1

International Seminar on Infrastucture Development in Cluster

Island Eastern Part of Indonesia, Baubau, Indonesia

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF OPEN CHECK DAM ON DEBRIS FLOWS

Farouk Maricar

1 and Haruyuki Hasimoto

2

ABSTRACT: We present the experimental investigation of the depositional process of debris flows (wood-sediment-

water mixture flows) trapped by an open check dam. The experiments were carried out with sediment grains, wood

model pieces and a check dam model in a rectangular flume. In the experiments, a rectangular flume was used; it was

12 m long, 30 cm wide, and 32.8 cm high with smooth glass on the both lateral sides. The results show that the pieces

trapped by the open check dam increases in volume with the whole pieces on the fixed bed. However trapping pieces by

the check dam model requires sufficient number and volume of wood model pieces moving from the upstream side. The

pieces trapped by the check dam model also increases with an increase in their length. The ratio of the size of the

opening of the check dam to the scale of pieces is important for trapping the pieces. Furthermore, the accumulation

depth of trapped pieces increases sediment deposition behind the trapped pieces.

Keywords: Open check dam, woody debris, wood-sediment-water mixture flow, debris flow.

INTRODUCTION

Closed and open types of check dams have been

installed in order to capture debris flows in the mountain

areas. However, the closed type always has to be kept

empty to trap a large amount of sediment during a debris

flow event. On the other hand, the open type allows finer

sediment to pass through at lower discharge and coarser

sediment to be trapped at higher discharge such as debris

flow. From the viewpoint of environments, the open type

recently becomes more popular than the closed type.

However, designing their appropriate opening becomes a

difficult subject (e.g. Ashida and Takahashi, 1980;

Ashida et al., 1987; Armanini, 2001). The open type is

subdivided into slit-check dams, beam-check dams and

grid-check dams. For example, concrete slit-check dam

is typical of a slit type, and steel-pipe check dam is

typical of a beam- type.

Actual debris flows, in particular landslide-induced

debris flows, contain a large amount of wood as well as

sediment. Maricar et al. (2011) pointed out importance

of wood in sediment deposition at open check dams.

They described the case study of open check dams which

trapped a large amount of wood in their opening and

deposited a large amount of sediment behind the trapped

wood (Figure 1 (a) and (b)). Planning of open check

dams requires knowledge of the behavior of sediment

and wood contained in debris flows at the check dams.

There are some experimental works on the effect of

open check dams on debris flows containing wood

(Matsumura et al., 1990; Katatani and Yamada, 2006;

Shibuya et al., 2009). They examined the sediment and

wood control functions of open check dams. Matsumura

et al. (1990) and Shibuya et al. (2009) dealt with grid

type, and Katatani and Yamada (2006) dealt with slit

type. However, little quantitative methods for estimating

these open check dams are known. In particular, less

previous works have discussed the effect of the steel-

pipe check dams on debris flow.

Figure 1 Situation

of wood trapped in

the opening and

sediment deposited

behind the open

check dam.

In this paper, laboratory flume experiments simulated

the behavior of sediment and wood in debris flows at an

open check dam (Maricar et al., 2012). For simplicity,

debris flows containing wood were termed “wood-

sediment-water mixture flows” in this study. First, we

1Department of Civil Engineering Hasanuddin University, fkmaricar@yahoo.com, Makassar INDONESIA

2Department of Civil Engineering Kyushu University, hasimoto@civil.kyushu-u.ac.jp, Makassar INDONESIA

Farouk Maricar, et al

2

show the method of laboratory flume experiments on the

mixture flows using a steel-pipe check dam model.

Second, we discuss a relationship among whole pieces,

trapped pieces, piece scale and opening size of the check

dam model. Finally, we investigate the process of

sediment deposition from the mixture flows.

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

We conducted experiments with a laboratory flume to

examine the depositional process of sediment and wood

dam model in the laboratory flume. The stainless tubes

with the diameter of 18 mm were used for the open

check dam model. The reduced size of the prototype was

1/50. The opening size of this check dam model was lo

=3.5 cm. The check dam model was set at 1.5 m from

the downstream end.

