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AIM: What have archeologists discovered about the early cities of the Indus River valley?
Do Now: What is archeology? Why is it important in studying history?
HW: Choose three objects that if found by archeologists would describe who you are. Draw these objects and explain why you chose them.
Section 1: Indus River Valley Civilization
The Story Continues
Thousands of years ago near the Indus River valley there existed a village called Amri, whose citizens were makers of fine
pottery. Indus River valley people like those in Amri helped lay the foundation for cultures in the modern countries of
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.
I. Geography and Climate
Indian civilization developed in the Indus River valley about 4,500 years ago
A. Physical Geography
Two great rivers - the Ganges and Indus – risein the mountains and drain Indo-Gangetic Plain
A. Physical Geography
South of the I-G Plain is the Deccan Plateau, bordered by the Eastern and Western Ghats
B. ClimateThe wet monsoon brings most of the year’s rainfall and is important for agriculture
20cm = 7.9in
100cm = 39.4in
400cm = 13.2ft
800cm = 26.3ft
1000cm = 32.8ft
B. Climate
If the wet monsoon arrives late or brings little rain, crops fail; too much rain, flooding destroys the countryside
B. ClimateTemperatures can reach 120ºF in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Aurangabad, India 15 C = 59 F 30 C = 86 F
45 C = 113 F
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
2500 BC to 1500 BC – the Harappan Civilization developed in the Indus River valley
An artistic conception of ancient Lothal
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River ValleyThe named derives from one of the two discovered cities - Harappa and Mohenjo Daro ("Mound of the Dead“)
Early settlements
date to 7000 BC
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River ValleyBoth cities were planned with wide streets, water systems, public baths, and brick sewers
Ruins of Harappa
This map shows the layout of Mohenjo-Daro, one of the principal cities of the Indus Valley civilization. The larger eastern area
contained the residential and commercial sections of the city, which were laid out in a grid of large rectangular blocks. Rising more than twenty feet to the west stood the citadel, built on a mound of mud brick and rubble. Fortified by a brick wall and towers, the citadel contained the city’s shrine, assembly hall, baths, and granary.
The Great Bath was entered using two wide staircases, one from the north and one from the south. The floor of the tank is watertight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster.
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
Each city had a strong central fortress, or citadel, on a brick platform
Excavated ruins of Mohenjo-daro
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
Storehouses for grain indicate careful planning and a strong central government
Harappa granary
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
Harappan farmers grew crops in irrigated fields and raised livestock
Ceramic sculpture of a small cart with vases and tools pulled by
oxen, from Mohenjo-daro
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
As early as 2300 B.C., the Harappans traded with the people of the Tigris-Euphrates valley
This seal, found in Mesopotamia, indicates a product was made in Harappa, indicating trade took place between the two regions
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
A written language was developed but it has not been deciphered or connected to other languages
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
No temples or religious writings have been found, just animal images and some evidence of a mother goddess of fertility
II. Early Civilizations in the Indus River Valley
The Harappan civilization disappeared - theories include changes in the Indus River, earthquakes, or invasion