...Magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis... ( , )

Vergilius, Aeneis, VI, 649 ( )

, (, ), - . , Mira Getker-, , , , - - . (), , 1993. ( ), 2001. - - 1968 1970-1980, , , . - , , ( ) - . , - / / , - .

- , 1934-1941. -, 2007. , , - .

, , . -, 2006, , (, ) [] (

-

[18]

) . , -, .

, , (). ... - , ( , , ).

, , - . , , .

. ( ), - . , , - .

( ). , , , - - . , - , , , - . . , - -, , . .

. , , - ( , 1934-1941. ) , - . - , . - ,

. ,

[19]

. , , ( ) . , , . , , , .

.

, - - . , , . , , . , - , . . , , .

, -, - ( ) , . , 1968 , , - , [] -. , - , , - [] .

. , , ;, . , , . , , . - ,

-

[20]

.. .

, ,

. () - - - . , . , , , -. , .

. , , Todor Chepreganov, , Drzhaven Arhiv na Republika Makedonija [ ] , . Pero Galabov, - . , ( , , , Lenin : 1). , , , - . Fani Buckova, Stojan Kiselinovski , , . - . Niki Jovanovi-Kirjazovska , Risto Kirjazovski, . -, Vera Foteva, .

, , -

, 1 ( Galabov [cf. , , 18-5-2006]).

. ,

[21]

, . , , , , , -, , , ( ) -, - . ( - ), , . , , - ( ) . , .

, - , . - , . - -, - , . -, . - ( - Milka Pulevska-, ) - . , - . ( - , , ), . Borjanna Buzhashka Raluca Popa . , . - , .

2008

-

[22]

. ,

[23]

20 . , - . , . - . , -, - . , 1989-1991, , , , . , , - , - , - , , - 2.

- -. - : , - . , , - , , 1968 ( Sibiu), . , . 1968, - . , , . , 2 Cf. Cultures communistes au XXe sicle. Entre guerre et modernit, sous la direction de Jean Vigreux

et Serge Wolikow, La Dispute, Paris 2003, p. 8, .

-

[24]

. - , - , . - .

: , , - , , . . 1950 1960, , - . - , , , -. , , , . , . - . , - , . -- , , - , .

. -, ( , , 3), 4. .

3 , cf. Bernard Foutrier, Lidentit communiste. La psychanalyse, la psychiatrie, la

psychologie, Harmattan 1994, passim. 4 , cf. Jacques Texier,

Rvolution et dmocratie dans la pense politique de Marx et dEngels. Les aspects problmatiques de la thorie , Congrs Marx International, Actes du colloque de la revue Actuel Marx (27-30 septembre 1995), PUF, Paris 1995, pp. 15-44.

. ,

[25]

, , . , . . 5. , , . , , . , . , -, . , , , . , . , , , , . , ( , , ). -, , . , , , ( , ).

,

- . . , , , 5 , , . , , . , , , , . , , , ( , ), cf. [ ], , 1983, passim.

-

[26]

, , . , , - , . , , . , , - . ( , ). , , , , - . , - , . , - , 1968, - . (-, , ).

, , - . , - , .

- . , , , , , . , , .

, - , - . - - (

. ,

[27]

elites ) , . ( , ) ( , , - ), . , - ( , ). - .

, - - . , , ( ) 6. - , (, , ) , , -. , 7, . , , . , - ( , , , - , ), , , , , -. , , , -, . , - .

6 ,

cf. Karl Marx, Der achtzehnte Brumaire des Louis Bonaparte, Karl Marx - Friedrich Engels Werke [MEW], vol. 8 (pp. 115-207), Dietz Verlag, Berlin 1978, p. 115.

7 . Martin Harries, Homo Alludens: Marxs Eighteenth Brumaire, Karl Marxs Social and Political Thought: Critical Assessments, Bob Jessop - Charlie Malcolm-Brown eds., vol. 5, Routledge, London 1990-1999, pp. 572-598.

-

[28]

, , , -. ( ) 8. , , - . , , , - . , . , . - ( - , ) . , - - , -

8 Marx, , , -

, (cf. Marx, Einleitung [zur Kritik der Politischen konomie], MEW, op. cit., vol. 13 [pp. 615-642]). Engels, Bloch Borgius (cf. Brief von Friedrich Engels an Joseph Bloch, in Knigsberg, London, 21. Sept. 1890, MEW, op. cit., vol. 37, pp. 462-465, Brief von Engels an W. Borgius, in Breslau, London, 25. Januar 1894, MEW, op. cit., vol. 39, pp. 205-207), . Marx 18 - (cf. Marx, Das Kapital, MEW, op. cit., vol. 23-25). , Engels - Borgius -, , - 9-11, - 2-4 - 1 [cf. Engels, Herrn Eugen Dhrings Umwlzung der Wis-senschaft (Anti-Dhring), MEW, op. cit., vol. 20 (pp. 5-303), passim], 4 [id., Ludwig Feuerbach und die Ausgang der klassischen deutschen Philosophie, MEW, op. cit., vol. 21 (pp. 293-307), Kapitel IV (pp. 291-307)].

. ,

[29]

. , - , -, , , -. . - (-) ( )9. - , , . , , , , , .

, ,

. , - , . , , , - , 10. , .

,

, . , - , , . ( , , ) . - : , - . , , , . 9 , ., , , , , , - ..., cf. Brief von Fried-rich Engels an Joseph Bloch, MEW, op. cit., p. 463.

10 . Daniel Bertaux, Destins personnels et structure de classes, PUF, Paris 1977, passim.

-

[30]

, , , , (, -, ). , , ( -, ). , - , , - . - , . , , , . , , , , , ( - ). , , - .

11. , 1980. , , 1980 ( - ., ), , - ( -), . , , ( ) - . 11 , , ... , 1970, . (cf. Ireneusz Adam Slupkov, The Communist Party of Greece and the Macedonian National Problem, 1918-1940, Editor Gareth T. Owen, Szczecin [Po-land] 2006, p. 8).

. ,

[31]

, , , - , - , . , , , - . , , - , , , . -, , - -. , , .

, , -, , , - , - . - ( ) - - 1960-1980, ( ) ( , ) . .

. -. . , , ,

-

[32]

. : , Lenin, , ( ). ( ) , , . . - , , -, . , , . , ( , ), . . . , , , .

. ,

[33]

1.

1.1.

( , , ), , , , , - . - , , - . -. , , , . , , 12. , 13, . - , , , . - , -14. , - , , , - 15. , 12 Cf. Keeping Archives, Judith Ellis ed., Thorpe, Melbourne 1993, pp. 29-31. 13 , cf. , , , 2004, [. 1], - 2.

14 Cf. International Council of Archives, ICA Directory, Code of Ethics, adopted by the General Assembly in its XIII session in Beijing (China) on 6 September 1996, 1997, pp. 99-105 (- : , , 1998).

15 , , (cf. United Nations Universal Declaration, 1948, Article 23, Article 25 ..), , - , .

-

[34]

. raison dEtat, , .

( ), , - . - 16. - , , 17. .

- , , , . , , - . , , - , - .

1.2.

- -, 19 20 . - . - 18.

16 Cf., , Monash University, Freedom of Information Policy, Melbourne

(Australia) 2006, passim. 17 Cf. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 2008,

http://www.foia.cia.gov/ 18 Cf. . . ,

[ ], , 1984, pp. 173-209. ( , , )

. ,

[35]

- . , , , , , , . , - . . -, ( ) .

, - . , - , 19. , (, , , , ) .

, , , 20. - , , - . , - , , (cf. [ ], , 19885, p. 324). , , ... , , , - (cf. , ..., op. cit., p. 174).

19 Cf. Perrine Canavaggio, Les archives historiques des partis politiques franais , La Gazette des ar-chives, N 176, 1er trimestre 1997, pp. 50-67. , . , - . ( 14 1998), , 1999, p. 62.

20 , , International Council on Archives UNESCO (1948), , 1992, cf. , ..., op. cit., p. 63.

-

[36]

, - 21. , , , , , , .

1.3.

1.3.1.

. ( , - , , ), , - , 22. - ( , - ), , .

- - . (, , , , -), .

21 Cf. , , ..., op. cit., p. 48. , , - , , . , , - , 30, cf. , , -..., op. cit., pp. 35-39.

22 , , 95% , , . , -, , cf. The National Archives UK, www.nationalarchives.gov.uk

. ,

[37]

, - , . . , , . - . ( ), , -. , . , - . , - - . . ( , )23.

