02 Fairy Tales

8/8/2019 02 Fairy Tales

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The Oral traditionand

Folk Literature


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The Oral traditionThe foundation of all literature is oral stories.These were retold from generation to generation. .Trained tellers set some epic stories to music or put

them in verse, making them easier to memorize.Folk stories didnt depend on trained tellers. They werepopular with ordinary people who retold them for fun.Anyone can retell with as many changes as s/he likes.Much of their fun was in their extremes, violence, crudehumor, bad language, etc.They were not necessarily told for children.

(Childhood was not necessarily thought of as a special time.)


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Oral stories todayThink about stories, songs, poems, etc. that youknow because you heard them, and not becauseyou read them. Where did you learn them?Often told much like campfire stories today,

jokes, scary urban legends, jump-rope rhymes.Young children learn stories and rhymes longbefore they can read.Many oral stories today are scripted, meaningthat tellers simply read out loud what hasalready been written.Is oral story-telling becoming a lost art?


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Compilers/retellers not Authors

Both the Grimm Brothers and Perraultwere compilers of folk tales and NOT the

original authors of the stories.Before their time, it was not common towrite down these kinds of stories.When they are written down, their natureand purpose changes drastically andbecomes solidified.


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Charles Perrault1628-1703

Hes credited for beginning theliterary genre of the folk tale.A French aristocrat, attended bestschools, worked in governmentand with literature.He was a major supporter of themoderns in a popular debate thatpitted ancient literature againstmodern.Wrote these stories in his 60sthinking of his own children.He added moralsHe made many changes such asCinderellas glass slipper (unstretchable and see-through)he gave his stories fashionablesettings.


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Tales of Mother Goose

The first know use of the term "Mother Goose" comes from Charles Perrault'sslender book published in 1697 containingeight simple stories with the unassumingtitle: Stories or Tales from Times Past,

with Morals , the added title in thefrontispiece, Tales of Mother Goose .

The Sleeping Beauty in the WoodLittle Red Riding HoodBlue BeardThe Master Cat; or, Puss in BootsThe FairiesCinderella; or, The Little GlassSlipper Ricky of the TuftLittle Thumb


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The Grimm BrothersJacob (17851863) and Wilhelm (17861859)

From a German, middle-class family

Life-long librarians and linguists.

They collected folk tales as part of a

broader project to preserve Germanculture, clarify a German identity,and create an exhaustive Germandictionary (they got to letter F before theydied. The dictionary was finished in 1960)

Their first publication came in twovolumes: Tales of Children and theHome , in 1812.

Later versions were suspiciouslyamplified and stylistically improvedfor children.


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Agency

the capacity, condition, or state of acting or of exerting power In literature, characters who make their own decisions

and do actions of their will are said to have agency.Readers who are allowed to make choices or understandstories in their own way also have agency. (Morals at theend of stories restrict agency).In childrens literature, agency is an important issuebecause children often dont have much agency in their daily lives and all people seem to have a natural desireto have agency in one form or another.


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Little Red Riding Hood

1. Whats this story about?2. What is a/the wolf?3. What does Red Riding Hood do? What does

her grandmother do? What does the wolf do?(Who has agency?)

4. What do you think about the moral?

5. Is it important that this story have a moral?6. What other variations have you heard, either

old or new?


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The following tale is closer to what folklorists commonly believe the tale

of Little Red Riding Hood was like as commonly passed on orally.

The Story of Grandmother!

There was once a woman who had made some bread. She said to her daughter: "Take this loaf of hot bread and this bottle of milk over togranny's."

The little girl left. At the crossroads she met a wolf, who asked: "Where are yougoing?""I'm taking a loaf of hot bread and a bottle of milk to granny's.""Which path are you going to take," asked the wolf, "the path of needles or the

path of pins?"1"The path of needles," said the little girl."Well, then, I'll lake the path of pins."The little girl had fun picking up needles. Meanwhile, the wolf arrived at

granny's, killed her, put some of her flesh in the pantry and a bottle of her blood on the shelf. The little girl got there and knocked at the door.

"Push the door," said the wolf, "it's latched with a wet straw.""Hello, granny. I'm bringing you a loaf of hot bread and a bottle of milk.""Put it in the pantry, my child. Take some of the meat in there along with the

bottle of wine on the shelf."2


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There was a little cat in the room who watched her eat and said: "Phooey!You're a slut if you eat the flesh and drink the blood of granny."

"Take your clothes off, my child," said the wolf, "and come into bed with me.""Where should I put my apron?""Throw it into the fire, my child. You won't be needing it any longer."When she asked the wolf where to put all her other things, her bodice, her

dress, her skirt, and her stockings, each time he said: "Throw them into thefire, my child. You won't be needing them any longer."'

"Oh, granny, how hairy you are!""The better to keep me warm, my child!"

"Oh, granny, what long nails you have!""The better to scratch myself with, my child!" :"Oh, granny, what big shoulders you have!""The better to carry firewood with, my child!""Oh, granny, what big ears you have!""The better to hear you with, my child!""Oh, granny, what big nostrils you have!""The better to sniff my tobacco with, my child!""Oh, granny, what a big mouth you have!"


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"The better to eat you with, my child!""Oh, granny, I need to go badly. Let me go outside!""Do it in the bed, my child.""No, granny, I want to go outside.""All right, but don't stay out long."The wolf tied a rope made of wool to her leg and let her go outside.When the little girl got outside, she attached the end of the rope to a plum tree

in the yard. The wolf became impatient and said: "Are you making cablesout there? Are you making cables?"

