187Verbals

Unit 4 THE P A R T I C I P L E S

(Participle I and Participle II)

1

General Information

The Participles (Participle I and Participle II) are Nonfinite forms of the verb and thus have the verbal character. At the same time the Participles possess adjectival and adverbial characteristics as they are used in the functions consistent with Attributes and Adverbial Modifiers as you'll see later.

Participle I can also be called an Active Participle as it forms an active structure which can be seen if you transform it into a clause:

The girl sitting next to me. ( The girl who is sitting next to me.

Participle II can be called a Passive Participle as it forms a passive structure which can be seen if you transform it into a clause:

The events shown in the film. ( The events that are/were shown in the film.

2

The Forms of the Participles

a) The forms of Participle I are shown in the table below:

ActivePassive

Indefinitecompletingbeing completed

Perfecthaving completedhaving been completed

The Indefinite forms of Participle I express the action simultaneous with that of the main verb:

While completing the project we were very busy,

while the Perfect forms express the action prior to that of the main verb of the sentence:

The project having been completed, we all went on holiday.

b) Participle II has only one form the 3d form of the verb: completed, thought, expressed, placed etc.:

The idea expressed in this film is not new.

3

The Functions of the Participles

There are several common functions of the Participles:

1) Attribute:Participle I: I know the reporter covering the news.

Participle II: The news covered in the report deal with the

situation in the Middle East. 2) Predicative: Participle I: Your offer sounds embarrassing.

Participle II: He sounds embarrassed. 3) Complex Object:

Participle I: I heard him playing the tune.

Participle II: I heard the tune played.4) Adverbial Modifiers of:a) Time Participle I: (While/when)/ Asking about the accident the

girl started crying.

Participle II: When asked about the accident the girl

started crying.

b) Comparison:

Participle I: She looked as if waiting for an answer.

Participle II: He stopped as if struck by the news.

5) Parenthesis:

Participle I: Frankly speaking, I don't know the answer.Participle II: As mentioned above, there are three main types of companies.

There are some functions of the Participles that do not coincide. Only Participle I performs the functions of:

a) Manner: She stopped looking at the ad.b) Cause: Being ill at ease, he couldn't utter a word.Only Participle II performs the functions of:

a) Condition: If broken, her heart wouldn't stand it.b) Concession: Though surprised, she didn't show it.6) Participle I and Participle II can be used in Absolute Participial Constructions where the subject of the main clause and the subject of the participle don't coincide (they are different):

They went to bed, the work left for the next morning.

The work being over, they went to bed.

E x e r c i s e s

1. Complete the sentences using either Participle I or Participle II as an Attribute from the verbs in brackets.

1) Do you know the woman ..... to Tom? (talk)2) The boy ..... in the accident was taken to hospital. (injure)

3) The police ..... the crime are looking for three men. (investigate)

4) Some of the people ..... to the party can't come. (invite)5) Who were those people ..... outside? (wait)6) Most of the goods ..... in this factory are exported. (make)7) The road ..... the two villages is very narrow. (join)8) The police never found the money ..... in the robbery. (steal)9) I live in a pleasant room ..... the garden. (overlook)10) There was a big red car ..... outside the house. (park)11) There were some children ..... in the river. (swim)12) We've spent nearly all the money. We've only got a little ..... . (leave)2. Make one sentence out of two using either Participle I or Participle II as an Attribute. The first sentence has been done for you.

1) I didn't talk much to the man. The man was sitting next to me on the plane.>

I didn't talk much to the man sitting next to me on the plane

2) The taxi broke down. The taxi was taking us to the airport.

3) The window was broken in the storm last night. It has been repaired now.

4) A number of suggestions were made at the meeting. Most of them were not very practical.

5) At the end of the street there is a path. The path leads to the river.

6) Some paintings were stolen from the museum. They haven't been found yet.

7) A new factory has been just opened in the town. The factory employs 500 people.

8) A man was arrested by the police. What was his name?

9) The company sent me a brochure. It contained all the information I needed.

3. Complete the sentences using the suitable Participle as an Attribute of the verbs from the box.

blow, call, invite, live, offer, read, sit, study, work

1) A lot of people ..... to the presentation refused to come.

2) Life must be very unpleasant for people ..... near busy airports.

3) A few days after the interview, I received a letter ..... me the job.

4) Somebody ..... Jack phoned while you were out.

5) There was a tree ..... down in the storm last night.

6) When I entered the waiting room it was empty except for a young man ..... by the window ..... a magazine.

7) Ian has got a brother ..... in a bank in London and a sister ..... economics at university in Manchester.

4. Use the words in brackets to make sentences with the Participles. The first two have been done for you.

1) That house is empty. (nobody/live/in it) >

There is nobody living in that house.

2) The accident wasn't serious. (nobody/injure)>

There was nobody injured in the accident.

3) I can hear footsteps. (somebody/come)4) The train was full. (a lot of people/travel)5) We were the only guests at the hotel. (nobody else/stay there)

6) The piece of paper was blank. (nothing/write/on it)7) There are regular English courses at the college. (a course/begin/next Monday)

5. Complete the texts using appropriate Participles from the box and retell the texts.

1)

showing, contained, bearing, based

A coin is a piece of metal, usually disc-shaped, (1) ..... letters, designs or numbers (2) ..... its value. Until the 18th and 19th centuries coins were given monetary worth (3) ..... on the exact amount of metal (4) ..... in them. But most modern coins are based on face value, the value that governments give them, irrespective of the actual metal content.

2)

left, threatening, called, written, armed, drunken

Published recently was a paperback (1) ..... by a south London copper (2) ..... 'Policeman's Progress'. Here are some random quotes.

'It is one of the few occupations (3) ..... in present day society where a person can arrive for work and have no idea what the day will bring. It could be an accident, a murder, an (4) ..... robbery, arson or a request for directions. I was called upon to chastise (5) ..... husbands (occasional success) and errant wives (hundred percent failure). I received anonymous (6) ..... letters , phone calls and an anonymous cake for my birthday (it was stale).'

6. Translate the sentences into English using the Participles as an Attribute.

1) , .

2) , , .

3) , , .

4) .

5) , .

6) , , .

7) , , .

8) , , .

9) , , , .

10) .