1.3.2.

-, . , -

23 , ( -) ( , ), (cultural studies) , (cf. Jay Winter, Remembering War. The Great War between Memory and History in the Twentieth Century, Yale University Press, New Haven 2006, passim), , , - .

-

[38]

. , , -- . , , Komintern , , . , - , .

-

24, , . , , . , , , . , , , - . , , , , -. , , - . , , . , , , - .

.

, , , ,

24 Cf. International Council on Archives (ICA), Internationale Grundsatze fur die archivische

Verzeichnung, Institut fur Archivwissenschaft - Archivschule, Marburg 1994, passim.

. ,

[39]

, - . , - . , , - , - ( ) . - , -25, , -. -. , - . , - .

25 ( ) , -, , - . (infra, n. 1443, p. 445), , , . , , . , Komintern , cf. . . , . 1947-1948 . [ Kominform . 1947-1948. ], , No 2, 1996, pp. 157-172 [ (ibid., No 1, 1996, pp. 149-170), Kominform , , ]. , Komintern Stalin Tito. 1948, V. M. Molotov, Komintern Tito 1930. . , Tito (ibid., pp. 167-168, [], . 17, . 128, . 1163, . 52-68 . 575, . 1, . 411, . 1-146). , Wadysaw Gomuka, . 14 1948, Moshetov ( ) Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL), V. S. Kruzhkov, Komintern (ibid., p. 170, , . 17, . 128, . 1161, . 20-22).

-

[40]

, , , . , - . -. -, , - , , ( ). , , 26. , ( - , ). , , - - , . ( , , , ). - ( ) , -, . , , , . , - , . 27.

, . , , - , . -

26 , 90 (cf. [], 10-

5-2008) .

27 , , , - . , , (cf. , 1931-2000 . - - , , 2002, p. 183)

. ,

[41]

, , par ex-cellence - 28.

, ,

. , - , - .

- - , 19 20 . Iskra . 2 , 1903, , , , -, V. I. Lenin, Bund, . G. V. Plehanov, P. B. Akselrod, J. O. Cederbaum ( L. Martov) . 1904, , - . 1917, - . , Istpart, , 1921-1928, , Marx-Engels (IME) 1921-1931, Lenin 1923-193129.

Marx-Engels (IME) , , - , -. 1923, (Marx, Engels, Plehanov), 28 Infra, pp. 425-456. 29 Cf. . , . . .... [ K. Marx F.

Engels ], , 1923, pp. 3-4. [ ], - . [ - . ], , 20043, pp. 4-6.

-

[42]

(, , ), (, , , , ), ( [Association internationale des travailleurs], [Internationale ouvrire])30. G. W. F. Hegel, Marx, Engels, Karl Kautsky, Paul Lafargue, Karl Liebknecht, Rosa Luxemburg -31. 1924, . , , , Marx, Engels . . , -. , 1929 - , - , - -. . 1924, Marx-Engels , - 32.

Istpart , Lenin ( - ), . - , , 1925-1928, . - - . Istpart, , , , , . , -, 33. 1928, Istpart - Lenin, -

30 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 6-32. 31 Ibid., pp. 35-63. 32 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp.

7-8. 33 [ ] (ibid., p. 8).

. ,

[43]

. Istpart , . 34.

Lenin, , , N. K. Krupskaja, 1923, , - Lenin 1924, -, . - 1924 Lenin , ( Marx-Engels), , , . - . Lenin (- ) . 1930, Lenin. 1931, Lenin Marx-Engels Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL) - . - , () , , , 35.

, Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL) , , Marx, Engels Lenin, 1789, 1871, - 1830, 1848-1849 , , -, 19 20 , 120 . 1935, (Internationale ouvrire socialiste) (Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands [SPD]), - Marx Engels . - . Nicolaas Posthumus, . . Buharin

34 Ibid., pp. 6, 8. 35 Ibid., pp. 6, 8-9.

-

[44]

, , , - (Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis)36.

, , Komintern. 1920, , - , - , -: , , , -, . - Komintern, , - , . 1921, - Komintern, , , . 1922, - Tennenbaum. - G. M. Fischer. , , - . 4 Komintern ( - 1922), , V. Wilkemson, 5.275 . - , - , . 1923, (OMS) - , (, ), . - OMS. - , - . 5 Komintern - 1924, , Komintern. , - . Mauno Heimo. 1926, - Komintern . , Komintern, Komintern. , , -

36 Ibid., pp. 8, 10.

. ,

[45]

, - Komintern. 7 Komintern - 1935, -, , Komintern. - Komintern. 1939 Boris Rein-stein. , , Komintern, , , . 1941, 12 . A. Beves37.

1943, Komintern, [ Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL)] 38. 28 1943, G. Dimitrov, Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL), M. Mitin, Komintern, - , 39. 1944 . 1949, Komintern - , , 1959 . - 40.

1954-1956, Marx-Engels-Lenin (IMEL) - Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin (IMELS). 1956, -

37 Cf. . . - . . - . . , 1919-1943 [ Komintern, 1919-1943], , 1997, pp. 29, 54, 86-87, 126, 145-146, 206-207, 219.

38 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 12-13. Komintern, 19 1943, Komintern , - ( ) (cf. .. ()-() 1919-1943. [ () - () Komintern, 1919-1943. ], , 2004, p. 817).

39 Cf. et al., ..., op. cit., p. 231. 40 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp.

12-13.

-

[46]

- ( , 1991). .

- . Stalin (, , -) - 41. , ( 1929, , L. D. Trockij). 1933, - , Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace Stanford University, Harvard University -, Columbia University . - , , , - 42. , - . , 1920, , , 1945, . 1960, - , - . 1980,

41 Ibid., p. 10. , , (ibid.).

42 Ibid., pp. 10-11, 14. Smolensk. ( , 350 ) 1941, ( 120.000 ) . 1945, , - (540 ) -, , . , (Smolensk Archive) - . , 5.957 , .. ( - , [NKVD]) - U.S. Army Intelligence (G-2), cf. Patricia Kennedy Grim-sted, Spoils of War Returned: U.S. Restitution of Nazi-Looted Cultural Treasures to the USSR, 1945-1959, Prologue, vol. 34, No 1, Spring 2002, pp. 27-41.

. ,

[47]

, 43. . ( Marx Engels), Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli , Museum Karl Marx Haus Marx, Trier (, 1968, [SPD] Friedrich Ebert Stiftung), (Arbetarrrelsens arkiv och bibliotek) 44.

, 1953 20 ( 1956) , . , , . - 45. ( ) 1966. 1970, . 1985-1991 Gorbachev, - , 46.

43 Cf. , ..., op. cit., p.

13. , cf. .. 1953-1957. [ , 1953-1957. ], , 1999, p. 84 ( 133, 1953 1954), , , IMEL [ Marx-Engels-Lenin] - .

44 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 12-13, 15.

45 [ ] 1955-1962 [ - ] 1958 ( 1991), ibid., p. 16.

46 Cf. Ibid., pp. 16-18. [ ], . , , - 1989. , , : 1919-1929. 1989. . . - ,

-

[48]

, 1991, - , , , - . 24 1991 , ( . 83 B. N. Yelcin, ) . , 47. , , - - 48. 1999, , - 49. , ,

, , . - ( ) [ -- ( Rjutin)], , No 8, 1990, pp. 200-207. Ibid., No 9, 1990, pp. 165-184. , Stalin , 1932 () Martemjan N. Rjutin, Krasnopresnenskaja , 1930 . . 1932. Rjutin - 10 . 10 1937, , .

47 , Ivanovo ( , [infra, pp. 238-240], ), ()- ( Ivanovo Oblast) , () [ Ivanovo Oblast]. 1999, [ - ] (: Ivanovo, ul. Pushkina 22).

48 , (), 1991. (Komsomol) (), - 1992.

49 - (), cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 3-4, 22-23. 2002, 685 , 160.000 (ibid.).

. ,

[49]

Komintern50. , - , . . (Arhiv Presidenta RF), . ( , 19 1952, 1941-1945, Stalin). , , 51.

1.3.2.1.

, , , . - 52.

