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QUMICA IING. E. RAL MORALES MUOZ
MSc. TEMAS:INTRODUCCIN
ESTEQUIOMETRAESTADO LQUIDOSOLUCIONESCIDOS, BASES Y
SALESTERMOQUMICAELECTROQUMICA
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 1
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES.+)"): +"0$)"'* 0) Q+3c$ G)")($&. I"#. L+3* E*c'4$(.
GENERALIDADES.M+c5$* *+*$"c3$* +3&3-$0$* )" &$ 3"0+*(3$c'"3)")" 6c30'*, 4$*)* 7 *$&)*, $+"'* 0) &'*
c+$&)* $438" *'" 9('0+c30'* 9'( &'*'(#$"3*'* 3'*.L'* 6c30'*, 4$*)* 7 *$&)* 5$" *30' +*$0'* 9$($$(3'* ;")*. L'* $&
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CIDOS
='*)(3'()"), *) ()c'"'c3> $ &'* 6c30'* 9'( *)(*+*$"c3$*
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CIDOS
c?R)$cc3'"$" c'" &'* )$&)* $c3'* c'' )&M$#")*3' M#, Z3"c Z" 7 @3)((' ) 9('0+c3)"0'@30(>#)"' #$*)'*'.0?R)$cc3'"$" c'" &'* C$(4'"$'* 7
B3c$(4'"$'*, '($"0' A"50(30' C$(4>"3c'.)?R)$cc3'"$" c'" &$* 4$*)* '($"0' *$&)* 7A#+$.?C'"0+c)" &$ c'((3)") )&8c(3c$, )* 0)c3( *'")&)c('&3'* *3 c'"3)")" 3'")* &34()*.
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
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BASES, LCALIS O @IDRFIDOS.
E" c$43', $ &$* 4$*)* *) ()c'"'c3> 9'(
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
A c'"3"+$c3>" *) +)*($" $+"$* *+*$"c3$*c'+")* 7 *+ 3"#()03)"):SUSTANCIA COM=ONENTE
ACIDOS:c30' 0) 4$)($
A#+$ c$(4'"$$0$
S'&+c3>" 9$($ )& &$$0' 0)''*C'"*)($0'( 0) $&3)"'*
L3>", &3$, '$)R)')0'( 0) >30'
L)c5) $#(3$H+#' #6*(3c'
3"$#()3$3"$ C
BASES:L393$0'( 9$($ )& 0()"$)
L)c5) 0) $#")*3$M'()(' 7 7)*'
L393$0'( 0) )"$"$*
c30' S+&%(3c'
c30' C$(4>"3c'
c30' B>(3c'c30' B)"->3c'c30' C(3c'
c30' '*>(3c'c30' L6c3c'
c30' C&'(50(3c'c30' Ac83c'
c30' A*c>(43c'
@30(>30' 0) S'03'@30(>30' 0) M$#")*3'
@30(>30' 0) C$&c3'S'&+c3>" 0) A'"$c'
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. !
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESTEORA DE [email protected]* +"$ )'($ 9('9+)*$
$&()0)0'( 0) 1K 9$($ )9&3c$( &$ "$+($&)-$ 0)&'* 6c30'* 7 &$* 4$*)*.ACIDO.E* c+$&" 0)& C@COO@
E" &$ ()9()*)"$c3>" 0) &'* 6c30'* 3"'(#6"3c'*,&'* 6''* 0) @30(>#)"' *) )*c(34)" $ &$2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
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TEORA DE ARR@ENIUS
E& 3'" 530(>#)"' @*) c'"*30)($ c'' +"9('>" " 530('"3'@O: @ @2O P @O
R)$cc3>" 0) 530($$c3>" 0)& 3'" @
E" )*$0' 0) E
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TEORA DE [email protected]* '0$ *+*$"c3$
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
REACCIONES DE NEUTRALIZACIN.D) $c+)(0' c'" &$ )'($ 0) A((5)"3+*, )"S'&+c3>" $c+'*$, +" 6c30' c)0) @7 +"$ 4$*)&34)($ O@, 9('0+c38"0'*) +"$ ()$cc3>" 0)
")+($&3-$c3>" " *34>&3c$ 0):$? +"$ ()$cc3>"
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
ALORACIN O TITULACIN. E* +" 8'0' 0)A"6&3*3* 9$($ 0))(3"$( &$ Concentracin0)*c'"'c30$ 0) &$ S'&+c3>" 0) +" c30' > +"$B$*), +*$"0' +"$ S'&+c3>" 0)Concentracin
c'"'c30$ 0) +"$ B$*) > +" c30',()*9)c3$)").E*) 9('c)*' 3"'&+c($ +"$ ()$cc3>" c30'VB$*),c+7' 9+"' ;"$& 9+)0) 0))(3"$(*) c'" $7+0$
0) +" 3"03c$0'( c'' &$ )"'&$&)"$, " ()$cc3'"$ )&2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 11
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A9&3c$c3'")*.