7. Put in the correct form of the Participles as an Attribute using the verbs in brackets.

1) The results ..... are consistent and may be summed up in one single rule. (obtain)2) Of the three instances ....., only the last possesses a verbal suffix which is regularly found in other words. (cite)3) A proper noun is a name ..... to one particular person or thing. (give)4) The information ..... throws a flood of light upon the mode of action of the human vocal apparatus. (gain)5) The following figures, partly ..... the territory ....., illustrate the extent of losses ..... by the fire. (cover, investigate, cause)6) The two men ..... to were highly-placed officials. (refer)7) At last we saw the picture so much ..... about. (hear)8) The ruling elite in old Japan, ..... with its families to about one sixteenth of the population, was a hereditary class of fighters, ..... to pursue any other vocation. (amount, forbid)9) The language processes apply not only to English, but to all languages. In all of them you will find words ..... out, and words ....., words ..... and old words ..... together to form new words, words ..... from other languages and words ..... their use and meaning. (die, be born, create, put, take, change)8. Complete the sentences using either the Participle or a clause bearing in mind that in the function of an Attribute Participle I is usually not used to express a past or a prior action.

1) The study was dimly lit by a candle (burn) in the ajoining room.

2) Latin was the ancestor of all the languages (mention).

3) The review is divided into three parts (follow) by a brief comment.

4) The conclusion appears reasonable that Italian (speak and write) by the multitude of correct speakers and writers, is a compromise language (continue) the traditions of various dialects.

5) They dined outside upon the terrace (face) Vesuvius.

6) The girl (bear) all the ups and downs of her life with great indifference, broke down on this and burst into tears.

7) Mr.Orson told his sons to follow him into the little guest-chamber out of which two pretty maids (arrange) the room ran out.

8) The gentleman lit his pipe and went up to the driver (unharness) the horses.

9. Translate the sentences into English using either the Participle or a clause.

1) , .

2) , .

3) , , .

4) , .

5) , .

6) , , .

7) , .

8) , , .

9) , , .

10) . , , .

11) , .

12) , .

13) , .

14) , .

15) , .

16) , , , .

17) , .

10. Translate into English using Participle II as an Attribute.

1) , .

2) .

3) .

4) , .

5) , !

6) , .

7) .

11. Write out in two separate columns the word-combinations with the Gerund and those with Participle I. Comment on them doing the transformations as shown:

Advertising campaign A campaign of/for advertising goods. (the Gerund)

Advertising company A company that advertises goods.(Participle I)

a) Advertising role, advertising firm, advertising objectives, advertising people, advertising plan;

b) Marketing strategy, marketing agent, marketing activity, marketing people, marketing policy;

c) Working people, working premises, working facilities, working machines, working hours.

12. Complete the sentences with the Participles as a Predicative from the box.

astonishing, boring, convincing, demanding, disappointing, worrying, thrilling, tempting, terrifying, touching, encouraging

1) The film Titanic is so ....., I advise you to see it.

2) I dont believe you to have done it deliberately. But anyway, it was extremely ..... .

3) Your suggestion to miss the classes at university today sounds very ..... .

4) When the chairman speaks of devotion to high ideals in business he seems quite ..... and even ..... .

5) The performance was so ..... that I could hardly stay till the end of it.

6) Even to listen to the story of your dangerous adventures is really ..... .

7) The effect of the managers words was ..... .

8) Mr.Jackson didnt understand your mission. His voice sounded so ..... .

9) The situation became so ..... that we all were at a loss.

10) The fact that she cant remember the origin of her information seems very unusual and ..... .

13. Translate the sentences into English using the Participle as a Predicative.

1) , .

2) , .

3) .

4) .

5) , .

6) .

7) .

8) .

9) .

10) .

14. Make one sentence out of two using Participle I as an Adverbial Modifier of Time. The first sentence has been done for you.

1) She finished her work. Then she went home. >

Having finished her work, she went home.

2) We bought our tickets. Then we went into the theatre.

3) They continued their journey. They did it after they had had dinner.

4) Lucy did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of tea.

5) She found a hotel. Then she looked for somewhere to have dinner.

6) Jim was playing tennis. He hurt his arm.

7) I was watching television. I fell asleep.

8) The man slipped. He was getting off a bus.

9) I was walking home in the rain. I got wet.

10) Margaret was driving to work yesterday. She had an accident.

11) Two firemen were overcome by smoke. They were trying to put out the fire.

15. Put in the correct form of Participle I as an Adverbial Modifier of Time or Cause.

1) ( take) ..... a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.

2) (feel) ..... tired I went to bed.

3) (be) ..... unemployed, he hasn't got much money.

4) (have-neg.) ..... a car, she finds it difficult to get around.

5) (see) ..... already the film twice, I didn't want to go to the cinema.

6) (think) ..... they might be hungry, I offered them something to eat.

7) (be) ..... a foreigner, she needs a visa to stay in the country.

8) (know-neg.) ..... his address, I wasn't able to contact him.

9) (travel) ..... a lot, Sarah knows a great deal about other countries.

10) (be able) ..... to understand English, he didn't know what I wanted.

11) (spend) ..... nearly all our money, we couldn't afford to stay in a hotel.

16. Exchange the compound or complex sentences by those with the Participles in different Adverbial functions.

1) He walked out of the room and slammed the door behind him.

2) If you want to order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit.

3) She lay awake all night and recalled the events of the day.

4) When I tried to open the can, I cut my hand.

5) As I was anxious to please him, I bought him a nice present.

6) If you are travelling north, you must change at Leeds.

7) Unless you pay by credit card, please pay in cash.

8) Though he admitted that he had received the stolen jewellery, he denied having taken part in the robbery.

9) When it was viewed from a distance, the island looked like a cloud.

10) Although it was built before the war, the engine is still in perfect order.

11) Unless it is changed, this law will make life difficult.

12) If you are accepted for this post, you will be informed.

13) He is so ill that he can't go to work yet.

14) He's had been ill for a very long time, so he needs/needed more time to recover before he can/could go back to work.

15) I have been made redundant, so I'm going abroad.

17. Put in the appropriate preposition/conjunction with the Participles as an Adverbial Modifier.

1) ..... annoyed, he used to go to his room and lock himself in.

2) She is a terror ..... roused.

3) Here the tram lines ended, so that men returning home could doze in their seats ..... roused by their journey's end.

4) He didn't usually utter a word ..... spoken to.

5) 'Minister?' said David Rubin, ..... surprised.

6) He had to think it over, for even ..... posted now, the letter could not reach John till Monday.

7) Sitting there, he could not help perceiving a certain vagueness about such an inspiration, even ..... confined to England.

8) ..... urged, he never mentioned his wound or his decoration.

9) ..... sitting there I looked at various posters.

10) She stopped speaking ..... waiting for him to speak.

11) Much of the afternoon I looked out of the window ..... thinking, but not really thinking.

12) ..... dancing she floated, so light she was, like an eager little spirit.

18. Use the suitable Participle from the verbs in brackets.

1) (Approach) Malta Street, Soho, Soames thought with wonder of those years in Brighton.

2) When (question), Annie answered that she was anxious about her brother-in-law.

3) (Be) a little in that line myself, I understood everything.

4) It was a dreadful thing that he now proposed, a breach of the law which, if (discover) would bring him into the police court.

