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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

COMMON PC ERRORShttp://www.itswonder.com/valuable_info/pc_error_solution.html.http://www.pcaholic.com/common-pc-problems/

1 Problem MONITOR !" I# $IN%IN& Solution 'hec( all the connections li(e Monitor 'able) "ata cables) R*M) "ispla+ 'ard)

', connections.

2 Problem 'ONTINO# TR!! $!!,# Solution ,roblem in R*M 'onnection.

3Problem TR!! $!!,# 0 on1 2 #hort3 Solution ,roblem in "ispla+ 'ard 'onnection

4Problem TR!! ON& $!!,# ,!RIO" 4I#! Solution ,roblem in $IO# or R*M $asic Input Output #+stem3

5 Problem 'ONTINO# NON-#TO, $!!,IN&

Solution %e+ $oard ,roblem I.e.5 #ome %e+ is pressed for on1er time3

Problem NO "I#,*6 ON T! #'R!!N *T *

Solution ard "is( cable connected wron1l+. 'onnect ri1htl+ seein1 the Red mar( 7aces

! Problem 7"" !" I# &O4IN& 'ONTINO#6 Solution "ata cable to be connected properl+ twisted cable3.

0
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power suppl+3 and then Restart.

"Problem ,O4!R !" I# O77 Solution #. 'hec( main power cord

b. 'hec( #.M.,.#.$. 'hec( Mother $oard connection

%Problem #O4IN& 'MO# !RROR Solution Replace 8 9olt batter+ of Mother $oard . #et Ori1inal #ettin1s Manuall+.Refer

'MO# #etup chart3 !nter +our search terms #ubmit search form1&Problem

#O4IN& 7"" !RROR OR 7O,,6 "RI9! I# NOT 4OR%IN& ,RO,!R6 Solution 'hec( ,ower cord of 7"" ) "ata 'ables ) set 'MO# 7inall+ the 'hec( drive.

11Problem #O4IN& "" !RROR OR *R" "I#% 7*IR! Solution #. 'hec( ,ower 'ord

b. 'hec( connection of ""$. 'hec( "ata cable'. 'hec( ard "is( parameters in 'MO# or *uto detectin1 #ettin1

,artitions b+ 7dis( 'ommand) then format it to set trac( ;.

12Problem MOT!R $O*R" *N "! TO N#T*$II

b( Ma1netic waves comes around.

15Problem ', '*$IN!T #O'% Solution #( 'hec( !arthin1

b( 'hec( main power cord.

1!Problem NON-#6#T!M "I#% !RROR Solution #( 7lopp+ "rive havin1 different dis( Non-$ootable "is(3 OR 'MO#

,arameters for ard "is( ma+ not be set properl+.

b( ard "is( ,artitions ma+ not be created.

$( ard "is( ma+ not be formatted.

1Problem MI##IN& O,!R*TIN& #6#T!M Solution The #+stem files missin1 namel+ Ie5 command.com= - ser 7ile IO.#6#

M#_"O#.#6# = - idden 7iles. These above three files re>uired for #tart up ofthe s+stem that can be transferred b+ usin1 #6# ': 'ommand OR 4hile thetime of formattin1 b+ usin1 7ormat c:/u/s

1"Problem MI##IN& 'OMM*N" INT!R,R!TOR Solution Ma+ the file 'ommand.com is corrupted OR Infected b+ 9irus OR #ome one

has !rased it.

1%Problem #O4IN& I/O !RROR

Solution #( The t+pe of ard "is( in 'MO# ma+ not be set properl+.b( Operatin1 s+stem used for formattin1 is not valid

2&Problem #O4IN& "I9I"! O9!R- 7O4 M!##*&! Solution #( Ma+ some "irectories or 7iles crash with other files.

b( se '%"#%/7 or #'*N"I#% 'ommand to correct it.

21Problem *R" "I#% M*%IN& NOI#! 4I! ,RO'!##IN&

2


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Solution #( nstabili?ed power suppl+.

b( 'hec( for oose 'ontact.

$( "o not use 6 'onnectors for ard "is(.

'( It ma+ create $ad #ector OR 4ea( ard "is(.

22Problem *R" "I#% *N 4I! ,RO'!##IN&

Solution 'hec( for $ad #ector b+ usin1 '%"#% or #'*N"I#% 'ommand. If foundformat the ard "is( and set ,artition before that area.This is the onl+procedure to use ard "is( with $ad #ector3 OR To avoid $ad #ectors use#tandard ,ower #uppl+3

23Problem *R" "I#% NOT "!T!'T!" Solution #( 'hec( ,ower 'onnector

b( 'hec( "ata 'ables

$( 'hec( @umpers

24 Problem ,*RTITION NOT #O4N Solution Operatin1 #+stem where the ard "is( formatted is not supported with present

Mother $oard. 7or !1: ard "is( formatted with ,entium #+stem will hide theirpartitions for ABC #+stem.

25Problem MMD/" 7I! MI##IN& Solution Ma+ the above files ma+ be corrupted due to power failure or 9irus. Ma(e

available above files from other 'omputer. OR Reinstall 4indows EB Operatin1#+stem. This procedure will not ma(e an+ effect on eFistin1 "ata3.

2!Problem 4IN"O4# R!&I#TR6 !RRORSolution This will happen due to sudden ON/O77 of the s+stem. 7inal solution is to

Reinstall Operatin1 #+stem.

2Problem "I#,*6 'OOR "O!# NOT M*T'

Solution #( 'onfi1ure "ispla+ 'ard properl+ with their '".b( The #tandard settin1 for 4indows is set it to B;;FC;; for better

performance.

2"Problem N%NO4N "!9I'! 7ON"Solution Ma+ the "river utilit+ is not provided with operatin1 s+stem. Insert "river '"

and install software for the above "evice. !ver+ "evice re>uires driver utilit+to set active.

T)PES O* PERSONA+ COMPUTEShttp://www.cs.cmu.edu/Gf1andon/lecture/u(0EEE/computers_t+pes/http://en.citi?endium.or1/wi(i/,ersonal_computer

Per,on#l $om-uter PC3 is a computerwhose price) si?e) and features ma(e it suitable forpersonal use. ,ersonal computers are intended for use b+ one user) as compared with servers. *personal computer) for eFample) will t+picall+ include the abilit+ to pla+ music and displa+1raphics >uic(l+. * server) on the other hand) is intended to be accessed b+ man+ users at onceover a networ(5 it is unli(el+ to include sound or fanc+ displa+ capabilit+) but instead ma+ beconfi1ured with additional memor+ or networ( connections and a fasterprocessor.

The termpersonal computerentered common use when small) personall+ affordable computersbecame available in the late 0EH;s. The ori1inal ,'s were made b+*pple 'omputer with their

*pple I and II) Tand+ Radio #hac( with the TR#-B;) and 'ommodore International with the'ommodore ,!T and 'ommodore CA. $uildin1 on the success of these earlier efforts) I$M in0EB8 introduced the I$M ,'. This development prompted aspirin1 computer manufacturers such

as 'ompa> to le1all+ reverse en1ineer the I$M $IO# the onl+ hardware on the ori1inal ,' thatwas proprietar+3) thus spawnin1 an entire industr+ devoted to manufacturin1 clones. 'lonesmore technicall+I$M compatible ,'s3 were capable of runnin1 the same"is( Operatin1 #+stemas the ori1inal I$M ,' but on hardware components manufactured b+ different) commercial offthe #helf 'OT#3 vendors.

,ersonal computers are 1enerall+ divided into cate1ories based on their si?e) portabilit+) andcapabilities.

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http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fgandon/lecture/uk1999/computers_types/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Server_(computer)http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Commodore_PET&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Commodore_64http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IBM_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/IBM_compatible_PChttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Disk_Operating_System&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~fgandon/lecture/uk1999/computers_types/http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Server_(computer)http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/CPUhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Commodore_Internationalhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Commodore_PET&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Commodore_64http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IBM&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IBM_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/IBM_compatible_PChttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Disk_Operating_System&action=edit&redlink=1


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1( St#tion#r. $om-uter,

De,/to- $om-uter,) fre>uentl+ simpl+ called

des(tops) are the lar1est personal computers. Oftenthe+ are desi1ned to fit on or under a des(. The+fre>uentl+ have the most eFpansion capabilities and

tend to be the fastest) due to the looser si?e and heatconstraints compared to other t+pes of personalcomputers. The+ tend not to include inte1ratedmonitors)spea(ers) (e+boards) or other devices) usin1eFpansion portsto connect those components.

All0in0One $om-uter, often abbreviated *IO3 are

similar to des(top computers) but tend to inte1rate some eFternal components into onepac(a1e. In a des(top) the monitor) tower case) and spea(ers would be separatecomponents connected b+ cables) while in an *IO) the+ would be combined into onepac(a1e) often b+ buildin1 the computer behind the screen. One of the most well-(nown

*IOs is the*pple iMac. *n *IO tends to be less powerful and less eFpandable than atraditional des(top) as it suffers from the same en1ineerin1 constraints as a portablecomputer namel+ si?e and wei1ht3.

2( Port#ble $om-uter,

,ortable computersare desi1ned for portabilit+) and so are li1hter than des(tops. The+ tend to besli1htl+ more eFpensive than similarl+ e>uipped des(tops) due to space and heat constraints.Most portable computers contain batteries so that the+ can be used for short periods withoutaccess to an electrical outlet.