When he realized that there was no answer, he jumped out of bed and

discovered that the little girl had escaped. He followed her, but he reachedher house only after she had gotten inside.

I Told by Louis mid Francois Briffaull in Nicvrc, 1885. Originally published by Paul Delimit', in "LcsContes merveilleux dc Pcrrault et la tradition populaire," Bu lletin folkloriq u e da I'lle-de-France(1951): 221-22. Translated for this Norton Critical Edition by Maria Tatar. Copy-right 1999 byMaria Tatar.

1. Yvonne Verdier ("Grand-meres, si vous saviez . . . le Petit Chaperon Rouge dans la tradition oralc,"Cahiera de Litterat u re Orale 4 [1978]: 17-55) reads the path of pins and the path of needles aspart of a social discourse pertaining to apprenticeships for girls in sewing. In another region of France, the paths are described as the path of little stones and the path of little thorns. An Italianversion refers to a path of stones and a path of roots.

2. Local variations turn the flesh into tortellini in Italy and into sausage in France, while the blood isoften said to be wine.


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Illustrations by Gustave Dore


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More conceptions of LRRH


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Little Red Riding Hood and the Wolf by Roald Dahl(Author of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory)

As soon as Wolf began to feelThat he would like a decent meal,He went and knocked on Grandma's door.When Grandma opened it, she sawThe sharp white teeth, the horrid grin,

And Wolfie said, 'May I come in?'Poor Grandmamma was terrified,'He's going to eat me up!' she cried.

And she was absolutely right.He ate her up in one big bite.But Grandmamma was small and tough,

And Wolfie wailed, 'That's not enough!'I haven't yet begun to feel'That I have had a decent meal!He ran around the kitchen yelping,I've g ot to have another helping!'Then added with a frightful leer,Im therefore going to wait right hereTill Little Miss Red Riding Hood

'Comes home from walking in the wood.'He quickly put on Grandma's clothes,(Of course he hadn't eaten those.)He dressed himself in coat and hat.He put on shoes and after thatHe even brushed and curled his hair,Then sat himself in Grandma's chair.

In came the little girl in red.

She stopped. She stared. And then she said,'What g reat bi g ears yo u have, Grandma.' 'All the better to hear yo u with,' the Wolf replied.'What g reat bi g eyes yo u have, Grandma,'

said Little Red Riding Hood.'All the better to see yo u with,' the Wolf replied.He sat there watching her and smiled.He thought, I'm going to eat this child.Compared with her old Grandmamma

She's going to taste like caviar.Then Little Red Riding Hood said, ' Bu t Grandma,what a lovely g reat bi g f u rry coat yo u have on. 'That's wrong!' cried Wolf. 'Have you forgotTo tell me what BIG TEETH I've got?'Ah well, no matter what you say,Im going to eat you anyway.'The small girl smiles. One eyelid flickers.She whips a pistol from her knickers.

She aims it at the creature's head And ban g ban g ban g , she shoots him dead. A few weeks later, in the wood,I came across Miss Riding Hood.But what a change! No cloak of red,No silly hood upon her head.She said, 'Hello, and do please note'My lovely furry WOLFSKIN COAT.'


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Popular references today

Lil Red Riding Hoodby Sam The Sham and the Pharaohs

This modern song plays with many of thesame ideas as the old oral versions of this popular folk story.By making this into a popular song, theways the teller (singer) tells it becomeimportant again, just like its important for good story tellers to tell their stories ininteresting ways.Listen for ways, such as the howling, that

make this oral version fun to listen to.How does this version treat some of thesame issues that we have seen in older versions?

A Wolf in Geeks Clothing


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Owoooooooo!Who's that I see walkin' in these woods?Why, it's Little Red Riding Hood.

Hey there Little Red Riding Hood,You sure are looking good.You're everything a big bad wolf could want.Listen to me.

Little Red Riding Hood

I don't think little big girls shouldGo walking in these spooky old woods alone.Owoooooooo!

What big eyes you have,The kind of eyes that drive wolves mad.So just to see that you don't get chasedI think I ought to walk with you for a ways.

What full lips you have.They're sure to lure someone bad.So until you get to grandma's placeI think you ought to walk with me and be safe.


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I'm gonna keep my sheep suit onUntil I'm sure that you've been shown

That I can be trusted walking with you alone.Owoooooooo!

Little Red Riding HoodI'd like to hold you if I couldBut you might think I'm a big bad wolf so I won't.

Owoooooooo!

What a big heart I havethe better to love you with.Little Red Riding HoodEven bad wolves can be good.I'll try to be satisfied just to walk close by your side.Maybe you'll see things my way before we get to grandma's place.

Little Red Riding HoodYou sure are looking goodYou're everything that a big bad wolf could want.Owoooooooo! I mean baaaaaa! Baaa? ! I mean baaaaaa! Baaa?


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Cinderella

1. What is the appeal of Cinderella stories?2. Which version do you like better? Why?

3. How does Cinderella start out life (Youhave to read between the lines)?4. Why does Cinderella like the prince?5. Why does the prince like Cinderella?6. Why is Cinderella so good?7. What about the father?


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Cinderella


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Godmother


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Dores Cinderella


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The shoe fits!


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Cinderella


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Cinderella


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With sisters


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02 Fairy Tales

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