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2007
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2007
2007
(WMO) (IPCC) (IPCC) (UNEP) (IPCC) 2007
– 2007
(ISBN 978 0521 88009-1 Hardback; 978 0521 70596-7 Paperback)
– 2007
(978 0521 88010-7 Hardback; 978 0521 70597-4 Paperback)
– 2007
(978 0521 88011-4 Hardback; 978 0521 70598-1 Paperback)
– 2007
• •
• •
•
•
2007
Andy Reisinger
Rajendra K. Pachauri
Lenny Bernstein, Peter Bosch, Osvaldo Canziani, Zhenlin Chen, Renate Christ, Ogunlade Davidson,William Hare, Saleemul Huq, David Karoly, Vladimir Kattsov, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Jian Liu, Ul-rike Lohmann, Martin Manning, Taroh Matsuno, Bettina Menne, Bert Metz, Monirul Mirza, NevilleNicholls, Leonard Nurse, Rajendra Pachauri, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry, Dahe Qin, Nijavalli Ravin-dranath, Andy Reisinger, Jiawen Ren, Keywan Riahi, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Matilde Rusticucci, StephenSchneider, Youba Sokona, Susan Solomon, Peter Stott, Ronald Stouffer, Taishi Sugiyama, Rob Swart,Dennis Tirpak, Coleen Vogel, Gary Yohe
20072007
104[R.K Pachauri، A. Reisinger
Andy Reisinger, Richard Nottage, Prima Madan
2008©
2008
ISBN 92-9169-622-6
IPCCc/o World Meteorological Organization (WMO)7bis avenue de la Paix Tel. : +41 22 730 8208P.O Box No. 2300 Fax.: +41 22 730 8025CH- 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected]
2007 ® ® ©
1988
19971992
19951990 20072001 2005 2005
2006
200717 2007
500 2000
Renate
Christ
Rajendra K. Pachauri
2007
Bert Bolin30
2007
Achim Steiner
iii
2007 –
1
2
3
4 2030
5 –
6
2007
v
(CD-ROM) –
17-12
2007
•
•
•
•Andy Reisinger
•
•
•
•
R.K Pachauri
Renate Christ
vi
iii
v
1
23 25 29 135 243 355 463 571 6
75 76 90 92 94 100 102
2007
{ }
2007
12-172007
Lenny Bernstein, Peter Bosch, Osvaldo Canziani, Zhenlin Chen, Renate Christ, Ogunlade Davidson, William Hare, SaleemulHuq, David Karoly, Vladimir Kattsov, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Jian Liu, Ulrike Lohmann, Martin Manning, Taroh Matsuno,Bettina Menne, Bert Metz, Monirul Mirza, Neville Nicholls, Leonard Nurse, Rajendra Pachauri, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry,Dahe Qin, Nijavalli Ravindranath, Andy Reisinger, Jiawen Ren, Keywan Riahi, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Matilde Rusticucci,Stephen Schneider, Youba Sokona, Susan Solomon, Peter Stott, Ronald Stouffer, Taishi Sugiyama, Rob Swart, DennisTirpak, Coleen Vogel, Gary Yohe
2
-1
{1-1}1(2006-1995)
1850 1 [0.92–0.56] 0.74(2005-1906) (2000-1901)[0.8 – 0.4] 0.6 – 14 –2
{2111} - 1 2.4] 3.1 [2.3-1.3] 1.8 1961
1993[3.820031993
{11} 1-
1978% [3.32.1] 2.7% [9.85.0] 7.4
{11}20051900
2{1-1}
{1-1}31975
1970
{1-1}.1970
{1-1}1300
4
{2-1}
{2-1}
{2-1}
{2-1}
897529000-2
5%90%1
2
31%
19704
3
0.5
0
0.5-
50
0
50-
100-
150-
4-
4
0
14.5
14.0
13.5
40
36
32
2000195019001850
- 1 1990-1961
{ 1-1}
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{2-1}
=
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=
4
2004-1970
-2200419701990-15778000029000
75-320-2280002900070
2×2
{1-2}
89%94%100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99%100%98% 96% 91% 94% 94% 90%90%92%94%
355 455 53 119
NAM LA EUR AFR AS ANZ PR* TER MFW** GLO
5 2 106 8 6 1 85 صفر765 120 24 7645
28.115 28.586 28.671
3.52.01.00.2
2004-1970
-0.2-1.0
1-30
31-100
101-800
801-1200
1201-7500
7,5001
5
-2
{2-2}70%
{2-1} 5-320041970
2004197080%
{1-2}2000 1750
{2-2} 379 2005 1774 650000
{2-2}1750
{2-2}6 7
{4-2}-4
{4-2}
20041970 -320042004
{2-1}
28.7
35.6
39.4
44.7
49.0
19700
10
20
30
40
50
60
1980 1990 2000 2004
1.1%
2.8%
25.9%
13.1%
7.9%
19.4%
13.5%
17.4%
56.6%
14.3%
17.3%
CO2 2.8%
7.9%
5
60.06+] 0.12+[2.4+0.6+] 1.6+
0.307
6
-4 195019012005190695% - 5505895% - 5
{5-2}
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
1.0
0.5
0
1.0
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20001950
1990
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
20001950
1900
1.0
0.5
0
1.0
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0.5
0
1.0
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0
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0
{2-4}{2-4}
•
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{4-2}
{4-2}
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38
59
-3
{1-3} 2000
-5 2030 2000 90%-25
2030
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-5
B1A1BA2 2000 2099 - 2090
{3-23-1}1999-1980
A1B
B1
A2
B2
2000
(80%)
A1FI
A1T
2100 2000 1900 2100 2000
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
1.0-
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
eqyrGtC
O
8
2099-2090210010
– 111
-1 102099-2090 1993-2003
{1-2-3} 11
{2-2-3}
{2-2-3} •- 6
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-7
{1-3-3}– 2
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1999 - 19802099 - 2090 1999 - 19802099 - 2090
0.9 – 0.3 0.6 2000
0.38 – 0.18 2.9 – 1.1 1.8 B10.45 – 0.20 3.8 – 1.4 2.4 A1T0.43 – 0.20 3.8 – 1.4 2.4 B20.48 – 0.21 4.4 – 1.7 2.8 A1B0.51 – 0.23 5.4 – 2.0 3.4 A20.59 – 0.26 6.4 – 2.4 4.0 A1F1
2000 8232100
15501250850800700600A1FlA2A1BB2AITو B10.51899-18501999-1980
9
A1B (2099-2090) 6 {2-3}1999-1980
12{3-3-3}
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13 • –
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1999-1980 2099-2090
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11
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•
•
2020 •
2030 •
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2050 •
•
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•
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•
•
12
{5-3-3}
– 3
{3-2-3}
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2100
4.61.9 125 000
{3-2-3}64
{3-2-3}
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850A1B600B1 3 %7065