+#-to- $om-uter, also called noteboo( computers3 are

small personal computers desi1ned for mobilit+. suall+ all ofthe peripherals needed to operate the laptop are built in to asin1le unit. The+ are operated with a (e+board and mouse)and are often nearl+ comparable to similar des(top computers

in terms of processin1 power.

A
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Desktop_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Desktop_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Computer_display&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Computer_display&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Expansion_port&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/All-in-One_PChttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Apple_Computers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IMac&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Portable_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Battery_(electricity)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Battery_(electricity)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Electrical_outlet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Laptop_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Desktop_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Computer_display&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Expansion_port&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/All-in-One_PChttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Apple_Computers&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=IMac&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Portable_computer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Battery_(electricity)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Electrical_outlet&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Laptop_computer&action=edit&redlink=1


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T#blet $om-uter, are computers that feature a touch screen.

These tend to be sli1htl+ smaller than laptops. The+ are oftenoperated with a st+lus or a pen instead of a (e+board andmouse) althou1h some models do offer both forms of input. The+are 1enerall+ sli1htl+ more eFpensive than non-tablet laptops.

Ultr#0Mobile PC, M,'3 brid1e the 1ap between

laptops/tablets and ,"*s. 4ith a maFimum screen si?e of H-Bdia1onal inches 0C-2; cm3) the+ are much smaller than eventhe smallest laptops at 0;-00 dia1onal inches) and far smallerthan the avera1e 0A-0J inch laptop. M,'s use touchscreens) and can run most applications tablets can run.Thou1h far less powerful than most laptops) the+ can runversions of most computer applications.

Per,on#l 'iit#l #,,i,t#nt, PDA, are handheld devices

that share man+ traits with other portable computers. The+ areoften used for chec(in1 email or calenderin1) but lac( theversitilit+ of computers) and are limited in terms of theirsoftware choices. The+ are often smartphones) and aresometimes considered a consumer electronicsdevice.

IDENTI*)IN E) PARTS O* THE COMPUTERhttp://www.connectin1stanislaus.com/files/u0/4hatK2HsK2;inK2;theK2;boFK2B0K2E.pdf

C#,e or To6er - This is the plastic boF that contains the computer. oused in the case) +ou willfind the flopp+ drive) '" ROM drive) and the main components of the computer. #ome of theseare the hard drive) motherboard and the processor chip ',3. The case (eeps them neatl+ andsafel+ to1ether.

Monitor or S$reen - This is the T9-t+pe screen on which +ou see the wor( +ouLre doin1 on +ourcomputer.

Mou,e - The mouse allows +ou to move) select and clic( on obects.e.bo#r' - The (e+board is used to t+pe in information and operate the computer.

S-e#/er, - #ometimes spea(ers are connected to the computer so that +ou can hear music andsound.

Mi$ro-7one - * microphone can provide a wa+ to tal( throu1h or to the computer.

Printer - * device that ma(es a printed cop+ of +our wor( on a sheet of paper.

INSIDE THE S)STEM CA8INET

J
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Tablet_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Touch_screen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Stylushttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Ultra-Mobile_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Personal_digital_assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Smartphones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Consumer_electronics&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.connectingstanislaus.com/files/u1/What's%20in%20the%20box(1).pdfhttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Tablet_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Touch_screen&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Stylushttp://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Ultra-Mobile_PC&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Personal_digital_assistant&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Smartphones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.citizendium.org/wiki?title=Consumer_electronics&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.connectingstanislaus.com/files/u1/What's%20in%20the%20box(1).pdf


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8ASIC SO*T9ARE COMPONENTS

.8ASIC SO*T9ARE COMPONENTShttp://www.connectin1stanislaus.com/files/u0/4hatK2HsK2;inK2;theK2;boFK2B0K2E.pdf

So:t6#reis a set of electronic instructions that tell a computer what to do. 6ou cannot see ortouch software) but +ou can see and touch the pac(a1in1 the software comes in.

1( A--li$#tion So:t6#re *pplication software lets +ou accomplish specific tas(s. ,opularapplication software includes Microsoft 4ord) !Fcel) *ccess) 4ord,erfect) *crobatReader) Internet !Fplorer) etc.

2( O-er#tin S.,tem So:t6#re Operatin1 s+stem software controls the overall activit+ of acomputer. #ome eFamples of operatin1 s+stems are 4indows) niF inuF) "O#) et

O;ER;IE9 O* PC OPERATIONS

7acilitatorLs actual demonstration.

OPERATIN S)STEMS OSModule in Operatin1 #+stem b+ 7or-Ian 9. #andoval

*n o-er#tin ,.,tem commonl+ abbreviated OS and O/S3 is the software component of acomputers+stem that is responsible for the mana1ement and coordination of activities and thesharin1 of the limited resources of the computer. The operatin1 s+stem acts as a host forapplicationsthat are run on the machine. *s a host) one of the purposes of an operatin1 s+stemis to handle the details of the operation of the hardware.This relieves application pro1rams fromhavin1 to mana1e these details and ma(es it easier to write applications.

DIS OPERATIN S)STEM DOShttp://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/articles.phpcat8E.http://www.operatin1-s+stem.or1/betriebss+stem/_en1lish/bs-msdos.htm.

More commonl+ (nown as Microsoft "O# "is( Operatin1 #+stem3 is a command line userinterface. M#-"O# 0.; was released in 0EB0 for I$M computers and the latest version of M#-"O# is M#-"O# C.22 released in 0EEA. 4hile M#-"O# is not commonl+ used b+ itself toda+) itstill can be accessed from 4indows EJ) 4indows EB or 4indows M! b+ clic(in1 St#rt/ Runandt+pin1 $omm#n'or CMDin 4indows NT) 2;;; or D,.

C
http://www.connectingstanislaus.com/files/u1/What's%20in%20the%20box(1).pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/articles.php?cat=39http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-msdos.htmhttp://www.connectingstanislaus.com/files/u1/What's%20in%20the%20box(1).pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://www.techiwarehouse.com/cms/articles.php?cat=39http://www.operating-system.org/betriebssystem/_english/bs-msdos.htm


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*TD 7ull Tower 'ase *TD Mid Tower 'ase

* :ull to6ercase is the lar1est and is able to hold the 1reatest number of components) but hasthe lar1est footprint. 7ull si?ed cases are desi1ned for 1amers/enthusiasts or other hi1h-endcomputer professionals who want pea( performance and coolin1 from their machines. Mostusers) includin1 some 1amers) will not need the eFtra space this class of case provides.

micro*TD Mini Tower 'ase micro*TD #lim 'ase

On the other eFtreme) a mini to6er case or an even smaller slim case will ta(e up the leastamount of space) but their eFterior proportions limit the number of components that can behoused inside them. This limitation on internal space also decreases heat dissipation efficienc+.These smaller cases are ade>uate for most computer applications such as word processin1)surfin1 the internet) pla+in1 music and sharin1 photos but will find it difficult supportin1 the hi1h-end components a 1amer will re>uire.

The mi' to6er casePs >ualities are a compromise between the eFtremes) and it deliversade>uate housin1 capacit+ for most computer s+stems. This median si?e is the standard becauseit provides decent eFpandabilit+ without the 1oliath footprint of full-si?ed ,' cases. sers desirin1a computer with room for eFpansion in the future) but currentl+ do not need the cuttin1 ed1e

performance are well-served b+ mid-si?ed cases.

*UNCTIONS O* A CPU CASEhttp://www.newe11.com/#tore/'ate1or+.aspF'ate1or+Ename'omputer-'ases

'omputer cases are one of the most important components of a computer) since the+ have tohouse the motherboard) processor) video cards) audio cards and add-in cards) as well as +ourhard drives and optical drives. Most of the computer cases are made of steel or aluminum. #omeparts of a computer case can also be made of plastic. 'omputer cases can be divided intoseveral cate1ories b+ their si?es and purpose. Mainstream computer case st+les and form factorsinclude *TD Mid Tower) *TD 7ull Tower) Micro*TD) Mini Tower and "es(top 'ases.

*RONT PANE+ CONNECTORS

http://www.pctech1uide.com/tutorials/M$oard_,anel.htm.http://www.formfactors.or1/developer/specs/*2E2BC;A-;;J.pdf

The motherboard serPs Manual will contain a la+out dia1ram showin1 its various componentsand connectors. In this case) the pin header for electrical connection to the front panel switchesand !"s is identified as >2.

B
http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8289http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8289http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8293&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A20884&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A15428&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8478&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8291http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8293&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A20884&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A15428&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8478&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8291http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8287&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8290http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8287&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8290http://www.newegg.com/Store/Category.aspx?Category=9&name=Computer-Caseshttp://www.pctechguide.com/tutorials/MBoard_Panel.htmhttp://www.formfactors.org/developer/specs/A2928604-005.pdfhttp://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8289http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8293&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A20884&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A15428&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8478&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8291http://www.newegg.com/Product/ProductList.asp?Submit=Property&Subcategory=7&Description=&Type=&srchInDesc=&MinPrice=&MaxPrice=&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8287&PropertyCodeValue=548%3A8290http://www.newegg.com/Store/Category.aspx?Category=9&name=Computer-Caseshttp://www.pctechguide.com/tutorials/MBoard_Panel.htmhttp://www.formfactors.org/developer/specs/A2928604-005.pdf


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This comprises two rows of up to 00 pins.

