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U.S. Department of Justice

Office of Justice Programs

National Institute of Justice

A R R E S T E E

D R U G A B U S E

M O N I T O R I N G

A N N U A L

R E P O R T

A N N U A L

R E P O R T

2000

Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring Program

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Office of Justice Programs National Institute of JusticeWorld Wide Web Site World Wide Web Sitehttp://www.ojp.usdoj.gov http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij

U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs810 Seventh Street N.W.Washington, DC 20531

John AshcroftAttorney General

Deborah J. DanielsAssistant Attorney General

Sarah V. HartDirector, National Institute of Justice

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2000 Arrestee Drug Abuse

Monitoring: Annual Report

April 2003NCJ 193013

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National Institute of Justice

Sarah V. Hart

Director

For their forthright and insightful comments on the draft, we are indebted to our colleagues at theOffice of National Drug Control Policy, particularly Robert Eiss; at the National Institute on DrugAbuse, particularly Lynda Erinoff; and at the Executive Office for Weed and Seed, U.S. Department of

Justice, particularly Robert Samuels. We would also like to acknowledge the contributions of ADAMsdata management contractor, Abt Associates Inc, and the laboratory contractor, PharmChem, Inc.

The National Institute of Justice is a component of the Office of Justice Programs, which also includes the

Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency

Prevention, and the Office for Victims of Crime.

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Contents

Executive Summary................................................................................................................1

PART I: DRUG USE AND RELATED BEHAVIOR: FINDINGS ...................................5

Chapter IOverall Findings and ADAM Redesign .......................................7

Chapter IIDrug Dependence and Treatment.............................................23

Chapter IIIAlcohol Use and Alcohol Dependence ...................................41

Chapter IVDrug Markets ............................................................................59

Chapter VDrug Use Among Adult Female Arrestees...............................93

Chapter VIDrug Use Among Juvenile Detainees ....................................133

PART II: 2000 FINDINGS, BY SITEADULT MALE ARRESTEES ..........................139

PART III: APPLYING THE NEW ADAM METHOD ...................................................175

Chapter VIIImplementing the New ADAM StudyDesign at the Local Level..........................................................................177

Chapter VIIICalendaring in ADAM: ExaminingAnnual Patterns of Drug Use and Related Behavior...............................193

Chapter IXEstimating Hardcore Drug Use in the Community..............201

APPENDIX ..........................................................................................................................211

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TABLES AND EXHIBITS

TABLES

Chapter 1

Table 11: Number of Weighted Cases, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................11Appendix Table 11: Drug Test Results, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .....21

Appendix Table 12: ADAM Sample Sizes, Interviews,and Urinalyses, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .......................................................22

Chapter 2

Appendix Table 21: Drug Dependence andTreatment Status, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................................................33

Appendix Table 22: Adult Male Arrestees at Risk for

Drug Dependence, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000...................................................34

Appendix Table 23: Demographics and Sociodemographicsof Adult Male Arrestees at Risk for Drug Dependence, by Site, 2000 ...............................35

Appendix Table 24: Adult Male Arrestees Who EverReceived Drug or Alcohol Treatment, By Selected Drugs, by Site, 2000 ..........................36

Appendix Table 25: Demographics and Sociodemographicsof Adult Male Arrestees Who Received Drug or AlcoholTreatment in Past Year, by Site, 2000 ..................................................................................38

Appendix Table 26: Adult Male Arrestees at Risk for DrugDependence Who Received Treatment, by Site, 2000 ........................................................40

Chapter 3

Table 31: Heavy Alcohol UseADAM Definitions ........................................................42

Appendix Table 31: Binge Drinking in Past Year andPast Month, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .............................................................49

Appendix Table 32a: Binge Drinking, Past Month,by Age and Race, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000.....................................................50

Appendix Table 32b: Binge Drinking, Past Month,by Demographic and Sociodemographic Characteristics,

by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ..................................................................................51