5) She began to walk carefully, (set) heel to toe, heel to toe, and (count) her steps.

6) This was said as if (think) aloud.

7) As if (tear) with inner conflict and indecision, he cried.

8) Her spirit, though (crush), was not broken.

19. Complete the stories with the correct forms of the Verbals and reproduce the stories.

(A)

Once in a train a (1) well-(dress) ...... man discovered that his cigarette case was missing and told the man next to him that he would take him to the police at the nearest station. (2) (Look) ..... down however the (3) well-(dress) ..... man found his cigarette case (4) (lie)..... under the seat. He apologised to the other passenger (5) (say)..... he was sorry (6) (think) ..... badly of him. 'Never mind', said the passenger. 'You thought I was a thief and I thought you were a gentleman. And we were both mistaken'.

(B)

An American lady (1) (travel)..... in England got into a compartment in a (2) (smoke) ..... carriage where an Englishman was smoking a pipe. For a while she sat quietly (3) (expect)..... that the Englishman would give up (4) (smoke)..... . But when the train had been on the way for half an hour or so she started (5) (cough) ..... (6) (show)..... him that she objected to his (7) (smoke)..... . At last (8) (see)..... that all her efforts (9) (attract)..... his attention were in vain she addressed him impatiently.

'If you were a gentleman, you would stop (10) (smoke) ..... when a lady got into the carriage'.

'If you were a lady', replied the Englishman, 'you wouldn't get into a (11) (smoke) ..... carriage'.

'If you were my husband', said the lady, 'I would give you poison'.

'If I were your husband,' replied the Englishman, 'I would take it'.

20. Complete the news report with appropriate Verbals from the verbs in brackets and reproduce it.

Julian Snow, the 'Daily News' war correspondent (1) (cover) the civil war in Mandanga, has been reported (2) (miss). He was last seen yesterday morning (3) (drive) his Land Rover near the front line. The vehicle was found yesterday evening , but there was no sign of him. Snow has been a war correspondent for many years and has covered a number of conflicts, (4) (include) the Middle East.

21. Translate the sentences into English using the Verbals.1) , , , .

2) , . , .

3) , .

4) .

5) , .

6) , .

7) , .

8) , .

4

Participial Constructions

4.1. Complex Object

Complex Object can be used with both Participle I and Participle II:

Suddenly I heard the bell ringing.(Participle I)

I heard my name pronounced. (Participle II)

Compared to Complex Object with the Infinitive, Complex Object with Participle I expresses the duration of the action.

I saw him enter the house.

I saw him entering the house.E x e r c i s e s

1. Complete the sentences using Complex Object either with Participle I or Participle II as shown in the model.

Model:In the midday she heard a small bird ..... . (sing) >

In the midday she heard a small bird singing.

His face clouded when he heard his name ..... . (speak) >

His face clouded when he heard his name spoken.

1) The taxi could be seen ..... outside. (wait)2) She had the drawing-room ..... . (redecorate)3) She heard her heart ..... with a vague fear. (beat)4) The darkness foud him ..... with these thoughts. (occupy)5) For their New Year party she had all the furniture ..... out of the sitting room. (move)6) They wanted the Committee ..... over the weekend. (convene)7) Mary could feel Elisabeth ..... their hopes and dreams, their relationships as sisters. (review)8) She averted her eyes each time she found herself ..... at. (stare)9) She heard the musicians ..... up in the back room. (tune)2. Translate the sentences into English using Complex Object with the Participle.

1) . , - .

2) , - .

3) , .

4) , .

5) , , . , .

6) ?

7) , .

8) ?

9) .

10) .

4.2. Absolute Participial Construction

Absolute Participial Construction is called 'absolute' because it has its own subject which does not coinicide with the subject of the sentence.

a) Both Participle I and Participle II can be used in Absolute consturctions at the end of the sentence and are translated as separate clauses:

He smiled, some of the freshness returning to his face. , ( ) .

He sat down with a smile, his good humour quite restored. , , ( ) .

b) When Absolute construction is placed at the beginning of the sentence it has a causative meaning:

The purpose being achieved, the meeting was over. , .

The choice made, she ran up to Tom. , .

E X E R C I S E S

1. Translate the sentences with the Participle in Absolute Constructions into Russian and comment on their form.

1) In the library, Diana revived, her face less drawn, went through the minuet of grumbles.

2) They set off, George swinging along with downcast eyes, his hands thrust deep in his pockets.

3) Lord Easterfield sat down, wiping his forehead and smiling, his good humour quite restored.

4) We sat silent, her eyes still levelled with mine, but gradually becoming unfocussed, as though looking past me, looking a great distance away.

5) She got up, the clothes folded over her arm.

6) Arrangements made, the apologies and thanks started over again.

7) I lay idly in a big chair, talking now and then, listening sometimes with my eyes closed.

8) The choice made, she ran up to him.

9) The drinks ordered and the men settled on the verandah of the clubhouse, Haydock repeated his question.

10) He gave an intimate smile, some of the freshness returning to his face.

11) Brown sat back in the leather-covered chair, his great chest protruding like a singers.

12) They parted at the cabin, Scotty taking Roy on the direct rout to the Lake, Indian Bob going back to his hunting, and Simon heading west for the little river.

13) That being understood, the conference was over.

14) This book has been written in England with the authors in close cooperation throughout, approximately equal parts being written in English and in German and subsequently translated.

15) Martha had two children living, two having died in infancy.

16) They wrestled and struggled for a minute, with everybody looking at.

17) We strolled back to the camp, it being then about twenty minutes to six.

18) There being no other matters to discuss, the old man said that he was going to bed.

19) She kept on running, her steps quickening in pace with her heartbeats.

2. Translate the sentences into English using Absolute Participial Constructions.

1) , .

2) , .

3) , .

4) , , ,

5) , , .

6) , .

7) , .

8) ; .

9) , .

10) , ; , .

5

Parenthesis

The Participles can be used as Parenthesis: as intended, as mentioned above, as opposed to, bearing in mind, generally speaking, etc.

E X E R C I S E S

1. Match the appropriate parenthesis to the sentences on the left.

1) ....., for every manager who writes a letter or report, there is a presupposed reader.As intended

2) ....., publicity is any mention of a company's product that is not paid for, in any mediumAs mentioned above

3) ....., formal communications will pass up and down the pyramid of managemant.As opposed to advertising

4) ....., continental Europe is expected to provide a growing share of the business.Bearing in mind

5) ....., that marketing should have contributed to the specification of the product it fills the time and space between the ready product and its purchase.Looking further ahead

1) 2. Translate the sentences into English using the Participles as Parentheses.

2) : , .

3) , .

4) , , .

5) , .

6) , .

7) , , .

8) , , .

9) , .

10) , .

REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Put in the particle to where required.