Bed Materials in the Experiments

Homogeneous sediment grains were used as the

movable bed material. Their specific weight was =

2.65. The representative diameter of the sediment grains

Figure 2. Laboratory flume: (1) Flume; (2)Filter; (3) Movable bed; (4) Grid dam model; (5)

Bed of the check dam; (6 Trap); (7) Water tank; (8) Inflow;(9) surface flow..

at an open check dam model (Maricar et al., 2012).

Experimental Flume In the experiments, a rectangular flume was used; it was 12 m long, 30 cm wide, and 32.8 cm high with smooth

glass on the both lateral sides. A schematic diagram of

this flume is shown in Figure 2. The flume bed was

composed of movable and fixed parts; the former part

was 6 m long and the latter part is 4 m long. The fixed

bed was roughened with the same material as that for the

movable bed. The bed sediment grains and wood model

pieces were placed on the movable bed part and the

check dam model was on the fixed bed part.

Model of The Check dam

was d50 = 3.6 mm. The grain size distribution of

sediment is shown in Figure 4. The sediment grains

were very small compared with the opening size of the

check dam (lo =3.5 cm). The material was laid in the

movable bed part with a thickness of 10 cm. The length

of the movable bed part was 6 m

100

80

60

40

20

Figure 3. The

check dam model

in the laboratory

flume.

Referring to the steel-pipe check dam in the

Hachimandani River, we made the check dam model for

the laboratory experiments. Figure 3shows the check

0

1 10 100

diameter (mm)

Figure 4 Grain size distribution of the material.

Wood Model

(1) The wood model characteristics

Four kinds of wooden cylinder were used as the

wood models; their diameter was D= 2.0 mm, 3.0 mm,

4.1 mm and 5.2 mm, respectively (Table 1). The length

of wood model A, B and C was set equal to L=7 cm and

Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

3

Material

Specific

gravity

Diameter

(mm）

Length

(cm)

Bed sediment grain 2.65 3.6 Wood piece A 0.76 2 7, 10 Wood piece B 0.68 3 7, 10 Wood piece C 0.66 4.1 7, 10 Wood piece D 0.65 5.2 5.25, 7, 10

10 cm, and that of wood model D was set equal to

L=5.25 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm. This condition results in the

relation of L≫D. Their specific weight was = 0.65 ~

0.76. The wood model pieces of equal length and

diameter were placed in their different directions on the

movable bed surface. Number density of the pieces was

1 piece/(10cm*10cm). The characteristics of the wood

models is given in Table 1.

Table 1. Material Properties

17 experimental runs were conducted under the

condition of different piece number, length and diameter.

For comparison, the experimental run without the model

pieces was also made under the same hydraulic condition.

The duration time of each experimental run was around

20 seconds from the arrival of flow front at the check

dam model. The experimental conditions are described

in Table 2.

Table 2. Experiment condition

Channel Condition Condition of the wood models

No.

Supplied

water

flow

discharge

qwo

(㎠/s)

Ground

water flow

discharge

qg

(㎠/s)

Length of

bed with

wood

Lt

(m)

Channel

slope

θ0 (°)

Piece

diameter

D(mm）

Piece

length

L（cm）

Number of

the whole

pieces on

the

movable

bed

l o /L

(2) The wood model pattern

The wood model pieces were placed on the movable bed

part and the check dam model. Five different

orientations of the pieces were considered, namely

perpendicular to the flow, left oblique to the flow, right

oblique to the flow, parallel to the flow and vertical to

the movable bed.

Experimental condition

Video cameras were installed on the top and right-

hand side of the flume to record the depositional process

of wood model pieces and sediment grains.

The flume was set at the slope angle of 8o. The wood

model pieces were placed on the movable bed. The

sediment bed 10 cm deep was saturated by seepage

water of about 9 cm2/s.