The umper definition is shown in the followin1 table:

S6it$7 >um-er ,ettin

&N&reen #witch3

Open: Normal operation'lose: !nterin1 1reen mode

&"&reen !"3

,in 0: !" anodeQ3,in 2: !" cathode-3

"

I"! hard dis( active !"3

,in 0: !" anodeQ3

,in 2: !" cathode-3

#,%#pea(er connector3

,in 0: 9''Q3,in 2 - ,in 8: N',in A: "ata-3

R!Reset switch3

Open: Normal operation'lose: Reset hardware s+stem

,Q,-,-,ower !"3

,in 0: !" anodeQ3,in 2: !" cathode-3,in 8: !" cathode-3

,4#oft power connector3

Open: Normal operation'lose: ,ower on/off

REMO;IN CPU CASEhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/up1radin1/remove-case-covers.htm.

C+EANIN THE PC CASEhttp://www.ehow.com/how_J;JJA0;_clean-inside-pc.html

Thou1h overloo(ed b+ some ,' users) re1ular computer cleanin1 is important. ,roper cleanin1consists of more than ust brushin1 the 1un( off the mouse pad or disinfectin1 the (e+boardsurface. To ensure a lon1-lastin1) well-functionin1 computer) +ou need to clean inside the ,')too. 7ortunatel+) cleanin1 the inner wor(in1s of a ,' is relativel+ eas+ with ust a few simple toolsand the proper safet+ precautions5 even novice ,' users can perform this basic) vitalmaintenance.

Ste- 1. Turn off and unplu1 +our computer to protect a1ainst accidental electric shoc(.

E
http://www.helpwithpcs.com/upgrading/remove-case-covers.htmhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/upgrading/remove-case-covers.htmhttp://www.ehow.com/how_5055410_clean-inside-pc.htmlhttp://www.helpwithpcs.com/upgrading/remove-case-covers.htmhttp://www.ehow.com/how_5055410_clean-inside-pc.html


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Ste- 2. et the ,' cool down if it was recentl+ in use. T+picall+) the ,' will cool down in lessthan one hour even if it is >uite hot. * hot computer can cause accidental s(in burns.

Ste- 3. nscrew the main access panel on +our computer. On tower ,'s) this is often located onthe side. 7or flat ,'s) the top panel is t+picall+ removable5 however) this panel often wrapsaround) encasin1 the sides as well) so +ou ma+ still need to unscrew the sides to remove the top.If +ou use a ma1netic screwdriver) +ou wonPt accidentall+ lose the screws or--even worse--dropthem into the computerPs internal components.

Ste- 4. se a can of compressed air with a no??le to dust out the computerPs power suppl+)holdin1 the can about 2 to 8 inches from the surface of the ,'. The power suppl+ is eas+ to spot5the main power cable runs into the power suppl+) and the power suppl+ also houses a lar1e fan.4hen +ouPre spra+in1 the power suppl+) shoot the air throu1h the fan and other air channels1oin1 from the inside of the computer outward. If +ou blow from the outside in) +ouPll simpl+ bemovin1 the dust around inside rather than actuall+ eFpellin1 it out of the ,'. #ince the powersuppl+ contains the main computer eFhaust fan--desi1ned to suc( out dust as well as cool thepower suppl+--most eFcess) hard-to-remove dust will be ca(ed around this primar+ fan. The fan isa vital component of +our ,') and accordin1 to Trista %uncePs article in #mart 'omputin1) a loudwhinin1 or 1rindin1 noise durin1 +our computerPs start up means +our power suppl+ is dirt+.4hile +ou should clean the power suppl+ before it 1ets to this eFcessivel+ dirt+ state) such noises

are a stron1 indicator that +ouPre overdue for another internal cleanin1.

Ste- 5. #pra+ the wide internal cables runnin1 out of +our power suppl+) too. These can oftentrap dust as it is blown toward the power suppl+Ps fan.

Ste- !. #pra+ dust throu1h an+ secondar+ fans on +our computer) alwa+s ma(in1 sure to spra+from the inside) pushin1 dust throu1h the fan toward the outside of the ,'.

Ste- . &ive the rest of the internal components a >uic( pass with the compressed air. T+picall+)dust will be centrali?ed near fans) but it doesnPt hurt to be on the safe side.

Ste- ". #pra+ the eFternal components onl+ after +ouPre confident that +ouPve 1otten rid of all theinternal dust. 6ouPll want to use the compressed air to dust out #$ ports or other empt+ ports on

+our machine. ,orts that are continuall+ attached to eFternal devices do not need to be dusted)since the cable inserted into the port essentiall+ plu1s up the hole and ma(es it almost impossiblefor dust to 1et in.

Ste- %. Re-attach the main access panel and screw it bac( in. Ma(e sure to clean the inside of+our ,' ever+ two to three months or more often if +ou hear the audible warnin1 previousl+mentioned in #tep A.

PC COO+IN S)STEMhttp://static.ti1erdirect.com/html/1uide_$asic_,'_'oolin1.html

In plannin1 for a cool s+stem) eat #in(s are the first line of defense. The+ come in all shapes

and si?es) and serve man+ different components.

', 'oolers - ',s dies >uic(l+ without a heat sin() but the >ualit+ and efficienc+ of the

heat sin( can have a bi1 impact on performance and s+stem life. p1radin1 +our ',cooler is a real life-saver.

ltra D-4ind ', 'oolin1 7an

R*M Memor+ 'oolers - often overloo(ed) +our R*M memor+ also produces its share of

the heat load of +our ,') and cool runnin1 R*M can also pla+ a role in maintainin1 thehi1hest level of performance. 7ew s+stems come with efficient R*M coolers) +et the+ areineFpensive and eas+ to install.

0;
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Vantec Lapcool 4 Notebook Cooler w/ 4 Port USB 2.0

PC COO+IN S)STEM MAINTENANCEhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/maintenance/tp/pc_coolin1.htm

#ome simple and not so simple3 wa+s of (eepin1 +our computer from overheatin1

6our ,' contains a lot of parts) almost all of which create heat when +our computer is on. #ome

parts) li(e the ', and1raphics card) can 1et so hot +ou could coo( on them.

In a properl+ confi1ured computer) much of this heat is moved out of the computerPs case b+several fans. If +our computer isnPt removin1 the hot air fast enou1h) the temperature can 1et sohot that +ou ris( serious dama1e to +our ,'. Needless to sa+) (eepin1 +our ,' cool should be atop priorit+.

$elow are the top eleven ,' coolin1 solutions. Man+ are free or ver+ ineFpensive so therePs reall+no eFcuse to let +our computer overheat.

1. Allow for Air Flow

The easiest thin1 +ou can do to help (eep +our ,' cool is to 1ive it a little breathin1 room b+

removin1 an+ obstacles to air flow.

Ma(e sure therePs nothin1 sittin1 ri1ht a1ainst an+ side of the computer) especiall+ the bac(. Mostof the hot air flows out of the bac( end of the computer case. There should be at least 2 to 8inches open on either side and the bac( should be completel+ open and unobstructed.

If +our computer is hidden awa+ inside a des() ma(e sure the door isnPt closed all the time. 'oolair enters from the front and sometimes from the sides of the case. If the door is closed all da+)hot air tends to rec+cle inside the des() 1ettin1 hotter and hotter the lon1er the computer isrunnin1.

2. Run Your PC With the Case Closed

*n urban le1end about ,' coolin1 is that runnin1 +our computer with the case open will (eep itcooler. It does seem lo1ical - if the case is open) there would be more air flow which would help(eep the computer cooler.

The missin1 pu??le piece here is dirt. 4hen the case is left open) dust and debris clo1 the coolin1fans faster than when the case is closed. This causes the fans to slow down and fail much>uic(er than usual. * clo11ed up fan does a terrible ob at coolin1 +our eFpensive computercomponents.

ItPs true that runnin1 +our computer with the case open mi1ht provide a small benefit at first) butthe increase in fan eFposure to debris has a much 1reater impact on temperature.

3. Clean Your Computer

The fans inside +our computer are there to (eep it cool. "o +ou (now what slows a fan down andthen eventuall+ ma(es it stop "irt - in the form of dust) pet hair) etc. It all finds a wa+ into +ourcomputer and much of it 1ets stuc( in the several fans.

08
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One of the most effective wa+s to cool +our ,' is to clean the internal fans. TherePs a fan on topthe ',) one inside the power suppl+)and usuall+ one or more on the front and/or bac( of thecase.

@ust shut +our computer off) open up the case) and use canned air to remove the dirt from eachfan. If +our ,' is reall+ dirt+) ta(e it outside to clean or all that dirt will ust settle elsewhere in the

room) eventuall+ endin1 up bac( inside +our ,'

4. Move Your Computer

Is the area +ouPre runnin1 +our computer in ust too hot or too dirt+ #ometimes +our onl+ optionis to move the computer. * cooler and cleaner area of the same room mi1ht be fine) but +ou ma+have to consider movin1 the computer somewhere else entirel+.

If movin1 +our ,' ust isnPt an option) (eep readin1 for more tips.

