7
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Nor
mal
ized
flu
x (J
/J0)
Operating time (min)
CSM-NE CSM-NE-PVA CSM-RO-HF CSM-RO-HF-PVA
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Nor
mal
ized
flu
x (J
/J 0)
Operating time (min)
CSM-NE CSM-NE-PVA CSM-RO-HF CSM-RO-HF-PVA
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 16000.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
CaCl2 20ppm
Nor
mal
ized
flu
x (J
/J 0)
Operating time (min)
CSM-RO-HF CSM-RO-HF-PVA CSM-NE CSM-NE-PVA
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
Zet
a po
tent
ial (
mV
)
pH
CSM-RO-HF CSM-RO-HF-PVA CSM-NE CSM-NE-PVA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 260.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
Rel
ativ
e fl
ux (
J/J 0)
Operating time (hr)
CSM-RO-HF-PVA CSM-RO-HF CSM-NE CSM-NE-PVA