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 12
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
TEORA DE BRNSTED Y LO[RY.+) 9('9+)*$)" 12.L$* 0);"3c3'")* 0) B(\"*)0 7 L'](7 *'" 6*#)")($&)* " 3")(*$ 0)03*'c3$c3>" 0)& @C&
BASE.E* '0$ *+*$"c3$ c$9$- 0) $c)9$( 3'")*530(>#)"' @0) '($ *+*$"c3$. E" )*$0' 0)
E
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TEORA DE BRNSTED Y LO[RY
S)#%" &$ )'($ 0) B(\"*)0 7 L'](7, "'")c)*$(3$)") *) 9('0+c) +"$ ")+($&3-$c3>")"() 6c30' 7 4$*).
@C& @2O P @O C& R)$cc3>" 0) 03*'c3$c3>"
0)& @C&6c30' 4$*)
@2O @2O P @O O@ R)$cc3>" 0) 03*'c3$c3>"0)& @2O
6c30' 4$*) @2SO @2O P @O @SO
@SO @2O P @O SO2
6c30' 4$*) 2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 1
@2O
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESTEORIA DE LE[IS.E& c'"c)9' 0) 6c30'* 7 4$*)* 9('9+)*' 9'(L)]3* )" 12 )* &$ 0);"3c3>" 6* #)")($& )3"c&+7) $ '0$* &$* *+*$"c3$*
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TEORIA DE LE[IS
A*, &$ 0);"3c3>" 0) 6c30' *) $9&3c$ $ *+*$"c3$*#)"' @, $c%$" c''6c30'*, 7 &$ 0);"3c3>" 0) +"$ 4$*) *) $9&3c$ $*+*$"c3$* #)"' @'c)0)( 3'")* 530(>30' @O^, $c%$" c'' 4$*)*.='( &' $"', )& 3'" 530(>#)"' @)* +" 6c30'9+)*' " 0) 530($$c3>" 0)& 3'" @ E*
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TEORIA DE LE[IS
E& 3'" 530(>30' O@)* +"$ 4$*), 9+)*' "0)& A#+$.
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A9&3c$c3'")*.$?U*$"0' )*(+c+($* 0) L)]3*, )*c(343( &$()$cc3>" )"() )& &+'(+(' 0) B'(' BC7 )&
A'"3$c' N@C, 7 )9&3c$( &$ '($ c'' )& 6c30'0) L)]3* ()c)9$ +" 9$( 0) )&)c('")*, 7 c'' &$4$*) 0) L)]3* &' 0'"$, 9$($ 0$( '&8c+&$*)*$4&)*.
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 1
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESUERZA DE LOS CIDOS Y LAS BASES.
L'* 6c30'* 7 &$* 4$*)* 9+)0)" *)( +)()* 70843&)*.