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1999-1980
13
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2100
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1999-1980
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15
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20 x 12102000020 16
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2030
2.4-4.7 0.4-1.0 1.3-4.22.3-6.42.5-5.5 5.3-6.71.6-2.5
US$100/tCO2-eq in GtCO2-eq/yr:
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
< 100
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{4-1}
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0
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A1FI A2 A1B A1T B1B2
Gt CO2-eq
< 0 < 20 < 50 < 100 US$/tCO2-eq
0
5
10
15
20
25
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35
< 20 < 50 < 100 US$/tCO2-eq
2000
Gt CO2-eq Gt CO2-eq
2030
2000
2030
2030
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
17
{2-4}
– 5
18
– 5
{3-4}
{3-4} 80205502030
2100 65 5
{3-4}172030
{3-4}
{3-4}18
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17
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21 2.5 – 1.51999 31
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6 1.4 – 0.4 2.4 – 2.0 50-85- 2015 – 2000 490 – 445 400 – 350 18 1.7 – 0.5 2.8 – 2.4 30-60- 2020 – 2000 535 – 490 440 – 400 21 1.9 – 0.6 3.2 – 2.8 5+30- 2030 – 2010 590 – 535 485 – 440
118 2.4 – 0.6 4.0 – 3.2 60+10+ 2060 – 2020 710 – 590 570 – 485 9 2.9 – 0.8 4.9 – 4.0 85+25+ 2080 – 2050 855 – 710 660 – 570 5 3.7 – 1.0 6.1 – 4.9 140+90+ 2090 – 2060 1130 – 855 790 – 660
3-220052005379
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2121502100
(EMICs) (AOGCM)3
0,60,2
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379 =2005
375 =2005
2050
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21002000 2000 1940 – 11 3 1 3 4.5 290 10 (2000)
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535-4459010
20502030
22
23
{1-5}12232005 953-100
{7-5}
{7-5}
{4-5}
{7-5}
Lenny Bernstein, Peter Bosch, Osvaldo Canziani, Zhenlin Chen, Renate Christ, Ogunlade Davidson, William Hare, SaleemulHuq, David Karoly, Vladimir Kattsov, Zbigniew Kundzewicz, Jian Liu, Ulrike Lohmann, Martin Manning, Taroh Matsuno,Bettina Menne, Bert Metz, Monirul Mirza, Neville Nicholls, Leonard Nurse, Rajendra Pachauri, Jean Palutikof, Martin Parry,Dahe Qin, Nijavalli Ravindranath, Andy Reisinger, Jiawen Ren, Keywan Riahi, Cynthia Rosenzweig, Matilde Rusticucci,Stephen Schneider, Youba Sokona, Susan Solomon, Peter Stott, Ronald Stouffer, Taishi Sugiyama, Rob Swart, DennisTirpak, Coleen Vogel, Gary Yohe
Terry Barker
Abdelkader Allali, Roxana Bojariu, Sandra Diaz, Ismail Elgizouli, Dave Griggs, David Hawkins, Olav Hohmeyer,Bubu Pateh Jallow, Lučka Kajfež-Bogataj, Neil Leary, Hoesung Lee, David Wratt
2007
(IPCC)200717-12
26
- 1
- 12001
27
http://www.ipcc.ch/meetings/ar4-workshops-express-meetings/uncertainty-guidance-note.pdf 1
1
105108109
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89%94%100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 99%100%98% 96% 91% 94% 94% 90%90%92%94%
355 455 53 119
NAM LA EUR AFR AS ANZ PR* TER MFW** GLO
5 2 106 8 6 1 85 صفر765 120 24 7645
28.115 28.586 28.671
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{
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CO2 2.8%
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post-SRES (max)
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1-32-53-2-313
1999 - 19802099 - 2090 1999 - 19802099 - 2090
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(AOGCMs)
(AOGCMs)2000 1FIA2A1BB2AITB18232100
155012508508007006001899-18500,51999-1980
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75
(SYR)(IPCC)(IPCC)
(IPCC)
– •
•
•
(IPCC)
76
AAbrupt climate change
Absorption, scattering and emission of radiation
Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ)
4.2
Adaptation
Adaptation benefits
Adaptation costs
Adaptive capacity
Aerosols
100,01
Afforestation
(IPCC, 2000)
(IPCC, 2003)
Aggregate impacts
Albedo
Albedo feedback
(0.3~)(0.8~)
Algal bloom
Alpine
Alfons P.M. Baede :المحرر
Aviel Verbruggen Paul van der Linden
77
Annex I countries
1998 4.2 4.2
20001999.http://unfccc.int
Annex II countries
1990 4.2
.http://unfccc.int
Annex B countries
1998.http://unfccc.int
Anthropogenic
Anthropogenic emissions
Arid region
250
Atmosphere
20.9 78.1 0.93 0.035 1
Attribution
Detection and attribution
BBarrier
Baseline
Basin
Biodiversity
Biofuel
Biomass
Biome
Biosphere (terrestrial and marine)
Boreal forest
Borehole temperature
Bottom-up models
CCarbon (Dioxide) Capture and Storage (CCS)
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide (CO2)1
Carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilisation
78
Carbon intensity
Carbon leakage
(1)(2)
(3)
Carbon sequestration
Uptake
Catchment
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Halocarbons
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
12(1)
(2)
Climate
(WMO) 30
20
Climate-carbon cycle coupling
Climate change
(UNFCCC)
Climate variability; Detection and Attribution
Climate feedback
Climate model
Climate prediction
Climate
.Climate scenarioو projection
Climate projection
Climate response
Climate sensitivity
Climate scenario
Climate sensitivity
79
20170
Climate shift
1977/1976
Climate system
Climate variability
Climate Change
Cloud feedback
CO2-equivalent
2 (CO2-eq) 2-10
CO2-fertilization
Co-benefits
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Compliance
Confidence
Coral
Coral bleaching
Coral reefs
Cost
Cryosphere
Glacier; Ice sheet
DDeforestation
(IPCC, 2000)Report on Definitions and MethodologicalOptions to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests andDevegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003).