Appendix Table 33: Binge Drinking, Past Month, byLevel of Drinking, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ...................................................52

Appendix Table 34a: Adult Male Arrestees at Riskfor Alcohol Dependence, Past Year, by Age Group by Site, 2000......................................53

Appendix Table 34b: Adult Male Arrestees at Riskfor Alcohol Dependence in Past Year, by Demographicand Sociodemographic Characteristics, by Site, 2000 ........................................................54

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Appendix Table 35: Adult Male Arrestees at Risk forAlcohol Dependence, Past Month, by Level of AlcoholConsumption, by Site, 2000.................................................................................................55

Appendix Table 36: Proportions of Adult Male Arresteesat Risk for Alcohol or Drug Dependence, by Age When

Drinking Began, by Site, 2000..............................................................................................56

Appendix Table 37: Drug Use in Past Month, by Levelof Alcohol UseAdult Male Arrestees, by Drug by Site, 2000 ...........................................57

Chapter 4

Table 41: Method of Contacting Dealer to ObtainSelected Drugs on Cash and Noncash BasisAveragesAmong SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000.........................................................................64

Table 42: Reasons Attempts to Purchase Drugs Failed

Averages Among SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .........................................................71Table 43: Cash and Noncash Transactions, MostActive Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................................................71

Table 44: Number of Times Per Day ArresteesObtained Drugs, Most Active Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................71

Table 45: Number of Days in Past Month WhenArrestees Obtained Drugs, Most Active Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................72

Table 46: Number of Drug Transactions Per Month,

Most Active Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ...........................................72

Table 47: Percentage of Arrestees Who Generated MoreThan Half the Drug Transactions, Most Active Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................73

Table 48: Market Size (in Dollars) of Past-month Cash-onlyTransactions, Most Active Drug Market SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................73

Appendix Table 4-1: Drug Market Participation inPast 30 Days, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000...............................................79

Appendix Table 42: Drug Transaction Type

(Cash, Noncash, or Combination), by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................80

Appendix Table 4-3: Methods of Obtaining Drugs byNoncash Transactions, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................81

Appendix Table 4-4: Methods of Contacting Dealerto Obtain Marijuana, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000.................................................82

Appendix Table 4-5: Methods of Contacting Dealerto Obtain Crack Cocaine, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..........................................83

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Appendix Table 4-6: Methods of Contacting Dealerto Obtain Powder Cocaine, by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ......................................84

Appendix Table 4-7: Contacts with Multiple Drug Dealersfor Cash Purchases, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................................85

Appendix Table 4-8: Regularity of Relationship withDrug Dealer for Cash Purchase, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .................86

Appendix Table 4-9: Use of Couriers/Go-Betweens forCash Purchases, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ..........................................87

Appendix Table 4-10: Outdoor Drug Purchases, byDrug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ...........................................................................88

Appendix Table 4-11: Outside-Neighborhood DrugPurchases, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ...................................................89

Appendix Table 4-12: Failed Drug Purchases, byDrug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ...........................................................................90

Appendix Table 4-13: Reasons Attempts to PurchaseDrugs Failed, by Drug by SiteAdult Male Arrestees, 2000...............................................91

Chapter 5

Table 51: Average Age of Adult Female Arrestees, by Site, 2000 ....................................96

Table 52: Drug Transaction Types (Cash and Other)for Marijuana and Crack Cocaine, by Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000..............................................................................................99

Table 53: Outdoor Cash Purchases of Marijuanaand Crack Cocaine, by Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000...........................100

Table 54: Outside-Neighborhood Cash Purchasesof Marijuana and Crack Cocaine, by Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000............................................................................................101

Table 55: Failed Cash Purchases of Marijuana andCrack Cocaine, by Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ..................................102

Appendix Table 51: Sample SizeAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ................................107

Appendix Table 52: Drug Test Results, by Drug by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000............................................................................................108

