Immunology (PHRD-309)

First Lecture

Jan 18th, Wednesday

Insong James Lee, Ph.D.

Office: Bunting Hall, room 206

Office hours: Tuesdays and Wednesdays, 1-3:00 PM, Fridays, 10:00 AM to 1:00 PM

Office tel: 410-532-5042

E-mail: ilee@ndm.edu

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

School of Pharmacy

Notre Dame of Maryland University

Baltimore, MD

Overview

Have you previously taken a college or higher level Immunology class?

Yes

No

50%50%1. Yes

2. No

Was immunology a significant component (>10%) of your

microbiology class?

Yes

No

50%50%

1. Yes

2. No

How many of you have read chapt 1 of The immune system by Peter Parham?

Yes

No

50%50%

1. Yes

2. No

What is Immunology?

Websters New Collegiate Dictionary:

A science that deals with the phenomena and causes of

immunity. Immunity: the quality or state of being immune.

Immune: having a high degree of resistance (Latin;

Immunitas; freedom from).

Peter Parham, Ph.D.:

Is the study of the physiological mechanisms that humans

and animals use to defend their bodies from invasion by

other organisms.

You need to know Immunology in order to:

understand:

• How our bodies protect against infectious agents.• Pathophysiological processes of immunological

related diseases. • Drug targets.• Mechanism of drug action.• To better assess the efficacy of new therapies and

products.• To find ways to improve the function of your and

your patients’ immune system for healthier lives.

Course Description:

This course is an introduction to the organization, function and regulation of the immune system including the basic properties of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses, antigen and antibody structure and function, effector mechanisms, complement, major histocompatibility complexes, and cytotoxic responses. The role of these basic immunology principles in immuno-deficiencies, auto-immune disorders, hypersensitivity reactions, immunity issues associated with transplantation, cancer and antibody based drug therapy will also be covered. Three hours of lecture per week.

Required Textbook: The immunesystem, Peter Parham. Third edition,Garland Sciences

Learning Outcomes:

Apply knowledge of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences and evolving scientific technologies to make medication therapy decisions and improve patient outcomes. 1.1 Integrate and apply knowledge of the biomedical sciences (anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, immunology, pharmacology) to make medication therapy decisions and improve patient outcomes. 1.3 Use knowledge of evolving scientific technologies to make medication therapy decisions and improve patient outcomes. 1.4 Communicate with patients, caregivers, health care professionals, and the lay public about biomedical and pharmaceutical concepts using appropriate scientific terms.

Learning Strategies/methodologies:

This class will involve self-directed learning and peer to peer learning as well as guided learning (from professor).

• Students are expected to “preview” and/or read all reading assignments prior to class. Must learn to read scientific literature!

• The reading material and directed reading questions will be discussed in class with participation expected of every student.

• Active learning exercises will be provided at the end of certain lectures in the form of problem to reinforce the learning of information and concepts discussed in class. Students are encouraged to work on the problems and see Dr Lee during office hrs if they have problems with the learning exercises.

Reading science literature, including textbooks:

Before you start reading, “preview” first!!!

What is preview?

It is the act of finding the FRAMEWORK of a given learning

event (lecture notes or a textbook reading assignment) before engaging in that learning event (attending lecture or reading textbook).

This should not be achieved linearly (reading from beginning to end in one pass) and it should be time sensitive (about 15 minutes long).

This is constructivist learning: by building the framework first, you will augment attention, retention, connectivity and engagement.

For significant learning, we need to revisit ideas, ponder them, try them out, play with them and use them. This cannot happen just by reading or memorizing.

If you reflect on anything you have learned, you soon realize that it is the product of repeated exposure and thought. Moments of insight can be traced back to longer periods of preparation.

Preview is not about the details. Therefore, for this course, the quizzeswill only cover material already discussed in class.

However, everyone will be required tohand in previews for the next three lectures

Biochemistry and Immunology are subjects that constantly builds upon prior knowledge.  Without an understanding of previous ideas, new material are harder to understand and making connections become more difficult.

The more connections you make to prior knowledge, the more connections you make to your own life, and the more connections you make to things you have learned in other classes, the better you will learn, enjoy, and remember the material.

This is the key not only to getting a higher grade, but to becoming a better pharmacist and more well rounded human being.

Effective Study Habits

• Professional school! Need to spend significant time on class preparation and studying (approximately 10 hrs/week). Quiet space, (50-10 rule for 3 hrs).

• Maturity and discipline (limit distractions including: cell phone, facebook, texting, tweeting, etc)

• Employment: (<15 hrs per week).• Delayed gratification!

Student Assessment Techniques:

4 midterm exams (17% each) and 1 comprehensive final (22%): total of 90% of grade.

Quizzes and preview hand-ins: 10% of grade.

Students are expected to self-assess using the problem sets handed out at the end of classes.

 

Final Course Grade Scale

93 - 100 = A

87 - 92 = B+

80 - 86 = B

75 - 79 = C+

70 - 74 = C

60 - 69 = D

< 59 = F

Classroom etiquette:

Students will be expected to use:

• A respectful tone of voice and appropriate content during verbal communication.

• Appropriate behavior in the class. Everyone has a right to be heard and should be able to

express constructive comments without ridicule.

• No eating in the classroom.