Demand-side management (DSM)
Detection and attribution
109108105102
10
80
Development path or pathway
Discounting
<
Discount rate
Discounting
Drought
(Heime, 2002)
Dynamical ice discharge
EEconomic (mitigation) potential
Mitigation Potential
Economies in Trasition (EITs)
Ecosystem
EL Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
(ENSO) –
(La Niňa)
Emission scenario
– (1992)(IPCC)1996 ،IPCC IS922000
(SRES)
Emissions trading
17
Emission trajectory
Eneyrg
Energy balance
Energy efficiency
81
Energy intensity
Equivalent carbon dioxide concentration
2
Equivalent carbon dioxide emission
2-10
Erosion
Evapotranspiration –
External forcing
Extinction
Extreme weather event
FF-gases
(SF6) (PFCs) (HFCs)
Feedback
Food security
Forcing
External forcing
Forecast
Projection Climate projections Climate forecast
Forest
–2000
2003
Fossil fuels
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
Frozen ground
1998
Fuel Cell
Fuel switching
GGlacial lake
Glacier
Global surface temperature
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
١٠٠
Greenhouse effect
82
–19 –14+
Greenhouse gas (GHG)
(CH4)(N2O)(CO2) (H2O)(O3)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
HHalocarbons
(HFCs)(HCFCs)(CFCs)
Human system
(AR4)
Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs)
Hydroflurocarbons (HFCs)
Hydrosphere
Hydrological cycle
(AMS, 2000
Hydrological systems
Hydrological cycle
IIce cap
Ice Core
Ice sheet
(TAM)
(Climate change) Impact assessment
(Climate change) Impacts
market impacts aggregate impacts
non-market impacts
Implementation
Compliance
Indigenous peoples
Induced technological change
technological change
83
Industrial revolution
1750
Inertia
Infectious disease
Infrastructure
Integrated assessment
Integrated
Assessment Models
Integrated water resources management (IWRM)
(1) 1992 (2)(3)(4)
Interglacials
116129
2000
JJoint Implementation (JI)
6 4.2
KKyoto Mechanisms (also called Flexibility Mechanisms)
1712 6
Kyoto Protocol
(UNFCCC)1997(UNFCCC) 1990
20051620122008
LLand use and Land use change
–
2000
Last interglacial (LIG)
Learning by doing
Level of Scientific Understanding (LOSU)
Likelihood
UncertaintyConfidence
%99<%90<%66<%50<
%6633%33>%10>%1>
84
MMacroeconomic Costs
Malaria
300
Market Exchange Rate (MER)
Market impacts
non-market impacts
Market Potential
mitigation Potential
Mass balance (of glaciers, ice caps or ice sheets)
Mean Sea Level
level change/sea level rise
Measures
Meridional Overfurning Circulation (MOC)
–Gulf)
(Stream
Methane (CH4)
Methane recovery
Metric
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
2000
Mitigation
Mitigative capacity
Mitigation Potential
Model
Bottom-up-modelClimate modelTop-down model
Model hierarchy
Climate model
Monsoon
85
Morbidity
Mortality
NNet market benefits
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Non-governmental Organisation (NGO)
http://www.edu.gov.nf.ca/curriculum/teched/
resources/glos-biodiversity.html
Non-market impacts
(ecosystems)
market impacts
OOcean acidification
(pH)
Opportunities
Ozone (O3)
(O3) (O2)
PPalaeoclimate
Patterns of climate variability
(teleconnection) (modes) (regimes)(PNA) –(NAO)NAM(ENSO) –AAOSAMAO
6-3
Percentile
100
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Permafrost
Frozen Ground (Van Everdingen ,1998)
pH
(pH=7) 777
Phenology
Photosynthesis
Plankton
Policies
Portfolio
86
Post SRES (scenarios)
(Nakičenovič2000
and sewart, 2000)
Pre-industrial
Projection
–
Purchasing power parity (PPP)
RRadiative forcing
2 –1750
Reforestation
2000
2003
Region
Resilience
Retrofitting
Runoff
Hydrological cycle
SSalinisation
Saltwater intrusion
Scenario
emissions scenariosclimate scenario
Sea-ice biome
Sea ice
Sea level change/Sea level rise
132
Seasonally frozen ground
Sensitivity
Singularity
Sink
87
Snow pack
Soil temperature
Solar activity
Solar radiation
–
Source
Spatial and temporal scales
100000 1001010100000
SRES scenarios
(2000)
Scenario family
2121Illustrative Scenario(2000)2121 A1FI
A1T
Marker Scenario (2000)
Storyline
Stabilization
Stakeholder
Standards
Storm surge
Storm tracks
Stratosphere
95010
5016
Streamflow
Structural change
Sulphurhexafluoride (SF6)
Surface temperature
Sustainable Development (SD)
(IUCN, 1980)19921987
TTax
88
Technological change
Technology
Technology transfer
Thermal expansion
Thermal infrared radiation
–
Tide guage
Sea level change/ sea level rise
Top-down models
Total Solar Irradiance (TSI)
19780.2%1.368
2000%0.1
Tradable permit
Tropopause
Troposphere
10169
UUncertainty
20042000
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
19929 150 1992
1990
20001990Protocol Kyoto1994
Uptake
Urbanization
VVector
Voluntary action
Voluntary agreement
89
Vulnerability
WWater consumption
Water stress
3 1000 %20 –
–
ZZooplankton
Plankton
Glossaries of the contributions of Working Groups I, II and III to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report.
