01(1.1)Bonding in Carbon Compounds

7/27/2019 01(1.1)Bonding in Carbon Compounds

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1.1 Explain the occurrence of carboncompounds with straight chains,branched chains and rings.

MODULE 1. THE CHEMISTRY OF

CARBON COMPOUNDS

Learning Outcomes

TOPIC: BONDING IN CARBON

COMPOUNDS


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Carbon forms many more compounds than any otherelement. This is partly because, once formed, thecarbon to carbon (C- C) single covalent bonds are

very strong in comparison to other single covalent

bonds. It takes a lot of energy to break these strong bonds, so

the compounds form are stable.

The ability of carbon atoms to form chains or rings

compounds by joining together is calledCATENATION.

Carbon-carbon bonds are also non-polar, and this

helps to reduce their vulnerability by other chemicals.

BONDING IN CARBON COMPOUNDS


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Carbon atom:

is tetravalent

has the ability to bond with other carbon

atoms to form straight chains, branches andring compounds. This is known as catenation.

has the ability to mix and rearrange the four

orbitals in the outer shell (hybridization) e.g.

sp3, sp2, sp.

has resonance (delocalized electrons)

WHY CARBON IS THE UNIQUE THAT IT

FORMS A LARGE VARIETY OF COMPOUNDS?


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Carbon atoms are able to form a few types of

covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or atoms ofother elements:

Single bonds: C-C, C-H, C-O, C-X

(X = halogens)

Double bonds: C=C, C=O

Triple bonds: C C, CN

Organic compounds can be classified as

unbranched, branched or ring compounds.


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Straight-chain moleculesthat are unbranched maycontain single, double ortriple bonds. E.g.:

Straight (unbranched) Chain Compounds

Single bond Double bonds

Triple bonds

Branched- Chain Compounds

Branched chain compounds

consist of one or morecarbons of a straight chaincompound forming bonds

with more than two

carbons.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=branched+and+straight+chain&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=M9hyEuuYlP0_rM&tbnid=vfPl-U4E1ILDjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcsescience.com%2Fo24.htm&ei=71qSUZO4EYaQ9gTQ44HgAw&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHqJmmMrwbeeXNvb7i5Z1d_RxjyHg&ust=1368631854216888http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=branched+and+straight+chain&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=M9hyEuuYlP0_rM&tbnid=vfPl-U4E1ILDjM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcsescience.com%2Fo24.htm&ei=71qSUZO4EYaQ9gTQ44HgAw&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHqJmmMrwbeeXNvb7i5Z1d_RxjyHg&ust=1368631854216888http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=branched+and+straight+chain&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=M9hyEuuYlP0_rM&tbnid=1LBgrNmTKwxHgM:&ved=&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcsescience.com%2Fo24.htm&ei=rViSUeKPLcbo0wHU2YD4Bg&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNHqJmmMrwbeeXNvb7i5Z1d_RxjyHg&ust=1368631854216888


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Ring Chain Compounds

Ring chain compounds consist of a ring of carbonatoms


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A covalent bond is formed by sharing of twoelectrons, one from each atom. Carbon can formfour bonds because one of the 2s electrons in thecarbon atom is transferred to a 2p orbital to give

the four unpaired electrons necessary for formingfour bonds.

The process of mixing atomic orbitals is calledHYBRIDIZATION

Hybridisation in Carbon Compounds
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sp3+hybridization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dvYY9vNWn7AD5M&tbnid=Y4UJ9w8519aznM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fchemwiki.ucdavis.edu%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FFundamentals%2FHybrid_Orbitals&ei=_l2SUf-8HIyi8gSb7YHgDw&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFFvuSpDnDh5CXhoAr2TUSp7hB4NA&ust=1368633204297691http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sp3+hybridization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=dvYY9vNWn7AD5M&tbnid=Y4UJ9w8519aznM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fchemwiki.ucdavis.edu%2FOrganic_Chemistry%2FFundamentals%2FHybrid_Orbitals&ei=_l2SUf-8HIyi8gSb7YHgDw&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFFvuSpDnDh5CXhoAr2TUSp7hB4NA&ust=1368633204297691