Furthermore, water flow of steady state was supplied

at the upstream end of the flow. The supplied water

discharge was set equal to about 100 cm2/s. The quick

inflow of water from the upstream end yielded mixture

flow of wood, sediment and water; the mixture flow

moved downstream along the flume bed. Most of the

wood model pieces accumulated at the flow front and

then arrived at the check dam model. Sediment followed

the pieces accumulating at the flow front. Some amount

of the wood and sediment were trapped by the check

dam model and the other passed through it. Figures 5(a)

and (b) are photos of situation of wood and sediment

trapped by the open check dam model.

Figure 5 The wood and sediment deposition at the

open check dam model.

1 99 7 2 8° 5.2 10 60 0.35

2 103 8 4 8° 5.2 10 120 0.35

3 99 9 6 8° 5.2 10 178 0.35

4 101 8 2 8° 2 10 59 0.35

5 99 8 2 8° 3 10 55 0.35

6 102 8 2 8° 4.1 10 60 0.35

7 100 7 4 8° 5.2 5.25 120 0.67

8 101 7 4 8° 3 7 119 0.50

9 100 7 6 8° 5.2 5.25 180 0.67

10 101 7 2 8° 3 10 60 0.35

11 100 7 6 8° 3 7 180 0.50

12 100 6 6 8° 4.1 7 180 0.50

13 100 6 6 8° 2 7 180 0.50

14 100 7 6 8° 5.2 7 180 0.50

15 101 8 6 8° 2 7 180 0.50

16 101 7 6 8° 3 7 179 0.50

17 100 6 4 8° 5.2 7 120 0.50

18 101 6 8° 0

The data collection and analysis

After stopping the water inflow, we counted wood

pieces and measured the weight of sediment stopping at

and passing through the check dam model. The sediment

bed elevation behind the check dam model was also

measured by the point gage. The interval of the

measured bed elevation was 10 cm in the downstream

direction, and 5 cm in the transverse direction.

The material had been packed and marked, and then the

packet had dried at 110oC for 24 hour. The weight of

each sample was measured. Furthermore, the reviewing

video and still photographs had been observed for stages

of sediment deposition. We can get clear view and

accurate shape, height and thickness of the pieces

trapped and sediment deposition.

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Behavior of Wood-sediment-water Mixture at Open

Check dam

The flow behavior of wood-sediment-water mixture

in the flume experiment is shown in Figures 6. The wood

model pieces were concentrated in the flow front. Flow

situation before and after the arrival of the flow front at

the check dam model was quite different from each other.

Farouk Maricar, et al

4

Nu

mb

er o

f p

ieces

trap

ped

by

check

dam

Vo

lum

e o

f p

iece

s tr

ap

ped

by c

hec

k d

am

(cm

3)

Figure 6 Flow situation at 0.5 second before the

arrival of the flow front at the check dam model.

(1) Flow situation before the arrival of the flow

front at the check dam model

Finally, the rate of the pieces trapped by the check dam

model to the whole pieces on the fixed bed is discussed.

Figure 7 expresses the relationship between the

number of wood model pieces trapped by the check dam

model and the number of the whole pieces moving on

the fixed bed. The number of the whole pieces on the

fixed bed is almost same as that of the pieces placed

initially on the movable bed. The solid line indicates that

the number of pieces trapped by the check dam model is

same as that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed. Here

N was defined as the initial number of the whole pieces

on the movable bed. In the case of N=120 and piece

length L=5.25 cm, most of the pieces passed through the

check dam model.

In the preliminary experiments, most of the wood

pieces on the smooth fixed bed became parallel to the

flow direction and passed through the model check dam.

The fixed bed part in the present flume, on the other

hand, is roughened with the same material as bed

sediment in the movable bed part. The interaction among

the flowing pieces and bed roughness made the pieces

hold in the various directions during their movement. It

can be considered that this situation made the check dam

200

150

100

50

0

200

150

100

50

0

0 50 100 150 200

Number of whole pieces on the fixed bed

model trap the pieces.