CIDOS Y BASES UERTES. S'" $(3c',@C&O
@30(>30' 0) S'03',
N$O@@30(>30' 0) ='$*3',
O@@30(>30' 0) C$&c3',
C$O@?2
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESCIDOS Y BASES D_BILES. S'" *+*$"c3$*
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESCONSTANTE DE IONIZACIN.E* &$ c'"*$") 0)E" ' 3'"3-$c3>", 0);"30$9'( *+ )c+$c3>" )" +"c3>" 0) &$*Concentraciones Molares relativas0) &'* 3'")*"
)"S'&+c3>"
[ ] [ ][ ]
[ ] [ ][ ]NaOH
HONa
)NaOH(
)HO()Na()NaOH(
HCl
ClH
)HCl(
)Cl()H()HCl(
=
=
=
=
++++
MrEq
MrEqMrEq
MrEq
MrEqMrEq
C
CCK
C
CCK ba
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
=$($ 6c30'*:
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2
CIDOS Ka@C&O
@I@B(@C&
@NO@2SO@IO
@OOCVCOO@@NO
2@C@COO@
@BO@CN
+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)
W,1,X1W2
,!X1W
,X1W1,KX1W
,X1W1W
,X1W1W
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
=$($ 4$*)*:
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2
BASES KbN$O@O@
L3O@E3&$3"$, C2@N@2M)3&$3"$, C@N@2
A'"3$c', N@
=3(303"$, C@NA"3&3"$, C!@N@2C$)"$, CK@1WNO2
U()$, N@2?2CO
+7 #($"0)+7 #($"0)
+7 #($"0),!X1W
,2X1W
1,KX1W
1,X1W
,2X1W1W
,X1W1
1,X1W1
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
=$($ 6c30'* 9'&39(>3c'* ' 9'&39('>"3c'* :
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2
NOMBRE FRMULA Ka1
Ka2
Ka3
A*c>(43c'C$(4>"3c
'C(3c'O6&3c'
'*>(3c'
S+&+('*'S+&%(3c'T$(6(3c'S+&50(3c
'
@2C!@!O!@2CO
@C!@O@2C2O@=O@2SO@2SO
@2C@O!@2S
K,WX1W
,2X1W
,X1W,X1W2
,X1W
1,X1W2
+7#($"0)1,WX1W
,X1WK
1,!X1W12
,!X1W11
1,X1W
!,X1W
!,2X1WK
!,X1WK
1,2X1W2
,!X1W
1,WX1W
1
,WX1W
,KX1W1
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A9&3c$c3'")*. D);"3(:$?C'"c)"($c3>" M'&$( ()&$3$ 0) E" )" S'&+c3>".
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2!
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESDISOCIACIN 7 AUTODISOCIACIN DELAGUA.L'* )"&$c)* 3>"3c'* 9('0+c)" 3'"3-$c3>". L'*)"&$c)* c'$&)")* *) 03*'c3$" )" '($
5''&3c$ 7 )" '($ 5))('&3c$.E& A#+$ 9+)0) $c+$( c'' +" 6c30' 7 c''+"$ 4$*), 9'( $"', )* +"$ *+*$"c3$$">)($. L$ 03*'c3$c3>" 5))('&3c$ 0)& A#+$
*) 9('0+c) *)#%" )& E
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES=$($ )& E" 7 ()#)")($c3>"0)& A#+$ +*$()'*: @2O P @ O@
C'' )& A#+$ *) )"c+)"($, )" 03)()")*
c'"03c3'")*, c$*3 )" *+ '$&30$0 )" '($ 0)'&8c+&$* "' 03*'c3$0$*, *+ +7 9)
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES=$($ )& A#+$ 7 9$($ S'&+c3'")* $c+'*$* 03&+30$*
$ 2C, Kw)*:
7 0)9)"0) *'&' 0) &$ )9)($+($, c'' *)
'4*)($ )" &$ *3#+3)") $4&$:
A+"
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
D) &$ )c+$c3>" 0) Kw9'0)'* c'"c&+3( " BSICA, *) c+9&)
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES=OTENCIAL DE @IDRGENO '!".