50 , cf. - : - [ ], 1918-1940, 495, 173, 131 . ., - Komintern, - Komintern, 1925-1940, 495, 294, 25 . ., - Lndersekretariat 1926-1935, [ , , , ], 495, 69, 278 . ., - Komintern, Wilhelm Pieck [ 7 Komintern, Komintern , 1935-1939, Pieck (- , , , , )], 495, 11, 348 . ., - ( , Komintern, , , ). , cf. - , [ ], 1923-1933, 495, 295, 13 . .

51 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 24-25, 28.

52 , . , , - ., , -

-

[50]

, (, , ) - , 53.

, ( , , -, , -, , , , ), - , (, ), , , , , , ( - ). - - , , , - 54.

, , cf. , . , ..., op. cit., p. 59.

53 , , . Paris X Nanterre, - BDIC (Bibliothque de Documentation Internationale Contemporaine), - 1917, , , - . , , , (Collectif des centres de documentation en histoire ouvrire et sociale), - , cf. Bibliothque de Documenta-tion Internationale Contemporaine (BDIC), Les Archives, Paris [ ], passim. http://www.bdic.fr/ IISG, 1935, - (cf. Mies Campfens, De Nederlandse archieven van het Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis te Amsterdam, IISG, Amsterdam 1989, pp. XI-XIX). , , , , . Stanford , (Hoover Library and Archives) - Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, 1919 , cf. http://www.hoover.org/hila , Istituto Gramsci , Palmiro Togliatti, 1950, Antonio Gramsci - (PCI [1921-1991]), cf. http://www.fondazionegramsci.org/

54 Cf. Richard Cobb, The Police and the People: French Popular Protest, 1789-1820, Clarenton Press, Oxford 1970, p. 4. . Cheah Boon heng, From PKI to the Comintern, 1924-1941, Cor-nell University, Ithaca (NY) 1992, p. 5.

. ,

[51]

55. , , , - . - status quo. , - , - , - . . - . -, , , - , , - , . 20 , - , , -. - , 56. , - , . - ( , ), 57.

55 , , , , , , 19 Marx Engels - , - (cf. , ..., op. cit., p. 124).

56 . heng, From PKI to the Comintern..., op. cit., pp. 5-6. 57 ( , , , -

-

[52]

, - , , . , - , , , -. , ( , ) - , . -, , .

, , 58. 1922 1917. , ( [ 1924 ]). , . 4229 ( ), 1929 . , - . , , - . - -, . - , 59.

1937, 216 pp., , , , ).

58 , , 1929 ( . ), - 1927 ( ), , , , , .

59 Cf. (), 27-8-1989, , ( [] , - ). Ibid., 27-8-1989, -, . Susanne-Sophia Spiliotis, Transterri-torialitt und nationale Abgrenzung: Konstitutionsprozesse der griechischen Gesellschaft und An-stze ihrer faschistoiden Transformation, 1922/24-1941, R. Oldenbourg, Mnchen 1998, pp. 170-173.

. ,

[53]

, ( ), , , , , . -, 1974, , - - 60. 1989 - [ ], 1981, . - 61.

1.3.2.2.

- -. . 1990, , . . , . , - , . , . , - .

1.3.2.2.1.

, , , - ( , , -

60 Cf. , 27-8-1989, , loc. cit. 61 Cf. , 30-8-1989. , 30-8-1989.

-

[54]

). .

62 - . . -, 1949. - 63.

64, . , -, , 65.

62 1921 Komintern. 1925-1927, . 4 , 1928, . Mao Tse-Tung , - . , , -. 1934, (- ). 1937 1945, , , 1949. - , (cf. Soong Ching Ling, The Struggle for New China, Foreign Languages Press, Peking 1952, pp. 61-398). , 1953, , 1960, . - , 1966 Mao Tse-Tung, ( ). 9 , 1969, Mao (cf. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, MacMillan, New York - London 1978, vol. 12, p. 250). , , 1969.

63 , -, 25-5-2008.

64 , 1930, H Ch Minh Komintern. 1941, Viet Minh , , 1946 . 1951, , 1954, - . 1959-1975 , (cf. . , . [Ho Chi Minh. ], , 1983, passim).

65 Nguyen Duc Thuy, (ng Cng sn Vit Nam [CSVN]), , 10-1-2006.

. ,

[55]

1.3.2.2.2.

, 66 , , ( ) . 67.

1.3.2.2.3.

, , 1990, ()68.

66 , . , (National Archives of Australia), . , , , . , . (Australian Security Intelligence Organisation [ASIO]), , (http://www.naa.gov.au/). , , (National Archives and Records Administration [NARA]), Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), State Department, (cf. NARA, http://archives.gov/). (The National Archives UK), . (Intelligence Service), (www.nationalarchives.gov.uk, http://www.mi6.gov.uk/).

67 , , . . , (), cf. Tony Bunyan, Secrecy and Openness in the EU, Kogan Page, London 1999, passim. , , .

68 , 1995, Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis Hoover Institution on War, Peace and

-

[56]

. , Lenin ( , - Lenin)69 , ( ) . 70. , -71. -

Revolution Stanford (cf. Leo van Rossum, The Former Communist Party Archives in Eastern Europe and Russia. A Provisional Assessment, International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, 1997, p. 4).

69 ., , The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive, Richard Pipes ed., Yale University Press, 1998, passim. Yale Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Recent History (RTsKhIDNI) State Archival Service of Russia. Pipes - . Lenin - . Lenin . , , , , . , . Lenin . , , , . , raison dEtat. Lenin . 5 , 55 , . Lenin, , . , , , (ibid.).

70 , Pipes, , : , - Harvard University 1950 1996, 1980 ( Ronald Reagan), Dtente [ ] , 1976 - , CIA George Bush, Team B ( ).

71 Yury A. Buranov, , - Pipes . - , .

. ,

[57]

72. - , - (- , ). - , - 73. ,

72 Komintern , ,

F. I. Firsov, 1994, . , 1960, - , - Komintern ( , , . . , , [ Lenin, Komintern - ], , 1985, , , 2, 3 4 Komintern [ibid., pp. 104-200, 240-310, 310-342]). Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace , , Komintern , - , cf. . , 1919-1943 [ Komintern, 1919-1943], XXI - +, 2007, p. 18. , Firsov, -. Harvey E. Klehr - John Earl Haynes - Fridrikh Igorevich Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism, Yale University Press, New Haven 1995, - , . Dimitrov and Stalin, 1934-1943. Letters from the Soviet archives, Alexander Dallin - F. I. Firsov eds., Yale University Press, New Haven 2000, . , Firsov , -, , . , , Komintern, , - , , . -, 11 1938 Komintern Maurice Thorez . - , , , - . , 1939 , Thorez Daladier - Bonnet - , , -. , , . Thorez , -, , . , , , - , . Stalin - . Komintern Thorez - (ibid., pp. 36-43).

73 Cf. van Rossum, The Former Communist Party Archives in Eastern Europe and Russia..., op. cit., pp. 5-6. , -

-

[58]

. . , , , - . , , . , , . -, , 74.

, . . - . - . - . . - . , 1953-1977 ( - ), , 1999.

74 , . . , - , - . . - 2002 - , . , , 2001, Milosevic. 2003 . , 2003, (UDBA), - website , , , , . . , 1999 - (Securitate). , - . , -, -. 2005, . 1989. , 1996, - (StB). 2002, Havel ( , 1968, [infra, n. 204, p. 107]), , . . 60.000 , 1989, . , 2003, 75.000 StB website .

. ,

[59]

1.3.2.2.4.

- 75. -, , . , . , 2002, StB, . 2004, , online, 20.000 2005 40.000 . , (Stasi) - . - . 15.000 . , 2003 - . , . , 1998 , , , , , , . 2001, 14.000 - . 2005, internet 240.000 , ( , , ), website. 1998, , , - . , 1999, - - . 2005, 1.500 ( - ). 4.500 . , 2004, (KGB), , - , (cf. van Rossum, The Former Communist Party Archives in Eastern Europe and Russia..., op. cit., passim. Thomas Lindenberger, Secret et public : socits et police dans lhistoriographie de la RDA , Genses, 52, Paris Septembre 2003, pp. 33-57. Andrzej Paczkowski, Les archives de lappareil de scurit de la Rpublique populaire de Pologne en tant que source , Genses, 52, op. cit., pp. 58-79. David Banisar, Freedom of Information Around the World 2006, A Global Survey of Access to Government Records Laws, Country Reports, July 2006).

75 , , (infra, pp. 425-456 ).

-

[60]

. - 76, , , .