(2) Flow situation after the arrival of the flow

front at the check dam model

The sediment followed the pieces accumulating at the

flow front. Moving sediment pushed the trapped pieces

against the check dam model, pressed them and formed

their complicated mesh structure. At the same time, the

trapped pieces caused sediment deposition in the

upstream direction. These results suggest that a larger

number of pieces trapped causes an increase in

sediment deposition behind the open check dam.

Figure 7. Number of pieces trapped by check dam model

versus that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed.

The total volume of the pieces trapped by the check

dam model is plotted against the volume of the whole

pieces in Figure 8. The broken line indicates that the

volume of the pieces trapped by the check dam model is

same as that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed. For

the wood model pieces of L=10.0 cm, we can see an

almost linear relationship between the volume of the

trapped pieces and that of the whole pieces. However,

the linear relationship cannot be found for L=5.5 cm and

7.0 cm.

Wood Accumulation at The Open Check dam Model

The experiments show that some of the wood model

pieces concentrating at the flow front part were trapped

by the open check dam model. The trapped pieces

formed a kind of the mesh structure at the open check

dam model and deposited sediment behind the trapped

pieces from the subsequent mixture flow. This result is

the one originally produced by the laboratory flume

experiments.

400

300

200

100

0

400

300

200

100

0

In this section, first, we examine dependence of the

pieces trapped by the check dam model on their number,

volume and length scale at the initial stationary, moving

and trapping stage. Second, the relationship between

deposited sediment and trapped wood is investigated.

0 100 200 300 400

Volume of whole pieces on the fixed bed (cm3)

Figure 8. Volume of pieces trapped by check dam model

versus that of the whole pieces on the fixed bed.

From Figures 7 and 8, it is found that trapping the

pieces by the open-check dam model requires sufficient

Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

5

)

Wei

ght

of

sed

imen

t tr

app

ed

by c

heck

da

m (

kg)

Wei

ght

o f

sed

ime

nt t

rap

ped

by c

hec

k d

am

(k

g)

Wei

gh

t o

f se

dim

en

t tr

ap

ped

by c

heck

da

m (

kg)

Rati

o o

f d

ep

th t

o l

eng

th o

f th

e t

rap

ped

pie

ces

Acc

um

ula

tion

dep

th o

f p

ieces

tra

pped

by

th

e ch

eck

dam

(cm

)

10

0

6

10

2

0

6

2

number and volume of the pieces. In the case of

L=5.25cm and D=5.2 mm, critical condition for trapping

the pieces by the open-check dam model is Nc 120 and

Vc 140 cm3. Here Nc and Vc denote the number and volume of pieces in the critical condition, respectively.

volume of trapped pieces. The ratio of accumulation

depth to length of trapped pieces is investigated (Figure

13). Except the case of smaller amount of piece volume,

the ratio is close to the value of 1.0.

20 20 10 10

8 8

A comparison of the opening size of the check dam 15 15

model with the length scale of pieces is important in the

discussion of trapping wood by the check dam model. 4 4

The size of opening of the check dam model is lo=3.5 5 5

cm. The scale of pieces can be represented by their 0 0

length or diameter. 0 2 4 6 8 10

Accumulation depth of pieces trapped

by check dam (cm)

0 100 200 300 400

Volume of pieces trapped by the check dam (cm3)

The number of wood model pieces trapped by the Figure 11. Figure 12.

check dam model versus length of the pieces; this is

depicted under the condition of N=180. In the other hand,

the volume of pieces trapped by the check dam model

against length of the pieces in the case of N=180. The

number and volume of the pieces trapped by the check

dam model depend on their length. The number and

volume of the pieces trapped increase with an increase in

their length.

2

1.5

1

0.5

0

2

1.5

1

0.5

0 0 100 200 300 400

Figure 9 shows the relationship between the weight

of deposited sediment grains and the number of trapped

pieces. The relationship between the weight of deposited

sediment grains and the volume of trapped pieces is

presented in Figure 10. It is found that a larger amount of

piece volume caused significant sediment deposition

behind the trapped pieces.