Appendix Table 53a: Drug Test Results for NIDA-5Drugs and Cocaine, by Age by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000...............................109

Appendix Table 53b: Drug Test Results for Marijuanaand Opiates, by Age by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ..........................................110

Appendix Table 53c: Drug Test Results for Methamphetamineand PCP, by Age by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ...............................................111

Appendix Table 53d: Drug Test Results for Multiple NIDA-5 Drugs,by Age by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ................................................................112

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Appendix Table 54a: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Violent Offenses, by Drug by Site, 2000 .......................................................113

Appendix Table 54b: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Drug and Alcohol Offenses, by Drug by Site, 2000 .....................................114

Appendix Table 54c: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Property Offenses, by Drug by Site, 2000.....................................................115

Appendix Table 54d: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Driving While Intoxicated, by Drug by Site, 2000 .......................................116

Appendix Table 54e: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Domestic Violence Offenses, by Drug by Site, 2000 ....................................117

Appendix Table 54f: Drug Test ResultsAdult FemalesArrested for Other Offenses, by Drug by Site, 2000 ......................................................118

Appendix Table 55a: Drug Test Results by Race/Ethnicityby Drug by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 (Whites and Blacks) ............................119

Appendix Table 55b: Drug Test Results by Race/Ethnicityby Drug by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 (Hispanics and Other) .....................120

Appendix Table 56: Age and Race/Ethnicity, by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000............................................................................................121

Appendix Table 57: Demographics and Sociodemographics,by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000.............................................................................122

Appendix Table 58: Drug Use, Past 12 Months and Past30 Days, by Drug by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 ...............................................123

Appendix Table 59: Extent of Heavy Drinking, by Site

Adult Female Arrestees, 2000............................................................................................124

Appendix Table 510: Need for Treatment, as Measured byRisk for Dependence and Injection Drug Use, by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000............................................................................................125

Appendix Table 511: Treatment for Drugs, Alcohol,or Mental Health Problems, by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000..............................126

Appendix Table 512a: Treatment for Drugs andMental Health Problems Among Adult Female ArresteesWho Used Cocaine, by Type of Treatment by Site, 2000 .................................................127

Appendix Table 512b: Treatment for Drugs andMental Health Problems Among Adult Female ArresteesWho Used Marijuana or Heroin, by Type of Treatment by Site, 2000 .............................128

Appendix Table 512c: Treatment for Drugs andMental Health Problems Among Adult Female ArresteesWho Used Methamphetamine, by Type of Treatment by Site, 2000 ...............................129

Appendix Table 513: Drug Market Participationin Past 30 Days, by Drug by SiteAdult Female Arrestees, 2000...................................130

Appendix Table 514a: Methods of Obtaining Marijuana byNoncash Means, Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000 .....................................131

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Appendix Table 514b: Methods of Obtaining Crack Cocaineby Noncash Means, Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000................................131

Appendix Table 515a: Reasons Attempts to PurchaseMarijuana Failed, Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000...................................132

Appendix Table 515b: Reasons Attempts to PurchaseCrack Cocaine Failed, Selected SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000............................132

Chapter 6

Table 61: ADAM Sites Where Juvenile Detainees Participated2000..........................133

Table 62: Drug Test Results, by Drug by SiteJuvenile Male Arrestees, 2000 .............135

Table 63: Drug Test Results, by Drug by SiteJuvenile Female Arrestees, 2000 .........136

Chapter 8Table 81: Self-Reported Crack Use, Selected Sites,

by Calendar PeriodAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ............................................................194

Table 82: Arrest Rates in Past 12 Months, Selected SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000................................................................................................196

Table 83: Adult Male Arrestees Not Included in OtherMeasures of Drug Use and Related Behavior, Selected Sites, 2000 .................................197

Chapter 9

Table 91: Estimated Number of Hardcore Drug Users inthe ADAM SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 .................................................................208