77 , ( West 23rd Street, Manhattan), , , , 20.000 , ( Daily Worker -). .

1980, Reference Center for Marxist Studies, . Lottie Gordon, , , , , - . , 2000, Mark Rosenzwieg.

, 78. 76 (Kommunistische Partei sterreichs

[KP]), , (Peter Fleissner, , , 28-5-2008). , ( - Novum , 250 ), .

77 1919 ( ), Komintern, , . 1927 William Foster . 1930 Com-munist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA). 1935, (Democratic Party) Roosevelt (cf. William Z. Foster, History of the Communist Party of the United States, Greenwood, Westport [CT] 1968, passim). 1947, - , ( Joseph McCarthy) 1954 Eisenhower. 1956, Gus Hall (cf. Great Soviet..., op. cit., vol. 12, p. 292).

78 Marc Brodine, (National Committee of the Communist Party USA), , 25-5-2008. , , . - , cf. Erwin Marquit ( , - , Political Affairs), , 5-6-2007.

. ,

[61]

, ( Sam Webb, Jarvis Tyner ) , 2006, - . New York University , - (Labor Studies), , Tamiment Library, , Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, . Tamiment Library , , , 2000, (Library of Congress) . - , Reference Center for Marxist Studies. , 2007, Tamiment Library Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives. , , 79.

, 12.000 , - , . - , ( Lenin, Buharin, Joe Hill, William Z. Foster, John Reed, Lincoln ). .

. - . , - 80.

79 . , , (ibid.).

80 , , , , Ethel Julius Rosenberg. , - , - . Ronald Radosh - Joyce Milton, The Rosenberg File, Yale University Press, 19972, , - , .

-

[62]

, , , - . - . . , , , - , . - - , , . , , - .

- . , , . , , , , -, , , - . - , 81.

, , . , - . , , -, , . , - ,

81 Cf. Marquit, op. cit.

. ,

[63]

82. , - 83. , 84.

1970, 85 86. , 87. , , -

82 Cf., , New York Post (New York), 22-3-2007, Harvey E. Klehr, Honoring Evil:

NYUs Red-Letter Day. 83 Cf. The New York Times (New York), 20-3-2007, Patricia Cohen, Communist Party USA Gives its

History to N.Y.U.. Los Angeles Times (Los Angeles), 22-4-2007, Erika Hayasaki, U.S. Commu-nists big red archives.

84 Cf. The New York Times, 22-3-2007, , Sam Webb, - . website , http://www.cpusa.org/article/articleview/ 820/1/142/

85 (Parti communiste franais [PCF]) 1920 - (SFIO) Komintern. 1930, Maurice Thorez. Komintern , 1936, (Front Populaire) Lon Blum. 1939, Daladier Molotov-Ribbentrop. - 1940-1944, (cf. Jacques Delperrie de Bayac, Histoire du Front Populaire, Fayard, 1972, pp. 67-451. Jac-ques Droz, Histoire de lantifascisme en Europe, 1923-1939, La Dcouverte, Paris 1985, pp. 177-212). 1944, , 1947 -. 1950-1964, Thorez Jacques Duclos. 1964-1972 Waldeck Rochet. , (cf. Tony Judt, Une historiographie pas comme les autres : The French communists and their History , European Studies Review, 12, 1982, pp. 316-320).

86 Cf. LHumanit (Paris), 6-6-2005, Le classement des archives du PCF , - Frdrick Geneve.

87 Ibid., 29-12-2003, Un champ dinvestigation unique. Entretien avec Pascal Carreau, responsable des archives du PCF . , Antoine Casanova, , , La Pense.

-

[64]

, 1945 . , Marc Bloch88. 1993, , 89. , 2005, LHumanit Seine-Saint-Denis ( ), Bobigny90. , , , -, 91, - 92, - 93, 94. 88 , Annales, Annales dhistoire conomique et sociale, , 1944, , - Gestapo, -, ibid., 4-5-1994, Les manuscrits de Marc Bloch sortent des archives du KGB , - .

89 , , , , ibid., 20-1-2006. , : , (;), , - , ... (cf. , 2-2-2006, ). PCF, , , . . , .

90 Cf. LHumanit, 12-12-2003, Histoire. La documentation du PCF classe par ltat. Les archives du Parti communiste franais seront dposes aux archives dpartementales de la Seine-Saint-Denis . Ibid., 29-12-2003, Un champ dinvestigation unique. Entretien avec Pascal Carreau, responsable des archives du PCF .

91 Frdrick Geneve, Roger Martelli, Jean Vigreux, Serge Wolikow. -, 2006 , (6-8, avenue Mathurin - Moreau), Serge Wolikow , ibid., 1-6-2006, Rendez-vous. Komintern .

92 , , 2004, Thorez Ivry-sur-Seine ( , 1932 1964), ibid., 1-7-2004, Fragments darchives .

93 1970, . , - 1928- . 1998, Cin-Archives, (cf. http://www.cinearchives.org/).

94 , Londres-Paris, 1943. Fernand Grenier - Jacques Duclos. Les rela-tions de Gaulle - PCF. Correspondance, introduction de Germaine Willard, Institut de recherches

. ,

[65]

1.3.2.2.5.

, . - , , , , - . , - , 20 . , , , , , . , . , , . , , . - . - . , . , - , . , , - , 20 , , - . - , , - , , , , . , - , ,

marxistes, Paris 1994, Alain Ruscio, La question coloniale dans lHumanit, 1904-2004, La Dispute, Paris 2005.

-

[66]

, . - . - , , - .

. ,

[67]

2. , 1918-1968 2.1.

, , 20 95 1917 . , - , -, , , . - . , , . - . -, , - . , 1914, . , , 1929, - , - ( ). , - . -, , , - 96.

. , , , - . - 95 Camille Huysmans 1905 - . , , - V. I. Lenin ( Cor-respondance entre Lnine et Camille Huysmans, 1905-1914. Matriaux pour lhistoire du socialisme international, dite par Georges Haupt, Mouton, Paris 1963).

96 , Abram Benaroya, , , .

-

[68]

. - , , 97. , -98. , - . - 99. , - -, , - 100.

-

97 , , ,

, 1927, , . . , , , - . . - (cf. , . , -).

98 Cf. , 23,24-3-1927, , : , . -. 1926, , . ... , , - - . (ibid.).

99 , , . , , Lenin. , 1917, : - 1916 ... . , , , , , cf. . . , , [, ], , vol. 27, , 19805, p. 301.

100 , . , , 1927 . , . -, , 1929, . - , . (cf. , . ). 1920 , , (cf. , . . ).

. ,

[69]

. , 1927, , - . 101.

, . , , - . Komintern, , . , - , . , , . Chicherin Sovtorgflot , . - , , 102. 103.

101 Cf. , . -

, , 19852, p. 134. , , . - (ibid.). 1927 1968 (infra, - 3.2.1.3.3. 3.2.2.1. ). , , , .

102 Cf. National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), Maryland, USA, Records of the Department of State Relating to Internal Affairs of Palestine, 1930-1944, Roll 3, American Consu-late General -Jerusalem, Review of Communist Activities in Palestine, 1929 to March 31, 1932, Confidential, Jerusalem 13-7-1932, 33 pp.; ibid., Roll 3, Robert G. McGregor Jr. -American Vice Consul, Socialism and Communism in Palestine, Jerusalem 3-7-1930, 59 pp.

103 (OMS) Ko-mintern. , . , -, OMS, , , . , -

-

[70]

, 104 . 1923, , . , - Komintern. , - . 20 1927, - , , - . , , - , , , Komintern105.

. , , , (). - . , , Leon Caraso. , - . Caraso - , , , - . Komintern, 1926, - , : ... , , . , - , Jaffa. , Jaffa . - , . , , . [cf. (), , 3B, 4, 99 ( )]. , , Caraso Abram Bena-roya, Sovtorgflot, .

104 ( ) , , 1891. 1919 Komintern. o Dimitar Blagoev, Georgi Dimitrov, Vasil Kolarov. 1923, . , 1938, . 1942, . 1944, , - . 1948, - . T 1949, . 1954, Todor Zhivkov (cf. [ - ], , 1981, passim. Great Soviet..., op. cit., vol. 3, p. 581).

105 Cf. , [- ], , 2000, pp. 8-9.

. ,

[71]

, Komintern, . 1930, , - , , . ( ) . - . , - ( , ). - , -, . , - , , . , 106.

