caribbean

Cyprus Western South Asia

Czech Republic Eastern Europe


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Denmark Western Europe

Djibouti Sub-Saharan Africa

Dominica Caribbean

Dominican Republic Caribbean

East Timor Eastern South AsiaEcuador Tropical South America

Egypt Northern Africa

El Salvador Central America

Equatorial Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa

Eritrea Sub-Saharan Africa

Estonia Eastern Europe

Ethiopia Sub-Saharan Africa

Faeroe Western Europe

Falkland Islands(Malvinas) Temperate South America

Fiji Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Finland Western Europe

France Western Europe

French Guiana Tropical South America

French Polynesia Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia


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Gabon Sub-Saharan Africa

Gambia Sub-Saharan Africa

Gaza Strip Western South Asia

Georgia Middle South Asia

Germany Western Europe

Ghana Sub-Saharan Africa

Gibraltar Western Europe

Greece Eastern Europe

Greenland North America

Grenada Caribbean

Guadeloupe Caribbean

Guam Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Guatemala Central America

Guinea Sub-Saharan Africa

Guinea Bissau Sub-Saharan Africa

Guyana Tropical South America

Haiti Caribbean

Holy See Europe

Honduras Central America

Hong Kong East Asia

Hungary Eastern Europe


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Iceland Western Europe

India Middle South Asia

Indonesia Eastern South Asia

Iran Middle South Asia

Iraq Western South AsiaIreland Western Europe

Isle of Man Western Europe

Israel Western South Asia

Italy Western Europe

Jamaica Caribbean

Japan East Asia

Jordan Western South Asia

Kazakhstan Middle South Asia

Kenya Sub-Saharan Africa

Kiribati Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Korea, Democratic PeoplesRepublic of East Asia

Korea, Republic of East Asia

Kuwait Western South Asia

Kyrgyzstan Middle South Asia


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Laos Eastern South Asia

Latvia Eastern Europe

Lebanon Western South Asia

Lesotho Southern Africa

Liberia Sub-Saharan AfricaLibyan Arab Jamahiriya Northern Africa

Liechtenstein Western Europe

Lithuania Eastern Europe

Luxembourg Western Europe

Macau East AsiaMacedonia Eastern Europe

Madagascar Sub-Saharan Africa

Malawi Sub-Saharan Africa

Malaysia Eastern South Asia

Maldives Middle South AsiaMali Sub-Saharan Africa

Malta Western Europe

Marshall Islands Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Martinique Caribbean

Mauritania Sub-Saharan Africa


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Mauritius Sub-Saharan Africa

Mexico North America

Micronesia (Federated States of) Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Moldova Eastern Europe

Monaco Western EuropeMongolia East Asia

Montserrat Caribbean

Morocco Northern Africa

Mozambique Sub-Saharan Africa

Myanmar Eastern South AsiaNamibia Southern Africa

Nauru Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Nepal Middle South Asia

Netherlands Western Europe

Netherlands Antilles CaribbeanNew Caledonia Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

New Zealand Main Oceania

Nicaragua Central America

Niger Sub-Saharan Africa

Nigeria Sub-Saharan Africa


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Niue Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Northern Mariana Islands elanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Norway Western Europe

Oman Western South Asia

Pakistan Middle South AsiaPalau Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Panama Central America

Papua New Guinea Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Paraguay Tropical South America

Peru Tropical South AmericaPhilippines Eastern South Asia

Pitcairn Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Poland Eastern Europe

Portugal Western Europe

Puerto Rico CaribbeanQatar Western South Asia

Runion Sub-Saharan Africa

Romania Eastern Europe

Russian Federation Eastern Europe

Rwanda Sub-Saharan Africa


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Saint Helena Southern Africa

Saint Kitts and Nevis Caribbean

Saint Lucia Caribbean

Saint Pierre and Miquelon North America

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines CaribbeanSamoa Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

San Marino Western Europe

Sao Tome and Principe Sub-Saharan Africa

Saudi Arabia Western South Asia

Senegal Sub-Saharan AfricaSeychelles Sub-Saharan Africa

Sierra Leone Sub-Saharan Africa

Singapore Eastern South Asia

Slovakia Eastern Europe

Slovenia Eastern EuropeSolomon Islands Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Somalia Sub-Saharan Africa

