01_Introduction to Biology 5-11-14

8/18/2019 01_Introduction to Biology 5-11-14

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Chapter 1Scientific Study of Life

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Child: © t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom


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Section 1.1

Biology is the scientific study of life.

The Characteristics of Life

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission required for reproduction or display.

Child: © t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images


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Biology is everywhere.


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Images from: http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110118/full/469273a.html

http://www.nature.com/news/2010/012345/full/4681018a/slideshow/1.html?ident

ifier=1

Biology impacts our everyday lives.


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Courtesy of NASA.gov

BOT NY and

GRICULTURE

COLOGY

ZOOLOGY

GENETICS

PERSON LIZED

GENOMICS

Social pyschological

behavioral and legislative

issues


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Paul Gauguin

"D'où venons-nous? Que sommes-nous?

Où allons-nous?"

1897

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D'o%C3%B9_venons-nous_%3F_Que_sommes-nous_%3F_O%C3%B9_allons-nous_%3F


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http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601100118,00.html


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http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/humanresearch/research_info/overview/IAA_HIS

S_18th.html


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1993

http://www.time.com/time/magazine/0,9263,7601931108,00.html


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http://www.yourgenome.org/ethics/persgen/persgen1.shtml

http://www.yourgenome.org/ethics/persgen/persgen1.shtmlhttp://www.yourgenome.org/ethics/persgen/persgen1.shtml


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16 February 2001 19 December 2008

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5507.tochttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5909.tochttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/322/5909.tochttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/291/5507.toc


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http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/PGA_041695

http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/PGA_041695http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/PGA_041695


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Science Policy and Law

“IN THIS AGE OF SCIENCE, SCIENCE SHOULD

EXPECT TO

find a warm welcome, perhaps a permanent

home, in our courtrooms. Thereason is a simple one. The legal disputes before

us increasingly involve the

principles and tools of science.” Stephen Breyer,L.L.B., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of

the United States


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Cells are the basic units of life.

Every organism, or living individual,

consists of one or more cells.





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Cells use DNA to produce proteins.





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How do we know this boy is alive,

and this rock is not alive?



Child: © t14/ZUMA Press/Newscom;

Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images;DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images


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Section 1.1

All life shares five characteristics.

- Organization




Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images;DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images


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Section 1.1 Figure 1.2

ATOM

The smallest chemicalunit of a type of pure

substance (element).

Example: Carbon atom

The Characteristics of LifeLife is organized

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


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MOLECULE

A group of joined atoms.Example: DNA




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ORGANELLE

A membrane-bounded

structure that has a

specific

function within a cell.

Example: Chloroplast




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CELL

The fundamental

unit of life.Example: Leaf cell




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TISSUE

A collection of specialized

cells that function in a

coordinated fashion.

Example: Epidermis of leaf




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ORGAN

A structure consisting

of tissues organized to

interact and carry

out specific functions.

Example: Leaf




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ORGAN SYSTEM

Organs connected

physically or

chemically

that function

together.Example:

Aboveground

part of a plant




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ORGANISM

A single living individual.

Example: One acacia tree




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ORGANISM

A single living individual.

Example: One acacia tree




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POPULATION

A group of the same species of organism

living in the same place and time.Example: Multiple acacia trees



Population: © Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers


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COMMUNITY

All populations that occupy

the same region.

Example: All populationsin a savanna



Population: © Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: © Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont


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ECOSYSTEM

The living and

nonliving

components of an

area.

Example: The

savanna



Population: © Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: © Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images


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Section 1.1


Figure 1.2

BIOSPHERE

The global ecosystem;the parts of the planet

and its atmosphere

where life is possible.


Population: © Gregory G. Dimijian, M.D./Photo Researchers; Community: © Todd Gustafson/Danita Delimont;

Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images; Biosphere: © Corbis (RF)


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Endothelial

cell

Sheet of

endothelial

cells

Capillary

Endothelial

cellRed blood

cell


Emergent properties arise at each

level of biological organization.

Section 1.1 Figure 1.3Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


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Endothelial

cell

Sheet of

endothelial

cells

Capillary

Endothelial

cellRed blood

cell


The capillary has properties that its

components alone lack.



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Clicker Question #1

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Organs consist of tissues.