Im-ort#nt?Movin1 +our computer can cause dama1e to the sensitive parts inside if +ouPre notcareful. $e sure to unplu1 ever+thin1) donPt carr+ too much at once) and sit thin1s down ver+carefull+. 6our main concern will be +our computerPs case which holds all the important parts li(e

+our hard drive) motherboard) ',) etc.

. !p"rade the CP! Fan

6our ', is probabl+ the most sensitive and eFpensive part inside +our computer. It also has themost potential to overheat.

nless +ouPve replaced +our ', fan alread+) the one thatPs in +our computer now is probabl+ abottom-of-the-line fan that cools +our processor ust enou1h to (eep it wor(in1 properl+) and thatPsassumin1 itPs runnin1 at full speed.

Man+ companies sell lar1e ', fans that help (eep ', temperature lower than a factor+

installed fan ever could.

#. $nstall a Case Fan %or &wo'

* case fan is ust a small fan that attaches to either the front or the bac( of a computer case) fromthe inside. 'ase fans help move air throu1h a computer.

Installin1 two case fans) one to move cool air into the ,' and another to move warm air out of the,') is a 1reat wa+ to (eep a computer cool.

'ase fans are even easier to install than ', fans so donPt be afraid to 1et inside +our computerto tac(le this proect.

(. )top *ver+lo+,in"

If +ouPre not sure what overcloc(in1 is) +ouPre probabl+ not doin1 it so +ou donPt have to worr+about it.

To the rest of +ou) +ouPre well aware that overcloc(in1 pushes +our computerPs capabilities to itslimits. 4hat +ou ma+ not reali?e is that these chan1es have a direct effect on the temperaturethat +our ', and an+ other overcloc(ed components operate at.

If +ouPre overcloc(in1 +our ,'Ps hardware but havenPt ta(en other precautions to (eep thathardware cool) I definitel+ recommend reconfi1urin1 +our hardware to factor+ default settin1s.

-. Repla+e the Power )uppl

The power suppl+ in +our ,' has a lar1e fan built into it. The air +ou feel when +ou hold +ourhand behind +our computer is from this fan.

If +ou donPt have a case fan) the power suppl+ fan is the onl+ wa+ that the hot air created inside+our computer can be removed. 6our computer can heat up >uic(l+ if this fan isnPt wor(in1.

0A
http://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ps.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/insidethepc/ss/opencase.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_hdd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_mobo.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ps.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/insidethepc/ss/opencase.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_hdd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_mobo.htm


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nfortunatel+) +ou canPt ust replace the power suppl+ fan. If this fan is no lon1er wor(in1) +ouPllneed to replace the entire power suppl+.

/. $nstall Component )pe+ifi+ Fans

ItPs true that the ', is probabl+ the bi11est heat producer in +our computer but nearl+ ever+

other component creates heat as well. #uper fast memor+ and hi1h end 1raphics cards can often1ive the ', a run for its mone+.

If +ou find that +our memor+) 1raphics card) or some other component is creatin1 a lot of heat)+ou can cool them down with a component specific fan. In other words) if +our memor+ is runnin1hot) bu+ and install a memor+ fan. If +our 1raphics card is overheatin1 durin1 1amepla+) up1radeto a lar1er 1raphics card fan.

4ith ever faster hardware comes ever hotter parts. 7an manufacturers (now this and havecreated speciali?ed fan solutions for nearl+ ever+thin1 inside +our computer.

10. $nstall a Water Coolin" it

In ver+ hi1h end computers) heat buildup can become such a problem that even the fastest andmost efficient fans canPt cool the ,'. In these cases) installin1 a water coolin1 (it can help. 4atertransfers heat well and can drasticall+ reduce the temperature of a ',.

4ater inside a computer That doesnPt sound safe "onPt worr+) the water is completel+enclosed inside the transfer s+stem. * pump c+cles cool water down to the the ', where it canabsorb the heat and then it pumps the hot water out of +our computer where the heat candissipate.

4ater coolin1 (its are eas+ to install) even if +ouPve never up1raded a computer before.

11. $nstall a Phase Chan"e !nit

,hase chan1e units are the most drastic of coolin1 technolo1ies. * phase chan1e unit can bethou1ht of as a refri1erator for +our ',. It utili?es man+ of the same technolo1ies to cool oreven free?e a ',.

PO9ER SUPP+)http://www.howstuffwor(s.com/power-suppl+.htm

If there is an+ one component that isabsolutel+ vital to the operation of acomputer) it is the power suppl+. 4ithout it)a computer is ust an inert boF full of plastic

and metal. The power suppl+ converts thealternatin1 current *'3 line from +our hometo the direct current "'3 needed b+ thepersonal computer. In this article) wePll learnhow ,' power supplies wor( and what thewatta1eratin1s mean.

In a personal computer ,'3) the powersuppl+ is the metal boF usuall+ found in acorner of the case. The power suppl+ isvisible from the bac( of man+ s+stemsbecause it contains the power-cordreceptacle and the coolin1 fan.

,ower supplies) often referred to asswitchin1 power supplies) use switcher technolo1+ to convert the *' input to lower "'volta1es. The t+pical volta1es supplied are:

8.8 volts

J volts

02 volts

0J

The power suppl+ in +our ,' provides all of thedifferent volta1es +our computer needs to

operate properl+.
http://video.about.com/pcsupport/powersupply.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/power-supply.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/question501.htmhttp://video.about.com/pcsupport/powersupply.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/power-supply.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pc.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/question501.htm


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The 8.8- and J-volts are t+picall+ used b+ di1ital circuits) while the 02-volt is used to run motors indis( drives and fans. The main specification of a power suppl+ is in 6#tt,. * watt is the product ofthe @olt#ein volts and the $urrentin amperes or amps. If +ou have been around ,'s for man++ears) +ou probabl+ remember that the ori1inal ,'s had lar1e red to11le switches that had a1ood bit of heft to them. 4hen +ou turned the ,' on or off) +ou (new +ou were doin1 it. Theseswitches actuall+ controlled the flow of 02; volt power to the power suppl+.

Toda+ +ou turn on the power with a little push button) and +ou turn off the machine with a menuoption. These capabilities were added to standard power supplies several +ears a1o. Theoperatin1 s+stem can send a si1nal to the power suppl+ to tell it to turn off. The push buttonsends a J-volt si1nal to the power suppl+ to tell it when to turn on. The power suppl+ also has acircuit that supplies J volts) called 9#$ for standb+ volta1e even when it is officiall+ off) so thatthe button will wor(. #ee the neFt pa1e to learn more about switcher technolo1+.

COMMON PO9ER SUPP+) PRO8+EMShttp://articles.techrepublic.com.com/J0;;-0;BHB_00-0;A0H8J.html

* bad power suppl+ can be the root of man+ ,' problems. !Fperience can help a techdia1nose problems caused b+ a fault+ power suppl+ that would normall+ be overloo(ed

b+ a novice.

@ust about an+ intermittent problem can be caused b+ a fault+ power suppl+. I normall+loo( there first when the s+mptoms are a little weird. 'ommon power-related s+mptomsinclude:

*n+ power-on or s+stem startup failures or loc(ups

#pontaneous rebootin1 or intermittent loc(ups durin1 normal operation

Intermittent parit+ chec( or other memor+-t+pe errors

"" and fan simultaneousl+ failin1 to spin no Q0293

Overheatin1 due to fan failure

#mall brownouts that cause the s+stem to restart

!lectric shoc(s that are felt when the case is touched

There are also some obvious clues that should lead +ou to suspect a fault+ powersuppl+. These include:

* s+stem that is completel+ dead nothin1 happens when the s+stem is turned

on3 #mo(e

'ircuit brea(ers poppin1 when the ,' is turned on.

0C
http://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1041735.htmlhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk.htmhttp://articles.techrepublic.com.com/5100-10878_11-1041735.html


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CHAPTER 3 THE PROCESSOR

THE MICROPROCESSORhttp://en.wi(ipedia.or1/wi(i/Microprocessor

* microprocessor) sometimes called a logic chip) i s a

computerprocessoron amicrochip.

The microprocessor contains all) or most of) the centralprocessin1 unit ',3 functions and is the en1ine that1oes into motion when +o u turn +our computer on. *microprocessor is desi1ned to perform arithmetic and lo1icoperations that ma(e use of small number-holdin1 areascalled registers. T+pical microprocessor operations includeaddin1) subtractin1) comparin1 two numbers) and fetchin1numbers from one area to another. These operations are theresult of a set of instructions that are part of themicroprocessor desi1n.

4hen +our computer is turned on) the microprocessor 1ets the first instruction from the basicinput/output s+stem $IO#3 that comes with the computer as part of its memor+. *fter that) eitherthe $IO#) or the operatin1 s+stem that $IO# loads into computer memor+) or an applicationpro1am is drivin1 the microprocessor) 1ivin1 it instructions to perform.