South Africa Southern Africa

Spain Western Europe

Sri Lanka Middle South Asia


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Sudan Sub-Saharan Africa

Suriname Tropical South America

Swaziland Southern Africa

Sweden Western Europe

Switzerland Western EuropeSyrian Arab Republic Western South Asia

Taiwan East Asia

Tajikistan Middle South Asia

Tanzania Sub-Saharan Africa

Thailand Eastern South AsiaTogo Sub-Saharan Africa

Tokelau Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Tonga Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Trinidad and Tobago Caribbean

Tunisia Northern AfricaTurkey Western South Asia

Turkmenistan Middle South Asia

Turks and Caicos Islands Caribbean

Tuvalu Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Uganda Sub-Saharan Africa


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Ukraine Eastern Europe

United Arab Emirates Western South Asia

United Kingdom Western Europe

United States of America North America

Uruguay Temperate South America

US Virgin Islands Caribbean

Uzbekistan Middle South Asia

Vanuatu Melanesia and Micronesia-PolynesiaVenezuela Tropical South America

Vietnam Eastern South Asia

Wallis and Futuna Islands Melanesia and Micronesia-Polynesia

Western Sahara Northern AfricaYemen Western South Asia

Yugoslavia Eastern Europe

Zambia Sub-Saharan Africa

Zimbabwe Sub-Saharan Africa


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How is SWIT Rating defined? To assess drinking water quality is among

the most difficult problems on a nation-wide basis, due to the lack of available da-ta and the magnitude and complexity ofmeasuring drinking water quality everytime and everywhere.

In practice, to define the degree of risk li-kely in each country trough direct indica-tors is extremely difficult. But there areindirect indicators that could serve as sig-nals of how safe is water in a country or aregion.

A factor taken into account in the definit-ion of the SWIT Rating is that tourism isan important source of income for manycountries and to label specific areas asbeing of high risk for waterborne diseasesmay be misinterpreted.


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Human Development Index, calculated bythe United Nations Development Program,in percentage of the highest level (in 2001

is Norway's , with 0.936) Infant Mortality, measured by the World

Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF,and expressed as children dead youngerthan 1 year old, per 1000 infants born.

Existence or lack of it, of independent, qu-alified and reliable monitoring and testingof water supplies, as recommended andsurveyed by theWorld Health Organizat-ion (WHO)and Pan American Health Orga-nization (PAHO) .

Uninterrupted supply and adequate disin-fection (idem WHOand PAHO).

How are countries rated ?

C t i t d i th f ll i it i
http://www.unicef.org/http://www.unicef.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.paho.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.who.org/http://www.unicef.org/


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Criteria 5 DropsCountries

4 DropsCountries

3 DropsCountries

2 DropsCountries

1 DropCountries

RATING

INCOME LEVEL High or UpperMiddle

(GNP>9360U$S or PPP>11300U$S)

Upper Middle(GNP>4900

U$S orPPP> 8320

U$S)

LowerMiddle

(GNP>2000U$S or

PPP> 4880U$S)

Low(GNP>1200

U$S orPPP>1800

U$S)

Very Low(GNP


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TAP WATER Is tap water safe around the world?

In developed countries, piped water ofhigh quality is continuously available tohousehold connections.

Nevertheless, in spite that most cities andlarge towns around the world have largepiped water systems, tap water is onlysafe to drink if it has been fully treated &disinfected, and all the water system iswell operated and maintained.

These conditions of water supply are, glo-bally in the world, the exception ratherthan the rule,quotting the World HealthOrganization (WHO),in their "Guidelinesfor drinking-water quality, 1993".
http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/


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It is estimated that over one-third of theurban water supplies in Africa, and in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean, and more

than half those in Asia, operate intermit-tently. Also, the United Nations Environ-mental Program(UNEP)said:

"Every eight seconds, a child dies from

a water-related disease50 percent of people in developingcountries suffer from one or more waterrelated diseases; ;

80 percent of the diseases in the deve-loping world are caused by contamina-ted water;

50 percent of people on Earth lack ade-quate sanitation;


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20 percent of freshwater fish specieshave been pushed to the edge ofextinction by contaminated water"

According to the "World Banks WorldDevelopment Indicators 1997", between1985 and 1993, 24 countries have seentheir urban populations access to safedrinking water decrease.

The safety of tap water needs to bedetermined on the basis of water qualitymonitoring, and evidence of effectivetreatment.

This is not always guaranteed if you willbe traveling in countries other thanWestern Europe, USA and Canada,Australia and New Zealand, Singapore andJapan.


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You cannot see, smell or taste the germsand other contaminants. Because ofwaters different sources and the different

ways in which water is treated, the tasteand quality of drinking water varies fromplace to place.