1) Youd better ..... hurry. You dont have lots of time ..... decide.

2) Im the manager. Im supposed ..... be worried about your being late.

3) Its up to you ..... decide your own future.

4) They were talking so loudly. He couldnt but ..... overhear them.

5) Id prefer ..... choose my own career.

6) Mary would sooner ..... remember that day than forget it.

7) George is very upset. Youd better ..... leave him alone.

8) He had nothing left ..... do but ..... listen to their talking business.

9) I cant find my keys. I must ..... have left them in the car.

10) Why not ..... come and ..... see Ann in the hospital?

11) The detective couldnt but ..... appreciate the fact that Paul had rescued him.

2. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the Infinitive from the verbs in brackets.

1) There was nothing ..... for. (wait)2) Ann put the fur coat on and turned round ..... . (appreciate)3) He appeared ..... plenty of money, which was said ..... in South African diamond digging. (have, gain)4) Every feature seemed ..... since he saw her last. (sharpen)5) Lady Verindah was the first person ..... his attention or ..... by him. (attract, attract)6) I suppose Mr Jelleby had been more talkative and lively once; but he seemed ..... long before I knew him. (exhaust)7) Dave seemed ..... Stephanie, waiting for her ..... the first move. (watch, make) 8) He is said ..... a small fortune. (put away)9) The next thing ..... is to move away from this town. (do)10) Her age was difficult ...... .(guess)11) My mother and I are always happy ..... you. (see)12) I found Mrs Smith hard ..... . (accept)13) For a few moments, she seemed ..... on the edge of choice. (stand)14) He is not a man ..... . (ignore)15) Everything youve planned ..... is sensible. (do)3. Translate into English using the Infinitive.

1) .

2) , .

3) , .

4) , , .

5) ; , .

6) .

7) , .

8) , .

9) , , , .

10) , .

4. Complete the sentences using the appropriate Gerund or Infinitive form.

1) After ..... more carefully than usual he went to the bank. (dress)2) There's vivid happiness in merely ..... alive. (be)3) Your tie needs ..... . (tighten)4) I wouldn't say such a thing without ..... sure. (be)5) There was nothing ..... . (fear)6) He is said ..... John. (rescue)7) His idea was easy ..... . (understand)8) He appeared ..... a lot of money. (earn)9) It's a chance ..... . (miss/neg.)10) She is hardly ..... manager. (appoint)5. Put in the prepositions/particles where required.

1) I promised them that no harm would come to them ..... concluding the contract.

2) It was clearly seen that the director was speaking ..... thinking.

3) The story is boring ..... be admired.

4) Who is ..... blame ..... this terrible mistake?

5) She denied ..... having stolen the money.

6) I had little hope ..... ever learning the truth.

7) Jane suggested ..... going to the cinema ..... ..... staying at home.

8) I now regret ..... having said what I said.

9) Did he have any special reason ..... going?

10) He has the reputation ..... being conservative.

11) I saw no harm ..... calling at 9 o'clock in the evening.

12) ..... receiving the Royal assent the Bill becomes an Act of Parliament.

13) Government departments are responsible ..... implementing government policy.

14) There is no difficulty..... understanding that the law is necessary.

15) A criminal case is brought against a person accused ..... having committed a crime.

16) The plaintiff starts the lawsuit ..... filling a paper called a complaint.

17) If you need a barrister, you never see him ..... your solicitor being with him.

18) Shall I tell them or you would rather they ..... know?

19) Wed like ..... have gone on holiday but we didnt have enough money.

20) The attorney was made ..... play the tape.

1) 6. Translate the sentences into English using either the Gerund or the Infinitive.

2) .

3) .

4) , , .

5) , .

6) , .

7) - , .

8) , , .

9) - , .

10) .

11) .

12) , .

13) , .

7. Put in the appropriate Verbals into the story and the interview about lorry hijackings using the verbs in brackets. Reproduce them.

(A)

The Road Transport Industry is becoming increasingly (1) ..... (concern) about lorry (2) ..... (hijack). The hijackers seem (3) ..... (be) well-(4) ..... (inform). The gangs concentrate on trucks (5) ..... (carry) high-value marketable loads. Drivers have now been forbidden (6) ..... (pick up) hitch-hikers, and have been warned against (7) ..... (be) careless when (8) ..... (park) in motorway service areas. Yesterdays (9) ..... (hijack) on the M6 was the fourth in the area this month.

(B)Inspector Waterman is interviewing Stan Fletcher, the driver of the (1)..... (hijack) truck.

Inspector: Now, Mr Fletcher. How did you manage (2) ..... (lose) your truck?

Stan: OK. I was driving down the M6 from Scotland (3) ..... (carry) whisky in cases. I decided (4) ..... (stop) at the station. I stopped (5) ..... (get) some diesel. Then I went (6) ..... (make) a telephone call. I was talking to my wife on the phone when I saw the lorry (7) ..... (go) past me.

Inspector: Had you remembered (8) ..... (lock) the cab door?

Stan: Yes, I always remember (9) ..... (lock) it. And I remember (10) ..... (lock) it on this occasion. But I cant remember (11) ..... (check) it.

8. Complete the text using appropriate Nonfinite forms of the verbs in brackets and retell the text.

A conventional or cellular office is a series of rooms (1) ..... (separate) from each other by solid walls. (2) ..... (compare) to it, an open plan office contains a (3) ..... (wait) area with a portable screen partly (4) ..... (separate) it from the Computer area on the right. The left-hand side is occupied by the Sales staff the Manager (5) ..... (sit) in the far corner and several (6) ..... (remain) persons (7) ..... (space out), with a couple of screens (8) ..... (break) up the area nearest the central pathway. On the right at the far end is the General Office once again only partly (9) ..... (separate) off by a movable screen and some (10) ..... (file) cabinets. Strategic plants (11) ..... (position) heightens the illusion of separation. The overall effect of (12) ..... (have) everyone in one room is that more people can be accommodated, (13) ..... (compare) with a cellular arrangement, and change or expansion is relatively easy (14) ..... (do).

9. Complete the sentences using the correct Participle form.

1) I hated the sound of rain ..... on the roof. (patter)2) She looked at the name ..... on the title-page. (write)3) ..... his car, he remembered that he hadnt lunched. (garage)4) When ..... to herself she spent her time at her writing desk. (leave)5) Deeply ....., he rose and left the room. (affect)6) ..... to read, think or work, she asked Liddy to stay and have breakfast with her. (be able/neg)7) She didnt speak, ..... with the sense of silent confidence. (fill)8) They were indeed old friends, ..... at school together. (be)9) ..... long ago, the manuscript was ellegible. (write)10) About two-thirds of all taxes ..... go to the federal government. (collect)10. Complete the sentences to form Participial constructions.