AMS, 2000: AMS Glossary of Meteorology, 2nd Ed. American Meteoro-logical Society, Boston, MA, http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/browse.
Cleveland C.J. and C. Morris, 2006: Dictionary of Energy, Elsevier, Am-sterdam, 502p
Heim, R.R., 2002: A Review of Twentieth-Century Drought Indices Used in the United States. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 83, 1149–1165
IPCC, 1996: Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. Con-tribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Houghton., J.T., et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 572 pp.
IPCC, 2000: Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Watson, R.T., et al. (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 377 pp.
IPCC, 2003: Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-Induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types [Penman, J., et al. (eds.)]. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Japan , 32 pp.
IUCN, 1980: The World Conservation Strategy: living resource conservation for sustainable development, Gland, Switzerland, IUCN/UNEP/WWF.
Manning, M., et al., 2004: IPCC Workshop on Describing Scientific Uncer-tainties in Climate Change to Support Analysis of Risk of Options. Work-shop Report. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva.
Moss, R., and S. Schneider, 2000: Uncertainties in the IPCC TAR: Recom-mendations to Lead Authors for More Consistent Assessment and Report-ing. In: IPCC Supporting Material: Guidance Papers on Cross Cutting Issues in the Third Assessment Report of the IPCC. [Pachauri, R., T. Taniguchi, and K. Tanaka (eds.)]. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, pp. 33–51.
Nakic4enovic4, N., and R. Swart (eds.), 2000: Special Report on Emissions Scenarios. A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmen-tal Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 599 pp.
Van Everdingen, R. (ed.): 1998. Multi-Language Glossary of Permafrost and Related Ground-Ice Terms, revised May 2005. National Snow and Ice Data Center/World Data Center for Glaciology, Boulder, CO, http://nsidc.org/fgdc/glossary/.
90
III.1 Acronyms and chemical symbols
A1 A family of scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Emis-sion Scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
A1T One of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
A1B One of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
A1FI One of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
A2 A family of scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Emis-sion Scenarios; also one of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
AOGCM Atmosphere-Ocean General Circulation Model; see glossary under climate model
B1 A family of scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Emis-sion Scenarios; also denotes one of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
B2 A family of scenarios in the IPCC Special Report on Emis-sion Scenarios; also denotes one of the six SRES marker scenarios; see glossary under SRES scenarios
CH4 Methane; see glossaryCFC Chlorofluorocarbon; see glossaryCO2 Carbon dioxide; see glossaryEIT Economies in transition; see glossary
EMIC Earth Model of Intermediate ComplexityENSO El Niño-Southern Oscillation; see glossaryF-Gases Fluorinated gases covered under the Kyoto Protocol; see
glossary under F-GasesGDP Gross Domestic Product; see glossaryHCFC Hydrochlorofluorocarbon; see glossaryHFC Hydrofluorocarbon; see glossaryLOSU Level of scientific understanding; see glossaryMOC Meridional overturning circulation; see glossaryN2O Nitrous oxide; see glossaryOECD Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development;
see www.oecd.orgPFC Perfluorocarbon; see glossarypH See glossary under pHPPP Purchasing Power Parity; see glossaryRD&D Research, development and demonstrationSCM Simple Climate ModelSF6 Sulfur hexafluoride; see glossarySRES Special Report on Emission Scenarios; see glossary under
SRES scenariosUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change; see www.unfccc.int
III.2 Scientific unitsSI (Système Internationale) unitsPhysical Quantity Name of Unit Symbollength metre mmass kilogram kgtime second sthermodynamic temperature kelvin K Fractions and multiples Fraction Prefix Symbol Multiple Prefix Symbol10-1 deci d 10 deca da10-2 centi c 102 hecto h10-3 milli m 103 kilo k10-6 micro µ 106 mega M10-9 nano n 109 giga G10-12 pico p 1012 tera T10-15 femto f 1015 peta P Non-SI units, quantities and related abbreviations °C degree Celsius (0°C = 273 K approximately); temperature differences are also given in °C (=K) rather than the more cor-
rect form of “Celsius degrees”ppm mixing ratio (as concentration measure of GHGs): parts per million (106) by volumeppb mixing ratio (as concentration measure of GHGs): parts per billion (109) by volumeppt mixing ratio (as concentration measure of GHGs): parts per trillion (1012) by volumewatt power or radiant flux; 1 watt = 1 Joule / second = 1 kg m2 / s3
yr yearky thousands of yearsbp before present GtC gigatonnes (metric) of carbonGtCO2 gigatonnes (metric) of carbon dioxide (1 GtC = 3.7 GtCO2)CO2-eq carbon dioxide-equivalent, used as measure for the emission (generally in GtCO2-eq) or concentration (generally in ppm CO2-eq) of GHGs; see Box “Carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions and concentrations” in Topic 2 for details
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.A full set of data for all countries for 2004 for all regions was not available*
III.3 Country groupings
Anguilla, St. Vincent-Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela
• Non-Annex I East Asia: Cambodia, China, Korea (DPR), Laos (PDR), Mongolia, Republic of Korea, Viet Nam.
• South Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Comoros, Cook Is-lands, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Kiribati, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Myanmar, Nauru, Niue, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippine, Samoa, Sin-gapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Timor-L’Este, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
• North America: Canada, United States of America.• Other non-Annex I: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia Herze-
govina, Cyprus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Malta, Moldova, San Marino, Serbia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Republic of Macedonia
• Africa: Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
For the full set of countries belonging to UNFCCC Annex I, non-Annex I, and OECD, see http://www.unfccc.int and http://www.oecd.org.
Where relevant in this report, countries have been grouped into regions according to the classification of the UNFCCC and its Kyoto Protocol. Countries that have joined the European Union since 1997 are therefore still listed under EIT Annex I. The countries in each of the regional
groupings employed in this report include:*• EIT Annex I: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia,
Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine
• Europe Annex II & M&T: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Swit-zerland, United Kingdom; Monaco and Turkey
• JANZ: Japan, Australia, New Zealand.• Middle East: Bahrain, Islamic Republic of Iran, Israel, Jordan,
Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
• Latin America & the Caribbean: Antigua & Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, St. Kitts-Nevis-
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If country/countries of residence is/are different from nationality, nationality is mentioned last.