Even in areas where the tap water is safe

to drink the level of chemical treatmentmay be sufficient to render it unpalatableto travelers from developed countries.

Common complaints about wateraesthetics include temporary cloudiness

(typically caused by air bubbles) orchlorine taste

How will a traveler know if tap water is safeto drink?


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The hotel or resort owner, or operator,must notify you if tap water meets interna-

tionally accepted drinking water standards(such EPA or WHO standards) or if there isa waterborne disease emergency.

In the section "Is water Safe in?", SWITbrings public available information of water

quality regarding health, from sources likeWorld Health Organization (WHO)and theU.S.Center for Diseases Control (CDC),butthat information only gives a general ideaof how safe is tap water in an area.

If there is no specific notice of your hotelowner or operator, or you don't trust it,better safe than sorry.
http://www.who.int/http://www.who.int/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/http://www.who.int/


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How can I know what is risky to do,if tap water is not safe?

See "Frequently Asked Questions" to knowif is risky toothbrushing, taking a shower,etc, and how to take care where tap wateris not safe.

What can I do if I need to use unsafe

tap water? Boiling is the most reliable method to

make water safe to drink. Bring water to avigorous boil, and then allow it to cool; do

not add ice. At high altitudes, allow waterto boil vigorously for a few minutes or usechemical disinfectants. Adding a pinch ofsalt or pouring water from one containerto another will improve the taste.
http://www.safewateronline.com/faq.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/faq.htm


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Portable boiling coils are very useful forboiling water in hotel rooms. Chemical dis-infection can be achieved with either iod-

ine or chlorine, in spite that are often inef-fective if the water is visibly cloudy. Iodineprovides greater disinfection in a wider setof circumstances (chlorine based are lesseffective against amoebic cysts than

iodine). If the water is cloudy, then strain it

through a clean cloth & double disinfectantdose added. If the water is very cold, eit-her warm it or allow increased time fordisinfectant to work. For disinfection withiodine, use either tincture of iodine(4drops of 2% tincture of iodine should beadded to each liter of water and left for 15minutes).


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Run it for a minute or so first. It can beused for not swallowing uses, as brushingteeth, in an emergency.

How can I test my tap water?

If you are going to stay in a place for along time, could be wise that you test yourtap water, if you don't trust the hotel own-

er or operator. Drinking water, including bottled water,

may reasonably be expected to contain atleast small amounts of some contamin-

ants. As long as they occur below EPAs orWHO's standards, they dont pose a signi-ficant threat to health, although peoplewith severely compromised immune sys-tems & children may have special needs.


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You have to test for specific contaminantsthat can vary from city to city, or any ot-her contaminant youre concerned about.

The most important safety concern is fromorganisms that cause diseases. Theseorganisms, called pathogens, are difficultto address because there are so manyvarieties that it would not be feasible to

test for all of them individually. Instead, usually are made tests for "indi-

cator organisms", bacteria which typicallyare not pathogens, but which alert thatwater is susceptible to contamination. We

may click on section "TEST YOUR WA-TER" to get a list of acceptable laborato-ries in the country. A trustful and skilledlaboratory will give you the instructions toget a representative sample.


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Depending on how many contaminants wetest for, a water test can cost from fewdollars to hundreds of dollars.

What if I have a severely compromis-ed immune system?

Some people may be more vulnerable tocontaminants in drinking water than the

general population. People with severelycompromised immune systems, such aspeople with cancer undergoing chemothe-rapy, people who have undergone organtransplants, people with HIV/AIDS or ot-

her immune system disorders, some eld-erly, and infants can be particularly at riskfrom infections. These people should seekadvice about drinking water from theirhealth care providers.


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BOTTLED WATER

What is bottled water?

The U.S.Food and Drug Administration's(FDA) product definition for bottled wateris water that is sold for human consump-tion in sanitary containers and contains noadded sweeteners or chemical additives .

It must be calorie-free & sugar-free. Fla-vors, extracts or essences may be addedto drinking water, but they must compriseless than one-percent-by-weight of the

final product. Some bottled waters containnatural or added carbonation. While theterm bottled water is widely used, theterm packaged water is perhaps moreaccurate.


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Water that has been produced by distillat-ion, deionization, reverse osmosis or othersuitable processes may be labeled as puri-fied bottled water.

Which are the hazards regardingbottled water?