, 1936, , . , 1936 - . - - Komintern. , -, . - , . - , . , , , 300 , -, . , - 107.

106 [

], 1934 [ ] . 1934-1936, - Komintern, . , , ... . (cf. , 5, 2003, p. 185).

107 Cf. The National Archives UK, PRO, FO 286 / 1138, No 415 (165/9/36), S. D. Sydney Waterlow -British Legation Athens to Anthony Eden -Foreign Office London, 16-12-1936, 2 pp.

-

[72]

108. , , . - . , - , .

2.2.

, 1944, . 1949 , () . 1960, -, 109 110, -, , - 111. 1962,

108 , 1939 , , -

, - - . , , ( , , ). , 3.000 , - (cf. [], 5-4-1939).

109 Cf. PRO, FO 371 / 152963, British Embassy in Athens to Foreign Office, Secret, Athens 24-5-1960, 3+3 pp., 26 1960 . , . , , .

110 , , , - , (ibid., FO 371 / 152964, British Embassy in Athens to Foreign Office, Athens 7-6-1960, 3 pp.).

111 , , -, , (ibid.).

. ,

[73]

112. . . , . , - . 113. 1963 ()114, 115 , , . - . , , , , - 3-4 , , , . - -

112 , . ,

, , -, cf. Archives du ministre des Affaires trangres de la France (AMAE), Srie Eu-rope, 1944-1970, Grce 1961-1970, vol. 215, Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Af-faires trangres -Paris, Athnes 18-7-1962, 2 pp. , - . .

113 , 1945 ( ). , 1962, . , , cf. et al., ..., op. cit., pp. 179-185.

114 23.000 45.000 - 1.324 2.600, cf. AMAE, Srie Europe, 1944-1970, Grce 1961-1970, vol. 215, Am-bassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 19-2-1965, 3 pp.

115 , 1966, (ibid., Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 13-1-1966, 3 pp.), , 40.000 (ibid., Am-bassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 25-5-1966, 3 pp.), (ibid., Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 16-12-1966, 6 pp.).

-

[74]

, () - , -, 1958 ( ), 116. , . - - 117 - , . - . , () -118. , , , () (). - , , , - , , (- ). , , -, ( , ), - . - , , , , Mogooaia . , , - - . , , 119.

( ) . -

116 Cf. , . , , 25-11-1966, , (. 7)

4, 55 pp., , 1966, 10 .

117 Cf. , , 1951-1967, - , 2001, pp. 39-40.

118 Ibid., p. 40. 119 , (ibid., p. 48).

. ,

[75]

, , , 120. , , , .

, 1967, , - . , 121.

, 122. 1967,

120 .

, 1951, , 1928, (, , ). D. Z. Manuilskij 3 1924. ( , cf. , , , 1976, p. 31), [cf. , vol. 1 (1918-1949), , 1995, p. 149], Manuilskij meral. Komintern - , . Komintern ( B. D. Mihajlov). -, ( - [ , , 1953, : , 19882]), , ( ), Manuilskij (... - , [ 1950]) meral ( , , Komintern) . , meral, , , Manuilskij . , - , , , (ibid., pp. 263-264). . - . , , (ibid., pp. 267-272). , , Bohumr meral (Rihard - , B. D. Mihajlov, ). , [ : . , cf. , vol. 1 (1918-1949), loc. cit.].

121 Cf. , ..., op. cit., pp. 36, 40. 122

, . , 1967, ( ). -

-

[76]

( ) -123. , - ( -124).

2.3.

1945 , - , , , . 1946, , . 1949, -125.

, , . , , -

, cf. , , 1967-1974. , , 2007, pp. 63-67.

123 Ibid., p. 67. , , - .

124 Ibid. 125 Cf. , 5, 2003, p. 185, . -

, , , -, . , , , , . - - () () (), , , , , , (cf. , 1949 , . , , 8-9 2008 [ -]). NOF (Narodno Osloboditelen Front) , - - NOF, , , , -, . (, -, ), . , , . , (cf. j - , [ ], -, j 2004, p. 28).

. ,

[77]

126. , , 1954, , , Sibiu127,

126 , , , 1952

, . , , , , cf. , , , ed., , 2005, p. 551.

127 Cf. , , , 1990, p. 267. , ( , - , ), , 1950 6 , -. 6 , Sibiu (ibid., pp. 236-249). , , Dej Sibiu, ( ), , (... , - ). , Sibiu, ( - [ ] , , , , - [ ], , , , , [], , ), - , 23-24 (ibid., p. 252). , . , , (- ) 2-3 . - , , , Sibiu. -, (... , 10-12 ...). . , . -, 3 , 10 . , . - . ... . . . [ ], . (ibid., p. 267). , . ... - . . (ibid.). , - ( 1949 1954). , , 1970, , (, ) - . ...

-

[78]

(). ( , , , , 128.

Sibiu, -, , . ( ), - () ( ), Mogooaia, Si-biu129. , - , 130. Mogooaia, - , - . , Sibiu Komintern -, 8.000 131. - ( , -) , .

, , - - . . , .

128 cf. , 5, 2003, p. 186, . 129 , . , . 130

( ), , - , - [ , , ] , cf. , ..., op. cit., p. 42. , , -.

131 , . , .

. ,

[79]

, 132. , , - 133. 132 , ,

, , . 1966, - , . , , Ceauescu (cf. AMAE, Srie Europe, 1944-1970, Grce 1961-1970, vol. 215, Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 8-3-1967, 3+3 pp.). 1966, (cf. PRO, FCO 9 / 159, Greece: Political Af-fairs. Relations with Romania, Visit of a Communist Party Delegation to Bucharest, R. H. Tenison -British Embassy in Bucharest to Foreign Office -London, Bucharest 6-3-1967, Confidential, 1+1 pp.). (, ) 1967. . . , . 3 - 1967 Ceauescu, Chivu Stoica, Ilie Verde, Maxim Berghianu Corneliu Mnescu. , - , (ibid.). . Ceauescu, -, , (cf. Scnteia [Bucureti], 5-3-1967). , - (cf. AMAE, Srie Europe, 1944-1970, Grce 1961-1970, vol. 215, Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Affaires trangres -Paris, Athnes 8-3-1967, 3+3 pp.). . - , . - 6 , , - -, (cf. PRO, FCO 9 / 159, Greece: Political Affairs. Relations with Romania, Visit of a Communist Party Delegation to Bucharest, R. H. Teni-son -British Embassy in Bucharest to Foreign Office -London, Bucharest 6-3-1967, Confidential, 1+1 pp.).

133 (, , , ) . 1960, , , , , cf. PRO, FO 371 / 152964, British Embassy in Athens to Foreign Office, Confidential, Athens 24-6-1960, 1 p. , 1963, - ( , -, , , cf. (), , 336, 16.6, [1957-1967], , =16/6/225, 5-3-1963, 2 pp.). , , (ibid., =16/6/228, 20-8-1963, 3 pp.).

-

[80]

, 1967, - . 134 135. , , , -136. , - , - , , , . -. Mogooaia , - ,

134 (Partidul Comunist Romn) 1921 Komintern.

. 1924, - . 1940 , 1944, . , , 30 - 1947 ( Mihai Hohenzollern), -. Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1944-1965. Nicolae Ceauescu. , 1965, - . 10 6 12 1969 (cf. Great Soviet..., op. cit., vol. 8, p. 117).

135 , 28 1967 (cf. Arhivele Nationale Is-torice ale Romaniei [Romanian National Historical Archives], Inventary No 2574, Chancellery of the Central Committee of the RCP, vol. III, file 60/1967, Telegrama urgenta. Comitetului Central al Partidului Comunist Roman, Bucuresti, : Apostolos Grozos, 28-4-1967, 1 p.). -, Ceauescu ( Chivu Stoica, Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Gheorghe Apostol, Alexandru Brldeanu, Emil Bodnra, Alexandru Drghici, Paul Niculescu-Mizil, Ilie Verde), - Stoica, , (ibid., Protocol No 24, 28-4-1967, : . Ceauescu, 1 p.), , , - (ibid., Me-sajul preendintelui Consiliului de Stat al Republicii Socialiste Romnia, Chivu Stoica, ctre M.S. Constantin, regale Greciei, 6-5-1967, 1 p.).

136 , , . 1967, -. , 26 1967, Ceauescu (cf. AMAE, Srie Eu-rope, 1944-1970, Grce 1961-1970, vol. 215, Ambassadeur de France en Grce ministre des Af-faires trangres -Paris, Athnes 5-6-1967, 3+1 pp.). - (cf. Scnteia, 3-6-1967).