CPU SOCET


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CPU Sockets

SocketPin

countCPU families

re!uenc"

#$%&'

Busre!uenc"

#$%&'

Socket -+ /

P;-+

-+ t8lon 5P,$ (000 , (00 200 , +++

Socket 4 4

$ t8lon -4* 1 t8lon 5P,

$* 1 Sempron*

$obile t8lon -4* $obile

Sempron*6urion -4 $obile tec8nolo:"

(400 , 2-00

Socket /L;

)ntel Celeron* Celeron * Celeronual,Core*

Core 2 uo* Core 2 =3treme*

Core 2 >ua?*Pentium 4*Pentium 4 =3treme

=?ition* Pentium *Pentium ual,Core*Pentium=3treme =?ition*5eon

(-00 , +00 ++ , (-00

Socket uire a different installation. ,lease read the user manual that came with

the ,rocessor. 3

0B
http://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20563%20(PGA563).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20563%20(PGA563).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20754.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20775%20(LGA775).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20775%20(LGA775).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20939.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20940.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201156%20(LGA1156).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201156%20(LGA1156).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201366%20(LGA1366).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201366%20(LGA1366).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20AM2.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20M%20(mPGA478MT).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20M%20(mPGA478MT).htmlhttp://www.computerknowledgeforyou.com/buildyourowncomputer/installing_cpu.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20563%20(PGA563).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20563%20(PGA563).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20754.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20775%20(LGA775).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20775%20(LGA775).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20939.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20940.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201156%20(LGA1156).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201156%20(LGA1156).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201366%20(LGA1366).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%201366%20(LGA1366).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20AM2.htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20M%20(mPGA478MT).htmlhttp://www.cpu-world.com/Sockets/Socket%20M%20(mPGA478MT).htmlhttp://www.computerknowledgeforyou.com/buildyourowncomputer/installing_cpu.html


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ocatin1 the ,rocessor #oc(et on the Motherboard Once the ,rocessor soc(et has been located the load lever will need to be unloc(ed.

This is done b+ pressin1 the lever down) and then 1entl+ pullin1 out until it passes theretention tab.

,ressin1 down and pullin1 on the load lever so the load lever passes the retention tab

NeFt) both the load lever and the load plate will need to be put into full open position.

0E


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Movin1 the load lever and load plate into the open positions

The ,N, cap will need to be removed from the load plate. Note: "o not touch the

soc(et contacts.3

Removin1 the ,N, cap

The processor can now be removed from its pac(a1in1. 4hen handlin1 the processor I

alwa+s hold it b+ the corners) and am careful not to touch the 1old pad or pin side of theprocessor.

oldin1 the ,rocessor ead #preaderside3

oldin1 the ,rocessor &old ,ad side3

"ependin1 on the Motherboard that is bein1 used there will be a variet+ of mountin1

patterns. !Famples: #ome will use the +ellow arrow and match up to another arrow onthe motherboard. #ome will use ali1nment slots or (e+s on the ,rocessor and soc(et.3'hec( the Motherboard and ,rocessor user 1uides to ensure proper ali1nment. TheMotherboard that is bein1 used here uses ali1nment (e+s on the motherboard and,rocessor to assure proper ali1nment when installin1 the ,rocessor.

Now it is time to install the processor. oldin1 the processor b+ the corners) I place it in

the motherboard usin1 the proper ali1nment procedure.

2;


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,lacin1 the ,rocessor into the motherboard soc(et

Once I placed the processor into the soc(et) I rotate the load plate bac( into the closed

position.

Rotatin1 the load plate into the closed position

I rotate the load lever bac( into the closed position and loc( it under the retention tab.

Rotatin1 the load lever into the closed position and loc(in1 it into the retention tab

20


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22


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INSTA++IN CPU *ANhttp://www.m+-resource.com/*rt/0J0J2/2A0/0B2;p-Installin1-a-',-7an-*t-ome.html

* ', or a 'entral ,rocessin1 nit carries out the main functions of a computer s+stem whereas a ', fan is the component which ma(es sure that the+ s+stem remains cool and does not

crash. Internal circuits of a pc) especiall+ ',s) produce a lot of heat because of the current thatpasses throu1h the s+stem which 1enerates ener1+. That bein1 said) if the ', is used for alon1 period of time continuousl+) it will undoubtedl+ 1et overheated. If this heat is unable to moveout of the s+stem) it will cause the s+stem to melt and prevent the user from usin1 the ,'alto1ether.

* ', fan helps to eliminate this additional heat and therefore) (eeps this problem at ba+. Inorder to enhance the coolin1 function) most ', fans are attached with heat sin(s which help to1et rid of the hot air) faster and more effectivel+. This metallic device helps to eFtract the hot airfrom the s+stem throu1h aluminum vents in the structure.

These ', fans are available in a lar1e variet+ of si?es and desi1ns which ma(es it possible forthem to be installed in an+ computer s+stem. The 1ood news is that a maorit+ of ',s comeattached with fans and the re>uisite heat sin(.

owever) if this is not the case and +ou need to install a ', fan at home) the tas( bein1relativel+ eas+.

4hat +ou need is: a ', fan which is attached with a heat sin() a screwdriver and a heat sin(compound.

The first step in this installation process is to purchase a ', fan which is appropriatel+ desi1nedand lar1e enou1h to fit into the s+stem. To ma(e sure that +ou are purchasin1 the ri1ht ', fanand heat sin() it is recommended that +ou consult a >ualified computer en1ineer so as to avoidproblems in the lon1 run.

NeFt) +ou should shut the computer down and eFpose the ', b+ openin1 the case carefull+.

The cover of the ', and the attacehd screws and clips should be put awa+ carefull+.

The neFt step is to attach the heat sin( onto the ', fan. #crews and clips for this purpose areusuall+ included in the pac(a1in1. This process is fairl+ simple and does not ta(e more than 0Jminutes.

#tep A is attachin1 the entire ensemble onto the ',. 4hat +ou need to do is appl+ the heat sin(compound onto the surface of the ',. To 1uarantee effectiveness) a thin la+er of the compoundmust be applied as this ma(es sure that the contact is maFimum. 4hile attachin1 the fan andheat sin( onto the ',) do not appl+ too much force onto the ', as this ma+ dama1e themotherboard of the s+stem as well as the ', chip.

The last step is to connect the ', fans power cable to the motherboard.

4hile doin1 so ma(e sure that +ou carr+ out safet+ measures and follow the instructions carefull+.

CPU 8ENCHMARINhttp://www.cpuspeedpro.com/cpu-benchmar(.phphttp://www.cpuspeedpro.com/cpu-benchmar(-top-0;;/cpu-benchmar(.phphttp://www.cpuspeedpro.com/cpu-benchmar(-bottom-0;;/cpu-benchmar(-bottom.php

8en$7m#r/inis the process of comparin1 the business processes and performance metricsincludin1 cost) c+cle time) productivit+) or >ualit+ to another that is widel+ considered to be anindustr+ standard benchmar( or best practice. !ssentiall+) benchmar(in1 provides a snapshot ofthe performance of +our business and helps +ou understand where +ou are in relation to aparticular standard. The result is often a business case and $urnin1 ,latform for ma(in1

chan1es to ma(e improvements. The term benchmar(in1 was first used b+ cobblers to measurepeoplePs feet for shoes. The+ would place someonePs foot on a bench and mar( it out to ma(ethe pattern for the shoes. $enchmar(in1 is most used to measure performance usin1 a specificindicator cost per unit of measure) productivit+ per unit of measure) c+cle time of F per unit ofmeasure or defects per unit of measure3 resultin1 in a metric of performance that is thencompared to others.

*lso referred to as best practice benchmar(in1 or process benchmar(in1) it is a process usedin mana1ement and particularl+ strate1ic mana1ement) in which or1ani?ations evaluate various

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aspects of their processes in relation to best practice companiesP processes) usuall+ within a peer1roup defined for the purposes of comparison. This then allows or1ani?ations to develop plans onhow to ma(e improvements or adapt specific best practices) usuall+ with the aim of increasin1some aspect of performance. $enchmar(in1 ma+ be a one-off event) but is often treated as acontinuous process in which or1ani?ations continuall+ see( to improve their practices.

Current To- 1& CPU S-ee',

0. Suad ', Intel Deon DHAC; 2.BC&?2. #iF-'ore *M" Opteron BA8J8. Suad ', Intel Deon DH8J; 2.CC&?A. Suad-'ore *M" Opteron B8JAJ. "ual ', Intel Deon 4JJB; 8.2;&?C. Suad ', Suad-'ore *M" Opteron B8C; #!H. "ual ', Intel Deon DJAH; 8.88&?B. "ual ', Intel Deon DJAE2 8.A;&?E. "ual ', Intel Deon DJJC; 2.B;&?0;. "ual ', Intel Deon 4JJE; 8.88&?

8ottom 1& CPU S-ee'

0. Intel Mobile ,entium II 2 M?2. Intel ,entium III 8 M?8. Thunder #pecialCA ,rocessor Thund 8 M?A. IntelR3 'eleronR3 M processor 0.8;&? A M?J. IntelR3 ,entiumR3 M processor 0.C;&? J M?C. IntelR3 ,entiumR3 M processor 0.C;&? J M?H. IntelR3 ,entiumR3 III Mobile ', 0;;;M? J M?B. IntelR3 'eleronR3 M processor 0.A;&? J M?E. Intel ,entium III C M?0;. IntelR3 ,entiumR3 M processor 0.2;&? C M?