D))(3"$( )&!otencial de "idrgeno, de#idronio'!"0) +"$ S'&+c3>", )* 0))(3"$( )&$&'( ^logaritmo base $%0) &$ ConcentracinMolar relativa0) 3'")* 530(>#)"' a@b, )" )&
)*$0' 0) E" )" E
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESD) &$ )c+$c3>" $")(3'( *) 9+)0) )*$4&)c)( 0)
+"$ '($ *33&$( " )* BSICA c+$"0' )&!">,WW
!"46*3c'
S) )*$4&)c) &$ *3#+3)") )*c$&$ 0)!":
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALESA0)6* *) 9+)0) +*$( )&!&", " N$O@?W,1W M B$*) +)(), *) 3'"3-$'$&)"). Kb#($"0).N$O@ N$ @O^ W,1W '&N$O@ W,1W '& N$ W,1W '& @O^ CMrS'&+c3>" N$O@? W,1W CMrIN$O@? a@O^b W,1W 1,WX1W^1
!&"S'&+c3>" W,1W M N$O@? ^&'#W,1W? 1,W 2 c.*.?^
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
E9&3c$(:1. C'"c)"($c3>" I"3c3$& 70) E
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CIDOS, BASES Y SALES
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
S'&+c3>" !"
S'&+c3>" W,1W M @C&H+#' #6*(3c'H+#' 0) &3>"
3"$#()B)430$* #$*)'*$*
C)()-$
L)c5)O(3"$A#+$ 0) &&+3$
S$&3$A#+$ 9+($
S$"#()
C&$($ 0) 5+)'B3&3*
L)c5) 0) $#")*3$A'"$c' 0'8*3c'
S'&+c3>" W,1W M N$O@
1,W1,! 1,K2,
2, ,2,W ,W,W ,
!, !,!, ,,!
!,2 ,,WW
, ,
,! K,W,K K,!
1W,111
A c'"3"+$c3>"*) +)*($ )&
!"0) $+"$**+*$"c3$*:
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A9&3c$c3'")*.$?C$&c+&$( )&!"7 )&!&"0) +"$ S'&+c3>" W,2W M 0) @C&.4?C$&c+&$( )&!"7 )&!&"0) +"$ S'&+c3>" W,2W M 0)N$O@.
c?R)9()*)"$( #(6;c$)") &$ $(3$c3>" 0)&!")"+"c3>" 0) a@b $& $+)"$( &$ C'"c)"($c3>" 0) +"$S'&+c3>" 0) +" 6c30' +)().0?R)9()*)"$( #(6;c$)") &$ $(3$c3>" 0)&!")"+"c3>" 0) aO@^b $& $+)"$( &$ C'"c)"($c3>" 0) +"$S'&+c3>" 0) +"$ 4$*) +)().U" )*" *) +*$ c+$"0' 3")(3)") )& 3>"@.
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
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@IDROLISISS)#%" )& 9@
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@IDROLISIS.@IDROLISIS DE SALES.C+$"0', *)#%" A((5)"3+*, +" 6c30' ()$cc3'"$
)*)
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@IDROLISIS.@IDRLISIS DE UNA SAL BSICA. C'"*30)()'* &$
530(>&3*3* 0) +"$ *$& 46*3c$, Ac)$' > E$"'$'0) S'03' C@COON$:
$?E" 9(3)( &+#$( &$ *$& *) 3'"3-$, '$&)"),c'' c+$&" $c)$',()#)")($"0' )& 6c30' 0843&. E*$ ()$cc3>" 0)E&3*3**) 0);") 0) &$*3#+3)") $")($:
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. K
@2O
[ ]
[ ]
[ ]
=
=COO3CH
OHCOOH3CH
O2HCOO3CH
OHCOOH3CH
hKhidrlisisK
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@IDROLISIS.
c?E" +" )(c)( 9$*' *) 9('0+c) &$ 03*'c3$c3>"0)& 6c30' 0843& ()#)")($0'. E*) 9('c)*' 0)E
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@IDROLISIS.