1) It ..... now pretty late, we left. (be)2) She has found me ....., but I have found her ..... . (alter/neg, change)3) She could feel her hands ..... exceedingly. (tremble)4) The dog heard his name ..... through the open door. (pronounce)5) You can get your clothes ..... from Europe. (send)6) Weather ....., we shall go to the beach tomorrow. (permit)7) They were walking on again, with Brian ..... calmly. (talk)8) Mary sat without moving, with her eyes ..... on the portrait. (fix)9) The Constitution sets the basic form of government: three separate branches, each one ..... powers over the others. (have)1) 11. Translate the sentences into English using Participles where possible.

2) , , .

3) , , .

4) , , .

5) , , .

6) , .

7) , .

8) , .

9) ; .

10) , .

11) , .

12) , .

13) , , .

12. Put in the appropriate preposition/conjunction /particle where required.

1) By 1988 the cost ..... keeping someone in prison was over 250 dollars a week.

2) ..... accepting office the Prime Minister is to form a government.

3) ..... qualify as a barrister you must take the exam of the Bar Council.

4) It the jurors hear the discussion about the law, it can interfere with their ability ..... decide the facts in an impartial way.

5) Because there are many cases ..... be heard, judges encourage people to come to an agreement in their case before trial.

6) A brand has a place in people's mind as a brand, whereas a mere product is simply a way ..... fulfilling a physical need.

7) In a competitive economy, there is a clear theoretical advantage ..... being a brand.

8) Market challengers attempt to increase their market share ..... attacking either the leader or some market followers.

9) Public relations are concerned ..... maintaining the image of a company product.

10) In such circumstances, producers will not be interested ..... making new investments.

11) It is worth ..... recalling now that British manufacturing has been damaged by sterling's weakness.

12) The company should take the blame ..... not managing expectations better.

13) The production and marketing departments cannot take financial decisions ..... consulting the finance department.

14) ..... having a single production department is generally inefficient.

15) Production control methods are involved ..... ensure good material flow.

16) ..... determining its credit policy each company examines its intentions carefully.

17) ..... determined, the credit policy should be carefully stated.

18) ..... advertising the company saves some other costs.

19) ..... put at risk by investing, the company is naturally eager to recover those funds as soon as possible.

20) ..... making a presentation to a small group of people, it is useful to have some sort of drawing to illustrate what you mean.

21) ..... evaluating the figures the financial manager presents, the directors must weigh the pros and cons.

22) The campaign is called a failure ..... achieving no results.

23) Teams are often not nery good ..... making decisions.

24) Many figures can be meaningful ..... compared.

25) People expect individual currencies ..... disappear and be replaced by international ones.

26) It is necessary ..... the government to create regulatory bodies.

27) In North America, M&A activity reached a great pace, ..... 1,600 deals completed.

13. Put in the appropriate Nonfinite form of the verbs in brackets.

1) He was made ..... . (comply)2) He couldn't but ..... Jane's assistance. (appreciate)3) There was no time for the goods ..... . (examine) 4) What made him ..... that the policeman had managed his fingerprints? (think)5) ..... a law about equal rights doesn't necessarily mean that women get them. (pass) 6) ..... doesn't count so much in politics as outsiders might think. (like)7) To read his novel was like ..... in a lake so clear that you could see the bottom. (swim)8) ..... in that communion was like being born an Englishman. (breed)9) I'm supposed ..... to a meeting now .(go)10) Ann heard her sister ..... the room. (enter)11) They were seen ..... out of the hotel early in the morning. (check)12) I'd rather ..... than travel by train. (drive)

13) You'd better ..... the tree, or they'll see you. (climb)14) The attorneys insisted on Mark's ..... their questions. (answer) 15) The lawyer was expected ..... by Mark. (contact)16) A mafia hitman had instructions ..... Mark. (kill)17) ..... by mafia was very terrifying. (chase)18) ..... of what might happen to him and his family Mark refused to testify. (be afraid)19) ..... the perfect crime, he became careless and began to make mistakes. (commit)20) The most often ..... remark about statistics is probably: 'There are lies, damned lies and statistics'. (quote)21) The sale of expensive goods is likely ...... . (restrict)22) The existence of large corporations showed the classical economic theory of perfect competition ..... inadequate. (be)23) The Conservative party believes in free enterprise and the importance of a capitalist economy, with private ownership ..... to state control. (prefer)14. Translate the sentences into English using the appropriate Infinite forms of the verb.

1) , , : , .

2) , , .

3) , .

4) .

5) - .

6) , .

7) .

8) , , .

9) , , , .

10) , .

11) , , .

12) , , .

13) .

14) , , , .

15) , .

16) , , , , .

17) , , , .

18) , .

19) ?

20) , .

21) .

22) , , .

23) , , .

24) , .

25) , .

26) , .

27) , .

28) , , .

29) , , .

30) , .

31) , .

32) , .

33) , .

34) , .

35) , , .

36) , , .

37) , , .

38) , .

39) , .

40) , .

41) .

42) , .

43) , , .

44) , .

45) , .

46) , .

47) , .

48) , , .

49) , .

50) , .

PROGRESS TEST

1. Put in the correct form of the Infinitive choosing from A, B or C.

1) There was nothing now ..... for.

A) to waitB) to be waitingC) to be waited

2) She put on her wedding dress and turned round ..... .

A) to be admiredB) to be abmiringC) to admire

3) He appeared to have plenty of money, which was said ..... for a couple of years at that company.

A) to be savedB) to saveC) to have been saved

4) Stan seemed ..... silence intently, waiting for Susan to dismiss the subject.

A) to keepB) to be keepingC) to have been keeping

5) For the last few days she happened ..... to nobody but strange men.

A) to talkB) to be talkingC) to have been talking

6) He is said ..... away a small fortune. So, he is safe.

A) to putB) to have putC) to be put

7) She couldn't help but ..... thankful for what her uncle had done for her sake.

A) to feel B) feelC) be feeling

8) You'd better ..... me back to my parents at once, or they' ll be really angry with you.

A) takeB) to takeC) be taken

9) I'd rather ..... than ask him for another penny.

A) die B) to dieC) to be dying

10) Jackie felt her blood ..... in her veins when she saw what was left of the house.

A) to freezeB) freezeC) have frozen

2. Complete the sentences choosing the verbs from A, B or C.

11) We ..... to leave the building as soon as possible.

A) hopedB) succeededC) dreamed

12) Fred ..... in solving the problem.

A) failedB) succeeded C) looked forward

13) I ..... to going away next week.

A) hopeB) am thinking C) am looking forward

14) Mary ..... to buy me a drink.

A) promised B) insistedC) objected

15) The police ..... the criminal lie on the ground.

A) forced B) allowedC) made

3. Complete choosing the right preposition from A,B or C.

16) The President began his speech ..... explaining his point of view on the situation in the area.