AMD ;S Intel

@ust 2 +ears a1o *M" was beatin1 Intel in the processor speed charts with their then new dualcore processor) the *thlon D2s. *M" were ahead of Intel at a time when Intel was still on the,entium series) and ever+one had an *M" ',. The ', comparison *M" vs Intel and speedtest wars had ust be1un The ', shoot-out

Two +ears a1o) Intel released their own dual-core series ',s) the Intel 'ore2"uo. The'ore2"uo practicall+ (noc(ed ever+ *M" ', off the benchmar(in1 charts. 7rom overcloc(in1capabilities to processin1 power) the Intel 'ore2"uo left *M" ',s trailin1. #ince then) Intel hasbeen alwa+s one step ahead of *M") from >uad-core ',s to developin1 AJnm ',s andbe+ond.

#o) Intel is doin1 wa+ better ', ran(in1 and benchmar(in1 than *M") ri1ht 6ou would thin( so

but is that the whole truth IntelPs ', passmar( is 1reater than *M" at certain benchmar(s) butwhen it comes to runnin1 an Intel ', and *M" ', side b+ side) with no overcloc(in1 1oin1on) their benchmar( speeds are close.', #peed does not tell the whole stor+. 6ou mi1ht have the best processor benchmar( incomparison with +our friends) but +ou ma+ not notice that much of a difference in ',performance between *M" vs Intel.

Intel will surpass *M" when it comes to overcloc(in1 and other hi1h performance ', settin1s)but when it comes to raw performance in a non-overcloc(ed ', confi1uration) some *M"',s actuall+ come close or are even faster than IntelPs ',s.

2A


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UPRADIN CPUhttp://reviews.eba+.com/p1radin1-a-'omputer-',-'entral-,rocessin1-nit_4;SSu1id


27/49


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Pre-#r#tion

0. nplu1 the switched off s+stems boF and remove all cables once +ou have allowed thes+stem to cool for at least 8; minutes3

2. #li1htl+ dampen the cloth in the soap+ water and ma(e sure +ou s>uee?e all eFcess wateroff. 4ater cannot not under an+ circumstances seep inside as this can destro+ themotherboard.

8. Onl+ 1entl+ wipe over the outer casin1 of +our boF pa+in1 careful attention around the flopp+drive and bac( of the boF where the cables plu1 in so that +ou do not 1et an+ water ordampness in these areas.A. "r+ all cleaned areas with the other cloth dr+ one3J. !nsure the boF is completel+ dr+ before plu11in1 the cables bac( in and turnin1 on thepower

Cle#nin In,tru$tion, In,i'e t7e S.,tem, 8o

0. Open the case to +our computer

2. ,ut on +our antistatic wrist strap and place the alli1ator clip to the chassis.

If +ou do not have an antistatic wrist strap) +ou ma+ place one hand on the power suppl+ toavoid static dischar1e to the circuitr+. $e sure to (eep +our hand on the power suppl+ durin1the entire cleanin1 process of the computerPs interior.

8. sin1 compressed air) start from the bac( and wor( +our wa+ to the front of the computer)blowin1 dust from fan blades) chips) and the motherboard. se caution in between the ,'cards in the rear of the computer. $low the dust out of the case.

A. 6ou can also enlist the aid of a small paint brush to remove the coat of dust from thecomponents. Remember that a coatin1 of dust hampers the computer in its coolin1 efforts. $ecareful not to loosen or sna1 an+ wires leadin1 to or from the motherboard.

This process should be done no less than once a +ear. I recommend it be done twice a +ear)thou1h) if for no other reason than +our computer 1ets a complete ph+sical inspection in theprocess.

If +ou use caution and proceed slowl+) +ou should not encounter an+ problems in +our cleanin1efforts.

Ta(e +our computer or component to a local computer shop for cleanin1 if +ou feeluncomfortable with doin1 it +ourself

TROU8+ESHOOTIN B TESTIN CPU USIN PROCESSOR DIANOSTIC TESThttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/22J2ACEB;-2;;CE8;8J/,'_tester_motherboard_dia1nostic_card_dia1nostic_test_,T_port_2_bits_pc_"ia1nostic_post_card_*nal+?er.html

2B
http://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.htmlhttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.htmlhttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.htmlhttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.htmlhttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.htmlhttp://sintech.en.alibaba.com/product/225246980-200693035/PC_tester_motherboard_diagnostic_card_diagnostic_test_LPT_port_2_bits_pc_Diagnostic_post_card_Analyzer.html


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C7#-ter 4 0 THE MOTHER8OARD

9HAT IS A MOTHER8OARDhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_mobo.htm

The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer to1ether. The ',) memor+)

hard drives) optical drives) video card) sound cardand other ports and eFpansion cards allconnect to the motherboard directl+ or via cables.

The motherboard can be thou1ht of as the bac( bone of the computer.

The Motherboard is *lso %nown *s:

mainboard) mobo abbreviation3) M$ abbreviation3) s+stem board) lo1ic board

Im-ort#nt Mot7erbo#r' *#$t,?

Motherboards) casesand power suppliesall come in different si?es called form factors.*ll three

must be compatible to wor( properl+ to1ether.

Motherboards var+ 1reatl+ in respect to the t+pes of components the+ support. 7or eFample) eachmotherboard supports a sin1le t+pe of ', and a short list of memor+ t+pes. *dditionall+) somevideo cards) hard drives and other peripherals ma+ not be compatible. The motherboardmanufacturer should provide clear 1uidance on component compatibilities.

Po-ul#r Mot7erbo#r' M#nu:#$turer,?

*##)*Open)Intel)*$IT) M#I)&i1ab+te)$iostar

T)PES O* MOTHER8OARDShttp://ima1es.anandtech.com/reviews/tradeshows/2;;J/'omputeF/da+2/msibtFE0J.p1http://www.nu11etlab.com/comptia_files/e>uipment/mother_*TDK2;Motherboard.p1

MOTHER8OARD +A)OUT *ORM *ACTORShttp://computer.howstuffwor(s.com/motherboard0.htm

* motherboard b+ itself is useless) but a computer has to have one to operate. ThemotherboardPs main ob is to hold the computerPs microprocessor chip and let ever+thin1 else

connect to it. !ver+thin1 that runs the computer or enhances its performance is either part of themotherboard or plu1s into it via a slot or port.

2E

*TD Motherboard $TD Motherboard
http://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_mobo.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_cpu.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ram.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ram.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_hdd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_odd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_video.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_video.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_sound.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_case.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ps.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ps.htmhttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2005/motherboard_form_factors.asphttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2005/motherboard_form_factors.asphttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/termsns/g/peripheral.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=pcsupport&cdn=compute&tm=791&f=00&su=p284.9.336.ip_p504.1.336.ip_&tt=11&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.asus.com/http://pcsupport.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=pcsupport&cdn=compute&tm=791&f=00&su=p284.9.336.ip_p504.1.336.ip_&tt=11&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.asus.com/http://pcsupport.about.com/od/manufacturersupport/p/aopen.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboardhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboardhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboardhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/supporta/p/abit.htmhttp://www.msi.com.tw/http://www.msi.com.tw/http://www.gigabyte.com.tw/Products/Motherboardhttp://www.biostar.com.tw/http://www.biostar.com.tw/http://images.anandtech.com/reviews/tradeshows/2005/Computex/day2/msibtx915.jpghttp://www.nuggetlab.com/comptia_files/equipment/mother_ATX%20Motherboard.jpghttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard1.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_mobo.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_cpu.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ram.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_hdd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_odd.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_video.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_sound.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_case.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/componentprofiles/p/p_ps.htmhttp://www.webopedia.com/DidYouKnow/Hardware_Software/2005/motherboard_form_factors.asphttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/termsns/g/peripheral.htmhttp://pcsupport.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=pcsupport&cdn=compute&tm=791&f=00&su=p284.9.336.ip_p504.1.336.ip_&tt=11&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www.asus.com/http://pcsupport.about.com/od/manufacturersupport/p/aopen.htmhttp://www.intel.com/products/desktop/motherboardhttp://pcsupport.about.com/od/supporta/p/abit.htmhttp://www.msi.com.tw/http://www.gigabyte.com.tw/Products/Motherboardhttp://www.biostar.com.tw/http://images.anandtech.com/reviews/tradeshows/2005/Computex/day2/msibtx915.jpghttp://www.nuggetlab.com/comptia_files/equipment/mother_ATX%20Motherboard.jpghttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/motherboard1.htm


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,hoto courtes+ 'onsumer &uide ,roductsA mo'ern mot7erbo#r'(

See more $om-uter 7#r'6#re -i$ture,(

The shape and la+out of a motherboard is called the :orm :#$tor. The form factor affects whereindividual components 1o and the shape of the computerPs case. There are several specific formfactors that most ,' motherboards use so that the+ can all fit in standard cases. 7or acomparison of form factors) past and present) chec( out Motherboards.or1.

The form factor is ust one of the man+ standards that appl+ to motherboards. #ome of the other

standards include:

The ,o$/et :or t7e mi$ro-ro$e,,ordetermines what (ind of 'entral ,rocessin1 nit

',3 the motherboard uses.

The $7i-,etis part of the motherboardPs lo1ic s+stem and is usuall+ made of two parts --

the northbrid1e and the southbrid1e. These two brid1es connect the ', to other partsof the computer.

The $asic Input/Output #+stem $IO#3 chip controls the most basic functions of the

computer and performs a self-test ever+ time +ou turn it on. #ome s+stems feature dual$IO#) which provides a bac(up in case one fails or in case of error durin1 updatin1.