IV.1 Core Writing Team membersBERNSTEIN, LennyL.S. Bernstein & Associates, L.L.C.USA
BOSCH, PeterIPCC WGIII TSU, Ecofys Netherlands, and Netherlands Envi-ronmental Assessment AgencyTHE NETHERLANDS
CANZIANI, OsvaldoIPCC WGII Co-chair, Buenos AiresARGENTINA
CHEN, ZhenlinDept. of International Cooperation, China Meteorological AdministrationCHINA
CHRIST, RenateSecretariat, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)SWITZERLAND/AUSTRIA
DAVIDSON, OgunladeIPCC WGIII Co-chair, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sierra LeoneSIERRA LEONE
HARE, WilliamPotsdam Institute for Climate Impact ResearchGERMANY/AUSTRALIA
HUQ, SaleemulInternational Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)UK/BANGLADESH
KAROLY, DavidSchool of Meteorology, University of Oklahoma, USA, and University of Melbourne, AustraliaUSA/AUSTRALIA
KATTSOV, VladimirVoeikov Main Geophysical ObservatoryRUSSIA
KUNDZEWICZ, ZbyszekResearch Centre for Agricultural & Forest Environment, Polish Academy of SciencesPOLAND
LIU, JianSecretariat, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)SWITZERLAND/CHINA
LOHMANN, UlrikeETH Zurich, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science SWITZERLAND
MANNING, MartinIPCC WGI TSU, University Corporation for Atmospheric ResearchUSA/NEW ZEALAND
MATSUNO, TarohFrontier Research Center for Global ChangeJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and TechnologyJAPAN
MENNE, BettinaWorld Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Eu-ropeITALY/GERMANY
METZ, BertIPCC WGIII Co-chair, Global Environmental Assessment Division, Netherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyTHE NETHERLANDS
MIRZA, MonirulAdaptation & Impacts Research Division (AIRD), Environ-ment Canada, and Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of TorontoCANADA/BANGLADESH
NICHOLLS, NevilleSchool of Geography & Environmental Science, Monash UniversityAUSTRALIA
NURSE, LeonardBarbados Centre for Resource Management and Environmental Studies, University of West IndiesBARBADOS
PACHAURI, RajendraChairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and Director-General, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)INDIA
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PALUTIKOF, JeanIPCC WGII TSU, Met Office Hadley Centre UK
PARRY, MartinIPCC WGII Co-chair, Met Office Hadley Centre, and Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College, University of LondonUK
QIN, DaheIPCC WGI Co-chair, China Meteorological AdministrationCHINA
RAVINDRANATH, NijavalliCentre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of ScienceINDIA
REISINGER, AndyIPCC SYR TSU, Met Office Hadley Centre, UK, and The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), IndiaUK/INDIA/GERMANY
REN, JiawenCold and Arid Regions Environment and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of SciencesCHINA
RIAHI, KeywanInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), and Graz University of TechnologyAUSTRIA
ROSENZWEIG, CynthiaGoddard Institute for Space Studies, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)USA
RUSTICUCCI, MatildeDepartamento de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y los Océanos, Universidad de Buenos AiresARGENTINA
SCHNEIDER, StephenDepartment of Biological Sciences, Stanford UniversityUSA
SOKONA, YoubaSahara and Sahel Observatory (OSS)TUNISIA/MALI
SOLOMON, SusanIPCC WGI Co-chair, NOAA Earth System Research LaboratoryUSA
STOTT, PeterMet Office Hadley CentreUK
STOUFFER, RonaldNOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics LaboratoryUSA
SUGIYAMA, TaishiClimate Policy Project, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI)JAPAN
SWART, RobNetherlands Environmental Assessment AgencyTHE NETHERLANDS
TIRPAK, DennisInternational Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD)USA
VOGEL, ColeenDepartment of Geography, University of WitwatersrandSOUTH AFRICA
YOHE, GaryDepartment of Economics, Wesleyan UniversityUSA
IV.2 Extended Writing Team memberBARKER, TerryCambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research, University of CambridgeUK
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the 193 member governments of the IPCC. This appendix lists the individual experts (with affiliations at the time of submission of comments) and international organisations who submitted review comments on the draft SYR, and whose comments were considered by the Core Writing Team in its revision of the draft report.
Note: International organisations are listed at the end.