B. Populations consist of organisms.

C. Molecules consist of cells.D. Organisms consist of atoms.

E. Organelles consist of molecules.

© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF



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Clicker Question #1

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Organs consist of tissues.

B. Populations consist of organisms.

C. Molecules consist of cells.D. Organisms consist of atoms.

E. Organelles consist of molecules.




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Clicker Question #2

Which is the best example of emergentproperties?

A. Wearing glasses gives you better

vision.B. Welding metal together makes an

office building.

C. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer.

D. Stacking cups on top of each other makes

a plastic pyramid.

E. Tying strings together makes a longer

string.




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Clicker Question #2

Which is the best example of emergentproperties?

A. Wearing glasses gives you better

vision.B. Welding metal together makes an

office building.

C. Wearing clothes keeps you warmer.

D. Stacking cups on top of each other makes

a plastic pyramid.

E. Tying strings together makes a longer

string.



h h f f


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Section 1.1


- Organization✔




Ecosystem: © Manoj Shah/The Image Bank/Getty Images;

DNA:© SMC Images/The Image Bank/Getty Images

h h i i f if


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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use






Th Ch i i f Lif


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Section 1.1

The Characteristics of LifeLife requires energy

Producers extract energy

and nutrients from the

nonliving environment.

Energy

fromsunlight

Figure 1.4Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Th Ch i i f Lif


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Section 1.1


Energy

fromsunlight

HeatConsumers obtain

energy and nutrients by

eating other organisms.


Th Ch i i f Lif


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Section 1.1


Energy

fromsunlight

Heat

Decomposers are consumers

that obtain nutrients from dead

organisms and organic wastes.

Heat

Heat


Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1


Energy

fromsunlight

Heat

Heat

Heat

Heat is lost every

time energy is

transferred.Heat

Figure 1.4Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.Permission re uired for re roduction or dis la .

Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔






Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔ - Maintenance of internal constancy






Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1

The Characteristics of LifeLife maintains internal constancy

Figure 23.8

Homeostasis is the

process by which a cell or

organism maintains

equilibrium.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Permission re uired for re roduction or dis la .

Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1


Figure 23.8

A thermostat is an

analogy for how life

maintains internal

constancy.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Permission re uired for re roduction or dis la .

Th Ch t i ti f Lif


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Section 1.1


Humans have an internal

thermostat that helps

maintain temperature

homeostasis. This womanshivers and adds clothing

when she feels cold.




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Section 1.1


Homeostasis is not just

about temperature

though. For example,

organisms also fluctuatearound their optimal

nutrient, salt, and water

balances.




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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔

- Maintenance of internal constancy

✔








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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔


✔

- Reproduction, growth, and

development








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Section 1.1

The Characteristics of LifeLife reproduces, grows, and develops

Reproduction is either asexual or sexual.

Figure 1.5Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.SEM: © Dennis Kunkel/Phototake; Palm: © Brand X Pictures/Getty Images (RF); Deer: © Corbis Animals in Action CD



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Section 1.1


Offspring of asexually reproducing organisms are identical

to their single parent.




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Section 1.1


Fungi sometimes reproduce asexually.

Each of these orange cells might become a new organism.




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Section 1.1


Asexual reproduction is a successful strategy in unchanging

environments.




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Section 1.1


Offspring of sexually reproducing organisms receive genetic

material from two parents.




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Section 1.1


Most plants and animals reproduce sexually. Both the seedling

and the fawn received genetic material from two parents.




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Section 1.1


Sexual reproduction is successful in changing environments,

since offspring are unlike either parent.




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Section 1.1


This fawn started as a single cell and has grown and

developed into a multicellular organism.


Clicker Question #3


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Clicker Question #3

Which of the following statements is trueabout reproduction?

A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic

variation among organisms.B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in

unchanging environments.

C. Most plants reproduce only asexually.

D. Asexual organisms do not actually

reproduce.E. None of these is true.



Clicker Question #3


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Clicker Question #3

Which of the following statements is trueabout reproduction?

A. Sexual reproduction creates genetic

variation among organisms.B. Sexual reproduction is most successful in

unchanging environments.

C. Most plants reproduce only asexually.

D. Asexual organisms do not actually

reproduce.E. None of these is true.





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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔


✔


development ✔








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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔


✔


development ✔

- Evolution








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The Characteristics of LifeLife evolves

How is it that so many

organisms seem

perfectly suited to their

environment?