EXHIBITS

Chapter 2

Exhibit 21: Percentages of Drug-using Adult MaleArrestees at Risk for Dependence in Past Year, by Drug, 2000 ..........................................25

Exhibit 22: Participation by Drug-using Adult MaleArrestees in Drug or Alcohol Treatment or MentalHealth TreatmentRanges Among the Sites, 2000.............................................................26

Exhibit 23: Percentages of Drug-using Adult MaleArrestees Who Ever Received Inpatient Drug or AlcoholTreatment, by DrugRanges Among the Sites, 2000 .........................................................27

Exhibit 24: Percentages of Drug-using Adult MaleArrestees Who Ever Received Outpatient Drug orAlcohol Treatment, by DrugRanges Among the Sites, 2000 ...........................................27

Exhibit 25: Hispanic Adult Male Arrestees: Percentagesat Risk for Drug Dependence and Percentages with HealthInsurance, Past 12 Months, Selected Sites, 2000................................................................28

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Exhibit 26: Percentages of Drug-using Adult MaleArrestees Who Received Drug or Alcohol Treatment,Past 12 Months, by Race, Selected Sites, 2000 ...................................................................28

Exhibit 27: Percentages Who Lack Health Insurance:Drug-dependent and Drug-using Adult Male Arrestees

and All Adult Male Arrestees, Selected Sites, 2000 ...........................................................28

Chapter 3

Exhibit 31: Binge Drinking in Past Month AmongHomeless and Nonhomeless Adult Male Arrestees, by Site, 2000 ....................................43

Exhibit 32: Levels of Heavy Alcohol Use, Past MonthRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000......................................................44

Chapter 4

Exhibit 41: Extent of Drug Market Participation in the PastMonth, by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................61

Exhibit 42: Drug Transaction Types (Cash and Other),by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................62

Exhibit 43: Noncash Drug Transactions Involving Gifts,by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................63

Exhibit 44: Use of Two or More Drug Dealers to Make CashPurchases, by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000..................................................................................................66

Exhibit 45: Most Recent Cash Purchase of Drugs from aRegular Source (Dealer), by Selected DrugsRanges Amongthe SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000................................................................................67

Exhibit 46: Outdoor Purchases of DrugsRanges Amongthe Sites, by Selected DrugsAdult Male Arrestees, 2000................................................68

Exhibit 47: Drug Purchases Made Outside the Neighborhood,by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000 ....................69

Exhibit 48: Failed Purchases, by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000......................................................70

Chapter 5

Exhibit 51: Drug Test ResultsRanges Among the SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000..............................................................................................94

Exhibit 52: Extent of Drug Market Participation inthe Past Month, by Selected DrugsRanges Among the SitesAdult Female Arrestees, 2000..............................................................................................98

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Chapter 8

Exhibit 81: Annual Rates of Arrest, by Selected Drugs, bySelected SitesAdult Male Arrestees, 2000.....................................................................195

Exhibit 82: Percentages of Adult Male Arrestees Who Used

Heroin or Cocaine in Past Year, by Level of Use, New YorkAdult Male Arrestees, 2000................................................................................................198

Exhibit 83: Patterns of Heroin Use for 3 Adult MaleArrestees in Year Before Arrest, New York2000............................................................199

Exhibit 84: Heroin Use by User B in Context of Treatmentand Involvement in Criminal Justice System, New YorkADAM Data, 2000 ...............199

Chapter 9

Exhibit 91: Hardcore Drug Users Are Assumed to All Havethe Same Arrest Rate ..........................................................................................................201

Exhibit 92: The Estimate Requires Creating a Model ofthe Arrest Process ...............................................................................................................202

Exhibit 93: The Basic Logic of the Estimation Model Illustrated ..................................203

Exhibit 94: Introducing Measured Heterogeneity into the Estimation ..........................204

Exhibit 95: Changing the Calculation to AccommodateMeasured Heterogeneity.....................................................................................................205

Exhibit 96: Introducing Unmeasured Heterogeneity into the Estimation .....................205

Exhibit 97: Average Annual Arrest Rate of Hardcore

Drug Users in a County ......................................................................................................206

Exhibit 98: Hardcore Users in the Community Per HardcoreUser in the Booking Population.........................................................................................207

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Executive Summary

admissions to treatment, and drug marketparticipation. Another series of essaysdocuments the new ADAM method andexplores possible new ways to apply it.