A) inB) byC) with

17) Rachel seemed upset ..... hearing the news.

A) afterB) beforeC) by

18) Melany left the company after her unsuccessful interview ..... being confused.

A) byB) withoutC) with

19) In many countries of the Middle East husbands prevent their wives ..... taking a job outside their homes.

A) againstB) ofC) from

20) Furious with his employees ..... turning up late each morning, the director decided to have a serious talk with them.

A) at B) for C) on

21) Nothing is gained ..... delaying.

A) withoutB) inC) by

22) The Foreign Minister was accused ..... interfering in the political affairs of another state.

A) of B) for C) with

23) Mary wouldn't dream ..... going to Spain.

A) of B) about C) on

24) We were warned ..... signing any contract with the company without a lawyer.

A) aboutB) against C) from

25) ..... discussing the future contract a lot of factors are to be taken into consideration.

A) inB) by C) at

4. Complete with the correct form of the Verbals choosing them from A, B or C.

26) When Paul went out he remembered ..... the letter. He put it into the mail box.

A) postingB) having posted C) to post

27) Jane regrets ..... the firm after twenty years.

A) to leaveB) leaving C) having been left

28) After approving the agenda we went on ..... finance.

A) to discuss B) discussing C) discuss

29) Angela enjoys ..... tricks at people.

A) to play B) to have playedC) playing

30) Julia has been ill but now she is beginning ..... better.

A) to getB) getting C) be getting

31) You are looking great. You seem ..... weight.

A) to loseB) losingC) to have lost

5. Complete the sentences using the correct form of Participles from the verbs in brackets.

32) ..... seven hundred miles, he was now near the border of the United States. (travel)33) There was a silly smile ..... about the corners of his mouth. (play)34) He had a beautiful house, and ..... a man of taste he had furnished it admirably. (be)35) ..... him by his figure and his movements, he was still young. (judge)36) ..... by the beauty of the twilight, he strolled away from the hotel. (stir)37) For a moment the trio stood as if ..... to stone. (turn)38) Cecilia had heard very little..... in her own thoughts. (absorb)39) ..... he went out. (dine)40) If ..... to myself, I shouldn't lose my chance. (leave)41) Thus absorbed, he would sit for hours ..... no interruption. (want)

42) She considered herself ..... to Mr Bennet. (engage)43) It ..... now too dangerous to stay in the car any longer, Mark was waiting for a chance to escape. (be)44) He sat with his feet ..... on the chair. (put)45) If ....., she slammed the door. (annoy)46) Wnen ....., she never objected. (tell)47) Douglas ..... to prove that he was right, reminded him of the promise. (determine)48) She looked at Mike as if ..... of his manners. (disapprove)49) While ..... the message she thought what she should tell the manager. (read)50) Let them have the details ..... . (settle)6. Translate the sentences into English using Nonfinite forms of the verb where possible.

51) .

52) , .

53) .

54) , .

55) .

56) , .

57) , .

58) .

59) , .

60) , VII .

61) , .

62) .

63) , .

64) , -, .

65) , .

66) , ?

67) , .

68) , .

69) , .

70) , , .

71) , .

72) .

73) , ?

74) , , , .

75) , .

76) , .

77) .

78) , .

79) .

80) , .

81) .

82) , .

83) .

84) . .

85) .

86) .

87) , .

88) , , .

89) , , .

90) .

91) ?

92) .

93) , .

94) , .

95) , , , .

96) , .

97) , .

98) .

99) , .

100) , .

Total: 100/_______Chapter 9

NUMERALS

Entry test

1. Spell out the numbers.

1) 700, 000

2) 1,502

3) 500,097

4) 203,610

5) 4,500,700,000

2. Render the ways of reading the dates in speech.

1) 1100

2) 1999

3) 1905

4) 3000 B.C.

5) 2010

3. Give ordinals to the following cardinals.

1) two6) eighteen

2) four7) nineteen

3) five8) twenty

4) eight9) twenty-one

5) nine10) thirty

4. Spell out the reading of the following numbers.1) 325

2) 719

3) 3,077

4) 101 passengers

5) 600 men

6) Dial 7050 and ask for extension 90.

7) Borg leads in tennis by 30-0.

8) 1/8

9) 3/8 10) 1 4/9

11) 2/3 of the population

12) 220/408

13) 7/10 mile

14) 0.5

15) 3.375

16) 1600 B.C.

5. Proofread the following sentences for errors in expressions of numbers.

1) 3,042 voters selected Ross.

2) She was 45 years old.

3) I agree 99 %.

4) 135 men and 118 women joined the club last year.

5) A 3rd baby cried.

6) At the spring graduation ceremonies, the university awarded over 2,000 bachelorss degrees.

7) Please, refer to page 184 in chapter six of your history book.

8) At 8 the gong sounded for supper.

9) The show was visited by 1.525 people.

10) Three thousands of pounds.

11) Eleven thousand a hundred visitors.

12) Paper measuring 14 by 17 inches can be used.

13) A sample schedule appears on page five.

14) Private property worth $2.500.000.

1) 6. Translate into English (in writing). Spell out the numbers when necessary.2) .

3) .

4) .

5) ?

6) .

7) 281 .

8) 7 .

9) .

10) 400 .

11) 42 .

12) 13 .

13) (12) , .

14) .

15) .

16) 250 .

17) 358 . .. .

18) 18 .

19) .

20) .

21) .

_Total__/ 60

Numerals. Meaning and Use

The numeral is a part of speech indicating number absolutely (five centuries) or relatively to other persons and things in a series (the fifth century). Accordingly numerals are divided into cardinal and ordinal numerals (or cardinals and ordinals).

Cardinal numerals (one, two, five, etc.) indicate the exact number and are used in counting as in five books, or in reading indications as in page 6 (six), chapter 11 (eleven), No 24 (twenty-four), flat 51 (fifty-one). (Cf., however, Russian where both cardinals and ordinals are possible: ; ; , ).Cardinals may be simple words (numerals from one to twelve and the words hundred, thousand and million), derivatives with the suffix -teen (from thirteen to nineteen) and ty indicating tens as in twenty, thirty, etc., and composits spelt with a hyphen as twenty-one, thirty-two or written separately as two hundred and forty-five.

NOTE:

a) the use of the conjunction and in a composite after the word hundred before the last word, in this case it is forty-five.

b) the use of the words hundred, thousand, and million: when used of a definite number (or the word several) they are never made plural: six hundred men, two hundred times, several million dollars (note also the lack of the preposition of in this case).

If these words are used to convey the idea of a large number, they must be made plural (note the use of the preposition of): hundreds of people; Ive told him so hundreds of times. Millions of people die every year from starvation.