. ,

[81]

, 1967-1968 40 50 , , . . . , , . , . . - , , - , . - - . - , 137.

, , 138. 1950, 139, 137 Cf. -, , 5-6-2006. -

(Departamentul Securitii Statului [Securitate]) . (cf. , , 29-6-2008), , , . 1968, . . , . . (- , ) (, - ) (, ), , ( , , 20-6-2008).

138 O () 1921 Plovdiv , 1924, . 1939-1942, . 1941, . 1947, (), , -. 1950, . 1953, . 1954-1956. 1959, . 1968, - 12 . , 1970 , . 1988, . . 1993, cf. , (-), 18 1972 (: -), 5 pp. (-). Ibid., , [ ], [ ], 2 pp.

139 1923 . 1946 . -

-

[82]

, , . , , . 1959 , 1940. , - , 140.

, , , 141. - . , .

. : 142.

, 1941. 1944 . 1947 , , (). 1961-1968, 1968. , 1968, , 1974. 1974-1989. 1989 1991, , . (-, ). 2007.

140 Cf. , , 246, =13/8/20. Ibid., 247, =13/9/21. , , vol. 2, , 2000, p. 29. - , - . , 1947-1968, - , 2003, p. 104. , , 11-5-2006.

141 Cf. , , . , 1947-1968, - , 2006, p. 80. , - , , , . , ( -, ). (- , ).

142 , , 5 1949, () , - (cf. Elisabeth Barker, Yugoslav Policy towards Greece 1947-1949, Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War 1945-1949, Lars Brentzen - John O. Iatrides - Ole L. Smith eds., Museum Tusculanum Press, Copenhagen 1987, p. 293. Id., The Yugoslavs and the Greek Civil War of 1946-1949, Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War..., op. cit., p. 297). , , (cf. Joe Pirjevec, The Tito-Stalin Split and the End of the Civil War in Greece, Studies in the History of the Greek Civil War..., op. cit., p. 316). . , 4 1949, , 24 , .

. ,

[83]

, 143.

, , 7 , 1957. , , - . , 144. , , . , .

, - - , 145. Sibiu, . , 1966, ( 1922-1926 1927-1936 , , )146.

, , (), , . 50 100 , , (cf. 7 . 18-24 1957, , , , , , 1957, 7 , . , pp. 739-742. [], 22-3-1980, , : ). , , . , , ( ), (cf. , ..., op. cit., p. 53).

143 Cf. , , 11-5-2006. 144 Cf. , , 107, =2/4/42, (32 pp.), pp. 15-16. 7

. 18-24 1957..., op. cit., 7 , . . (pp. 709-729), pp. 717-718.

145 Cf. , , 247, =13/9/78. - , ..., op. cit., p. 104.

146 Cf. , 5, 2003, p. 188, . , , 1990-1991.

-

[84]

, , , - 1968, . . , . -, , 29 1968, , , , - , , , . , - -, , - . ( Aleksandar Protogerov 14.000 )147. , 1968, .

147 Cf. , , op. cit.,

p. 10.

. ,

[85]

3. , 1968: -

. -, ( ) - 1968.

- () , - . - .

--

, ( , , - , ). , . , -, , (, ). -, , - - .

, , . ,

Stalin 148.

, - , 149, 148 Cf. Franois Furet, Le pass dune illusion. Essai sur lide communiste au XXe sicle, Robert Laf-

font & Calmann-Lvy, Paris 1995, p. 502 ( Furet, infra, n. 1345, p. 411) 149 Cf. Pierre Clermont, Le communisme contre-modernit, Presses Universitaires de Vincennes, Pa-

ris 1993, passim.

-

[86]

-. , - , -, 150.

, - . , -. , . , , , , - Komintern - 151. , -, - .

3.1.

3.1.1.

, 1945 (- 152, ,

150 1969, L. I. Brezhnev,

, : - [ ] , cf. . . , 5-17 1969 . [ -. , 5 17 1969], , 1969, p. 63.

151 Cf. . . , : , 1919-1938 . [Komintern : , 1919-1938], - , 1997, passim.

152 (), ( Vlaamsch National Verbond Rex Lon Degrelle), ( National-Socialistische Geweging), ( Nasjonal Samling Vidkun Quisling), cf. Carlos Caballero Jurado, Resistance Warfare, 1940-45, Osprey Publishing Ltd, London 1985, pp. 10-17. Franz W. Seidler, Die Kolla-boration, 1939-1945, Herbig, Mnchen-Berlin 1995, passim. ( British Union of

. ,

[87]

, - 153,

Fascists Sir Oswald Mosley), cf. Noreen Branson - Margot Heinemann, Britain in the Nineteen Thirties, E. J. Hobsbaum ed., Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1971, pp. 281-282.

153 , 26 10 - (cf. Karl Dietrich Bracher, Die Krise Europas seit 1917, Propylen Verlag, Frankfurt am Main etc. 1997, pp. 138-144). , . , , , 1930, -. , . - Komintern, 1938 , , 1939 , - (cf. . . , . , [O . , ], , 2000, p. 28). , -. - , 1935 , - - . 7 , - , - . 1938, -, Komintern , , , , - , , . , - (ibid., pp. 37-52). , 1935, Boris Saxe-Coburg (cf. Miroslav Tejchman, Balknsk faismus, Acade-mia Nakladatelstvi eskoslovensk, Akademie Vd, Praha 1989, pp. 21-24). - , - . , , 1935-1936, Plovdiv Pleven. 1939, , , - , (cf. , ..., loc. cit. Droz, Histoire de lantifascisme en Europe..., op. cit., pp. 169-171. Pierre Milza - Serge Berstein, Dictionnaire historique des fascismes et du nazisme, avec la collabo-ration scientifique de Catherine Burucoa-Bruandet, Anne Le Fur et Carole Giry-Gautier, Complexe, Bruxelles 1992, passim). , , , , , , 1934, Aleksandar Karaorevi . , , -

-

[88]

Komintern 154) . , , , - .

3.1.1.1. 1964, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) - , .

. 1935, - , - . . , . , , (cf. , ..., loc. cit.). , , 1935 , . 1936, - , . 1938, Carol Hohenzollern-Sieg-maringen . 1940, Ion An-tonescu ("Conducator") , cf. Armin Heinen, Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumnien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation: Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, Mnchen 1986, pp. 415-463. Francisco Veiga, La Mstca del ultranacionalismo (Historia de la Guardia de Hierro), Rumania, 1919-1941, Publiocacions de la Universitat Autnoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 1989, pp. 205-229. Codranu et la Garde de fer. Le nationalisme roumain entre 1936 et 1940 vu par la presse de lpoque, textes choisis et prsents par Agathon, avec la collab. de Vulfran Mory, Publication du Cercle franco-hispanique, Paris 1991, p. 59. Antonescu, cf. - Dennis Deletant, Hitlers Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940-1944, Palgrave, New York 2006, passim. , 1934-1936, Mikls Horthy - . - (cf. , ..., loc. cit.).

154 Cf. 6 7 5 Komintern, Resolutionen der VI Balkankonferenz, Bulletin der Balkanfdera-tion, No 1, 15 Januar 1924, pp. 2-15. Le V-e Congrs de lInternationale Communiste. Rsolu-tions: Sur les questions nationales dans lEurope Centrale et dans les Balkans , La Correspon-dance Internationale, No 64, 10 septembre 1924, p. 678. Die VII Kommunistische Balkankonfe-renz, Bulletin der Balkanfderation, No 6/7, August-September 1924, pp. 1-12. Leonid Luks, Ent-stehung der kommunistischen Faschismustheorie. Die Auseinandersetzung der Komintern mit Fa-schismus und Nationalsozialismus, 1921-1935, DVA, Stuttgart 1985, pp. 174-180.

. ,

[89]

CIA , - , , , , - - . , , , .

, , , 1920, Komintern - ( - , , ) , CIA - , , , . - .

155, , , , (, ), . .

, - 156 , 155 , ,

, [cordon sani-taire], cf. Andr Fontaine, Histoire de la Guerre froide, vol. 1 (De la rvolution doctobre la guerre de Core), Fayard, Paris 1967, passim ( Georges Clemenceau , 1919, ). (Entente balkanique), 1934 .