V.1 ReviewersConsistent with IPCC Rules and Procedures, the draft SYR was sent for formal review to over 2,400 individual experts as well as to
ArgentinaDEVIA, Leila National Industrial Technology
TRAVASSO, María IsabelInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropec-uaria
WEHBE, Monica BeatrizNational University Rio Cuarto
AustraliaBARNETT, JonUniversity of Melbourne
BINDOFF, NathanielCSIRO MAR and Unive r s i ty o f Tasmania
BRUNSKILL, GreggAustralian Institute of Marine Science
CHAMBERS, LyndaBureau of Meteorology Research Centre
CHURCH, JohnCSIRO
JONES, RogerCSIRO
KAY, RobertCoastal Zone Management Pty Ltd
LOUGH, JaniceAustralian Institute of Marine Science
MANTON, MichaelMonash University
SHEARMAN, DavidUniversity of Adelaide
WALKER, GeorgeAon Re Asia Pacific
WATKINS, AndrewNational Climate Centre, Australian Bu-reau of Meteorolog
WHITE, DavidASIT Consulting
YOUNUS, Aboul FazalBangladesh Unnaya Parishad and The University of Adelaide
Austria CLEMENS, TorstenOMV Exploration and Production
KASER, GeorgI n s t i t u t f u e r G e o g r a p h i eUniversity of Innsbruck
KIRCHENGAST, GottfriedWegener Center for Climate and Global Change, University of Graz
MA, TiejuInternational Institute for Applied Systems Analysis
PAULI, HaraldUniversity of Vienna and Austrian Acad-emy of Sciences
SCHRÖTER, DagmarUmweltbundesamt GmbH
Belgium KJAER, ChristianEuropean Wind Energy Association
SAWYER, SteveGlobal Wind Energy Council
VERHASSELT, YolaVrije Universiteit Brussel
BeninYABI, Ibouraïma FideleUniversite d Aborney-Calavi
BoliviaHALLOY, StephanConservation International
BrazilAMBRIZZI, TercioUniversity of São Paulo
BUSTAMANTE, MercedesUniversity of Brasilia
GOMES, MarcosPontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro
MOREIRA, JoséInstitute of Eletrotechnica and Energy
SANT’ANA, SilvioFundaçao Grupo Esquel Brasil
BulgariaYOTOVA, AntoanetaNational Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology
CanadaAMIRO, Brian University of Manitoba
BARBER, DavidUniversity of Manitoba
BELTRAMI, HugoSt. Francis Xavier University
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BERRY, PeterHealth Canada
BRADY, Michael Natural Resources Canada - Canadian Forest Service
CHURCH, IanYukon Government
CLARKE, R. AllynFisheries and Oceans, Bedford Institute of Oceanography
FISHER, David ANational Resources Canada
GRANDIA, KevinDeSmogBlog Society of British Colombia
HUPE, Jane ICAO
JACKSON, David McMaster Institute for Energy Studies
JANZEN, HenryAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada
JEFFERIES, RobertUniversity of Toronto
LEMMEN, Donald Natural Resources Canada
MICHAUD, Yves Geological Survey of Canada
NYBOER, John Simon Fraser University
SMITH, Sharon Geological Survey of Canada
ChinaFANG, Xiuqi Beijing Normal University
GUO, Xueliang Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
LAM, Chiu-Ying Hong Kong Observatory
REN, Guoyu National Climate Center
SU, Jilan Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration
WANG, Bangzhong China Meteorological Administration
YINGJIE, Liu Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture
ZHAO, Zong-Ci China Meteorological Administration
ZHOU, Guangsheng Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences
ColombiaPOVEDA, Germán Universidad Nacional de Colombia
CubaDIAZ MOREJON, Cristobal Felix Ministry of Science, Technology and the Environment
SUAREZ RODRIGUEZ, Avelino G. Institute of Ecology and Systematic, Agen-cia de Medio Ambiente
Czech Republic HALENKA, Tomas Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Prague
DenmarkERHARD, Markus European Environment Agency
MELTOFTE, Hans National Environmental Research Insti-tute, University of Aarhus
PORTER, John R. University of Copenhagen
El SalvadorMUNGUÍA DE AGUILAR, Martha Yvette Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
France CAMPBELL, Nick ARKEMA SA
CANEILL, Jean-Yves Electricité de France
DE T’SERCLAES, Philippine International Energy Agency
DOUGUÉDROIT, Annick Université de Provence
HEQUETTE, Arnaud Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale
LENOTRE, Nicole Bureau de recherches géologiques et minières
MUIRHEID, Ben International Fertilizer Trade Association
PHILIBERT, Cédric International Energy Agency
PLANTON, Serge Météo-France
RILLING, Jacques Center Scientifique et Technique du B@timent
RUFFING, Kenneth
GermanyBRUCKNER, Thomas Technical University of Berlin
GERTEN, Dieter Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Re-search
GRASSL, Hartmut Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
KUCKSHINRICHS, Wilhelm Research Centre Juelich
LAWRENCE, Mark Max Planck Institute for Chemistry
MATZARAKIS, Andreas Meteorological Institute, University of Freiburg
MUELLER, Rolf Research Centre Juelich
SCHWARZER, Klaus Institute of Geosciences, University of Kiel
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TREBER, Manfred Germanwatch
WALTHER, Gian-Reto University of Bayreuth
WELP, Martin University of Applied Sciences, Eber-swalde
WILLEBRAND, Jürgen Leibniz Institut für Meereswissen-schaften
WINDHORST, Wilhelm Ecology Centre, Kiel University
WURZLER, Sabine North Rhine Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection
HungaryBÉLA, Nováky Szent István University
SOMOGYI, Zoltán Hungarian Forest Research Institute
IndiaROY, Joyashree Jadavpur University
SHARMA, Upasna Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
SRIKANTHAN, Ramachandran Physical Research Laboratory
Ireland FINNEGAN, Pat Greenhouse Ireland Action Network
TOL, Richard Economic and Social Research Institute
ItalyCASERINI, Stefano Politecnico di Milano
MARIOTTI, Annarita National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and the Environment
RIXEN, Michel NATO Undersea Research Center
Jamaica CLAYTON, Anthony University of the West Indies
JapanAKIMOTO, Keigo Research Institute of Innovative Technol-ogy for the Earth
ALEXANDROV, Georgii National Institute for Environmental Studies
ANDO, Mitsuru Toyama University of International Stud-ies
IKEDA, Motoyoshi Hokkaido University
INOUE, Takashi Tokyo University of Science
KOBAYASHI, Noriyuki Nihon University (Law School)
KOBAYASHI, Shigeki Toyota Research and Development Labo-ratories, Inc.