The re#l time $lo$/ $7i-is abatter+-operated chipthat maintains basic settin1s and the

s+stem time.

The slots and ports found on a motherboard include:

,eripheral 'omponent Interconnect ,'I3- connections for video) sound and video

capture cards) as well as networ( cards

*ccelerated &raphics ,ort *&,3 - dedicated port for video cards.

Inte1rated "rive !lectronics I"!3 - interfaces for the hard drives

niversal #erial $us or7ire4ire- eFternal peripherals

Memor+ slots

#ome motherboards also incorporate newer technolo1ical advances:

Redundant *rra+ of Independent "iscs R*I"3 controllers allow the computer to

reco1ni?e multiple drives as one drive.

PCI E-re,, is a newer protocol that acts more li(e a networ( than a bus. It can

eliminate the need for other ports) includin1 the *&, port.

Rather than rel+in1 on plu1-in cards) some motherboards have on0bo#r' sound)

networ(in1) videoor other peripheral support.

8;
http://products.howstuffworks.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-hardware-pictures.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=motherboards.htm&url=http://www.motherboards.org/articles/tech-planations/4_1.htmlhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=motherboards.htm&url=http://www.motherboards.org/articles/tech-planations/4_1.htmlhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/question319.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/question319.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/agp.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/agp.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ide.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/usb.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/firewire.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/firewire.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/firewire.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/scsi.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci-express.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/sound-card.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/sound-card.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/graphics-card.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-hardware-pictures.htmhttp://products.howstuffworks.com/http://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-hardware-pictures.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/framed.htm?parent=motherboards.htm&url=http://www.motherboards.org/articles/tech-planations/4_1.htmlhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/microprocessor.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/bios.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/question319.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/agp.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/ide.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/usb.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/firewire.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/computer-memory.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/scsi.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci-express.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/sound-card.htmhttp://computer.howstuffworks.com/graphics-card.htm


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,hoto courtes+ 'onsumer &uide ,roductsA So$/et 54 mot7erbo#r'

Man+ people thin( of the ', as one of the most important parts of a computer. 4ePll loo( at howit affects the rest of the computer in the neFt section.

MOTHER8OARD IDENTI*ICATIONhttp://www.duFcw.com/di1est/7romshop/mb/det.htm

The manufacturer of most modern) >ualit+ motherboards are fairl+ eas+ toidentif+. Man+ pac(a1e their motherboards in retail boFes and include serManuals or what is often called motherboard boo(s3) etc. which clearl+ displa+the manufacturerPs name and motherboard model) and often include themanufacturerPs web site R) as well. If these are lost) one can usuall+ find thename or an abbreviation thereof sil(-screened on the motherboard/on the side ofthe last eFpansion board slot to the left of the motherboard. *dditionall+) the slotwill often contain the board version number. #uch has not alwa+s been thecase. In the old da+s motherboards were commonl+ shipped as O!M Ori1inal!>uipment Manufacturer - a compan+ that ma(es computers) etc.3 products inplain wrappers. #ome still are. *nd the motherboard boo(s did not mention

the manufacture either--a 1eneric product) indeed. #o how does one find-outwho made the board

4atch the computer as it boots. The manufacturePs name and motherboardmodel mi1ht be displa+ed as the $IO# 1oes throu1h its post routine. se the,ause %e+ to free?e the screen and an+ (e+ to restart it3.

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MOTHER8OARD COMPONENTShttp://en.wi(ipedia.or1/wi(i/7ile:*cer_!8C;_#oc(et_E8E_motherboard_b+_7oFconn.sv1

ROM 8IOS

The $IO# is boot firmware) desi1ned to be the first code run b+ a ,'when powered on. Theinitial function of the $IO# is to identif+) test) and initiali?e s+stem devices such as the videodispla+ card) hard dis() flopp+ dis(and other hardware. The $IO# sets the machine hardwareinto a (nown state) so that softwarestored on compatible media can be loaded) eFecuted) and1iven control of the ,'. This process is (nown as bootin1) or bootin1 up) which is short forbootstrappin1.

$IO# pro1rams are stored on a chip and are built to wor( with various devices that ma(e up thecomplementar+ chipset of the s+stem. The+ provide a small librar+ of basic input/output functionsthat can be called to operate and control the peripherals such as the (e+board) teFt displa+

functions and so forth. In the I$M ,' and *T) certain peripheral cards such as hard-drivecontrollers and video displa+ adapters carried their own $IO# eFtension ROM) which providedadditional functionalit+. Operatin1 s+stems and eFecutive software) desi1ned to supersede thisbasic firmware functionalit+) will provide replacement software interfaces to applications.

MOTHER8OARD 8USSEShttp://www.webopedia.com/T!RM/$/bus.html

$us structures can be somewhat confusin1 but at the same time it can help +ou understand mostof the board. There are two t+pe buses that +ou will find on the s+stem board. There are internaland eFternal. $elow is a li1ht description of both.

Internal- is basicall+ the lines of communicationof the board. The hi1hwa+ so to spea( of themotherboard) its infrastructure. oo(in1 at the board +ou will be able to reco1ni?e the bus b+ allthe 1old lines of wires runnin1 throu1hout board. * CA-bit bus is described as CA wires or lines inthe board. The idea of the internal bus is to transfer information across to all components ofmotherboard especiall+ the eFternal bus) which is covered later. 4hat are the components of theinternal bus and what lines are used for what The control bus) *ddress $us) "ata $us which areall located in the internal bus of the motherboard.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bus.htmlhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_display_cardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_diskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bootstrapping_(computing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systemhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bus.htmlhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htm


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'ontrol $us - a si1nal that is sent b+ the ', that coordinates actions of the s+stem.

*ddress $us - this is where data and instructions are sent from one component to another usin1the address bus. This is done b+ usin1 memor+ location addresses to reco1ni?e the location ofdata in thes+stem memor+

R*M3.

"ata $us- this is the lines or paths for actual data) instructions to be sent to components.

,ower- this t+pe bus is used to send power to components of the s+stem.

The internal bus is ust an internal line of communication sendin1 data and instruction amon1itself. Not onl+ this but providin1 power and addressin1 service for the s+stem. Most of the time+ou donLt even thin( about this t+pe of bus and it 1oes on in the bac(1round without +ourintervention. The funn+ thin1 about this bus is the d+namic properties of it. It almost seems thatthe motherboard should be more eFpensive than it is ust for all the wor( it has to do. Than(full+ itis not at this time.

he eFternal bus is also referred to as the eFpansion bus. There are siF maor t+pes of eFternalbusLs found on the common motherboard. Onl+ a few of these are actuall+ found on the home ,'such as I#*) ,'I) *&,) #$ and I"!. These slots are easil+ reco1ni?ed on the board. The+ areusuall+ covered with pins on the inside channel. #ome of these pins are made of tin or 1old. Thepins themselves actuall+ mount into the internal bus. #ome pins provide power to +ou componentor connect to the data) address busLs. ere is a description of some common buses

I#* Industr+ #tandard *rchitecture3) This bus is the low speed wor( horse of the s+stem. 6ouwill commonl+ find a #ound 'ard hoo(ed up this t+pe $#.

,'I ,eripheral 'omponent Interconnect3) #upports 82-CA bit bus and is the rei1nin1 standard of

eFternal buses. The ,'I is fast and is slowl+ ma(in1 the I#* fade awa+. &o with a ,'I $us'ardwhen possible.

*&, *ccelerated &raphics ,ort3) This $us provides from 2 to A times the speed of the ,'I andis used for video eFpansion onl+. If +ou have this slot on +our motherboard ma(e sure and use itfor +ou video card.This is 1reat wa+ to 1o and ta(es a lot of stress off the ',) thus 1ainin1 inperformance

all the wa+ around.

#$ niversal #erial $us3. This is somethin1 that is fairl+ new and allows +ou to hoo( up to 02Hdevices. This is probabl+ 1oin1 to wipe out ,#/2 ports and more. The #$ is allows +ou to hot

swap devices or plu1 and unplu1 devices while s+stem is runnin1. This is a 1reat feature and isincorporated on most new motherboards.

I"! Intelli1ent "rive !lectronics3) This bus is used mostl+ for dis( drives and connects up to twodevices on one connection. More than li(el+ +ouLre hard drive and '"-ROM are connectedthrou1h this t+pe bus.

There are a few more bus t+pes that are not ver+ common and some are not even in uses inmodern computers. The buses above are the most common and found in modern motherboards.

CON*IURIN MOTHER8OARD >UMPER SETTINShttp://www.pcmech.com/b+opc/step-B-confi1ure-the-motherboard/

6ou need to have the manual for +our board available. If +ou do not have the manual) lo1 on tothe manufacturerLs web site

and see if +ou can find this info there. 6ou can also tr+ their tech support via phone. In somecases) too) some of the umper settin1s are printed onto the surface of the motherboard. If +oudonLt have an+ of this info) +ou are ust out of luc(. nfortunatel+) +ou must have some form ofdocumentation available simpl+ because motherboards have so man+ settin1s to adust. If +ouLredealin1 with an older board) +ou ma+ need to spend some time tr+in1 to identif+ the manufacturer

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http://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step-8-configure-the-motherboard/http://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_bus_struct.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.waterwheel.com/Guides/motherboards/motherboard_external_bus.htmhttp://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step-8-configure-the-motherboard/


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so that +ou can see if the+ do support it. 6ou can man+ times use the $IO# I" numbers toidentif+ the board online.