The audiences for ADAM data are thesame as in the past. For policymakers,there is a broad overview of drug use

among the population at risk for crime. Forpractitioners in the justice system who dealday-to-day with drug use and relatedcrime, ADAM offers information useful forplanning control strategies. Practitioners inthe ADAM sites can compare the drug-useprofile of their jurisdiction with that ofother sites. For researchers, the ADAM dataoffer myriad possibilities for investigatingthe drug-crime link.

Overall findings and ADAMredesignIn 2000, drug use continued to be commonamong adult male arrestees, as in previousyears. The ADAM redesign strengthens thereliability of the findings and makes it pos-sible to explore new areas of drug use andrelated behavior.

In half the 35 ADAM sites, urinalysis indi-cated that 64 percent or more of adult malearrestees had recently used at least one offive drugs: cocaine (undistinguished

between crack and powder), marijuana,opiates, methamphetamine, or PCP (phen-cyclidine). Marijuana was the drug mostcommonly used, followed by cocaine.

The transition from DUF to ADAM in2000 completed a major redesign of theprogram. One component of the redesignincluded enhancing the data collectioninstrument (the interview questionnaire)

When the National Institute of

Justice (NIJ) established the DrugUse Forecasting (DUF) program in

1988, it was the first time an objective drugtesting method would be routinely used toassess the validity of self-reported drug useamong people charged with crime. DUF

demonstrated that it is possible to conductresearch on drug use among arrestees in thejail setting, and for many years the programprovided information to policymakers andpractitioners about drug use in the at-riskpopulation of arrestees.

Evaluations of DUF led NIJ to decide tostrengthen the program by making the sam-pling procedure more scientifically sound,standardizing data collection, and institut-ing other changes. After several years ofdevelopment and testing, the restructured

program was fully implemented in 2000 asArrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM).Probability-based sampling was adopted,the interview instrument (questionnaire)was enhanced to cover several new areas ofdrug use and related behavior, and thenumber of sites was increased.

The 2000 annual report reflects thesechanges. That means it departs from previ-ous years reports in some ways. As in thepast, it presents information aboutarrestees drug use, both overall and site bysite. This year the report also features aseries of chapters that examine in depthsome of the new topics that are now a rou-tine part of the questionnaire. The empha-sis is on adult male arrestees, because prob-ability-based sampling is currently usedonly for this population. As in the past, thereport includes a summary table of datafrom each site, but this year the tables alsoshow risk for drug and alcohol dependence,

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to ask about alcohol use, risk for depend-ence on drugs and alcohol, substanceabuse treatment, and drug market partici-pation, including how and where drugsare obtained. The number of sites in the

ADAM program increased from 23 to 35(including two affiliated sites1).Arguably the most important change wasthe adoption, at all ADAM sites, of prob-ability-based sampling for selecting adultmale arrestees.

Drug dependence and treatmentAs part of the redesigned program, adultmale arrestees risk for dependence ondrugs is measured, and they are askedabout their experiences with treatment.

Between about one-fourth and one-half ofall adult male arrestees in the ADAMsites were found to have been at risk fordependence on drugs.

Although a large percentage of adult malearrestees had not only used drugs butalso were at risk for drug dependence,few had received treatment. Among theADAM sites, the range in the proportionswho said they were treated on an inpa-tient basis in the year before their arrest

for either drugs or alcohol was 4 percentto 17 percent, and the range of those whohad received outpatient treatment was 2percent to 15 percent.