The expressions dozen and score follow the same rules: a dozen eggs but dozens of eggs.c) The plural forties denotes an age or a period between 40 and 50; similarly with fifties, sixties, etc.: She was a good-looking woman in her forties. The book was published in the seventies/in the 70s/in the 1970s.Ordinal numerals (first, second, etc.) show the order of persons and things. Ordinals (with exception of the first three first, second, third) are formed by means of the suffix th. Generally, they are used with the definite article: the sixth, the eighth but sometimes with the indefinite article when they do not show a definite order but have the meaning one more: a third baby cried.

Examples of cardinals and ordinals are presented in the following list.

0 nought, etc.

1 one

1st first

2 two

2nd second

3 three

3rd (3d) third

4 four

4th fourth5 five

5th fifth6 six

6th sixth

7 seven

7th seventh

8 eight

8th eighth

9 nine

9th ninth10 ten

10th tenth11 eleven

11th eleventh12 twelve

12th twelfth13 thirteen

13th thirteenth14 fourteen

14th fourteenth15 fifteen

15th fifteenth16 sixteen

16th sixteenth17 seventeen

17th seventeenth18 eighteen

18th eighteenth19 nineteen

19th nineteenth20 twenty

20th twentieth21 twenty-one, etc.

21st twenty-first, etc.

30 thirty

30th thirtieth40 forty

40th fortieth100 one/a hundred

100th (one) hundredth101 one/a hundred and one101st (one) hundred and first400 four hundred

400th four hundredth1,000 one thousand

1,000th (one) thousandth100,000 one/a hundred thousand100,000th (one) hundred thousandth1,000,000 one/a million1,000,000 th (one) millionth

NOTE:

a) the irregular spelling of ordinal numerals fifth, eighth, ninth, and twelfth;b) the suffixation of ordinal numbers expressed in figures the last two letters of the written word must be added: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, or 3d, 4th.

How to say numbers

And

In British English, and is used before the last word which may be simple as in:

105 (read: a hundred and five);

101st (read: one hundred and first);

or a composite as in:

786 (read: seven hundred and eighty-six);

6, 234 (read: six thousand two hundred and thirty-four).

A and one

The words hundred, thousand and million can be used in the singular with a or one, but not alone. A is more common in an informal style, one is used when people are speaking more precisely. Compare:

I want to live for a hundred years.

The journey took exactly one hundred days.

Ive saved a thousand pounds.

Pay the inspector of taxes one thousand pounds only (on a cheque).

At the beginning of a number only a is used. Compare:

146 (read: a hundred and forty-six)3,146 (read: three thousand, one hundred and forty-six)They say a thousad for the round number 1,000, and before and, but they say one thousand before a number of hundreds. Compare:

1,000 (read: a thousand)1,031 (read: a thousand and thirty-one);

1,100 (read: one thousand, one hundred)1, 498 (read: one thousand, four hundred and ninety-eight).

Hundreds and thousands

With round numbers between 1,100 and 1,900 they often say eleven hundred, twelve hundred, etc. instead of one thousand and hundred, etc.

The reading of 0 (nought, zero, nil, o, love)

The figure 0 is normally read nought [no:t] in Br.E., and zero [zi-erou] in Am.E. It is replaced, in general use, by the negative determiner no or the pronoun none:

There were no survivors from the air disaster.

None of the passengers or crew survived.

In measurements (e.g., of temperature), 0 is called zero:

Its five degrees below zero.

Its 0 F (read: zero degrees Fahrenheit).

-8 C (read: eight degrees below zero Centigrade).

When numbers are said figure by figure (e.g., in telephone numbers), 0 is often called [ou] (like the letter o):

My account number is 41326069 (read: four one three two six o six nine).

Nil [nil] or nothing is used in football or other team-games:

Brazil won 4 0 (read: four nil/ (to) nothing).

Manchester three, Liverpool nil.

Love is used in tennis and similar games. (This expression is derived from the French loeuf, meaning the egg, presumably because zero is egg-shaped (0):

5 0, your service; (read: five love).The reading of datesThe year:

When reading or speaking the word hundred may be used but thousand is usually not:

He was born in 1957 (nineteen fifty-seven, or nineteen hundred and fifty-seven).

Years before the Christian era are followed by the letters B.C. (= before Christ). Years after the Christian era may be followed by the letters A.D. (= Anno Domini [Lat.: in the year of our Lord]):

1500 B.C. = fifteen hundred B.C. (in this case it is also possible to say one thousand five hundred B.C)

The days and months:Though the days and months may be written in different ways:

He was born on5 May

May 5

5th May

5th of May

May 5th (mostly AmE),

when reading or speaking they use ordinal numerals, so they say:

He was born on May the fifth or the fifth of May Telling the time

Times of the clock are read out in full as follows:

At 5

at five (oclock)

At 5.15 at five fifteen, at a quarter past five, at a quarter after five (AmE)

At 5.30 at five thirty, at half past fiveAt 5.45at five forty-five, at a quarter to six, at a quarter of six (AmE)

At 5.50at five fifty, at ten (minutes) to sixAt 6.10 at ten (minutes) past six, at ten minutes after six (AmE); at six ten can be used when one is referring e.g. to a timetable.Fractions

Fractions are read out in full as follows:

Simple fractions are expressed by using ordinal numbers (third/s, fourth/s, fifth/s, etc.):

1/2 (a) half

They stayed (for) a half hour / half an hour

1/4a quarter

They stayed (for) a quater of an hour

1/10 a/one tentha tenth of the population

3/4 three quartersthree quaters of an hour2/3 two-thirds

two thirds of the population

11/2 one and a halfone and a half hours or an hour and a half

31/5 three and a/one fifth three and a fifth inchesNOTE:

a) the expression one and a half takes a plural noun (e.g. one and a half kilometers);

b) expressions like hour, 7/10 mile are said three quarters of an hour, seven tenths of a mile.

More complex fractions are often expressed by using the word over: 317/509 three hundred and seventeen over five hundred and nine.

Decimals are read out in full, with each figure separate.

NOTE: they use a full stop (called point), not a comma, before the fraction:

2.5 two point five3.14 three point one four (three point fourteen)

0.78 point seventy-eight (point seven eight) or nought point seventy-eight (US: zero point seventy-eight)

How to write numbers

In writing numerals may be spelled out or be represented by figures: Boing 567.

NOTE:

In writing, commas (but not full stops) are used to separate thousands: 100, 456; 1,000,000; 1,908,367,849.

Numerals in figures or in letters?

Although there is no definite rule, there are some guidelines that should be followed.

Usually most writers spell out numbers under 100 (as one, two, the third, for seven years, forty-five years old) and use figures for 100 and over (286 buildings). But large numbers are spelled out: The house was sold for $1 million.A number that starts a sentence should always be spelled out, even if it is over 100: Three thousand forty-four voters selected Teresa.Whenever mentioning parts of a book (page numbers, sections, chapters, exercises), figures are used: The teacher assigned exercise 12 on page 235.