Volume of pieces trapped by the check dam (cm 3)

Figure 13. Ratio of accumulation depth to length of

trapped pieces versus volume of pieces trapped by the

check dam.

Ashida and Takahashi (1980) and Ashida et al.(1987)

introduced the non-dimensional ratio lo/dmax in order to

examine the effect of grid-type open check dams on 20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0

0 50 100 150 200

Number of pieces tra pped by chec k da m

20 20

15 15

10 10

5 5

0 0 0 1 00 200 300 400

Volume of piece s tra pped by check dam (cm 3

debris flows. Here lo indicates the size of the opening of

the check dam, and dmax indicates the maximum size of

sediment materials moving as debris flows. Referring to

the discussion, we introduce the non-dimensional ratio

lo/L for the discussion of the effect of the steel-pipe

check dam on the wood-sediment-water mixture flows.

Here L denotes the length of the pieces and lo the

opening size of the check dam model.

Figure 9. Figure 10.

Especially, the accumulation depth of trapped pieces

extremely affects sediment deposition from the

subsequent debris flow (Figure 11). We can see a linear

relation of weight of sediment deposited behind the

check dam to accumulation depth of the trapped pieces.

Therefore, the length scale and structure of

accumulation of the trapped wood become important for

sediment deposition from the subsequent mixture flow.

The relationship between the accumulation depth and

volume of trapped pieces is shown in Figure 12.The

accumulation depth of trapped pieces increases with

Figures 14 and 15 indicate volume ratio of trapped

wood model pieces to the whole pieces. The volume

ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole pieces varies

from 58% to 90% under the condition of N=180. Some

scatter of the data is noted near the region of smaller

number and volume of the whole pieces. Therefore, we

focus the discussion on the condition of N=120 and 180.

Under this condition, we plot the volume ratio of trapped

pieces to the whole pieces versus lo/L (Figure 16). It is

found that the volume ratio of the trapped pieces to the

whole pieces decreases with lo/L and becomes smaller

rapidly at lo>0.6L. Therefore, we can draw regressive

curves for each number of the whole pieces. The volume

Farouk Maricar, et al

6

10cm-2mm 10cm-3mm 10cm-4mm

10cm-5mm 7cm-2mm 7cm-3mm 7cm-4mm 7cm-5mm 5.25cm-5mm 樹木無し

Vo

lum

e r

ati

o o

f p

ieces

tra

pp

ed

by c

heck

dam

to w

hole

pie

ces

Vo

lum

e ra

tio o

f p

ieces

tra

pp

ed b

y c

hec

k d

am

to w

ho

le p

iece

s V

olu

me

rati

o o

f p

iece

s tr

ap

ped

by c

hec

k d

am

to w

hole

pie

ces

Y d

ir e

c t i

o n

( c

m )

Sed

imen

t d

eposi

tio

n t

hic

kn

ess

(mm

)

0

ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole pieces can be

determined by lo/L for each number of the whole pieces.

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

Process of Sediment Deposition Behind The Open

Check dam Model

Figure 17 shows the time variation in the longitudinal

profile of sediment deposition behind the check dam

model. These indicate sediment deposition process after

the arrival of flow front at the check dam model. It is

found that sediment deposition proceeded in the

upstream and vertical direction of the fixed bed behind

the check dam model.

100 t=0 second t=5 seconds

0.20

0.00

0 50 100 150 200

Number of whole pieces on the fixed bed

80 t=10 seconds t=15 seconds t=20 seconds

60

40

20

Figure 14 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check

dam model to the whole pieces versus number of the

whole pieces on the fixed bed.

0

140 160 180 200 220 240 260

x(cm)

1

0.75

0.5

0.25

Figure 17. Time variation of longitudinal sediment

deposition profile at y= 0cm

On the other hand, Figure 18 shows plan view of the

sediment deposition profile after stopping the water

inflow at the upstream end. Irregular sediment deposition

profile can be found in the transverse direction at the

check dam model.