If bottled-water is not produced undercertified methods of quality control, may

be contaminated by a range of chemical,microbial and physical hazards that couldpose risks to health if they are present athigh levels. Examples of chemical hazardsinclude lead, arsenic and benzene. Micro-

bial hazards, include bacteria, viruses andparasites, such as Vibrio cholerae, hepati-tis A virus, and Crytosporidium parvum,respectively. Physical hazards includeglass chips and metal fragments.


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Are there international standards forbottled water?

Because of the large number of possiblehazards in bottled-water, the developmentof standards requires significant resourcesand expertise, which many countries areunable to afford.

Fortunately, guidance is available at theinternational level. According to the USCenters for Disease Control and Prevent-ion (CDC), bottled water that meets thestandards set by the U.S.Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) has never been res-ponsible for an out-break of waterborneillness. To ensure that bottled water is assafe as possible the producers must useone or more of the following practices:


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source protection and monitoring, reverseosmosis, distillation, filtration, ozonationand disinfection. The International Bottled

Water Association (IBWA), has set stand-ards, contained in the IBWA "Model Code,"that exceed the FDA regulations currentlyin place for bottled water.

The intergovernmental body for the deve-

lopment of internationally recognizedstandards for food is the Codex Aliment-arius Commission (CAC). WHO, one of theco-sponsors of the CAC, has advocatedthe use of the Guidelines for Drinking-wa-

ter Quality as the basis for derivation ofstandards for all bottled waters.The CAChas developed a Codex Standard for Natu-ral Mineral Waters and an associated codeof practice.


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The Codex Standard describes the productand its labeling, compositional and qualityfactors, including limits for certain chemic-

als, hygiene, packaging and labeling. TheCodex Code of Practice for Collecting, Pro-cessing and Marketing of Natural MineralWaters provides guidance to the industryon a range of good manufacturing pract-

ices matters. While CAC standards & recommendations

are not strictly mandatory, Codex healthand safety requirements are recognized bythe World Trade Organization as repre-senting the international consensus forconsumer protection and any deviationfrom Codex recommendations may requirea scientifically-based justification.


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How I know if that bottled watermeets the standards?

International bottler members of IBWAthat sell products with "IBWA label" mustsubmit a certificate of inspection toIBWA.As a condition of membership, bot-tlers must submit to an annual, unanno-unced plant inspection administered by an

independent, internationally recognizedthird-party inspection organization.

Another well know & trustful certifier ofbottled water is the National SanitationFoundation (NSF). NSF Certification means

that a credible, objective, independentthird-party, widely recognized by publichealth officials, has actually tested andverified that bottled water complies withspecific standards.


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NSF maintains policies that establish addi-tional requirements that a company mustcomply with to maintain NSF Certification

and authorization to place the NSF Markon products. These include initial and peri-odic testing and/or evaluation, and annualunannounced inspections.

Bottlers meeting all requirements are au-thorized to use the NSF Listing Mark andare included in the published Listing Book.All European producers of bottled watermust meet strict standards set by the Eur-opean Union and also, if they export their

production to the U.S., they have to meetthe federal and state standards. So youcan trust that a bottled water with theIBWA or NSF label or a well known Europ-ean brand is safe for drinking.


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Y h


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You can search at:

NSF site: www.nsf.org/Certified/BWPIor

IBWA site:www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htm

FOOD & BEVERAGE WATER

What is food and beverages water?

Is water that is used for food andbeverages preparation and dishwashing.Ifthe water is contaminated, the food andbeverages will also be unsafe to use.

How important is safe kitchen water?

In many developing countries tap water isoften untreated, or not adequatelytreated, and is unsafe to drink.
http://www.nsf.org/Certified/BWPIhttp://www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htmhttp://www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htmhttp://www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htmhttp://www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htmhttp://www.bottledwater.org/public/WhatIsBrandList.htmhttp://www.nsf.org/Certified/BWPI


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It is very important to use safe water forwashing fruits and vegetables,preparingbeverages and meals that will not boil and

making ice cubes. Also is important to use safe water to

clean the surfaces used for food preparat-ion and for washing the dishes, if dish-wahing machines that sterilize the contentare not used.

What can a hotel or resort do to havesafe kitchen water?