In special or technical texts cardinals and ordinals should always be indicated by figures.

Calculations

1. Addition

In small additions, they usually say and for +, and is or are for = :

Two and two is/are four.

Six and five is/are eleven.

Whats the eight and six?

In larger additions (and in more formal style) they use plus for + and equals or is for = :

Seven hundred and twelve plus a hundred and forty-five is (equals) eight hundred and fifty-seven.

2. Subtraction

In conversational style, dealing with small numbers, people say:

Four from seven leaves/is three.

Seven take away four leaves/is three.In a more formal style, or dealing with larger numbers, minus and equals are used:

Six hundred and nineteen minus four hundred and twenty-eight equals a hundred and ninety-one.

3. Multiplication

In small calculations, the most common approach is to say three fours, six sevens, etc, and to use are for = :

Three fours are twelve.

Six sevens are forty-two.

In larger calculations, there are several possibilities. One way is to say times for , and is or makes for = :

Seventeen times three hundred and eighty-one is/makes six thousand, four hundred and seventy-seven.

In a more formal style, they say multiplied by and equals:

17 multiplied by 381 equals 6, 477.

4. Division

The simplest way is to use divided by and equals:

Two hundred and sixty-one divided by nine equals twenty-nine.

But in smaller calculations, people might say, for example:

Three into nine goes three (times).

Example of a spoken calculation

Here is a multiplication 146 281 (a hundred and forty-six times two hundred and eighty-one), together with all its steps, in the words that an English speaker might say as he was doing it.

146

281

29200

11680

146

41026

1. Put down two noughts.

2. Two sixes are twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; two fours are eight and one are nine; two ones are two.

3. (Next line). Put down one nought.

4. Eight sixes are forty-eight; put down 8 and carry 4; eight fours are thirty-two and four is thirty-six; put down 6 and carry 3; eight ones are eight and three is eleven.

5. (next line) One times 146 is 146.

6. (The addition) Six and nought and nought is six; eight and four and nought is twelve; put down 2 and carry 1; six and two are eight and one is nine and is ten; put down 0 and carry 1; nine and one are ten and one is eleven; put down 1 and carry 1; two and one are three and one are four.

7. (Total) forty-one thousand and twenty-six.

(the example is taken from /Michael Swan. Practical English Usage. OUP, 1986/).

E x e r c i s e s

1. Practise reading the following dates.28 February, 1 May, 25 October, 29 March, 17 August, 25 December

56 B.C., 97 A.D., 878, 1001, 1604, 1917, 1989, 2000, 2005, 1900.

2. Practise reading the following numbers.105; 189; 200; 247; 967; 1,300; 5,698; 7, 987, 009; 476,309,254.

3. Practise reading the telephone numbers.

76 907 3457; 0854 75499; 2234 06534; 245 3890; 2006 19857; 203 5678; 3389 9877; 4556 5678. Dial 7050 and ask for extension 90.

4. Answer the questions.

1) Whats the date today?

2) Whens your birthday?

3) Whats your date of birth?

4) Whens Christmas Eve?

5) Whens New Years Day?

6) Whats the population of your country?

7) Whats your address?

8) Whats the rate of unemployment in your country?

9) Whats the exchange rate between Euro and your currency?

10) Whats your telephone number?

5. Proofread the following sentences for errors in expressions of numbers.

1) We expected 329 members to attend the 3rd annual convention.

2) During the past 10 years, I have moved 22 times.

3) Paula won $2,000,000 as 1st prize in the lottery.

4) The revolutions of the 1840s were a turning point in 19th century European history.

5) 1,139 students attended the rally.

6) We found 4 case studies in section eight of the first-year law book.

7) When she was a schoolgirl, she had a 3.2 average.

8) 225 people died in a plain crash.

9) They bought 12 chairs.

10) It is reported that 3 more soldiers were killed today in Iraq.11) 135 men and 118 women joined the club last year.

12) A few minutes later a 3rd man entered the room.

13) At the spring graduation ceremonies, the university awarded over 2,000 bachelorss degrees.

6. Practise reading numerals. Say what numerals are recommended to be written out and why.

Hello, and good evening.

It is feared that 182 people may have died in a plane crash this morning. The accident happened at 7.20. It was flight 409, going from Singapore to New York. The plane had covered of the 12,000 mile trip, and had stopped to refuel. Eye witnesses said that the plane had reached its take-off speed of 150 mph when a fire broke out in the rear engine. 106 people managed to escape the blaze.

672 car workers walked out on strike today in Coventry. They had asked for a pay rise of 8.7%, but the management said they could only offer 5 1/2 %. This would mean an extra 7.50 per week. A union spokesman said Its not enough.

A man armed with a shotgun held up cashiers at the National Bank today and stole 5,500. Police have appealed for witnesses. The number to ring is 0106 744391.

Unemployment figures were released today. Last month there were 3,649,712 registered unemployed. Thats 14.5% of the work force. Over the past year this number has increased by over 260,000.

And thats the end of tonights news. Good night.

7. Practise reading numerals.

(A) If A is the amount of sales for store T in 1999, then 0.08 A is the amount of decrease and A 0.008 A = 0.92 A is the amount of sales for 2000. Therefore the desired result can be obtained by dividing A by 0.92 A, which equals 1/0.92 or approximately 109 %.

(B) The home valued at $54,000 has 1 1/5 the value of the $45,000 home. Since the one valued at $45,000 is taxed at $1,200, the tax on the $54,000 home should be 1 1/5 $1,200, or $1,200 + 1/5 ($1,200), which is $1,200 + $240 = $1,440.

8. Translate into English.

1) .

2) .

3) .

4) .

5) .

6) .

7) 427520.

8) 2 000 .

9) .

10) 23000.

11) 1250.

12) .

13) 4 : 0.

14) .

15) .

16) .

17) .

18) .

19) .

20) .

Progress Test

1. Spell out the numbers.1) 503; 2) 6,015; 3) 7,140; 4) 1,910; 5) 2,106.

2. Render the ways of reading the dates in speech.

1) 1900; 2) 1984; 3) 1601; 4) 2000; 5)2003

3. Give ordinals to the following cardinals.

1) one 2) three 3) five 4) nine 5) twelve 6) nineteen 7) forty 8) one hundred 9) one hundred and one 10) four hundred

4. Translate into English. Spell out the numbers when necessary.1) .

2) .

3) .

4) .

5) 57.

6) 1001 .

7) , .

8) .

9) 5245 , .

10) 9/10.

11) 210 .

12) .

13) 11 000 .

14) 54, .

15) 450 .

16) 309 .

17) .

18) - 40 50 .

19) .

20) .

Total:40/ ___

248