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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=ethane+sp3+hybridization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=BcgAe4JAqyIt0M&tbnid=TKvYdM0KBf1dKM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagemann-net.de%2Forbital%2Forbitale.php&ei=F2iSUf3LG4_s8gStq4DgCw&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNGaZvbF5lF4Fl0LtZTZQV2cp7efWw&ust=1368635779940587http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sp3+hybridization&source=images&cd=&docid=LoRmirJR8eQKuM&tbnid=t22BvvPjPnT6RM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.tutorvista.com%2Forganic-chemistry%2Fvalence-bond-theory.html&ei=fmaSUeuxOYq48wSb2YGQBg&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFFvuSpDnDh5CXhoAr2TUSp7hB4NA&ust=1368633204297691http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sp3+hybridization&source=images&cd=&docid=LoRmirJR8eQKuM&tbnid=t22BvvPjPnT6RM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fchemistry.tutorvista.com%2Forganic-chemistry%2Fvalence-bond-theory.html&ei=fmaSUeuxOYq48wSb2YGQBg&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNFFvuSpDnDh5CXhoAr2TUSp7hB4NA&ust=1368633204297691


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http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=sp2+hybridization&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=KZ8fiaUU5yJ1IM&tbnid=hkotK3l0HMDP1M:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Facphsorgo.wikia.com%2Fwiki%2FAlkenes%3A_Structural_Characteristics&ei=p2eSUeL9OZO89gTOgoC4BA&bvm=bv.46471029,d.dmQ&psig=AFQjCNEvHEpsOpn51qHABh7konKC1Y9Ksw&ust=1368635622484318http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_With_a_Biological_Emphasis/Chapter__1%3A_Chapter_1%3A_Introduction_to_organic_structure_and_bonding_I/Section_1.5%3A_Valence_bond_theory%3A_sp,_sp2,_and_sp3_hybrid_orbitalshttp://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_With_a_Biological_Emphasis/Chapter__1%3A_Chapter_1%3A_Introduction_to_organic_structure_and_bonding_I/Section_1.5%3A_Valence_bond_theory%3A_sp,_sp2,_and_sp3_hybrid_orbitals


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Resonance

In ethane and ethene the electrons are localised. Insome substances, the molecular orbitals extendover three or more atoms, allowing the electronsfree movement over these atoms. These electrons

are said to be delocalised. Benzene (C6H6) has 6 carbon atoms arranged in a

ring. The bonds between the carbon atoms areneither double nor single bonds. They are

somewhere in between. Making up a compositestructure from several different structures is calledmesomerism. The composite structure is called aresonance hybrid.


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Resonance

Resonance arises whenever we can write two or morestructures for a molecule with different arrangementsof the electrons but identical arrangements of atoms.

When resonance is possible, the substance that is aresonance is said to have a structure that is a resonance

hybrid of the various contributing structures.


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Resonance in Benzene

Compounds such as benzene, which have this

delocalised electron ring structure are called arylcom ounds.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=resonance+in+benzene&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=Dg5YKqSabkGd_M&tbnid=jjzsBjUtjJ3aiM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Forganickmetz.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F02%2Faromaticity-description-for-non-science.html&ei=5WqSUeLdLI7M9gTI64CoCw&psig=AFQjCNFuKT4DOnUChtYZu6_zgD5InJOtNw&ust=1368636380763394http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Benzene_resonance_structures.pnghttp://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_8//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Benzene_resonance_structures.png


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Key Points

A large number of carbon compounds are formed bycatenation- the joining of carbon atoms together toform straight or branched chains of atoms or ringcompounds.

Most organic compounds are stable because of thehigh value of the C-C bond energy and the non-polarnature of this bond.

Hybridisation of s and p orbitals results in theformation of an orbital with mixed character.

Resonance is where the structure of a compound is asingle form which is in-between two or more

structures.


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Explain the characteristic of compounds

which belongs to the same homologous

series.

Homework

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01(1.1)Bonding in Carbon Compounds

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