Motherboard manuals come in two main formats. #ome are friendl+ for hardware buffs b+ listin1 aseparate umper or "I, switch for ', core volta1e) I/O volta1e) multiplier) and s+stem busspeed. The+ then tell +ou the settin1s for each of these. This format is better because of the

increased control. Other manuals list the settin1s neFt to a list of commonl+ used ',Ls) showin1the common settin1s for each. 4hile this format is easier for the end user for eas+ setup) it istou1her if +ou li(e increased control of the settin1s) for overcloc(in1 for eFample. The bestmanuals do both: list the umper settin1s individuall+ as well as provide a list of processors andthe umper settin1s for each.

4hen pla+in1 with the board) be careful with it. *void placin1 the board on the static ba1 it camein) as this can cause an electro-static shoc( to build up) which ma+ ver+ well fr+ the motherboard.

*lwa+s place the board on a flat surface) wooden des(s wor( best) not carpet or an+thin1 li(ethat. *nd alwa+s 1round +ourself before handlin1 the board. 4hen handlin1 the board) handle itb+ the ed1es onl+ when at all possible.

Now) here is the basic procedure for motherboard confi1uration:

0. Read the Manual. *lwa+s. Read the listin1s for settin1s and locate all umpers on themotherboard itself and what settin1s the+ control.

2. #et the volta1e settin1s. Most older chips use one sin1le volta1e. The newer chips weuse toda+ use a split volta1e. Most of these motherboards provide umpers for the corevolta1e and I/O volta1e. #et them to match +our intended ',. If +ou are usin1 an olderchip with one volta1e) ust set both volta1es to be the same. 6our best bet to choose thecorrect volta1e is to see what is printed on the ', itself. Most ',s will have Vcorevolta1eW printed somewhere on it. That is +our volta1e. #ome umpered boards aredesi1ned to detect the volta1e automaticall+ and then use the correct volta1e. In thiscase) +ou will not have to worr+ about it.

8. #et the processor speed. This is not usuall+ done with a sin1le umper. It is) instead)done b+ settin1 the s+stem bus speed and a multiplier. The multiplier is the number which

when multiplied b+ the s+stem bus speed 1ives the processor speed. There is a separateumper for each of these settin1s. 'onfi1ure these to match the intended ',. If +ou(now what +ouLre doin1 and would li(e to overcloc( the chip a tad) set these umpers alittle differentl+. &enerall+) thou1h) I would recommend actuall+ 1ettin1 the s+stemwor(in1 before tr+in1 to overcloc( it. If +our manual lists settin1s b+ ',) ust do what itsa+s. 6ou can sometimes infer from the manual which switches control volta1e)multiplier) etc. &enerall+) if +our board is umper-controlled) +ou will need to consult themanual for the proper umper arran1ement) use the motherboard la+out in the manual tofind the umper on the board itself) and use either +our fin1er or twee?ers to adust the

umper to loo( li(e the dia1ram

in +our manual. 4hen the umpers in >uestion loo( li(e the+ should in the dia1rams) then+ouLre set. *nd) a1ain) if +our ', settin1s are NOT umper-controlled) +ou will be ta(in1

care of all this later on.

#ome old boards ma(e use of a umper to set the cache si?e and t+pe. #et this now) if need be. If+ou have internal cache) which most do) +ou wonLt need to bother. i(ewise) some boards 1ive+ou the abilit+ to use either *T or *TD power supplies. "ependin1 on which t+pe +ou will beusin1) +ou ma+ need to set a umper to tell the board what t+pe of power to use.

If +our board supports the as+nchronous #"R*M cloc( speed) as most boards with 9ia chipsetsdo) +ou need to set the umpers properl+ for this as well. This capabilit+ allows +ou to run thememor+ at a different cloc( speed than the rest of the s+stem. This comes in hand+) for eFample)when +ou want to use older memor+ +et run the rest of the s+stem at the hi1her bus speed. 6oucan set the s+stem bus speed at 0;;M? and then set the memor+ to run at CCM? or HJM?)for eFample. The instructions for properl+ settin1 this up are in +our boardLs manual.

If +ouLve done that) most of the confi1urin1 is done. Now +ou want to double-chec( the othersettin1s that were set b+ the manufacturer to ma(e sure the+ are correct. Ma(e sure the 'MO#-clear umper is set to normal so that +ou can chan1e the $IO# settin1s later. Ma(e sure thebatter+ umper is set to onboard batter+ instead of eFternal batter+. If +ou have a umper enablin17*# $IO#) ma(e sure this is disabled. *lso) chec( to see if all umpers enablin1 or disablin1onboard controllers are set correctl+. *ll these settin1s are usuall+ set correctl+ b+ default) but+ou need to ma(e sure. %eep in mind that man+ boards control these feature via their 'MO# and+ou will be settin1 them after the ,' is up and runnin1) not now with umpers.

8A
http://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step-8-configure-the-motherboard/http://www.pcmech.com/byopc/step-8-configure-the-motherboard/


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Most of toda+Ps ',s fit into soc(ets. To install a soc(eted processor) lift the lever on the soc(etand carefull+ insert the ', $3) ma(in1 sure that ,in 0 on the ', matches ,in 0 on the soc(et.

old the processor firml+ in place and loc( the lever down. If +ouPre installin1 an older ', thatfits in a slot) carefull+ insert it until itPs firml+ seated.

A remin'er?*ll ',s need coolin1. If a heatsin( or fan isnPt built in) purchase and install one.4ithout it) +our new ', will self-destruct in minutes.

4( In,t#ll t7e Ne6 Mot7erbo#r'

#lide the new motherboard into the case. 6ouPll (now itPs in the correct position when themountin1 holes ali1n.

Mount the motherboard) usin1 the screws +ou removed in step 2. @ust snu1 up the screws5screwin1 them in too ti1htl+ can dama1e the motherboard.

5( Rein,t#ll C#r', #n' C#ble,

Reinstall the cards and cables that +ou removed. "onPt rush throu1h this step 4or( slowl+ andcarefull+) avoid bendin1 pins) and double-chec( to see that ever+thin1 is correctl+ connected.

8C


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IM,ORT*NT:"onPt for1et to connect the ', fanPs power cable to the motherboard.

Reinstall +our ,'Ps add-in cards) securin1 them with the screws +ou removed earlier.

Reconnect the mouse) (e+board) monitor) printer) and an+ other eFternal devices +ou ma+ have)but donPt put the cover bac( on +our ,' until +ouPre absolutel+ sure that ever+thin1Ps wor(in1.

7inall+) plu1 in the *' power cable.

*in#ll.? St#rt i: UPFFF

Turn on +our ,'. If it beeps and +ou see messa1es on the screen) thatPs a positive si1n. !Fpectthe new hardware to confuse 4indows initiall+. The O# should automaticall+ reconfi1ure itself)but donPt be surprised if 4indows restarts itself several times durin1 the process.

If nothin1 happens--or if +our ,' han1s part of the wa+ throu1h start-up--turn off +our ,')disconnect the *' power) rechec( all the connections) and start the s+stem up a1ain. If it han1sa1ain) contact +our motherboard ma(erPs tech support. "ead-on-arrival motherboards) ',s)and R*M modules are rare) but the+ do occur.

SINS O* TROU8+E 9ITH THE MOTHER8OARDhttp://www.as(pceFperts.com/blo1s/ta1/common-motherboard-problems/

*mon1 all the components that pla+ the utmost important roles in a computerLs operation)motherboard holds the apeF position. Motherboard is the (e+ element on which all other vitalelements of the computer are accumulated. #uccessful operation of a computer primaril+depends on the >ualit+ of the motherboard and thatLs wh+ ever+ computer user should pa+ eFtraattention on this aspect.

"ue to a number of reasons) often computer motherboard 1ets dama1ed. 6ou need to have avivid awareness about all the possible motherboard problems that commonl+ appear these da+s)in order to sta+ far awa+ from those.

8H
http://www.askpcexperts.com/blogs/tag/common-motherboard-problems/http://www.askpcexperts.com/blogs/tag/common-motherboard-problems/


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Problem 1? Com-uter Cr#,7e, or CD0ROM re#'in ,lo6, 'o6nX this t+pe of problem usuall+appears in inferior >ualit+ motherboards. *lwa+s (eep in mind that when +ou will finish the entireinstallation process of +our motherboard and restart +our computer then do not enter the4indows EB interface in the normal mode) because then the driver cannot be unloaded. To do so+ou need to find out the latest version of motherboard driver and install that. 4hile doin1 so if +oustill face an+ problem then +ou need to reinstall +our Operatin1 #+stem.

Problem 2? Mot7erbo#r' Inter#te' Dri@e Ele$troni$, -ort #n' +ine -rint termin#l -ort'oe,nGt 6or/ -ro-erl.X if a relevant hardware is hot plu11ed in then before doin1 so +ou needto disable the ine ,rint Terminal port and 'om ,ort) all these are built-in the motherboard andafter doin1 so use a multifunctional card instead.

Problem 3? Com-uter $r#,7e, 67en ,ettin t7e CMOS accordin1 to the eFperts) the sourceof this ordeal usuall+ hides in the motherboard cache or the ',. ,oor heat dissipation is alsoano

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