If tap water is not safe, the following mea-sures can be taken to treat water:

1. Boiling: is the best method of disinfec-ting.


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Disinfectant UK EC USAUSA

(Michigan)Germany Italy

Free chlorine 12 1.03.0 0.41.0 0.30.6 0.71. 0.71

Bromine 1.53.5


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Disease andTransmission

Microbial Agent Sources of Agent in Water Supply General Symptoms


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Amebiasis(hand-to-mouth)

Protozoan(Entamoebahistolytic) (Cyst-like appearance)

Sewage, non-treated drinking water,flies in water supply

Abdominal discomfort,fatigue, weight loss,diarrhea, gas painsFever, abdominal pain,diarrhea

Campylobacteriosis(oral-fecal)

Untreated water, sewage, poorhygiene, crowded living conditionswith inadequate sewage facilities

Watery diarrhea,vomiting, occasionalmuscle cramps

Cholera(oral-fecal)

Bacterium (Vibriocholerae)

Untreated water, sewage, poorhygiene, crowded living conditionswith inadequate sewage facilities.

Diarrhea, abdominaldiscomfort

Cryptosporidiosis(oral)

Protozoan(Cryptosporidium

parvum)

Collects on water filters andmembranes that cannot bedisinfected, animal manure,seasonal runoff of water.

Flu-like symptoms,watery diarrhea , loss ofappetite, substantial lossof weight, bloating,increased gas, stomach

Cyclosporiasis Protozoanparasite

(Cyclosporacayetanensis)

Sewage, non-treated drinking water cramps, nausea,vomiting, muscle aches,

low-grade fever, andfatigue

Giardiasis (oral-fecal) (hand-to-mouth)

Protozoan(Giardia lamblia)Most commonintestinal parasite

Untreated water, poor disinfection,pipe breaks, leaks, groundwatercontamination, campgrounds wherehumans and wildlife use samesource of water. Beavers andmuskrats act as a reservoir forGiardia.

Diarrhea, abdominaldiscomfort, bloating, gasand gas pains

Hepatitis A

(oral-fecal)

Virus (Hepatitis

A)

Raw sewage, untreated drinking

water, poor hygiene, ingestion ofshellfish from sewage-flooded beds

Fever, chills, abdominal

discomfort, jaundice,urine dark

Salmonellosis(oraltransmission)

Bacterium(Salmonellaspecies)

Contaminated water, shellfish,turtles, fish

Gastroenteritis, feverand rapid blood-poisoning.

Shigellosis(oral-fecal)

Bacterium(Shigella species)

Sludge, untreated wastewater,groundwater contamination, poorlydisinfected drinking water.

Fever, diarrhea, bloodystools

Schistosomiasis(immersion)

Schistosoma Contaminated fresh water withcertain types of snails that carry

schistosomes

Rash or itchy skin.Fever, chills, cough, and

muscle aches

Typhoid fever Bacterium Raw sewage (carried and excreted Fever, headache,

Estimates of Global Morbidity and Mortality of Water-Related


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DiseaseMorbidity (episodes/year or

people infected)Mortality

(deaths/year)

Diarrheal

Diseases 1,000,000,000 3,300,000

IntestinalHelminths

1,500,000,000 (people infected) 100,000

Schistosomiasis 200,000,000 (people infected) 200,000

Dracunculiasis 150,000 (in 1996) -

Trachoma 150,000,000 (active cases) -

Malaria 400,000,000 1,500,000

Dengue Fever 1,750,000 20,000

Poliomyelitis 114,000 -

Trypanosomiasis 275,000 130,000

BancroftianFilariasis

72,800,000 (people infected) -

Onchocerciasis17,700,000 (people infected;

270,000 blind)

40,000 (mortality

caused by blindness)

Diseases (early 1990s)


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WATER QUALITY STANDARD

Water Quality Standards

There are no international mandatory drinking water standards.TheWorld Health Organization (WHO)publishes Guidelines for

Drinking-water Quality which many countries use as the basis toestablish their own national standards. The Guidelines represent ascientific assessment of the risks to health from biological andchemical constituents of drinking-water and of the effectiveness ofassociated control measures. As the WHOGuidelines for Drinking-water Quality are meant to be the scientific point of departure for

standards development, including bottled water, actual nationalstandards will sometimes vary from the Guidelines.

Microbiological Quality Guidelines

Chemical Quality Guidelines

Safe Water for International Travelers

Safe Water for International Travelersis an independent

organization that provides the most reliable information about watersafety around the world.
http://www.who.int/http://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_microb.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_microb.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_chemic.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_chemic.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/http://www.safewateronline.com/http://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_chemic.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_chemic.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_microb.htmhttp://www.safewateronline.com/wqs_microb.htmhttp://www.who.int/

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