With few exceptions, adult male arresteeswho were treated for drug or alcohol use inthe year before their arrest were more likelythan not to have no health insurance.

Alcohol use and alcohol dependence

Alcohol abuse can be associated withbehavioral problems, including crime.ADAM asks adult male arrestees abouttheir use of alcohol and measures their riskfor dependence on it.

Adult male arrestees drank heavily.Among the sites, the proportions whohad five or more drinks on at least oneoccasion in the month before their arrestranged from a low of 35 percent to a high

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of 70 percent. Drinking at the leveldefined as heaviest was not uncommon:The proportions who had five or moredrinks on one occasion on 13 or moredays in the month before their arrest

ranged from 10 percent to 24 percent. Risk for alcohol dependence was meas-

ured by a special set of questions, orscreen. By this measure, more thanfour in five of the heaviest drinkerswere at risk. In half the sites, 85 percentor more were at risk, with the rangeamong the sites 67 percent to 91 percent.

The heaviest drinkers were also likely tohave used illicit drugs. On average, 71percent of them had used at least one

drug in the month before their arrest.

Drug marketsThe ADAM redesign makes it possible toobtain information about drug marketsfrom a large number of buyers at the locallevel in many sites nationwide. Adult malearrestees were asked about the extent oftheir participation in drug markets, howand where they acquired drugs, what diffi-culties they encountered trying to do so,how often they obtained drugs, and the

dollar value of the drugs.

In the 23 sites analyzed,2 the market formarijuana was the largest, as measured

by percentage of adult male arresteeswho participated. Much smaller percent-ages participated in the markets for crackcocaine, powder cocaine, heroin, andmethamphetamine.

Many arrestees participated in one ormore drug markets. The majority report-ed little difficulty completing a drugtransaction, saying such obstacles aspolice activity and lack of drug availabili-ty were not a problem.

Fairly large proportions of adult malearrestees did not rely solely on cash toobtain drugs, whether marijuana, crackcocaine, or powder cocaine. These non-cash exchanges most commonly tookplace at a social setting or at work. In

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many sites, when arrestees paid cash formarijuana, the most common method ofobtaining it was by using a phone orpager, and for crack cocaine it was byapproaching a dealer in a public place.

In four high-volume sites (Miami,Phoenix, Seattle, and Tucson), the num-

ber of transactions in the crack marketwas much larger than in the powdercocaine and marijuana markets. In thesesites, the estimated size (measured in dol-lars) of the crack cocaine market in a 30-day period was 2 to 10 times larger thanthe size of the powder cocaine and mari-juana markets. The range among thesesites in the market size of crack cocainewas about $226,000 to $1,400,000.

Drug use among adult femalearresteesAlthough only about one in five peoplearrested in the United States is a woman,and the proportion of women who commitdrug offenses is even smaller, the numberof women charged with drug offenses is notinconsequential. Research on womensinvolvement in drugs has been relativelylimited, but the ADAM redesign offers the

opportunity to expand research on theirdrug use and drug-related behavior.3

As in previous years, urinalysis revealedthat a large percentage of womenarrestees had used drugs. Cocaine wasthe drug for which the proportion testingpositive was highest, with marijuanacoming in second.

Of the women arrestees who used drugsor alcohol, about half were found at riskfor drug dependence.

Only very small percentages of womenarrestees had been treated for drug or alco-hol use the year before their arrest. Theaverage among the sites was 11 percent.

Drug use among juvenile detaineesData on drug use were collected from maleand female juvenile detainees in 8 of the 35ADAM sites (Birmingham, Denver, Los

Angeles, Phoenix, Portland, San Antonio, SanDiego, and Tucson). Data were also gatheredin Cleveland, but for juvenile male detaineesonly. The samples were not probability-based,nor were the interviews conducted with the

expanded ADAM questionnaire.