KOIDE, Hitoshi Waseda University
KOMIYAMA, Ryoichi The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan
MARUYAMA, Koki Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry
MASUI, Toshihiko National Institute for Environmental Studies
MATSUI, Tetsuya Hokkaido Research Centre, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
MIKIKO, Kainuma National Institute for Environmental Studies
MORI, Shunsuke Tokyo University of Science
MORISUGI, HisayoshiJapan Research Institute
NAKAKUKI, Shinichi Tokyo Electric Power Company
NAKAMARU, Susumu Sun Management Institute
ONO, Tsuneo Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute, Fisheries Research Agency
YAMAGUCHI, Mitsutsune The University of Tokyo
YOSHINO, Masatoshi
KenyaDEMKINE, Volodymyr UNEP
Mexico OSORNIO VARGAS, Alvaro Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
MoldovaCOROBOV, Roman Modern Institute for Humanities
The NetherlandsBREGMAN, Bram Netherlands Organisation of Applied Re-search
BRINKMAN, Robert
MARCHAND, Marcel Delft Hydraulics
MISDORP, Robbert International CZM-Centre, Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Man-agement
SCHYNS, Vianney Climate Change and Energy Efficiency, Utility Support Group
STORM VAN LEEUWEN, Jan WillemCeedata Consultancy
VAN NOIJE, Twan Royal Netherlands Meteorological In-stitute
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WORRELL, Ernst Ecofys
New ZealandCRAMPTON, James GNS Science
GRAY, Vincent
SCHALLENBERG, Marc University of Otago
Nigeria ANTIA, Effiom University of Calabar
NorwayERIKSEN, Siri University of Oslo
HOFGAARD, Annika Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
KRISTJANSSON, Jon Egill University of Oslo
PeruGAMBOA FUENTES, Nadia Rosa Pontificia Universidad Catolica Del Peru
PhilippinesOGAWA, Hisashi World Health Organization Regional Of-fice for the Western Pacific
TIBIG, Lourdes Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
PortugalDAS NEVES, Luciana University of Porto
PAIVA , Maria Rosa New University of Lisbon
RAMOS-PEREIRA, Ana University of Lisbon
Republic of KoreaKIM, Suam Pukyong National University
RomaniaBORONEANT, Constanta National Meteorological Administration
Russian FederationGYTARSKY, Michael Institute of Global Climate and Ecology
Saudi ArabiaALFEHAID, Mohammed Ministry of Petroleum
BABIKER, Mustafa Saudi Aramco
South AfricaTANSER, Frank Africa Centre for Health and Population Studies
WINKLER, Harald Energy Research Centre, University of Cape Town
SpainALONSO, Sergio Universitat de les Illes Balears
ANADÓN, Ricardo Universidad de Oviedo
HERNÁNDEZ, Félix IEG-CSIC
MARTIN-VIDE, Javier Physical Geography University of Bar-celona
MORENO, Jose M. Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Uni-versidad de Castilla-La Mancha
RIBERA, Pedro Universidad Pablo de Olavide
RODRIGUEZ ALVAREZ, Dionisio Xunta de Galicia
Sweden LECK, Caroline Department of Meteorology
MOLAU, Ulf Göteborg University
MÖLLERSTEN, Kenneth Swedish Energy Agency
RUMMUKAINEN, Markku Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
WEYHENMEYER, Gesa Swedish University of Agricultural Sci-ences
SwitzerlandAPPENZELLER, Christof Federal Office of Meteorology and Clima-tology, MeteoSwiss
CHERUBINI, Paolo WSL Swiss Federal Research Institute
FISCHLIN, Andreas Terresterial Systems Ecology, ETH Zu-rich
JUERG, Fuhrer Agroscope Research Station ART
MAZZOTTI, Marco ETH Zurich
ROSSI, Michel J. Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lau-sanne
ThailandHENOCQUE, Yves Department of Fisheries
SCHIPPER, Lisa Southeast Asia START Regional Centre, Chulalongkorn University
TurkeySENSOY, Serhat Turkish State Meteorological Service
UKALLAN, Richard University of Reading
BARKER, Terry Cambridge Centre for Climate Change Mitigation Research
CLAY, Edward Overseas Development Institute
CONVEY, Peter British Antarctic Survey
CRABBE, M. James C. University of Bedfordshire
GILLETT, Nathan University of East Anglia
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HAIGH, Joanna Imperial College
HARRISON, Paula Oxford University Centre for the Environ-ment
HAWKINS, Stephen Marine Biological Association of the UK
JEFFERSON, Michael World Renewable Energy Network and Congress
JONES, Chris Met Office Hadley Centre
McCULLOCH, Archie University of Bristol
MORSE, Andy University of Liverpool
MUIR, Magdalena Environmental and Legal Services Ltd.
PAAVOLA, Jouni University of Leeds
RAVETZ, Joe University of Manchester
SHINE, Keith University of Reading
SIMMONS, Adrian European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
SIVETER, Robert International Petroleum Industry Environ-mental Conservation Association
SMITH, Leonard Allen London School of Economics
SPENCER, Thomas University of Cambridge
SROKOSZ, Meric National Oceanography Centre
STONE, Dáithí University of Oxford
STREET, Roger UK Climate Impacts Programmes, Oxford University Centre for the Environment
USHER, Michael University of Stirling
WOODWORTH , Philip Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory
USAANYAH, Richard Rutgers University
ATKINSON, David International Arctic Research Center, Uni-versity of Alaska, Fairbanks
BRIENO RANKIN, Veronica GeoSeq International LLC
CHAPIN, III, F. Stuart University of Alaska, Fairbanks
CLEMENS, Steven Brown University
CROWLEY, Tom Duke University
DELHOTAL, Katherine Casey RTI International
EPSTEIN, Paul Harvard Medical School
EVERETT, John Ocean Associates, Inc.
FAHEY, David NOAA Earth Science Research Labora-tory
GURWICK, Noel Carnegie Institution
HAAS, Peter University of Massachusetts
HEGERL, Gabriele Duke University
KIMBALL, Bruce USDA, Agricultural Research Service
KNOWLTON, Kim Columbia University
LEE, Arthur Chevron Corporation
LIOTTA, Peter Pell Center for International Relations and Public Policy
MACCRACKEN, Michael Climate Institute
MALONE, Elizabeth L Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
MASTRANDREA, Michael Stanford University
MATSUMOTO, Katsumi University of Minnesota
MATSUOKA, Kenichi University of Washington
McCARL, Bruce Texas A & M University
MILLER, Alan International Finance Corporation - CESEF
MOLINARI, Robert University of Miami
MORGAN, Jack Crops Research Lab
MURPHY, Daniel NOAA Earth System Research Labora-tory
NADELHOFFER, Knute University of Michigan
NEELIN, J. David UCLA
OPPENHEIMER, Michael Princeton University
PARK, Jacob Green Mountain College
PARKINSON, Claire NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
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ROBOCK, Alan Rutgers University
SCHWING, Franklin US Dept. of Commerce
SHERWOOD, Steven Yale University
SIDDIQI, Toufiq Global Environment and Energy in 21st
century
SIEVERING, Herman University of Colorado
SOULEN, Richard
TRENBERTH, Kevin National Centre for Atmospheric Re-search
International OrganisationsLLOSA, Silvia International Strategy for Disaster Reduc-tion
McCULLOCH, Archie International Chamber of Commerce
SIMS, Ralph International Energy Agency
SINGER, Stephan WWF International
STEFANSKI, Robert World Meteorological Organization
YAN, Hong World Meteorological Organization
V.2 Review EditorsThe role of Review Editors is to ensure that all substantive expert and government review comments are afforded appropriate con-sideration by the Core Writing Team. Two Review Editors were appointed for each Topic of this Synthesis Report. They confirm that all comments were considered in accordance with IPCC procedures.