Notre Dame of Maryland University distinctives:

Challenge women and men:• To strive for intellectual and professional

excellence.• To build inclusive communities.• To engage in service to others.• To promote social responsibility.

“The capacity to care is the thing that gives life its deepest meaning and significance”

Pablo Casals

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fxiWx0etvs

Course outline

Innate immunity (not intrinsically affected by prior contact with the infectious agent)

• Anatomy & antimicrobial peptides • Complement• Cells of the immune system• TLR receptors & NFkB• Cytokines• Inflammation

Adaptive immunity (modified by previous exposure to

Infectious agent) • Antibodies and Immunoglobulin Genes• Generation of B cell diversity• Antigen recognition by T lymphocytes• MHC-I&II• Development of B and T lymphocytes• T cell mediated immunity• Immunity mediated by B cells and antibodies

Clinical immunology

• The body’s defenses against infection• Failures of the body’s defenses• HIV and AIDS• Hypersensitivity• Disruption of healthy tissue by the immune response• Cancer-immunological component• Immunological techniques• Vaccines/vaccine development• Transplantation of tissues/organs• Gut flora/mind-immune function

Immunology (PHRD-309)

Insong James Lee, Ph.D.

Office: Doyle Building, room 148

Office hours: Tuesdays and Thursdays, 3:00 PM to 4:00 PM, Fridays, 12:00 to 2:00 PM

Office tel: 410-532-5042

E-mail: ilee@ndm.edu

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences

School of Pharmacy

College of Notre Dame of Maryland

Baltimore, MD

First lecture: Innate immunity-anatomy and antimicrobial peptides

First lecture: Innate immunity-anatomy and antimicrobial peptides

Corresponding pgs of Peter Parham’s, The immune system, Chapt 1, Pgs 1-26 and Chapt 2 43-44.

Learning objectives:

• Differentiate between innate and acquired immunity.• Be able to describe the four major class of

infectious agents.• Demonstrate the anatomical and biochemical

(antimicrobial peptides) aspects of innate immunity.

The importance of our immune system

David Vetter

SCIDs:Severe Combined Immunodeficiency. Characterized by a severe defect in both the T- & B-lymphocyte systems.

World wide deaths from infectious diseasein the year 2000

http://www.who.int/topics/infectious_diseases/en/

Estimate by the World Health Organization

Human ImmunodeficiencyVirus (HIV) Influenza virus

Staphylococcus aureus(colonizes skin-causes acne)

Streptococcus pyogenes(tonsillitis and scarlet fever)

Salmonella enteritidis(food poisoning)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis(tuberculosis)

Listeria monocytogenes(listeriosis)

Candida Albicans(thrush)

Pneumocystis carinii(opportunistic fungus)

Trypanosoma brucei(African sleeping sickness)

Schistosoma mansoni(Schistosomiasis)

Epidermophyton floccosum(ringworm)

Relative sizes of infectious agents

Schistosoma mansoni

Trypanosoma brucei

Influenza virus

Salmonella enteritidis

(0.1mM)

(1mM)

The immune system can be thought of as being comprised of two parts:

Innate immunity: the body’s immediate immune response to foreign invaders that is not dependent on prior exposure to the same invader.

Adaptive immunity: the response of antigen-specific B and T lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory (which takes time to build).

Differences between innate and adaptive immunity

First line of defense: skin

Strong barriers toinfection, ie, hair, nails and skin: Blue

Mucosal membrane: Red

Schematic diagram of cross section of skin

Epithelial cell junctionsApical compartment

Basolateral compartment

glandular epithelia

Glycocalyx and mucous layers

The viscoelastic, polymer-like properties of mucus are

derived from the major gel-forming glycoprotein components called mucins.

Mucins consist of a peptide backbone containing alternating glycosylated and nonglycosylated domains, with O-linked

glycosylated regions comprising 70–80% of the polymer.

N-Acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose, and galactose are the 4 primary mucin oligosaccharides

Mucus

Mucin genes

Major Respiratory TractGene Tissue localization Expression

MUC 1 all secretory epithelial cells +(carcinomas)

MUC 2 small intestine, colon + MUC 3 small intestine MUC 4 airways, colon +MUC 5AC airways, stomach +MUC 5B airways, submaxillary glands +MUC 6 stomach, ileum, gall bladderMUC 7 sublingual and submax. glands +MUC 8 airways +MUC 9 oviduct MUC 11 colonMUC 12 colonMUC 13 colon, airway +

Guaifenesin may act as an irritant to gastric vagal receptors, and recruit efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis of a less viscous mucus mixture. Cough may be provoked. This combination may flush

tenacious, congealed mucopurulent material from obstructed small airways and lead to a temporary improvement in

dyspnea or the work of breathing.

C10H14O4

Guaifenesin: (3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propane-1,2-diol)

Similar medicines derived from the guaiac tree were in use as a generic remedy by Native Americans when explorers reached

North America in the 1500s.

Lysozyme:

Known to facilitate the hydrolysis of a β-1-4-glycosidic bond between N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid in bacterial cell walls

Human defensin proteins

Antibiotic mechanism of defensins

First lecture: Innate immunity-anatomy and antimicrobial peptides

Summary:

• There is a myriad of infectious agents that can harm human beings (pathogens).

• The innate immune response provides the first line of defense but does not improve with

repeated exposure to infection.

• The innate immune system is partly comprised of the secretion of mucus, antimicrobial peptides and others.