4

Juveniles were more likely to test posi-tive by urinalysis for marijuana than anyother drug.

Cocaine came in a distant second; thepercentages testing positive for metham-phetamine were also low.

Implementing the new ADAM studydesign at the local level

Implementing the new, probability-basedADAM study design involved adoptingstandardized data collection proceduresamong 35 sites. This entailed redefiningthe catchment areas (the area from whicharrestees are drawn to participate in theprogram) to make them uniform among thesites, and designing sampling plans at thecounty level and the level of each facilityto ensure that all arrestees have some prob-ability of being included among those par-ticipating in the program.

In DUF, the definition of the catchmentarea varied from site to site, and oftenconsisted of a single jail. In ADAM thecatchment area was redefined as thecounty for all sites.

Data collection was redesigned toaccount for variations among the sites inthe structure and size of local criminaljustice systems and processes. The coun-ty-level sampling model adopted wasflexible enough to be applied to the spe-

cific counties/sites. The transition from DUF to ADAM showed

that standardized protocols and probability-based sampling can be implemented in thedynamic environment of the jail.

Within one year of introducing the newsampling method, almost all the ADAMsites had successfully implemented it.That means they can now develop reliable

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prevalence estimates for a variety ofdrug-related issues, including the propor-tions of arrestees who test positive fordrugs and those who need treatment.

Calendaring in ADAM:examining annual patterns ofdrug use and related behaviorA new feature in the ADAM interviewinstrument in 2000 is calendaring, whichpermits analysis of drug use and related

behavior for the period of a full year.Through memory aids built into the ques-tionnaire, arrestees behavior is examinedmonth by month for the entire 12-monthperiod of the survey. The technique can

increase accuracy in arrestees recall ofdrug use and related behavior.

Data from selected sites, when brokendown by different periods of time in theyear, demonstrated that recent drug use isnot always a good measure of longer-term, more typical use.

The annual rates of arrest for individualarrestees can vary by type of drug used.

The ADAM redesign permits the data to

be crosswalked with other annuallyconducted national surveys of drug useand related behavior. Analysis indicatesthat some of these surveys do not coverthe subpopulation reached by ADAM.

NOTES

1. ADAMs two affiliated sitesso called because they are funded by sources other than NIJare Charlotte/Mecklenburg County, NorthCarolina, and Albany/New York Capital Area.

2. This analysis was confined to the 23 sites where the markets for all three heavily used drugsmarijuana, crack cocaine, and powdercocainewere most active.

3. Because the number of women arrested is much lower than the number of men, fewer are available for participation in ADAM. SomeADAM sites do not include women arrestees. The expanded ADAM questionnaire was used to interview the women arrestees, but proba-bility-based sampling does not yet include them.

4. Juvenile detainees are interviewed with the DUF instrument (questionnaire), but the program is considering designing a new interviewinstrument for them, to collect information about drug treatment and participation in drug markets.

The proportions of arrestees who usedheroin and cocaine at least 15 days amonth in every month of the year werehigher than the proportions who usedthem less frequently (for example 1 to 7

days a month in each month).

Estimating hardcore drug use inthe communityADAM is developing a method that can beused to estimate the prevalence of hardcoredrug use in the sites. Made possible by theadoption of probability-based sampling, themethod infers prevalence in the communi-ty from the count of adult male hardcoreusers who are arrested and booked at the

ADAM sites. Arrest rates are therefore keyto the calculations.

Preliminary estimates indicate that, inmost ADAM sites, there are 750 arrestsand bookings a year for every 1,000 hard-core drug users and that the number ofhardcore users ranges from just over1,500 (Minneapolis) to almost 126,000(New York). For sites where samplingtakes place in several jail facilities, thenumbers are likely underrepresentations,

by perhaps as much as half.

Once the method has been refined, theADAM sites should be able to use it tomake their own calculations.