156 1898. 1903, () V. I. Lenin. 1917, - . Lenin , 1924. I. V. Stalin, 1924-1953, N. S. Hruschev, 1964 (cf. Great Soviet..., op. cit., vol. 12, p. 272). Hruschev , 20 (14 25 - 1956), . ,

-

[90]

1953, Hruschev, , , , - 1956. CIA , 1960, , -, , - , , . , , - . , ,

(cf. XX , 14-25 . 1956. [20 , 14 25 1956. ], , 1956, passim). 21 (-) (27 5 1959), (cf. XXI , 27 - 5 1959. [21 , 27 5 1959. ], , 1959, passim). 22 (17 31 1961), , -, - (cf. XXII , 17-31 . 1961. [22 - , 17 31 1961. ], , 1961, passim). , 1964, L. I. Brezhnev. 8 1966, Brezhnev, G. I. Voronov, A. P. Kirilenko, A. N. Kosygin, K. T. Mazurov, A. J. Pelshe, N. V. Podgornyj, D. S. Poljanskij, M. A. Suslov, A. N. Shelepin, P. E. Shelest D. F. Ustinov ( 21 1967, J. V. Andropov. 23 Hruschev, 29 8 1966, - 86 . Brezhnev. , - 1964 (cf. XXIII , 29 - 8 1966. [23 , 29 - 8 1966. ], , 1966, passim). 24 ( 30 9 1971), , Brezhnev, - . - , (cf. XXIV , 30 - 9 1971 . [24 , 30 9 1971. ], 1-2, , 1971, passim).

. ,

[91]

157.

CIA , . , , . - , - . , , 1958, - , . . , , - o . 1955, N. S. Hruschev . - (, 1963-1964), -158. , Walter Ulbricht, , - , 159.

, CIA, . -, [Come-con]. , , , , , -

157 Cf. Nationalism in Eastern Europe, Special Report by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washing-

ton, March 27, 1964, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, General Editor Glenn W. LaFantasie, Editor James E. Miller, United States Printing Office, Washington 1996, pp. 2-8.

158 Ibid. 1960 cf. Jaroslav Cuhra, In the shadow of liberalization: Repressions in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s, Cahiers du Monde Russe, 47, No 1-2, Janvier - juin 2006, pp. 409-426.

159 Cf. Nationalism in Eastern Europe, Special Report by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washing-ton, March 27, 1964, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 2-8.

-

[92]

. , , 160.

, , - , - . . , - - , . - , , - . - Stalin, , - CIA, 161.

. , , , . - , , - . , - , , , 162.

, 163, CIA, , , 1967, , , - , - , .

160 Ibid. 161 Ibid. 162 Ibid. 163 1966, ( Lyndon B.

Johnson) Dean Rusk , . Dobrynin (cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Central Files, POL EUR E, Confidential, Washington 23-11-1966, 1 p. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., p. 416).

. ,

[93]

- , , , -, . , 20 , , . , , , 164.

164 Cf. The Yugoslav experiment, Report by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, April 13,

1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 485-497. CIA , , -. (Komunistika partija Jugoslavije) , - , Komintern, 1919, 2 , 1920. 1921, , . , . 1929, - . 4 , 24-25 1934, Ljubljana, - , , , . Josip Broz (Tito), , 1935 , Komintern, 1936. 1937, . 1937, Tito , - Milan Gorki . 1940, 5 - . 1941-1945, , (, 1941, 10.000 1945 300.000). 1945 (Narodni Front Jugoslavije). 1948, - , , , - . , (Kominform). Kominform ( , , , 1945 , , cf. Lilly Marcou, Le Kominform, Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politi-ques, Paris 1977, passim), , -. 5 , 21 26 1948 , . 6 , 2 7 1952 Zagreb, (cf. Fred W. Neal, Titoism in Action. The reforms in Yugoslavia after 1948, University of California, Berkeley 1958, pp. 62-275) , (Savez komunista Jugoslavije [SKJ]), , , , -, , . - , , 1955, N. S. Hruschev N. A. Bulganin

-

[94]

165. CIA , , . -, .

, CIA - - . , , . , , - . - . . -, , - . , 1948 , - . , , , , . - - .

, 1956 20 . - 1956 . 7 - ( 22 26 1958, Ljubljana), - , -. , - , , 1961, , (cf. George W. Hoffman - Fred W. Neal, Yugoslavia and the New Communism, Twentieth Century Fund, New York 1962, pp. 33-279). 5 , 1966, , , , Tito (cf. Komunistika partija Jugoslavije, Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, vol. 7, Izdanje i Naklada Leksi-kografskog Zavoda, Zagreb 1968, passim).

165 Cf. The Yugoslav experiment, Report by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, April 13, 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 485-497.

. ,

[95]

. . , , , - , . - . , , , , , - . , CIA - , . , . - , , - . , , . Josip Broz (Tito)166 167.

1968, - , , - 1956168. ( -

166 Tito 1892 . 1910, . -

, , , . -, 1920 -. , . (supra, p. 93, n. 164). , 1972, ... - , , . (cf. PRO, FCO 28 / 2118, President Tito at 80, Confidential, 14-8-1972, 7 pp.).

167 Cf. The Yugoslav experiment, Report by the Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, April 13, 1967, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 485-497. - . -, CIA , , .

168 . 1953. 16 1953, - . 17 1953, , , . -

-

[96]

169, , -

, . , , 100 (cf. Ulrich Mhlert, Der 17. Juni 1953. Ein Aufstand und seine Vorgeschichte, Dietz, Bonn 2003, passim. Christian F. Ostermann - Charles S. Maier, Uprising in East Germany 1953. The Cold War, the German Question, and the First Major Upheaval Behind the Iron Curtain, Central European University Press, Budapest - New York 2001, passim). Poznan, 23 1956, -, 28 , , ( , ) . , (cf. Johanna Granville, Poland and Hungary, 1956: A Comparative Essay Based on New Archival Findings, Australian Journal of Politics and History, vol. 48, No 3, 2002, pp. 371-374). , 23 1956, . , ( VH). , J. V. Andropov, , , 24 1956, . , Imre Nagy , - , , -. , 4 1956 (cf. Johanna Granville, Poland and Hungary..., op. cit., pp. 376-394).

169 (Komunistick strana eskoslovenska) , 15 16 1921 , . Komintern, , 1930, - 1935. 1938, . , 1946, Rudolf Slnsk. 1946, , 1948 . , Klement Gottwald, 1953, Antonn Novotn (cf. Great Soviet..., op. cit., vol. 12, pp. 252-253). 13 , 31 4 1966 , , , , (cf. Lessons Drawn from the Crisis Development in the Party and Society after the 13th Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, Approved by the plenary session of the Central Com-mittee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, [Prague] [1970], 83 pp.). - , 1968, Novotn, -, , Alexander Dubek , . , - -, -, -, . 21 1968 . , . . , 1969, Dubek -

. ,

[97]

), . , - 170.

, 1968, , . , ( Central Intelligence Agency [CIA], United States Information Agency, intelligence organization of the Department of State, Department of Defense Intelligence Agency [DIA]) , , - , - ( Senior Interdisciplinary Group [SIG])171. - , , -, . - , - . -, - , Kiro Gligorov172,

Gustv Husk ( 1970). 1970, , (ibid.).

170 Cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files, 1966-1969, Box 2: RG 59, DOC. CONTROL, SIG MEMO 66, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Memorandum for SIG Members. Subject: Forthcoming Meeting on Eastern European Situation, Secret, 9-5-1968, 2+3+22 pp. - , .

171 Ibid., Box 6: RG 59, DOC CONTROL, SIG/RA 47, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Chairmans Summary of Discussion and Decisions at the 44th SIG Meeting on October 4, 1968, 8-10-1968, 10 pp. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 94-99.

172 Gligorov Shtip 1917. 1939, 1941, 1944 , ASNO . -, ( In-ternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development, ). . - 1965. 9 1969, - presidium (cf. PRO, FCO 28 / 2117, M. L. Tait -Belgrade to Foreign Office -Lon-don, Confidential, 4-2-1972, 2+23 pp.). presidium 1972. , , . 1961 ... (ibid., FCO 28 / 2118, Leading Personalities in Yugosla-via, 1972, Confidential, 146 pp.). - , . , Kiro Gligorov Fondacija za strategiski istrazhuvanja.

-

[98]

- 1951, . - , , - [ ] , , Pravda . - -. , ( , ). , - 173. Bled 1954 (, , ) , - 174.