Topic 1JALLOW, Bubu PatehDepartment of Water ResourcesTHE GAMBIA
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ , LučkaUniversity of LjubljanaSLOVENIA
Topic 2BOJARIU, RoxanaNational Institute of Meteorology and HydrologyROMANIA
HAWKINS, DavidNatural Resources Defence Council Climate CenterUSA
Topic 3DIAZ, SandraCONICET-Universidad Nacional de CórdobaARGENTINA
LEE, HoesungSOUTH KOREA
Topic 4ALLALI, AbdelkaderMinistry of Agriculture, Rural Develop-ment and FishingMOROCCO
ELGIZOULI, IsmailHigher Council for Environment and Natural ResourcesSUDAN
Topic 5WRATT, DavidNational Institute of Water and Atmo-spheric ResearchNEW ZEALAND
HOHMEYER, OlavUniversity of FlensburgGERMANY
Topic 6GRIGGS, DaveMonash UniversityAUSTRALIA/UK
LEARY, NeilInternational START SecretariatUSA
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(N4O)
-Ocean acidi fication
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–
(CH4)
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Assessment ReportsFourth Assessment ReportClimate Change 2007: The Physical Science BasisContribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report
Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and VulnerabilityContribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Re-port
Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate ChangeContribution of Working Group III to the Fourth AssessmentReport
Climate Change 2007: Synthesis ReportContribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assess-ment Report
Third Assessment ReportClimate Change 2001: The Scientific BasisContribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report
Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and VulnerabilityContribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report
Climate Change 2001: MitigationContribution of Working Group III to the Third Assessment Re-port
Climate Change 2001: Synthesis ReportContribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Third Assess-ment Report
Second Assessment ReportClimate Change 1995: The Science of Climate ChangeContribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Re-port
Climate Change 1995: Scientific-Technical Analyses of Impacts,Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate ChangeContribution of Working Group II to the Second AssessmentReport
Climate Change 1995: The Economic and Social Dimensions ofClimate ChangeContribution of Working Group III to the Second Assessment Re-port
Climate Change 1995: Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Informa-tion Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN FrameworkConvention on Climate ChangeContribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Second Assess-ment Report
Supplementary Report to the First Assessment ReportClimate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCCScientific AssessmentSupplementary report of the IPCC Scientific Assessment WorkingGroup I
Climate Change 1992: The Supplementary Report to the IPCCImpacts AssessmentSupplementary report of the IPCC Impacts Assessment WorkingGroup II
Climate Change: The IPCC 1990 and 1992 AssessmentsIPCC First Assessment Report Overview and Policymaker Sum-maries and 1992 IPCC Supplementary Report
First Assessment ReportClimate Change: The Scientific AssessmentReport of the IPCC Scientific Assessment Working Group I, 1990
Climate Change: The IPCC Impacts AssessmentReport of the IPCC Impacts Assessment Working Group II, 1990
Climate Change: The IPCC Response StrategiesReport of the IPCC Response Strategies Working Group III, 1990
Special ReportsCarbon Dioxide Capture and Storage 2005
Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System:Issues Related to Hydrofluorocarbons and Perfluorocarbons(IPCC/TEAP joint report) 2005
Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry 2000
Emissions Scenarios 2000
Methodological and Technological Issues in Technology Transfer2000
Aviation and the Global Atmosphere 1999
The Regional Impacts of Climate Change: An Assessment ofVulnerability 1997
Climate Change 1994: Radiative Forcing of Climate Change andan Evaluation of the IPCC IS92 Emissions Scenarios 1994
Methodology Reports and technical guidelinesIPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories 2006(5 Volumes) 2006
Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissionsfrom Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Deveg-etation of Other Vegetation Types 2003
Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-use Change andForestry IPCC National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme,2003
Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in Na-tional Greenhouse Gas Inventories IPCC National GreenhouseGas Inventories Programme, 2000
Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse GasInventories (3 volumes), 1996
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IPCC Technical Guidelines for Assessing Climate Change Im-pacts and Adaptations 1995
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (3volumes) 1994
Preliminary Guidelines for Assessing Impacts of Climate Change1992
Assessment of the Vulnerability of Coastal Areas to Sea LevelRise – A Common Methodology 1991
Technical PapersClimate Change and BiodiversityIPCC Technical Paper 5, 2002
Implications of Proposed CO2 Emissions LimitationsIPCC Technical Paper 4, 1997
Stabilisation of Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases: Physical, Bio-logical and Socio-Economic ImplicationsIPCC Technical Paper 3, 1997
An Introduction to Simple Climate Models Used in the IPCCSecond Assessment ReportIPCC Technical Paper 2, 1997
Technologies, Policies and Measures for Mitigating ClimateChangeIPCC Technical Paper 1, 1996
Supplementary materialGlobal Climate Change and the Rising Challenge of the SeaCoastal Zone Management Subgroup of the IPCC Response Strate-gies Working Group, 1992
Emissions ScenariosPrepared by the IPCC Response Strategies Working Group, 1990
For a more comprehensive list of supplementary material publishedby the IPCC (workshop and meeting reports), please see www.ipcc..ch or contact the IPCC Secretariat
2007
2007
(WMO) (IPCC) (IPCC) (UNEP) (IPCC) 2007
– 2007
(ISBN 978 0521 88009-1 Hardback; 978 0521 70596-7 Paperback)
– 2007
(978 0521 88010-7 Hardback; 978 0521 70597-4 Paperback)
– 2007
(978 0521 88011-4 Hardback; 978 0521 70598-1 Paperback)
– 2007
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