D) 0'"0):
@IDRLISIS DE UNA SAL CIDA.E& 9('0+c' 0)&$* c'"*$")* 0) @30(>&3*3* 7 3'"3-$c3>" 0) 4$*)0843& 9$($ &$ *$& 6c30$ )*:
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. W
@30(>&3*3* 0) +"$ *$&6c30$ 0) 4$*) 0843&:N@C& N@ C&^
N@ @2OP N@O@ @
N@O@P N@
O@^
@30(>&3*3* 0) +"$ *$&46*3c$ 0) 6c30' 0843&.
[ ] [ ]
a
whwah
wah
K
KKKKK
KKK
==
=== +
1000,1OHH 14
[ ] [ ]
b
whwbh
wbh
K
KKKKK
KKK
==
=== +
1000,1OHH 14
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@IDROLISIS.
=ORCENTAHE DE @IDRLISIS DE UNA SAL CIDAO BSICA.E* &$ ()&$c3>" )"() &$ masa#idroli)ada7 &$ masa inicial0) &$ *$& " )"() &$ masa ioni)ada7 &$masa inicial0)& c'9+)*' 3>"3c'
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A9&3c$c3'")*. D);"3(:$?=ORCENTAHE DE DISOCIACIN DE UN COM=UESTO
COALENTE.
4?MASA DISOCIADA DE UN COM=UESTOCOALENTE.c?CONCENTRACIN DE DISOCIACIN DE UN COM=UESTO
COALENTE.
2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. 2
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EHERCICIOS RESUELTOSE)(c3c3' 1.
C$&c+&$( &$ a@b 7 &$ aO@b )" +"$ S'&+c3>" W,1WWM 0) c30' Ac83c' ' E$"'3c' C@COO@, c+7$c'"*$") Ka)* 1,X1W.DATOS DE ENTRADA
CMS'&+c3>" C@COO@? W,1WW M c3($**3#"3;c$3$*?
CMrS'&+c3>" C@COO@? W,1WW
CMrIC@COO@?KaC@COO@? 1,X1W
DATOS DE SALIDA c3($**3#"3;c$3$*?
a@b2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
)"S'&+c3>"
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EHERCICIOS RESUELTOS
E& C@COO@ 3'"3-$ +"$ 9$()*0) *+C'"c)"($c3>" M'&$( I"3c3$& CMrI"?
CMrI: W,1WW W W,W
CMrEq: W,1WW * * *
E"'"c)*, )" )& E
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EHERCICIOS RESUELTOS
E& $&'( ")#$3' 0)*+"' 3)") *3#"3;c$0'*3c'. E"'"c)*: *$ a@b 1,11 X1W 7CM Eq@? 1,11 X1W'&/L
a@b 1,1 X1W c3($* *3#"3;c$3$*?
E" )& A#+$ 7 )" &$* S'&+c3'")* 03&+30$*, &$*C'"c)"($c3'")* ()&$3$* a@b 7 aO@b 0)9)"0)"0) &$ c'"*$") 0)& 9('0+c' 3>"3c' 0)& $#+$ Kw:
a@baO@b Kw 1,WWX1W1
aO@
b ,!1 X1W12
c3($* *3#"3;c$3$*?2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc.
[ ] mol/L1060948,7)(OH1060948,71031415,1
1000,1OH 1212
3
14
==
= EqMC
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EHERCICIOS RESUELTOSE)(c3c3' 2.
C$&c+&$( )&!"7 )&!orcenta,e de disociacin)"+"$ S'&+c3>" 1,WW M 0) c30' C3$"50(3c' @CN,*3 &$ Ka)* ,KWX1W1W.DATOS DE ENTRADA
CMS'&+c3>" @CN? 1,WW M c3($**3#"3;c$3$*?
CMrS'&+c3>" @CN? 1,WW CMrI@CN?
Ka@CN? ,KWX1W1W
DATOS DE SALIDA c3($* *3#"3;c$3$*?
!"S'&+c3>" @CN?CD@CN?RESOLUCIN2/1/1! I"#. E. R$%& M'($&)* M+'- MSc. !
)"S'&+c3>"
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