- - , , 1968, - Pravda175. , , - - . -.

173 Cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files,

1966-1969, Box 6: RG 59, DOC CONTROL, SIG/RA 47, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Chairmans Summary of Discussion and Decisions at the 44th SIG Meeting on October 4, 1968, 8-10-1968, 10 pp. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 94-99. , . -, , 1968, , , (cf. Roger Martelli, Mai 68, Messidor - Editions Sociales, Paris 1988, pp. 148-149). , , , - .

174 Cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files, 1966-1969, Box 6, loc. cit. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 94-99. .

175 Cf. (), 26-9-1968, S. Kovalev.

. ,

[99]

176. , , - 177. , , . -. , -, . , . - , . , -178, , 179. CIA Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) - 180. , 181.

CIA - ( -

176 Ibid. 177 Cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Central Foreign Policy Files, 1967-1969,

Political and Defense, Box 2842: RG 59, POL 1 ROM, Director of Intelligence and Research, Subject: Romanians Reaffirm Independence Course, Confidential, Washington 4-10-1968, 2 pp.

178 Ibid., General Records of the Department of State, Central Files, POL 27, COMBLOC-CZECH, Se-cret, The United States, Europe, and the Czechoslovakia crisis, Washington [September 1968], 8 pp. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 265-272.

179 Cf. NARA, General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files, 1966-1969, Box 3: RG 59, DOC. CONTROL, SIG MEMO 87, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Memorandum for SIG Members. Subject: Papers for October 4 Meeting, Top Secret, 12-10-1968, 1+12 pp.

180 Ibid., General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files, 1966-1969, Box 4: RG 59, DOC. CONTROL, SIG MEMO 100, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Memorandum for SIG Members. Subject: Joint CIA/DIA Intelligence Memorandum on Yugosla-via, Secret, 12-11-1968, 1 p.

181 Ibid., General Records of the Department of State, Senior Interdisciplinary Group (SIG) Files, 1966-1969, Box 3: RG 59, DOC. CONTROL, SIG MEMO 87, Senior Interdepartmental Group. Memo-randum for SIG Members. Subject: Papers for October 4 Meeting, Top Secret, 12-10-1968, 1+12 pp.

-

[100]

) - , - . , , , , - . , , . , - . . , - 182. , - - , - . - , , , . Nicolae Ceauescu183 , - 184.

, - . - .

182 Cf. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, Nov 7, 1968, Foreign Relations of the United

States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 102-112. 183 Ceauescu (1918-1989) . 1933,

1934, 1934. - 1936, 1936-1938, - 1939, 1940-1944. 1945-1953, 1954-1955, 1955-1965, 1965-1989, 1974-1989. - 1949 (cf. Partidul Comunist Romn, Dicionar, Bucureti 1984, pp. 140-142).

184 Cf. Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, Nov 7, 1968, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XVII, op. cit., pp. 102-112. , , (infra, 3.2.1.3.).

. ,

[101]

3.1.1.2.

. , . , -.

-185. , 50 , - . . , - : , , . , , , , . , , . - 186, , , . , - , , . , , , , - . -

185 Cf. PRO, FCO 28 / 766, Soviet Union. Soviet Autonomous Republics, Nationalism in Lithuania,

30-1-1969, 4 pp. 186 Cf. , 24-1-1969. (), 28-1-1969.

-

[102]

187. , , , , 188. , , [ ] 189. [ -], , , , 190. 191 192.

, - . 120 193. -, , , , . 194.

- . . Marx - . -, . Lenin - 187 Cf. , 24-1-1969. , 28-1-1969. PRO, FCO 28 / 766, Soviet Union. Soviet Autono-

mous Republics, Nationalism in Lithuania, loc. cit. 188 Cf. , 24-1-1969. , 28-1-1969. PRO, FCO 28 / 766, Soviet Union. Soviet Autono-

mous Republics, Nationalism in Lithuania, loc. cit. 189 Cf. PRO, FCO 28 / 766, Soviet Union. Soviet Autonomous Republics, Nationalism in the USSR,

British Embassy Moscow, 29-1-1969, 1 p. 190 Ibid., FCO 28 / 766, Soviet Union. Soviet Autonomous Republics, Criticism of the Tadzhik Party,

British Embassy Moscow, 7-1-1969, 1 p. 191 Ibid., FCO 28 / 1615, passim. 192 Ibid., CAB 190 / 75, passim. 193 Ibid., FCO 28 / 1167, Nationalism in Soviet Union, FO, The Nationalities Question in the USSR,

Confidential, 30-6-1970, 1+9 pp. 194 Ibid., FCO 28 / 1167, Nationalism in Soviet Union, The Nationalities Question in the USSR, Brit-

ish Embassy in Moscow, Confidential, 25-6-1970, 19 pp.

. ,

[103]

, , , 195. 195 Ibid., FCO 28 / 1167, Nationalism in Soviet Union, FO, The Nationalities Question in the USSR,

Confidential, 30-6-1970, 1+9 pp. . Stalin, (cf. . . , [ ], C, vol. 2, , 1946, pp. 290367) Lenin (cf. , [ ], , op. cit., vol. 24, p. 223. Id., . . , 25 1913, , op. cit., vol. 48, p. 169). L. D. Trotskij - Lenin , , . . Buharin, cf. Leo Trotzky, Stalin. Eine Biographie, Manfred Pawlak, Berlin [1980], pp. 227-238. Trotskij Stalin, , Lenin ( [supra, p. 49], Stalin , , ). Trotskij , , . , , , . ... Lenin, . (cf. Trotzky, Stalin..., op. cit., p. 234). Stalin 1913 , . Lenin . . Buharin Aleksandr A. Trojanovskij, , ... , ... . Trotskij () Stalin . : , , Buharin ... Trotskij Buharin , Rosa Luxemburg Lenin (ibid., p. 236). , , , , cf. . . , - [ - ], , 1983, pp. 3-6, 186-188, 332-334, 340, 345-351 ( , , . ... , . . , , . , -, . , , . , , , . [ibid., pp. 3-4]).

-

[104]

. , - -196. 1917 , . - , . - , -. . , , , 197.

Stalin - Hruschev. , - , . , 1961, - 198.

, -

, - - .

3.1.2.

() , ( ) , , . , , () ( ) ( ). , , , , ,

196 Cf. PRO, FCO 28 / 1167, Nationalism in Soviet Union, FO, The Nationalities Question in the

USSR, Confidential, 30-6-1970, 1+9 pp. 197 Ibid. ,

. 198 Ibid.

. ,

[105]

199. , - , , , 200. . , - ( ), -, - 201, , - - , -

199 ,

(Staatssicherheit [Stasi]), 85.000 , 180.000 (inoffizielle Mitarbeiter), . - , , , , cf. Charles S. Maier, Dissolution. The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1997, p. 47 ( Gestapo, [ibid.]). . Rainer Schedlinski Stasi - [ibid. ( -)]. , , - [ibid. ( ). Ulrike Poppe, Que lisons-nous lorsque nous lisons un dossier personnel de la Stasi ? Lexprience dune ancienne oppositionnelle de RDA avec ses propres dossiers , Genses, 52, op. cit., pp. 119-132].

200 Jorge Rafael Vi-dela, (1976-1981). (cf. Fernando Almirn, Campo Santo. Los asesinatos del ejr-cito en Campo de Mayo, Editorial, Buenos Aires 1999, passim). 1980, Jimmy Carter (embargo) , 1979, Videla - (cf. Mara Seoane - Vicente Muleiro, El dictador. La historia se-creta y publica de Jorge Rafael Videla, Sudamericana, Buenos Aires 20044, passim).

201 - , , -. , , cf. Milovan Djilas, The new class. An analysis of the communist system, Thames and Hudson, 1957, p. 69. Djilas, , - , . , - .

-

[106]

, 202, 203. 202 Ibid., p. 70. Djilas (

1950) . 1936, -: - , - : , , , - , , , , - , , , cf. ( ) . VIII , 5 1936 [ ( ) - . 8 - , 5 1936], 1936, [ ], 126. , 1977, : - , - , cf. ( ) . 7 1977 . [ ( ) . 7 , 7 1977], 1977, 1 [ ], 6, -: , [ ], p. 43. , - , - .

203 , raison de Parti ( ), , (infra, p. 414). . Djilas , , . . , [ ]. , , . , [ , Djilas : ], ,