7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

1/28

1

Introduction to ResearchChapter 1

KNES 510

Research Methods inKinesiology

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

2/28

Research and Truth

There is no truth!

Separation of science, philosophy and

religion

Aristotle, Plato, Socrates

Einstein-dice

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

3/28

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

4/28

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

5/28

5

Nature of Research

Systematic plan, identify, design, collectdata, evaluate

Logical examine procedures to evaluate

conclusionsEmpirical decisions are based on data(observation)

Reductive

general relationships areestablished from data

Replicable actions are recorded

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

6/28

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

7/28

7

Unscientific Methods of Problem

Solving

Tenacity

Intuition

AuthorityThe rationalistic method

The empirical method

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

8/28

8

Scientific Method of Problem

Solving

Step 1: develop the problem (define and

delimit it)

identify independent and dependent variables

Step 2: formulate the hypotheses

the anticipated outcome

Step 3: gather data

maximize internal and external validity

Step 4(5): analyze and interpret results

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

9/28

9

Applied ResearchMontoyaBS, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Zinder SM. Effect

of warm-up with different weighted bats on normalbaseball bat velocity. Journal of Strength andConditioning Research. 23(5):1566-1569, 2009.

Step 1: develop the problem

identify independent and dependent variables

Step 2: formulate the hypotheses

the anticipated outcome

Step 3: gather data

maximize internal and external validity

Step 4(5): analyze and interpret results

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

10/28

10

Basic vs. Applied Research

Basic research type of research that

may have limited direct application but in

which the researcher has careful control of

the conditions

Applied research type of research that

has direct value to practitioners but in

which the researcher has limited controlover the research setting

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

11/28

11

Continuum of

Basic vs. Applied Research

Level IBasic research

Goal: Theory-driven

Approach: Laboratory

Level II

Moderate relevance Goal: Theory-based using relevant movements

Approach: Similar to real-world task or setting

Level III

Applied research Goal: Immediate solutions

Approach: Real-world settings

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

12/28

12

Experimental vs. Nonexperimental Research

Experimental research

Treatments are given to subjects

Cause-and-effect questions

Nonexperimental research

Treatments are not given to subjects

Participants are observed as they naturally

exist

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

13/28

13

Experimental vs. Causal-

Comparative Studies

Researchers may not be able to conduct

experimental research due to ethical or

legal concerns, etc.

Examples

physical activity and heart disease

anabolic-androgenic steroids and liver cancer

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

14/28

14

Experimental vs. Causal-

Comparative Studies, contd

Steps in causal-

comparative (ex post facto)

studies

1. Observe and describe some

current condition

2. Look to the past to

determine cause(s)

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

15/28

15

Types of Nonexperimental

Research

Causal-comparative

Survey (poll)

Sample vs. census

Case study

Longitudinal

CorrelationalHistorical

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

16/28

16

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research

Quantitative data are gathered such thatthey can be quantified and subjected to

statistical analysis

Qualitative data are gathered such thatthey can be analyzed through informed

judgment

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

17/28

Quan vs. Qual

17

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

18/28

18

Variables in Experimental Studies

Independent variable

Variable that is manipulated (treatment is

administered)

Dependent variable

Effect of the independent variable

Simplest study has one independent

variable and one dependent variable

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

19/28

19

Variables in Experimental Studies, contd

Effect of Isocaloric CHOvs. CHO-ProSupplements on Time-to-Exhaustion (Kristy L.Richardson, Masters thesis,

CSUF)A 2 x 2, time (first test toexhaustion, second testto exhaustion) xsupplement (CHO vs.CHO-Pro), repeatedmeasures ANOVA wasused to compare thedifference in time-to-exhaustion

Condition 1

Pre

and

CHO

Time 2

Post

and

CHO

Condition 2

Pre

and

CHO-Pro

Time 2

Post

and

CHO-Pro

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

20/28

20

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Thesis

Thesis written product of a systematicstudy of a significant problemThe

finished product evidences originality,critical and independent thinking,appropriate organization and format, and

thorough documentationCreates new knowledge, extendsexisting knowledge

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

21/28

21

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Thesis

Format of thesis

Five-chapter format1. Introduction

2. Review of Literature

3. Methods

4. Results5. Discussion

6. References

7. Tables and figures

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

22/28

22

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Thesis

Journal format

1. Similar to traditional format with some differences (i.e., the

review of literature is part of the appendices)Thesis committee one chairperson and two

members

Use of human subjects requires submission

of application to the CSUF Institutional ReviewBoard (IRB) prior to collecting data

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

23/28

23

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Project

Project disseminates theoretical material for

the practitioner or layperson in a given field

Project committee project chairperson and one

committee member

Typically in the form of a manual, brochure,

videotape, handbook, etc.In addition to the project, a written review of

literature is required

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

24/28

24

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Thesis and Project

Proposal-intro, summary of lit review,

methods and stats (slides)

Defense-same as above with results,

discussion, tables and figures

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

25/28

25

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Comp Exam

Comprehensive exam provides the

student with the opportunity to synthesize

and articulate the knowledge acquired

throughout the graduate education and

helps in preparing the student for his or

her chosen profession

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

26/28

26

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Comp Exam

The student is required to complete the written

comprehensive examination in the major area of

academic concentration and minorThe examination will be 3 hoursin length for the

major and 1 hours for the minor

The faculty member responsible for the specificsection determines the number of questions

One question examining research design and/orstatistics is included in the major area

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

27/28

27

CSUF Department of Kinesiology

Description of Comp Exam

If all committee members are satisfied with

written portion, a 90 minute oral exam is

scheduled at least two weeks after written

Further questioning on major/minor areas

and statistics research design

7/27/2019 01 - Introduction to Research (1)

28/28

Next Class

Chapter 2

Get an article for your lit review

Print out entire articleWrite (one page):

Abstract

Problem Hypothesis

28