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This snake blends into

the sand.




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Snakes that blend in

best catch the most

prey, likely survive the

longest, and reproduce

the most.




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Bacteria evolve quickly.




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Bacteria evolve quickly.


Time




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Antibiotic-resistant bacteria are most successful.

Time

Antibiotic present

Time

Reproduction

and

Selection




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Section 1.1


- Organization✔

- Energy use✔


✔


development ✔

- Evolution✔






1.1 Mastering Concepts


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What are the roles of natural selection andmutations in evolution?




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The Tree of Life Includes Three

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_Fruit_fly.pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Escherichia_coli_Gram.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Mouse-19-Dec-2004.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Enlarged_c_elegans.jpg


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Section 1.2


Main Branches

Taxonomy is the

scientific study of

naming and

classifying

organisms.




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Section 1.2


Main Branches

Species are

broadly

categorized into

one of three

domains.




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Section 1.2


Main Branches

Each domain

includes one or

more kingdoms.




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Section 1.2


Main Branches

Figure 1.8

Domain Bacteria and Domain

Archaea are prokaryotic and

unicellular.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bacteria: © Kwangshin Kim/Photo Researchers; Archaea: © Ralph Robinson/Visuals Unlimited



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Section 1.2

e ee o e c udes ee

Main Branches

Figure 1.8

Organisms in Domain

Eukarya have cells with

nuclei.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Amoeba: © Melba Photo Agency/PunchStock (RF)



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Section 1.2

Main Branches

Figure 1.8

Organisms in Domain


nuclei.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Bee: Courtesy of The National Human Genome Research Institute



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Section 1.2

Main Branches

Figure 1.8

Organisms in Domain


nuclei.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Mushroom: © Corbis (RF)



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Section 1.2

Main Branches

Figure 1.8

Organisms in Domain


nuclei.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Leaf: © Photo by Keith Weller/USDA

Clicker Question #4


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Q

How are eukaryotes different fromprokaryotes?

A. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.

B. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.

C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.

D. Only eukaryotes are living organisms.

E. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from

prokaryotes.



Clicker Question #4


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Q

How are eukaryotes different fromprokaryotes?

A. Eukaryotes are always multicellular.

B. Prokaryotic cells never have nuclei.

C. Only prokaryotes are autotrophs.

D. Only eukaryotes are living organisms.

E. None of these distinguish eukaryotes from

prokaryotes.





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g p

Which kingdoms contain eukaryoticorganisms?



The Scientific Method


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In general, all scientific inquiry

follows a standard process.




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Figure 1.9Section 1.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.



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Figure 1.9Section 1.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.



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Types of Science


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Figure 1.10

Scientists test their

hypotheses with

discovery science or

controlled experiments.

Section 1.3 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Birdwatcher: U.S. fish & Wildlife Service/J&K Hollingsworth;Coffee tasters: © Corbis (RF)

Components of Experiments


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• Independent variable: what is manipulated

(e.g., dose of vaccine)

• Dependent variable: what is measured

(e.g., number of rotavirus-infected children)

• Standardized variable: held constant for all

subjects in an experiment (e.g., age ofchildren)

Well-designed experiments include independent,

dependent, and standardized variables.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Coffee tasters: © Corbis (RF)

Clicker Question #5


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What is the dependent variable in the

experiment outlined in this table?

A

B

C

Figure 1.11© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF


Clicker Question #5


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What is the dependent variable in the

experiment outlined in this table?

A

B

C

Figure 1.11© 1996 PhotoDisc, Inc./Getty Images/RF




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What are the components of scientificinquiry?



Scientific Theories Help Explain


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Sections 1.3 & 1.4

Observations

Figure 1.12

When Charles Darwin

saw the nectar tubes

on these orchids he

predicted that a moth

had an equally long

tongue.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Orchid: © Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com



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Sections 1.3 & 1.4

Observations

Figure 1.12

He based this

prediction on his

theory of evolution.

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Orchid: © Geoff McIlleron: Firefly Images/Photographersdirect.com



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Sections 1.3 & 1.4

Observations

Figure 1.13

Thirty years later,

the moth was

discovered.




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What observations led Darwin and Wallace

to predict the existence of a long-tongued

moth in Madagascar?

Answer: Go to section 1.4 in your ebook.

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01_Introduction to Biology 5-11-14

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