30

0

0 100 200 300 400

Volume of the whole pieces on the fixed bed (cm 3)

25

20 1

15 2

10

5

1 2 3

4

5 6

6

Figure 15 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check 1 3

dam model to the whole pieces versus volume of the

whole pieces.

1

N = 120

120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260

X direction (cm)

Figure 18 Plan view of the final profile of sediment

deposition

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0

N = 180

N=180

N=120

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

lo / L

Sediment Deposition Behind The open Check dam

Model

Figures 19 to 23 show weight ratio of sediment

deposited behind the open check dam model to the

whole sediment moving downstream on the fixed bed.

Figures 19 and 20 show sediment weight ratio versus

the number and volume of the whole wood pieces

moving on the fixed bed.

Figures 21 show sediment weight ratio versus the

volume of wood pieces trapped by the open check dam

Figure 16 Volume ratio of pieces trapped by the check

dam to the whole pieces versus lo/L (N= 120,180).

model. Figures 22 show sediment weight ratio versus the

accumulation depth of wood pieces trapped by the open

check dam model.

Experimental Study of The Effect of Open Check Dam on Debris Flows

7

0.4

0.2

0 0 100 200 300 400

Figure 19. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole

sediment versus Number of whole pieces on the fixed

bed.

Figure 20. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole

sediment versus Volume of whole pieces on the fixed

bed.

1

through the open check dam model. Furthermore, in the

case of N=120 and L=5.25 cm, most of sediment and

pieces in the mixture flow passed through the check dam

model.

Figure 22 Weight ratio of sediment deposited to whole

sediment versus accumulation depth of pieces trapped by

check dam on the fixed bed.

Although scatter of the data is noted in Figures 19

and 20, it is found that sediment weight ratio increases

with increase in number and volume of whole pieces on

the fixed bed. The relationship between sediment weight

ratio and the trapped wood pieces becomes more obvious,

as shown in Figures 21 and 22. It is seen that

accumulation depth of the trapped wood pieces

determines sediment weight ratio.

Figure 23 indicates weight ratio of sediment

deposited to the whole sediment moving on the fixed bed.

The weight ratio of sediment deposited to the whole

sediment varies from 35% to 85%.

0.8

0.6

N=180, D=5.2mm

Volume of trapped pieces (cm 3)

N=120, D=5.2mm

Figure 21. Weight ratio of sediment deposited to

whole sediment versus volume of trapped pieces.

In the case without wood pieces moving on the fixed

bed, most of sediment in the mixture flow passed

Figure 23. Weight ratio of the sediment deposited to

whole sediment versus lo/L

Farouk Maricar, et al

8

CONCLUSIONS

1. Some wood pieces concentrating at the flow front

part were trapped by the open check dam model.

The trapped pieces formed a kind of the mesh

structure at the open check dam model and resulted

in sediment deposition behind the trapped pieces

from the subsequent mixture flow. This is the one

originally produced by the laboratory flume

experiments.

2. A linear relationship can be found between the

volume of pieces trapped by the check dam model

and the volume of the whole pieces on the fixed

bed. However, trapping the pieces by the open-

check dam model requires their sufficient number

and volume.

3. In the case without wood pieces moving on the

fixed bed, most of sediment in the mixture flow

passed through the open check dam model.

Furthermore, in the case of N=120 and L=5.25 cm,

most of sediment and pieces in the mixture flow

passed through the check dam model.

4. The length scale and structure of accumulation of

the trapped pieces become important for sediment

deposition from the subsequent mixture flow. The

accumulation depth of wood pieces trapped by the

open check dam determines sediment deposition

from the mixture flow.

5. The volume ratio of the trapped pieces to the whole

pieces can be determined by lo/L for each number

of the whole pieces.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author would like to thank to Mr.Shinya

Ikematsu, Tomohiro Miyoshi, Tadahiko Hasuo, Kyosuke

Hashimura and Kensuke Sakada for their support and

assistance during the experiments. This study has been

supported by Kyushu Regional Planning Association.

We would like to appreciate their grant in aid on this

study.

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